WO2016099466A1

WO2016099466A1 - Reflective coating films and methods of making and using the same

Info

Publication number: WO2016099466A1
Application number: PCT/US2014/070676
Authority: WO
Inventors: Amitabha Kumar; Jennifer Willson; Li Ai; Jacob Myers; Russell L. Hill
Original assignee: Boral Ip Holdings (Australia) Pty Limited
Priority date: 2014-12-16
Filing date: 2014-12-16
Publication date: 2016-06-23

Abstract

Disclosed herein are reflective coating films having a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of 20 or greater. The reflective coating films can comprise a polymeric film, a carrier, and an infrared reflective pigment adjacent to the carrier. Also disclosed herein are coated substrates comprising the reflective coating films. Also disclosed herein are methods of making and using the reflective coating films and coated substrates disclosed herein.

Description

REFLECTIVE COATING FILMS AND

METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure relates to reflective coating films and methods of making and using the same.

BACKGROUND

There is a rising concern for deterioration of the environment due to increased heating of the planet Earth from the heat island effect of human building and construction activity. This concern has created the need to establish ways to reduce the impact of the heat island effect. One source of the heat lies in the heat radiated from the surfaces of buildings, especially if the building surface is of a dark color that results in heating of the atmosphere. Various methods and compositions have been used to reduce the radiated heat from building surfaces, for instance, through the use of specialty materials. Those specialty materials can aim to increase the reflectivity of incident solar radiation on a building. These specialty materials have been produced in a variety of colors— light to dark— including dark colors such as black. Indeed, certain jurisdictions (e.g., California) are implementing laws requiring a minimum solar reflectivity on building structures such as roofs, and the specialty materials (e.g., infrared reflective pigments) can be helpful for meeting those requirements.

Surfaces incorporating infrared reflective pigments can reflect a greater amount of infrared light— and thus produce a lower amount of heat radiation— than surfaces that only have traditional, non-infrared reflective pigments. However, the infrared reflective pigments are significantly more expensive than traditional, non-infrared reflective pigments. Accordingly, there are advantages (e.g., cost advantages) to using infrared reflective pigments in judicious amounts. Thus, various procedures have been established to minimize the use of the pigments in building material applications, such as coating roofing granules for asphalt shingles with infrared reflective pigments. However, coating an entire granule's surface with an expensive infrared reflective pigment renders the entire surface of the granule reflective. Since a portion of the granule is embedded in the asphalt, that portion of the granule does not reflect incident radiation and the expensive infrared reflective pigment does not add reflectance to the surface. Thus, it is desirable to find new ways to balance the cost attributed to the use of infrared reflective pigments with the desire to maximize reflectance of the surface. Therefore, additional compositions and methods that reduce the amount of pigment applied and the method of its application on building materials to establish lower usage rates and costs, while achieving adequate or improved reflectivity, are desired. Additionally, it is also desirable to find new compositions and methods that allow for retrofitting existing building structures, for instance, to increase the solar reflectance of those surfaces. SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Disclosed herein are reflective coating films having a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of 20 or greater. The reflective coating films comprise a polymeric film, a carrier, and an infrared reflective pigment. In some embodiments, the carrier and the infrared reflective pigment are adjacent to one another. In some embodiments, the carrier and/or the infrared reflective pigment is embedded in the polymeric film.

In some embodiments, the polymeric film comprises poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidine fluoride, polyvinylidine chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, or a combination thereof. The carrier can comprise stone, clay, fly ash, or a combination thereof. The carrier and infrared reflective pigment can be present in the reflective coating film in a combined amount of from 5% to 95% by weight of the reflective coating film.

The reflective coating film can further comprise a non- visible light reflective pigment, a pigment that reflects radiation having a wavelength (λ) from 300 nm to 750 nm, or a combination thereof. The reflective coating film can further comprise a first adhesive that can bond the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier.

The first surface of the reflective coating film can be a nonstick surface, in some embodiments. The reflective coating film can further comprise a second adhesive provided on a second surface of the reflective coating film opposite the first surface. A release liner can be provided adjacent to the adhesive on the second surface of the reflective coating film. The reflective coating film can be stored in the form of a roll, in some embodiments.

Coated substrates are also disclosed herein, comprising a substrate (e.g., cement, asphalt) and a reflective coating film disclosed herein. The coated substrates (e.g., exterior building materials including but not limited to roofing tiles, roofing shingles, cladding, siding, trim) have a Solar Reflective Index of 20 or greater.

Also disclosed herein are methods of making and using the reflective coating films disclosed herein. For instance, the reflective coating film can be made by surface treating (e.g., thermally, chemically, mechanically, via adhesive, etc.) a surface of a polymeric film to render the surface tacky, embedding a carrier into the tacky surface of the polymeric film, and contacting an infrared reflective pigment with the carrier, wherein the reflective coating film possesses a Solar Reflective Index of 20 or greater. The method can further comprise adding an adhesive to bind the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier. The method can further comprise applying a protective coating to the surface of the reflective coating film. The method can further comprise rolling the reflective coating film into a reflective coating film roll. In some embodiments, the carrier and/or infrared reflective pigment can be embedded into the polymer film by applying heat, pressure, or both via calender rolls.

Also disclosed herein are methods of making and using the coated substrates disclosed herein. For instance, the coated substrate can be made by adhering (e.g., thermally,

mechanically, via adhesive) a reflective coating film disclosed herein to a substrate. In some embodiments, the coated substrate is formed by adding a reflective coating film disclosed herein to a substrate comprising an asphalt emulsion at a temperature sufficient to adhere the reflective coating film to the substrate when the reflective coating film is applied to the substrate. The method further comprises, in some embodiments, allowing the reflective coating film adhered to the asphalt emulsion to cool to form a coated substrate. The coated substrate can also be formed, in some embodiments, by providing a softened reflective coating film on a substrate to form a coated substrate having a Solar Reflectance Index of 20 or greater, wherein the reflective coating film comprises a polymer, an infrared reflective pigment, and a carrier.

The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The following figures depict one or more embodiments disclosed herein, and are not necessarily drawn to scale.

Figure 1 depicts a cross-section of one embodiment of a reflective coating film.

Figure 2 depicts a schematic for a process to make a roll of reflective coating film. Like reference symbols in the various drawings indicate like elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are reflective coating films having a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of 20 or greater, coated substrates comprising the reflective coating films, and methods of making the same. The reflective coating films comprise a polymeric film, a carrier, and an infrared reflective pigment. In some embodiments, the carrier is embedded in the polymeric film and the infrared reflective pigment is provided adjacent the carrier.

FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of the reflective coating film 100. Reflective coating film 100 has a polymeric film 110, a carrier 112, and an infrared reflective pigment 1 16. For the embodiment in FIG. 1, the polymeric film 110 is on the bottom, with a carrier 1 12 on top of and covering the polymeric film 110. For the embodiment in FIG. 1, the infrared reflective pigment 1 16 is provided on top of the carrier 1 12. FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the reflective coating film 100 where infrared reflective pigment 1 16 is located on the side of the reflective coating film 1 10 intended to face sunlight from the sun 200 and reflect incident radiation. The reflective coating film can optionally comprise one or more adhesives, which are depicted in

FIG. 1. For instance, a first adhesive 114 can optionally be disposed at the interface between the carrier 1 12 and the infrared reflecting pigment 1 16, wherein the first adhesive 114 can adhere the carrier 1 12 to the infrared reflecting pigment 1 16. The reflective coating film 100 can also comprise, in some embodiments, a second adhesive 1 18 located on the bottom surface of the polymeric film 110. The reflective coating film 100 can also comprise, in some embodiments, a third adhesive 120 disposed at the interface between the polymeric film 1 10 and the carrier 1 12, wherein the third adhesive 120 can adhere the carrier 1 12 to the polymeric film 1 10. The reflective coating film 100 can also comprise an optional coating 122 located on the top surface of the reflective coating film 100. The reflective coating films, coated substrates, and methods of making the same are detailed below.

Polymeric Film

The reflective coating films disclosed herein comprise a polymeric film. The polymeric film can comprise, for instance, any polymer compatible with the carriers and infrared reflective pigments described herein. The polymeric film can comprise a homopolymer or a copolymer. The polymeric film can comprise an acrylic-based polymer (i.e., a polymer derived from one or more (meth)acrylate monomers, such as pure acrylics, styrene acrylics, and vinyl acrylics), a vinyl polymer (i.e., a polymer derived from one or more vinyl monomers), a styrene-butadiene polymer (i.e., a polymer derived from butadiene and styrene monomers), a vinylidene chloride polymer (i.e., a polymer derived from one or more vinylidene chloride monomers), a vinylidene fluoride polymer (i.e., a polymer derived from one or more vinylidene fluoride monomers), a polyimide polymer (i.e., a polymer derived from one or more imide monomers), a polyamide polymer (i.e., a polymer having repeating units linked by amide bonds), a polyolefin polymer (i.e., a polymer derived from one or more of alkenes, and also known as a polyalkene polymer), a silicone-based polymer (i.e., polymerized siloxanes or polysiloxanes), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymeric film comprises polyurethane, polyester, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymeric film comprises a fluoropolymer.

In some embodiments, the acrylic-based polymer includes poly(methyl methacrylate)

(PMMA). In some embodiments, the vinyl polymer includes polystyrene. In some embodiments, the vinyl polymer includes polyvinyl chloride (PVC). In some embodiments, the styrene- butadiene polymer includes a natural or synthetic styrene-butadiene rubber. In some

embodiments, the vinylidene fluoride polymer includes polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF). In some embodiments, the vinylidene chloride polymer includes polyvinylidine chloride (PVDC). In some embodiments, the polyolefm includes polypropylene, polyethylene, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polyethylene includes high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE), ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polyester includes polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In some embodiments, the polypropylene includes biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP). In some embodiments, the polyamide includes an aliphatic polyamide (i.e., nylon). In some

embodiments, the fluoropolymer includes polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Examples of commercially available polymeric films include, but are not limited to, SARAN® PE film from S.C. Johnson & Son, SARANEX™ barrier films manufactured from Dow Chemical Co., silicone-coated PET release films such as HOSTAPHAN® from Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Inc., FLEXOPP® B-TRP from FlexFilm Ltd., and AEGIS® Nylon 6 from Honeywell Int'l Inc.

The polymeric film can, for instance, have a thickness sufficient to stabilize the carrier and infrared-reflecting pigment. In some embodiments, the thickness of the polymeric film is chosen to allow the resultant reflective coating film to be rolled into a shelf-stable roll. In some embodiments, the thickness of the polymeric film is chosen to ensure stability and longevity of the reflective coating film for the desired application (e.g., stability for the lifespan of a building material). In some embodiments, the polymeric film is uniform in thickness. In some embodiments, the polymeric film varies in thickness. In some embodiments, the polymeric film has an average thickness of 0.1 mils or greater of dry film (e.g., 0.1 mils or greater, 0.2 mils or greater, 0.3 mils or greater, 0.4 mils or greater, 0.5 mils or greater, 0.6 mils or greater, 0.7 mils or greater, 0.8 mils or greater, 0.9 mils or greater, 1 mil or greater, 1.2 mils or greater, 1.4 mils or greater, 1.6 mils or greater, 1.8 mils or greater, 2 mils or greater, 2.2 mils or greater, 2.4 mils or greater, 2.6 mils or greater, 2.8 mils or greater, 3.0 mils or greater, 3.2 mils or greater, 3.4 mils or greater, 3.6 mils or greater, 3.8 mils or greater, 4 mils or greater, 4.2 mils or greater, 4.4 mils or greater, 4.6 mils or greater, 4.8 mils or greater, 5 mils or greater, 5.2 mils or greater, 5.4 mils or greater, 5.6 mils or greater, 5.8 mils or greater, 6 mils or greater, 6.2 mils or greater, 6.4 mils or greater, 6.6 mils or greater, 6.8 mils or greater, 7 mils or greater, 7.2 mils or greater, 7.4 mils or greater, 7.6 mils or greater, 7.8 mils or greater, or 8 mils or greater). In some embodiments, the polymeric film has a thickness of 10 mils or less (e.g., 9.8 mils or less, 9.6 mils or less, 9.4 mils or less, 9.2 mils or less, 9 mils or less, 8.8 mils or less, 8.6 mils or less, 8.4 mils or less, 8.2 mils or less, 8 mils or less, 7.8 mils or less, 7.6 mils or less, 7.4 mils or less, 7.2 mils or less, 7 mils or less, 6.8 mils or less, 6.6 mils or less, 6.4 mils or less, 6.2 mils or less, 6 mils or less, 5.8 mils or less, 5.6 mils or less, 5.4 mils or less, 5.2 mils or less, 5 mils or less, 4.8 mils or less, 4.6 mils or less, 4.4 mils or less, 4.2 mils or less, 4 mils or less, 3.8 mils or less, 3.6 mils or less, 3.4 mils or less, 3.2 mils or less, 3 mils or less, 2.8 mils or less, 2.6 mils or less, 2.4 mils or less, 2.2 mils or less, 2 mils or less, 1.8 mils or less, 1.6 mils or less, 1.4 mils or less, 1.2 mils or less, 1 mil or less, 0.9 mils or less, 0.8 mils or less, 0.7 mils or less, or 0.6 mils or less). In some embodiments, the polymeric film has a thickness of 0.1 mils to 10 mils (e.g., 0.1 mils to 0.5 mils, from 0.5 mils to 1 mil, from 1 mil to 2 mils, from 2 mils to 4 mils, from 4 mils to 6 mils, from 6 mils to 8 mils, from 8 mils to 10 mils, from 0.5 mils to 6 mils, from 1 mil to 4 mils, or from 6 mils to 10 mils).

The polymeric film can have thermal stability to withstand decomposition resulting from, for instance, external building temperatures in a variety of climates. In some embodiments, the polymeric film has a thermal stability of -40°F or greater (e.g., -30°F or greater, -20°F or greater, -10°F or greater, or 0°F or greater). In some embodiments, the polymeric film has a thermal stability of 220°F or less (e.g., 210°F or less, 200°F or less, 190°F or less, 180°F or less, 170°F or less, 160°F or less, 150°F or less, 140°F or less, 130°F or less, 120°F or less, 1 10°F or less, or 100°F or less). In some embodiments, the polymeric film has a thermal stability of from -40°F to 220°F (e.g., from -30°F to 200°F, from -20°F to 150°F, or from -20°F to 120°F). Thermal stability is measured using ASTM E2550-1 1

The polymeric film can be present in the reflective coating film in any amount that allows the film to retain the carrier and/or infrared reflective pigment while being capable of attaching to a substrate. In some embodiments, the polymeric film is present in the reflective coating film in an amount of 5% or greater (e.g., 10% or greater, 20% or greater, 30% or greater, 40% or greater, 50% or greater, 60% or greater, 70% or greater, or 80% or greater), by weight of the reflective coating film. The polymeric film can be present in the reflective coating film in an amount of 90% or less (e.g., 80% or less, 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, or 10% or less), by weight of the reflective coating film. The polymeric film can be present in the reflective coating film in an amount of from 5% to 90% (e.g., from 5% to 20%, from 20% to 35%, from 35% to 50%, from 50% to 65%, from 65% to 90%, from 5% to 45%, from 45% to 90%, from 15% to 65%, from 30% to 50%), by weight of the reflective coating film.

In some embodiments, the polymeric film has chemical stability from alkali attack from cement, acid rain, or anything leached from, for instance, pigments, cements, or glues in the polymeric film, the substrate, or adjacent structures (e.g., other building materials). Chemical stability is measured by exposing the film to a strong alkali solution, such as by having a solution of proper concentration of sodium hydroxide or a calcium bearing solution. The mechanical and elastic properties of the film before and after exposure to alkali solution and any degradation in these properties indicate the resistance to the alkaline solution.

In some embodiments, the polymeric film is compatible with substrates described herein, such as asphalt and cement. In some embodiments, the polymeric film has resistance to aging by exterior radiation (such as ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), and visible-light radiation from the sun) and/or moisture (such as from rain, condensation, or dew), such that it would not age significantly or lose its original properties and, for instance, become brittle, detach from the substrate, or degrade from continued exposure to sunlight. This is quantified with tests in a laboratory where the material is exposed to repeated cycling of heat and UV light from lamps. In some cases intermittent rain/moisture is also imposed on the sample between exposures to UV or heat. The mechanical properties and integrity of the film (for instance, brittleness or ability to retain as a film) are indications of the ability to withstand exposure to natural sunlight. In some embodiments, the polymeric film has a thermal coefficient of expansion of less than 1.0 * 10^"3 in/in/°F to be compatible with the substrates, pigments, and other components of the reflective coating films and coated substrates described herein. In some embodiments, the polymeric film does not contaminate the environment, even over extended periods of use (e.g., 10 years, 15 years, 30 years, 45 years, or 50 years). In some embodiments, the polymeric film does not generate harmful chemicals to humans, animals, or the environment under adverse conditions (for instance, when exposed to accidental events such as fire, the polymeric film does not generate noxious chemicals or fumes that may be detrimental to humans or animals exposed thereto, or to the environment). For example, in some embodiments, the reflective coating films disclosed herein do not comprise cadmium or chemicals that generate carbon monoxide.

Carrier

The reflective coating film disclosed herein also comprises a carrier embedded in the polymeric film. The carrier can comprise any material that can, for instance, adhere to the polymeric film and associate with the infrared reflective pigment. The carrier can comprise inorganic materials, organic materials, or a mixture thereof. Examples of carriers include, but are not limited to, finely divided materials such as glass powder, mineral powder (including, but not limited, to calcium carbonate, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and ore fines), mining wastes, grinding wastes, kiln wastes, ash residues (including, but not limited to, fly ash and incinerator ash), cement materials (including, but not limited to, portland cement, calcium sulfoaluminate cements, and magnesium phosphate cements), stone powder (e.g., expanded shale, shale, and limestone), gravel, sand, aluminum oxide, red mud, clay, alkaline earth metal sulfate (e.g., gypsum), magnesium hydroxide, aluminum trihydrate, slag, wollastonite, styrene-butadiene rubber, polyethylene powder, polystyrene beads, hydrous kandite clay (e.g., kaolinite, nacrite, dickite, halloysite), anhydrous (calcined) kandite clay (e.g., metakaolin), fully calcined kaolin, diatomaceous earth, expanded perlite, pumice, glass powder, glass spheres, cenospheres, zeolites, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the carrier comprises naturally finely divided materials such as natural clays. In some embodiments, the carrier requires low energy to divide into fine particle size material. In some embodiments, the carrier requires significant energy to grind such as granite or hard rock. In some embodiments, an organic carrier (e.g., latex) can be intermixed with an inorganic carrier to, for instance, improve adhesion, spacefilling, or to impart additional mechanical or structural products to the final product (including handling and ease of installation of the final product). Commercially available carriers include, but are not limited to, Type I to V Portland cement, for example a Type I/II cement

manufactured by Cemex USA, class C fly ash from Scherer power plant in Georgia, USA, class F fly ash from Monticello power plant in Texas, USA, LOPAQUE®, KAOGLOSS®,

KAOCAL® from Thiele Kaolin GA, USA, OMYACARB® series of calcium carbonates from various Omya North America locations, and LITE-ROCK® from Glass Mountain Pumice, CA, USA.

The carrier can be, in some embodiments, spherical, angular, and platy (or hyperplaty), or a combination thereof. The carrier can have a shape selected for a variety of reasons. For instance, the carrier's shape can be selected to facilitate packing with the infrared reflective pigment. The carrier's shape can be selected, for instance, to facilitate binding with the polymeric film. The carrier's shape can be selected, for instance, based on surface area, reflectance, or a combination thereof. The carrier's shape can be natural (e.g., derived by natural wind or water erosion) or artificially derived (e.g., by manufacturing aspects such as with ash components or particular grinding equipment and methods). In some embodiments, the carrier's shape can be an aspect of the material, such as crystal habit, for example, of sheet-like micaceous material, or rod-like silicate materials such as wollastonite. The carrier can have a shape factor of from to 1:1 to 140: 1. The shape factor is a measure of an average value (on a weight average basis) of the ratio of mean particle diameter to particle thickness for a population of particles of varying size and shape as measured using the electrical conductivity method and apparatus described in U.S. Patent No.5, 128,606, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the shape factor of the carrier is 1:1 or greater (e.g., 1.5:1 or greater, 2:1 or greater, 2.5:1 or greater, 3:1 or greater, 3.5:1 or greater, 4:1 or greater, 4.5:1 or greater, 5:1 or greater, 5.5:1 or greater, 6:1 or greater, 7:1 or greater, 8:1 or greater, 9:1 or greater, 10:1 or greater, 20:1 or greater, 30:1 or greater, 40:1 or greater, 50:1 or greater, 60:1 or greater, 70:1 or greater, 80:1 or greater, 90:1 or greater, 100:1 or greater, 110:1 or greater, 120:1 or greater, or 130:1 or greater). In some embodiments, the shape factor of the carrier is 140:1 or less (e.g., 130:1 or less, 120:1 or less, 110:1 or less, 100:1 or less, 90:1 or less, 80:1 or less, 70:1 or less, 60:1 or less, 50:1 or less, 40:1 or less, 30:1 or less, 20:1 or less, 10:1 or less, 9:1 or less, 8:1 or less, 7:1 or less, 6:1 or less, 5.5:1 or less, 5:1 or less, 4.5:1 or less, 4:1 or less, 3.5:1 or less, 3:1 or less, 2.5:1 or less, 2:1 or less, or 1.5:1 or less). In some embodiments, the shape factor of the carrier is from 1:1 to 140:1 (e.g., 1:1 to 100:1, 1:1 to 50:1,2:1 to 40:1, 3:1 to 30:1,4:1 to 40:1, or 5:1 to 10:1).

The size of the carrier can be chosen for a variety of reasons, including but not limited to cost, mechanical properties, light reflecting properties, or a combination thereof. For instance, the carrier's size can be chosen to minimize the amount of carrier needed. For example, in some embodiments, coarser particles can be used in lower amounts. In some embodiments, the carrier's size is chosen to maximize reflectivity of the reflective coating film. In some embodiments, the carrier's size is chosen to facilitate packing with the infrared reflective pigment. In some embodiments, the carrier's size is chosen to facilitate binding with the polymeric film. The average particle size of the carrier can be larger than the lowest wavelength of visible light (e.g., 300 nm or 0.3 μηι). In some embodiments, the average particle size of the carrier is 80% of the average thickness of the reflective coating film or less (e.g., 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, or 10% or less). In some embodiments, the average particle size of the carrier is 5% of the thickness of the reflective coating film or greater (e.g., 10% or greater, 20% or greater, 30% or greater, 40% or greater, or 50% or greater). In some embodiments, the average particle size of the carrier is 0.3 μηι or greater (e.g., 0.4 μηι or greater, 0.5 μηι or greater, 0.6 μηι or greater, 0.7 μηι or greater,0.8 μηι or greater, 0.9 μηι or greater, 1 μηι or greater, 2 μηι or greater, 3 μηι or greater, 4 μηι or greater, 5 μηι or greater, 6 μηι or greater, 7 μηι or greater, 8 μηι or greater, 9 μηι or greater, 10 μηι or greater, 15 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 25 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 35 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 45 μηι or greater, 50 μηι or greater, 60 μηι or greater, 70 μηι or greater, 80 μηι or greater, 90 μηι or greater, 100 μηι or greater, 1 10 μηι or greater, 120 μηι or greater, 130 μηι or greater, 140 μηι or greater, 150 μηι or greater, 175 μηι or greater, or 200 μηι). In some embodiments, the average particle size of the carrier is 250 μηι or less (e.g., 225 μηι or less, 200 μηι or less, 175 μηι or less, 150 μηι or less, 140 μηι or less, 130 μηι or less, 120 μηι or less, 110 μηι or less, 100 μηι or less, 90 μηι or less, 80 μηι or less, 70 μηι or less, 60 μηι or less, 50 μηι or less, 45 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 35 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 25 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, 15 μηι or less, 10 μηι or less, 9 μηι or less, 8 μηι or less, 7 μηι or less, 6 μηι or less, 5 μηι or less, 4 μηι or less, 3 μηι or less, 2 μηι or less, 1 μηι or less, 0.9 μηι or less, 0.8 μηι or less, 0.7 μηι or less, 0.6 μηι or less, 0.5 μηι or less, or 0.4 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the average particle size of the carrier is from 0.3 μηι to 250 μηι (e.g., 0.3 μηι to 5 μηι, 0.5 μηι to 10 μηι, 1 μηι to 20 μηι, 0.5 μηι to 200 μηι, 1 μηι to 150 μηι, 2 μηι to 100 μηι, 3 μηι to 80 μηι, 4 μηι to 70 μηι, 5 μηι to 60 μηι, or 10 μηι to 50 μηι). Average particle size can be determined, for example, by using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer such as from Horiba International Corporation. For platy carriers or carriers having a shape factor of 20: 1 or greater, for instance, the largest dimension can be even greater than 250 μηι, and can depend on the ability to control the process of laying the particles with the flat surface oriented with the flat surface of the film on which the carrier is being laid. In some embodiments, the largest dimension of the platy carrier or carriers is 5 mm or less (e.g., 4 mm or less, 3 mm or less, 2 mm or less, 1 mm or less, or 0.5 mm or less).

The carrier can be any color. For instance, the carrier can be homogeneous in color or mixed in color. The color can be white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, black, or any combination thereof. The color can be man-made or naturally occurring, for instance but not limited to, white (for instance, for aluminum oxide or certain grades of limestone), buff (for instance, for certain grades of fly ash), dark colors (for instance, for certain ore minerals such as reddish iron oxide as the sesquioxide or blackish iron oxide in the spinel form), or a mixture thereof.

The carrier can be present in the reflective coating film in any amount that allows the carrier to prevent light transmission and UV -radiation to the polymeric film in the reflective coating film. The carrier can also be present in an amount that prevents light transmission and UV-radiation to an underlying substrate. In some embodiments, the carrier is present in the reflective coating film in an amount of 5% or greater (e.g., 10% or greater, 20% or greater, 30% or greater, 40% or greater, 50% or greater, 60% or greater, 70% or greater, or 80% or greater), by weight of the reflective coating film. The carrier can be present in the reflective coating film in an amount of 90% or less (e.g., 80% or less, 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, or 10% or less), by weight of the reflective coating film. The carrier can be present in the reflective coating film in an amount of from 5% to 90% (e.g., from 5% to 20%, from 20% to 35%, from 35% to 50%, from 50% to 65%, from 65% to 90%, from 10% to 80%, from 15% to 70%, from 20% to 60%, from 25% to 50%, from 50% to 70%, or from 35% to 85%), by weight of the reflective coating film.

The carrier can be provided in a layer having a variety of thicknesses. The thickness of the carrier layer, in some embodiments, is uniform. The thickness of the carrier layer, in some embodiments, varies. In some embodiments, the carrier layer has an average thickness of 12 μηι or greater (e.g., 13 μηι or greater, 14 μηι or greater, 15 μηι or greater, 16 μηι or greater, 17 μηι or greater, 18 μηι or greater, 19 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 21 μηι or greater, 22 μηι or greater, 23 μηι or greater, 24 μηι or greater, 25 μηι or greater, 26 μηι or greater, 27 μηι or greater, 28 μηι or greater, 29 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 31 μηι or greater, 32 μηι or greater, 33 μηι or greater, 34 μηι or greater, 35 μηι or greater, 36 μηι or greater, 37 μηι or greater, 38 μηι or greater, 39 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 41 μηι or greater, 42 μηι or greater, 43 μηι or greater, 44 μηι or greater, 45 μηι or greater, 46 μηι or greater, 47 μηι or greater, 48 μηι or greater, or 49 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the carrier layer has an average thickness of 50 μηι or less (e.g., 49 μηι or less, 48 μηι or less, 47 μηι or less, 46 μηι or less, 45 μηι or less, 44 μηι or less, 43 μηι or less, 42 μηι or less, 41 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 39 μηι or less, 38 μηι or less, 37 μηι or less, 36 μηι or less, 35 μηι or less, 34 μηι or less, 33 μηι or less, 32 μηι or less, 31 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 29 μηι or less, 28 μηι or less, 27 μηι or less, 26 μηι or less, 25 μηι or less, 24 μηι or less, 23 μηι or less, 22 μηι or less, 21 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, 19 μηι or less, 18 μηι or less, 17 μηι or less, 16 μηι or less, 15 μηι or less, 14 μηι or less, or 13 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the carrier layer has an average thickness of 12 μηι to 50 μηι (e.g., 12 μηι to 20 μηι, from 20 μηι to 30 μηι, from 30 μηι to 40 μηι, from 40 μηι to 50 μηι, or from 15 μηι to 40 μηι).

The carrier can be selected based on a variety of factors, including but not limited to size, shape, cost, availability, environmental factors, stability, adhesive qualities, space-filling qualities, mechanical properties, structural properties, color, aesthetic appeal, weight, solar reflectivity, or a combination thereof. Various physical and chemical attributes of the carrier and their interaction with sunlight can play a role in selecting a carrier. In some embodiments, carriers with improved surfaces for adhering the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier can help achieve a target solar reflective index while using a minimum amount of the infrared reflective pigment. In some embodiments, carriers having dense particle packing have a surface that can help maintain the infrared reflective pigment toward an exterior surface of the reflective coating film, minimizing the use of the infrared reflective pigment and maximizing solar reflective index. Infrared (IR) Reflective Pigment

The reflective coating film also comprises an infrared reflective pigment adjacent to the carrier. The infrared reflecting pigments include pigments that reflect infrared radiation including near-infrared radiation. The infrared reflective pigment, in some embodiments, contacts the carrier. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment and the carrier are embedded in the polymeric film. The infrared reflective pigment can be any pigment that reflects incident solar radiation and can provide, for instance, a reflective coating film or coated substrate having a Solar Reflective Index of 20 or greater of incident radiation, regardless of the visible color of the film.

The infrared reflective pigment can be any color. For instance, the infrared reflective pigment can be homogeneous in color or mixed in color. The color can be white, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, black, or any combination thereof. The color can be man- made or naturally occurring. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment comprises titanium dioxide, rutile, spinel, chromium hematite, chromium iron oxide, cobalt aluminate blue spinel, manganese antimony titanium buff rutile, zinc iron chromite brown spinel, iron titanium brown spinel, cobalt chromite blue-green spinel, cobalt titanate green spinel, Sn-Zn-Ti, nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, or combinations thereof. Commercially available infrared reflective pigments include, but are not limited to, Black 41 1 A (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Orange 10P340 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Brown 10P857 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Black 10P922 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Brown 157 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Brown 20C819 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), EX1513 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Brown 10C873 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Black 10P950 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), Yellow 20P296 (by SHEPHERD COLOR Co.), Yellow 1 OP 150 (by SHEPHERD COLOR CO.), 10550 Brown (by FERRO CORP.), 10415 Bright Golden Yellow(by FERRO CORP.), V-9242 Blue (by FERRO CORP.), VI 3810 Red Iron Oxide (by FERRO CORP.), V- 12650 High IR Green (by FERRO CORP.), V-775 Cool Color IR Black (by FERRO CORP.), and 10241 Eclipse IR Green (by FERRO CORP.). In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment includes a pigment number designation readily understood by the skilled artisan, such as BW 6, PBk 7, PBk 9, PBk 1 1 , PBk 12, PBk 28, PB 15, PB 27, PB 28, PB 29, PB 32, PB 36, PG 7, PG 17, PG 26, PG 50, PBr 7, PBr 24, PBr 29, PBr 33, PO 20, PR 9, PR 101 , PR 206, PR 209, PV 19, PV 23 RS, PW 6, PY 34, PY 35, PY 42, PY 53, PY 74 LF, PY 83 HR 700, PY 164.

In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment comprises mica, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment comprises a different material than the carrier. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment and the carrier are not identical (e.g., they comprise different components or blends of components, they have different particle sizes, etc.). For instance, in some embodiments where the carrier comprises mica, the infrared reflective pigment does not comprise mica. In some embodiments where the carrier comprises mica, the infrared reflective pigment comprises mica and another infrared reflective pigment. For instance, in some embodiments where the carrier comprises titanium dioxide, the infrared reflective pigment does not comprise titanium dioxide. In some embodiments where the carrier comprises titanium dioxide, the infrared reflective pigment comprises titanium dioxide and another infrared reflective pigment.

The infrared reflective pigment can be provided in dry form, for instance, as a powder. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment is provided in a dispersion or solution. In some embodiments, dispersions of pigments can be in an aqueous medium with dispersing agents and suspending agents to permit uniform application of the pigment.

In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment is platy. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment is hyperplaty. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment is needle like in morphology. The infrared reflective pigment can have a shape factor of from to 1 : 1 to 100: 1. The shape factor is a measure of an average value (on a weight average basis) of the ratio of mean particle diameter to particle thickness for a population of particles of varying size and shape as measured using the electrical conductivity method and apparatus described in U.S. Patent No. 5, 128,606, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. In some embodiments, the shape factor of the infrared reflective pigment is 1 : 1 or greater (e.g., 1.5: 1 or greater, 2: 1 or greater, 2.5: 1 or greater, 3 : 1 or greater, 3.5: 1 or greater, 4: 1 or greater, 4.5: 1 or greater, 5: 1 or greater, 5.5: 1 or greater, 6: 1 or greater, 7: 1 or greater, 8: 1 or greater, 9: 1 or greater, 10: 1 or greater, 20: 1 or greater, 30: 1 or greater, 40: 1 or greater, 50: 1 or greater, 60: 1 or greater, 70: 1 or greater, 80: 1 or greater, or 90: 1 or greater). In some embodiments, the shape factor of the infrared reflective pigment is 100: 1 or less (e.g., 90: 1 or less, 80: 1 or less, 70: 1 or less, 60: 1 or less, 50: 1 or less, 40: 1 or less, 30: 1 or less, 20: 1 or less, 10: 1 or less, 9: 1 or less, 8: 1 or less, 7: 1 or less, 6: 1 or less, 5.5: 1 or less, 5: 1 or less, 4.5: 1 or less, 4: 1 or less, 3.5: 1 or less, 3 : 1 or less, 2.5: 1 or less, 2: 1 or less, or 1.5: 1 or less). In some embodiments, the shape factor of the infrared reflective pigment is from 1 : 1 to 100: 1 (e.g., 1 : 1 to 50: 1 , 1 : 1 to 20: 1 , 2: 1 to 15 : 1 , or 3 : 1 to 10: 1).

The infrared reflective pigment can have any particle size that can help maximize reflectance and minimize cost. The average particle size should be greater than or equal to the wavelength of light that the pigment intends to reflect. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment has an average particle size of 0.7 μηι or greater (e.g., 0.8 μηι or greater, 0.9 μηι or greater, 1 μηι or greater, 1.1 μηι or greater, 1.2 μηι or greater, 1.3 μηι or greater, 1.4 μηι or greater, 1.5 μηι or greater, 1.6 μηι or greater, 1.7 μηι or greater, 1.8 μηι or greater, 1.9 μηι or greater, 2 μηι or greater, 2.1 μηι or greater, 2.2 μηι or greater, 2.3 μηι or greater, 2.4 μηι or greater, 2.5 μηι or greater, 3 μηι or greater, 4 μηι or greater, 5 μηι or greater, 10 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 50 μηι or greater, 60 μηι or greater, 70 μηι or greater, 80 μηι or greater, 90 μηι or greater, 100 μηι or greater, 150 μηι or greater, 200 μηι or greater, 250 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment has an average particle size of 300 μηι or less (e.g., 250 μηι or less, 200 μηι or less, 150 μηι or less, 100 μηι or less, 90 μηι or less, 80 μηι or less, 70 μηι or less, 60 μηι or less, 50 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, 10 μηι or less, 5 μηι or less, 4 μηι or less, 2.5 μηι or less, 2.4 μηι or less, 2.3 μηι or less, 2.2 μηι or less, 2.1 μηι or less, 2 μηι or less, 1.9 μηι or less, 1.8 μηι or less, 1.7 μηι or less, 1.6 μηι or less, 1.5 μηι or less, 1.4 μηι or less, 1.3 μηι or less, 1.2 μηι or less, 1 μηι or less, 0.9 μηι or less, or 0.8 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment has a particle size of 0.7 μηι to 300 μηι (e.g., 0.7 μηι to 2.5 μηι, 1 μηι to 10 μηι, 1 μηι to 250 μηι, 2 μηι to 200 μηι, 3 μηι to 150 μηι, 4 μηι to 125 μηι, 5 μηι to 100 μηι, 10 μηι to 100 μηι, 10 μηι to 50 μηι, or 150 μηι to 300 μηι). The infrared reflective pigment can be provided in a layer having a variety of thicknesses. The thickness of the infrared reflective pigment layer can be selected to, for instance, ensure that the reflective coating film has a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of 20 or greater. The thickness of the infrared reflective pigment layer, in some embodiments, is uniform. The thickness of the infrared reflective pigment layer, in some embodiments, varies. The infrared reflective pigment layer can include one or more additives, discussed below. In some embodiments, the thickness of the infrared reflective layer is greater (e.g., 2, 3, or 4 times greater) than the average particle size of the infrared reflective pigments. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment layer has an average thickness of 0.7 μηι or greater (e.g., 1 μηι or greater, 2 μηι or greater, 3 μηι or greater, 4 μηι or greater, 5 μηι or greater, 6 μηι or greater, 7 μηι or greater, 8 μηι or greater, 9 μηι or greater, 10 μηι or greater, 1 1 μηι or greater, 12 μηι or greater, 13 μηι or greater, 14 μηι or greater, 15 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 50 μηι or greater, 60 μηι or greater, 70 μηι or greater, 80 μηι or greater, 90 μηι or greater, 100 μηι or greater, 1 10 μηι or greater, 120 μηι or greater, 130 μηι or greater, 140 μηι or greater, 150 μηι or greater, 160 μηι or greater, 170 μηι or greater, or 180 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment layer has an average thickness of 200 μηι or less (e.g., 190 μηι or less, 180 μηι or less, 170 μηι or less, 160 μηι or less, 150 μηι or less, 140 μηι or less, 130 μηι or less, 120 μηι or less, 1 10 μηι or less, 100 μηι or less, 90 μηι or less, 80 μηι or less, 70 μηι or less, 60 μηι or less, 50 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, 15 μηι or less, 14 μηι or less, 13 μηι or less, 12 μηι or less, 11 μηι or less, 10 μηι or less, 9 μηι or less, 8 μηι or less, 7 μηι or less, 6 μηι or less, 5 μηι or less, 4 μηι or less, 3 μηι or less, 2 μηι or less, or 1 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment layer has an average thickness of 0.7 μηι to 200 μηι (e.g., 0.7 μηι to 5 μηι, from 0.7 μηι to 15 μηι, from 5 μηι to 200 μηι, from 15 μηι to 200 μηι, from 100 μηι to 200 μηι, from 20 μηι to 175 μηι, from 30 μηι to 150 μηι, from 40 μηι to 140 μηι, from 50 μηι to 130 μηι, or from 60 μηι to 120 μιη).

The infrared reflective pigment can be present in the reflective coating film in any amount that— when coupled with the carrier— allows the reflective coating film to have a Solar Reflective Index of 20 or greater. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment is present in the reflective coating film in an amount of 0.5 % or greater (e.g., 1% or greater, 5% or greater, 10% or greater, 20% or greater 30% or greater, 40% or greater, 50% or greater, 60% or greater, 70% or greater), by weight of the reflective coating film. The infrared reflective pigment can be present in the reflective coating film in an amount of 75% or less (e.g., 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less, 10% or less, or 5% or less), by weight of the reflective coating film. The infrared reflective pigment can be present in the reflective coating film in an amount of from 0.5% to 75% (e.g., 0.5% to 15%, 1% to 50%, 2% to 40%, 3% to 30%, or 5% to 20%), by weight of the reflective coating film.

The infrared reflective pigment and carrier can be present in the reflective coating film in a combined amount of 10% or greater (e.g., 15% or greater, 20% or greater, 30% or greater, 40% or greater, 50% or greater, 60% or greater, 65% or greater), by weight of the reflective coating film. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment and carrier can be present in the reflective coating film in a combined amount of 75% or less (e.g., 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, 40% or less, 30% or less, 20% or less), by weight of the reflective coating film. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment and carrier can be present in the reflective coating film in a combined amount of from 10% to 75% (e.g., 10% to 20%, 20% to 30%, 30% to 40%, 40% to 50%, 50% to 60%, 60% to 75%, 15% to 70%, 20% to 65%, 25% to 60%, or 30% to 55%), by weight of the reflective coating film.

The infrared reflective pigment can be selected based on a variety of factors. The infrared reflective pigment can be selected such that it is not an environmental hazard, for instance, from rainwater run-off of a building surface containing the infrared reflective pigment. In some embodiments, the infrared pigments used herein do not include cadmium. The infrared reflective pigment can also be selected based on price, availability, environmental stability, durability, fade resistance, color, performance, or a combination thereof.

Adhesive

The reflective coating films, in some embodiments, can comprise a first, second, and/or third adhesive. The first adhesive, when present, is located between the carrier and infrared reflecting pigment. The second adhesive, when present, is located on the bottom of the polymeric film, and optionally has a release liner adjacent to the second adhesive. The third adhesive, when present, is located between the polymeric film and carrier. In some

embodiments, the reflective coating film comprises no adhesives. In some embodiments, the reflective coating film comprises a first adhesive. In some embodiments, the reflective coating film comprises a second adhesive. In some embodiments, the reflective coating film comprises a third adhesive. In some embodiments, the reflective coating film comprises one or more of the first adhesive, second adhesive, and third adhesive. First Adhesive

By reference to FIG. 1, the reflective coating film 100 can comprise a first adhesive 1 14 disposed at the interface between the carrier 1 12 and the infrared reflecting pigment 1 16. The first adhesive 114 can help adhere the carrier to the infrared reflecting pigment. The first adhesive 114 can comprise an organic compound, an inorganic compound, or a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the first adhesive comprises a glue, a resin, an epoxy, a cementitious composition, an asphalt composition, a natural gum, or a combination thereof. For example, the first adhesive 1 14 can comprise portland cement, magnesium phosphate, high alumina cement, calcium sulfoaluminate cement, geopolymer cement, natural styrene-butadiene rubber latex, synthetic styrene-butadiene rubber latex, bisphenol, phenol, amines, urethane, starch, guar gum, xanthan gum, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the first adhesive can comprise a two-part (Part A, Part B) reactive system. In some embodiments, the Part A component comprises an epoxy or urethane system that can be used to coat the carrier 1 12. In some embodiments, the Part B component comprises a solvent that can be applied to the Part A component and react to create a setting action. The solvent can be applied, for instance, by brush, spray, calender roll, or other mechanical or other device. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 114 comprises a solvent and a solvent-soluble adhesive (e.g., a solvent-soluble gum). The solvent-soluble system can then be dried on the surface of carrier 1 12, which can create a crosslinked or dry material capable of adhesive properties. The solvent can include, but is not limited to, esters of carboxylic acids, ethers, cyclic ethers, C5-C10 alkanes, C5-C8 cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, amides, nitrites, sulfoxides, sulfones, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent includes xylene, toluene, an alcohol, a ketone or ketoalcohol, an ether, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent can be water followed by a crosslinking step, or the water can further comprise a crosslinker. The crosslinker can comprise, in some embodiments, a silane or vinyl silane. In some embodiments, the surface treatment includes a starch-based or vinyl-acetate based glue. In some embodiments, the first adhesive is cured. In some embodiments, the first adhesive is uncured.

In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 is applied to the carrier 1 12, and then the infrared reflective pigment 116 is applied to the first adhesive 1 14. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 is mixed with the infrared reflective pigment 1 16 and the combination is then added to the carrier 1 12. In some embodiments, the carrier 1 12 itself has adhesive properties, and thus a first adhesive 1 14 is not necessary. For instance, in some embodiments, the carrier 112 comprises a cementitious material, asphalt material, or combination thereof that has adhesive qualities allowing the infrared reflective pigment 1 16 to bind to the carrier 1 12 without a first adhesive 1 14. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 comprises a cementitious material, asphalt material, or combination thereof to provide the adhesive properties. In some

embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 and the carrier 1 12 are mixed together and the combination is applied to the polymeric film 1 10 before the infrared reflective pigment 1 16 is applied to the carrier/adhesive mixture.

The first adhesive 1 14 can, for instance, have a thickness sufficient to adhere the infrared-reflecting pigment 1 16 to the carrier 1 12. In some embodiments, the thickness of the first adhesive 1 14 is chosen to ensure stability and longevity of the reflective coating film for the desired application (e.g., stability for the lifespan of a building material). In some embodiments, the first adhesive has an average thickness of 12 μηι or greater (e.g., 13 μηι or greater, 14 μηι or greater, 15 μηι or greater, 16 μηι or greater, 17 μηι or greater, 18 μηι or greater, 19 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 21 μηι or greater, 22 μηι or greater, 23 μηι or greater, 24 μηι or greater, 25 μηι or greater, 26 μηι or greater, 27 μηι or greater, 28 μηι or greater, 29 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 31 μηι or greater, 32 μηι or greater, 33 μηι or greater, 34 μηι or greater, 35 μηι or greater, 36 μηι or greater, 37 μηι or greater, 38 μηι or greater, 39 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 41 μηι or greater, 42 μηι or greater, 43 μηι or greater, 44 μηι or greater, 45 μηι or greater, 46 μηι or greater, 47 μηι or greater, 48 μηι or greater, or 49 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the first adhesive has an average thickness of 50 μηι or less (e.g., 49 μηι or less, 48 μηι or less, 47 μηι or less, 46 μηι or less, 45 μηι or less, 44 μηι or less, 43 μηι or less, 42 μηι or less, 41 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 39 μηι or less, 38 μηι or less, 37 μηι or less, 36 μηι or less, 35 μηι or less, 34 μηι or less, 33 μηι or less, 32 μηι or less, 31 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 29 μηι or less, 28 μηι or less, 27 μηι or less, 26 μηι or less, 25 μηι or less, 24 μηι or less, 23 μηι or less, 22 μηι or less, 21 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, 19 μηι or less, 18 μηι or less, 17 μηι or less, 16 μηι or less, 15 μηι or less, 14 μηι or less, or 13 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 has an average thickness of 12 μηι to 50 μηι (e.g., 12 μηι to 20 μηι, from 20 μηι to 30 μηι, from 30 μηι to 40 μηι, from 40 μηι to 50 μηι, from 15 μηι to 45 μηι, from 20 μηι to 40 μηι, or from 25 μηι to 35 μηι).

Second Adhesive

The reflective coating film can also comprise, in some embodiments, a second adhesive. As depicted in FIG. 1 , for instance, the reflective coating film 100 can optionally comprise a second adhesive 1 18 located on the bottom surface of the polymeric film 1 10. The second adhesive 1 18 can comprise any material the first adhesive 1 14 comprises. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 and second adhesive 1 18 comprise the same material. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 and second adhesive 1 18 comprise different materials. The second adhesive 1 18, in some embodiments, is present on the bottom surface of the polymeric film 1 10, opposite the carrier 1 12. In some embodiments, the second adhesive 1 18 is present on the substrate (e.g., a roofing tile or pre-existing building structure). In some embodiments, the second adhesive 1 18 is cured. In some embodiments, the second adhesive 1 18 in uncured. The second adhesive 1 18 can be applied to the polymeric film 1 10 by, for instance, brushing, spraying, rolling, casting, dipping, or a combination thereof.

The second adhesive 1 18 can, for instance, have a thickness sufficient to adhere the reflective coating film 100 to a substrate. In some embodiments, the thickness of the second adhesive 1 18 is chosen to ensure stability and longevity of the reflective coating film 100 for the desired application (e.g., stability for the lifespan of a building material). In some embodiments, the second adhesive 1 18 has an average thickness of 0.6 μηι or greater (e.g., 0.7 μηι or greater, 0.8 μηι or greater, 0.9 μηι or greater, 1 μηι or greater, 2 μηι or greater, 3 μηι or greater, 4 μηι or greater, 5 μηι or greater, 6 μηι or greater, 7 μηι or greater, 8 μηι or greater, 9 μηι or greater, 10 μηι or greater, 1 1 μηι or greater, 12 μηι or greater, 13 μηι or greater, 14 μηι or greater, 15 μηι or greater, 16 μηι or greater, 17 μηι or greater, 18 μηι or greater, 19 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 21 μηι or greater, 22 μηι or greater, 23 μηι or greater, 24 μηι or greater, 25 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 35 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 45 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the second adhesive 1 18 has an average thickness of 50.8 μηι or less (e.g., 45 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 35 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 25 μηι or less, 24 μηι or less, 23 μηι or less, 22 μηι or less, 21 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, 19 μηι or less, 18 μηι or less, 17 μηι or less, 16 μηι or less, 15 μηι or less, 14 μηι or less, 13 μηι or less, 12 μηι or less, 1 1 μηι or less, 10 μηι or less, 9 μηι or less, 8 μηι or less, 7 μηι or less, 6 μηι or less, 5 μηι or less, 4 μηι or less, 3 μηι or less, 2 μηι or less, 1 μηι or less, 0.9 μηι or less, 0.8 μηι or less, or 0.7 μηι or less). In some

embodiments, the second adhesive 1 18 has an average thickness of 0.6 μηι to 50.8 μηι (e.g., 0.6 μηι to 5 μηι, from 1 μηι to 10 μηι, from 10 μηι to 20 μηι, from 20 μηι to 30 μηι, from 30 μηι to 40 μηι, from 40 μηι to 50.8 μηι, from 0.6 μηι to 25.4 μηι, from 25.4 μηι to 50.8 μηι, from 1 μηι to 50 μηι, from 5 μηι to 40 μηι, from 10 μηι to 30 μηι, or from 15 μηι to 25 μηι).

A release liner can optionally be provided adjacent to the second adhesive 1 18. The release liner can be selected to removably adhere to the second adhesive 1 18. The release liner can be selected to facilitate rolling, storage, and use of the reflective coating film 100. The release liner can comprise any plastic or cellulose-based material. The release liner can comprise a release agent. Commercially available release liners include, but are not limited to, super calendered kraft paper, coated paper, glazed paper, and/or biaxially oriented polypropylene film. For example, in some embodiments, the commercially available release liners include silicone or non-silicone release liners by 3M Corporation, which are available in a wide range of paper, poly-coated paper, polyester film and HDPE film substrates. The 3M release liners, for instance, are offered with silicone release coatings on either one side or both sides of the substrate. 3M also offers polyester film release liners with proprietary non-silicone release coatings. Example of silicone coated PET release film is HOSTAPHAN® silicone coated PET films by Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Inc., characterized by release properties in combination with polyester film characteristics like high mechanical strength, low shrinkage, clarity and chemical resistance. Other release liners include, for instance, POLYSLIK, PRIMELINER, and LOPASIL by Loparex Corp. Third Adhesive

The reflective coating film can also comprise, in some embodiments, a third adhesive. As depicted in FIG. 1 , for instance, the reflective coating film 100 can also comprise a third adhesive 120 disposed at the interface between the polymeric film 1 10 and the carrier 1 12, wherein the third adhesive 120 can adhere the carrier 1 12 to the polymeric film 1 10. The third adhesive 120 can comprise any material the first and/or second adhesive comprises. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14, the second adhesive 1 18, and third adhesive 120 comprise the same material. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 and third adhesive 120 comprise the same materials, while the second adhesive 1 18 comprises a different material. In some embodiments, the first adhesive 1 14 and second adhesive 1 18 comprise the same materials, while the third adhesive 120 comprises a different material. In some embodiments, the second adhesive 1 18 and third adhesive 120 comprise the same materials, while the first adhesive 1 14 comprises a different material. In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 is cured. In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 in uncured. The third adhesive 120 can be applied to the polymeric film 120 by, for instance, brushing, spraying, rolling, casting, dipping, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 is applied to the polymeric film 1 10, and then the carrier 1 12 is applied to the third adhesive 120. In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 is mixed with the carrier 1 12 and the combination is then applied to the polymeric film 1 10. In some embodiments, the polymeric film 1 10 itself has adhesive properties (e.g., naturally or via surface treatment), and thus a third adhesive 120 is not necessary. For instance, in some embodiments, the carrier 1 12 comprises a cementitious material, asphalt material, or combination thereof that has adhesive qualities allowing the carrier 1 12 to bind to the polymeric film 1 10 without a third adhesive 120. In some embodiments, the carrier 1 12 is applied to the polymeric film 1 10 while the polymeric film is tacky so the third adhesive 120 is not needed. In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 comprises a cementitious material, asphalt material, or combination thereof to provide the adhesive properties.

The third adhesive 120 can, for instance, have a thickness sufficient to adhere the carrier 1 12 and polymeric film 1 10 together. In some embodiments, the thickness of the third adhesive 120 is chosen to ensure stability and longevity of the reflective coating film 100 for the desired application (e.g., stability for the lifespan of a building material). In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 has an average thickness of 12 μηι or greater (e.g., 13 μηι or greater, 14 μηι or greater, 15 μηι or greater, 16 μηι or greater, 17 μηι or greater, 18 μηι or greater, 19 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 21 μηι or greater, 22 μηι or greater, 23 μηι or greater, 24 μηι or greater, 25 μηι or greater, 26 μηι or greater, 27 μηι or greater, 28 μηι or greater, 29 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 31 μηι or greater, 32 μηι or greater, 33 μηι or greater, 34 μηι or greater, 35 μηι or greater, 36 μηι or greater, 37 μηι or greater, 38 μηι or greater, 39 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 41 μηι or greater, 42 μηι or greater, 43 μηι or greater, 44 μηι or greater, 45 μηι or greater, 46 μηι or greater, 47 μηι or greater, 48 μηι or greater, or 49 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 has an average thickness of 50 μηι or less (e.g., 49 μηι or less, 48 μηι or less, 47 μηι or less, 46 μηι or less, 45 μηι or less, 44 μηι or less, 43 μηι or less, 42 μηι or less, 41 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 39 μηι or less, 38 μηι or less, 37 μηι or less, 36 μηι or less, 35 μηι or less, 34 μηι or less, 33 μηι or less, 32 μηι or less, 31 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 29 μηι or less, 28 μηι or less, 27 μηι or less, 26 μηι or less, 25 μηι or less, 24 μηι or less, 23 μηι or less, 22 μηι or less, 21 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, 19 μηι or less, 18 μηι or less, 17 μηι or less, 16 μηι or less, 15 μηι or less, 14 μηι or less, or 13 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the third adhesive 120 has an average thickness of 12 μηι to 50 μηι (e.g., 12 μηι to 20 μηι, from 20 μηι to 30 μηι, from 30 μηι to 40 μηι, from 40 μηι to 50 μηι, from 15 μηι to 45 μηι, from 20 μηι to 40 μηι, or from 25 μηι to 35 μηι).

Coating The reflective coating film can also comprise a coating. For instance, reflective coating film 100 can comprise a coating 122 on the top surface of the reflective coating film 100, as shown in FIG. 1. The coating 122 is oriented during use to face the sun 200, such that the reflective coating film 100 can reflect incident radiation. The coating 122 can be provided on top of the infrared reflective pigment 1 16. The coating 122 can be selected, for instance, to seal the carrier 1 12 and/or infrared reflective pigment 1 16 into the reflective coating film 100. In some embodiments, the coating 122 is selected to render the surface of the reflective coating film nonstick. In some embodiments, the coating 122 is selected to facilitate rolling of the reflective coating film 100 into a roll. In some embodiments, the coating 122 is selected to provide additional properties to the reflective coating film 100, such as UV-protection, stability, flame resistance, scratch resistance, mechanical properties, strength, flexibility, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the coating 122 comprises a fluorocarbon resin, polyvinylidine fluoride, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylatine chloride, polycarbonate, polyacrylate, polyethersulfone, polysulfone, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, cellulose acetate, acrylic resin, polypropylene, polyester, or a combination thereof. Commercially available coatings include, but are not limited to, KYNAR® by ARKEMA. The coating 122 can be applied to the surface of the reflective coating film 100 by, for instance, brushing, spraying, rolling, casting, dipping, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the coating 122 has an average thickness of 12 μηι or greater (e.g., 15 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 25 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 35 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 50 μηι or greater, 60 μηι or greater, 70 μηι or greater, 80 μηι or greater, 90 μηι or greater, 100 μηι or greater, 150 μηι or greater, 200 μηι or greater, 250 μηι or greater, 300 μηι or greater, 350 μηι or greater, or 400 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the coating 122 has an average thickness of 500 μηι or less (e.g., 450 μηι or less, 400 μηι or less, 350 μηι or less, 300 μηι or less, 250 μηι or less, 200 μηι or less, 150 μηι or less, 100 μηι or less, 90 μηι or less, 80 μηι or less, 70 μηι or less, 60 μηι or less, 50 μηι or less, 45 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 35 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, or 25 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the coating 122 has an average thickness of 12 μηι to 500 μηι (e.g., 25 μηι to 500 μηι, from 25 μηι to 400 μηι, from 30 μηι to 350 μηι, from 40 μηι to 300 μηι, from 50 μηι to 250 μηι, from 75 μηι to 225 μηι, or from 100 μηι to 200 μηι). Additives

The reflective coating film can also comprise an additive. The polymeric film, the carrier, the infrared reflective pigment, the first adhesive, the second adhesive, the third adhesive, the coating, or a combination thereof can comprise an additive. In some embodiments, the polymeric film comprises an additive. In some embodiments, the infrared reflective pigment comprises an additive. In some embodiments, the carrier comprises an additive. In some embodiments, the first adhesive, the second adhesive, or a combination thereof comprises an additive.

In some embodiments, the additive comprises another pigment, such as a non- visible light reflective pigment, a pigment that reflects visible light, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the other pigment is carbon black. In some embodiments, the other pigment comprises iron oxide, titanium dioxide, cobalt oxide, glass powders or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the additive comprises a pigment that reflects radiation having a wavelength from 300 nm to 750 nm. In some embodiments, the additive comprises a biocide, lubricant, neutralizer, heat stabilizer, light stabilizer, antioxidant, ultraviolet (UV) screener, ultraviolet (UV) absorber, crosslinker, flow additive, surfactant, salt, thickener, or a combination thereof.

Reflective Coating Film

The reflective coating film comprises a polymeric film, carrier, and infrared reflective pigment. FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of the reflective coating film 100. For the embodiment in FIG. 1 , the reflective film coating 100 comprises the following layers, from top to bottom:

• coating 122;

• infrared reflective pigment 1 16;

• first adhesive 1 14;

• carrier 1 12;

• third adhesive 120;

• polymeric film 1 10; and

• second adhesive 1 18.

The reflective coating can optionally include a release liner adjacent to the second adhesive 1 18, opposite the polymeric film. The first adhesive 1 14, the second adhesive 1 18, the third adhesive 120, and the coating 122 are optional.

The carrier 1 12 and infrared reflecting pigment 1 16 can be separate layers, as shown in FIG. 1, with the infrared reflecting pigment 1 16 on top of first adhesive 1 14 and carrier 1 12, wherein the infrared reflective pigment 1 16 is oriented to face sunlight in use. In some embodiments, the carrier 1 12 and infrared reflecting pigment 1 16 can be mixed and added in the same layer. The carrier 1 12 and infrared reflecting pigment 1 16 can be added sequentially. The carrier 1 12 and infrared reflecting pigment 1 16 can be added simultaneously. For the embodiment in FIG. 1, the infrared reflective pigment 1 16 is provided on top of adhesive 1 14, which is on top of the carrier 1 12.

The reflective coating film can have a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of 20 or greater (e.g., 25 or greater, 30 or greater, 35 or greater, 40 or greater, 45 or greater, 50 or greater, 55 or greater, 60 or greater, 65 or greater, 70 or greater ,75 or greater, 80 or greater, 85 or greater, 90 or greater, 95 or greater, 100 or greater, 105 or greater, 1 10 or greater, 1 15 or greater, 120 or greater, or 125 or greater), for incident solar radiation regardless of the visible color of the coating and regardless of the color of any underlying substrate. The reflective coating film can have a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of 130 or less (e.g., 125 or less, 120 or less, 1 15 or less, 1 10 or less, 105 or less, 100 or less, 95 or less, 90 or less, 85 or less, 80 or less, 75 or less, 70 or less, 65 or less, 60 or less, 55 or less, 50 or less, 45 or less, 40 or less, 35 or less, 30 or less, or 25 or less), for incident solar radiation regardless of the visible color of the coating and regardless of the color of any underlying substrate. In some embodiments, the reflective film coating has a Solar Reflective Index (SRI) of from 20 to 130 (e.g., from 20 to 30, from 30 to 40, from 40 to 50, from 50 to 60, from 60 to 70, from 70 to 80, from 80 to 90, from 90 to 100, from 100 to 1 10, from 1 10 to 120, from 120 to 130, from 20 to 55, from 55 to 90, from 90 to 130, from 20 to 75, or from 75 to 130), for incident solar radiation regardless of the visible color of the coating and regardless of the color of any underlying substrate. An SRI value of 130 can be achieved for a white surface made with infrared reflective pigments, for instance. Solar Reflective Index is measured by ASTM CI 549-09

The thickness of the reflective coating film can selected, for instance, to enhance reflectivity. In some embodiments, the thickness of the reflective coating film is chosen to ensure stability and longevity of the reflective coating film for the desired application (e.g., stability for the lifespan of a building material). In some embodiments, the reflective coating film has an average thickness of 12.7 μηι or greater (e.g., 15 μηι or greater, 20 μηι or greater, 30 μηι or greater, 40 μηι or greater, 50 μηι or greater, 75 μηι or greater, 100 μηι or greater, 150 μηι or greater, 200 μηι or greater, 250 μηι or greater, 300 μηι or greater, 350 μηι or greater, 400 μηι or greater, 450 μηι or greater, 500 μηι or greater, 550 μηι or greater, 600 μηι or greater, 650 μηι or greater, 700 μηι or greater, 750 μηι or greater, 800 μηι or greater, 850 μηι or greater, 900 μηι or greater, 950 μηι or greater, 1000 μηι or greater, 1100 μηι or greater, 1200 μηι or greater, 1300 μηι or greater, 1400 μηι or greater, 1500 μηι or greater, 1600 μηι or greater, 1700 μηι or greater, 1800 μηι or greater, 1900 μηι or greater, 2000 μηι or greater, 2100 μηι or greater, 2200 μηι or greater, 2300 μηι or greater, or 2400 μηι or greater). In some embodiments, the reflective coating film has an average thickness of 2540 μηι or less (e.g., 2400 μηι or less, 2300 μηι or less, 2200 μηι or less, 2100 μηι or less, 2000 μηι or less, 1900 μηι or less, 1800 μηι or less, 1700 μηι or less, 1600 μηι or less, 1500 μηι or less, 1400 μηι or less, 1300 μηι or less, 1200 μηι or less, 1 100 μηι or less, 1000 μηι or less, 950 μηι or less, 900 μηι or less, 850 μηι or less, 800 μηι or less, 750 μηι or less, 700 μm or less, 650 μηι or less, 600 μηι or less, 550 μηι or less, 500 μηι or less, 450 μm or less, 400 μηι or less, 350 μηι or less, 300 μηι or less, 250 μηι or less, 200 μηι or less, 150 μηι or less, 100 μηι or less, 75 μηι or less, 50 μηι or less, 40 μηι or less, 30 μηι or less, 20 μηι or less, or 15 μηι or less). In some embodiments, the reflective coating film has an average thickness of 12.7 μηι to 2540 μηι (e.g., 12.7 μηι to 50 μηι, from 50 μηι to 100 μηι, from 100 μηι to 200 μηι, from 200 μηι to 300 μηι, from 300 μηι to 400 μηι, from 400 μηι to 500 μηι, from 500 μηι to 1000 μηι, from 1000 μηι 2000 μηι, from 2000 μηι to 2540 μηι, from 12.7 μηι to 100 μηι, from 100 μηι to 300 μm, from 50 μηι to 200 μm, from 25 μηι to 100 μηι, from 25.4 μηι to 304.8 μηι, or from 50.8 μηι to 203.2 μηι).

Coated Substrate

Also disclosed herein are coated substrates. The coated substrate can comprise a substrate and a reflective coating film disclosed herein, wherein the coated substrate has a Solar

Reflectance Index of 20 or greater. The substrate can be any substrate that could be subjected to sunlight, and wherein reflecting incident radiation would be desirable. In some embodiments, the substrate comprises stone, cement, asphalt, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the substrate comprises any material suitable for an opaque exterior building material. The substrate can be, for instance, a roofing tile, a roofing shingle, siding, cladding, siding, trim, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the coated substrate is a building material that can be used in construction. In some embodiments, the coated substrate comprises a reflective coating film adhered to a substrate that is an already existing structure.

Methods of Making Reflective Coating Films

Also disclosed herein are methods of making reflective coating films. FIG. 2 depicts one method of making a reflective coating film. Process 300 can be used to make reflective coating film 400. Polymeric film 1 10 is provided in a roll on spindle 310. The polymeric film 1 10 is then unwound and is fed into the process line at 312. The unwound polymeric film 1 10 can then be rendered tacky by heated roll 314, creating film 410— a polymeric film with a tacky surface. Then, carrier 1 12 can be deposited onto film 410 by carrier depositing unit 316, creating film 412— a polymeric film with a tacky surface coated with a carrier. Film 412, can then subjected to roller 318, which can apply heat and/or pressure to further embed the carrier 1 12 into the polymeric film 1 10, creating film 414— a polymeric film with an embedded carrier. The reflective pigment coating 1 16 can then be deposited onto film 414 by the infrared reflective pigment depositing unit 320, creating film 416— a polymeric film with embedded carrier adjacent to an infrared reflective pigment. Film 416 can then be subjected to roller 322, which can apply heat and/or pressure to further embed the infrared reflective pigment and/or carrier into the polymeric film to produce a reflective coating film 400. Reflective coating film 400 can then be rolled into a finished reflective coating film roll on spindle 324.

In some embodiments, the reflective coating film can be made by surface treating a surface of a polymeric film to render the surface tacky, embedding a carrier into the tacky surface of the polymeric film, and contacting an infrared reflective pigment with the carrier, wherein the reflective coating film possesses a Solar Reflective Index of 20 or greater.

In some embodiments, the polymeric film is subjected to a chemical surface treatment to render the surface of the polymeric film tacky. For instance, the surface of the polymeric film can be treated with a solvent before applying the carrier. In some embodiments, the chemical surface treatment comprises a two-step (Part A, Part B) reactive system. In some embodiments, the Part A component comprises coating the polymeric film surface with, for instance, an epoxy or urethane system. In some embodiments, the Part B component comprises applying a solvent, such that the ensuing reaction creates a setting action. The solvent can be applied, for instance, by brush, spray, calender roll, or other mechanical or other device. The chemical surface treatment, in some embodiments, comprises adding a solvent-soluble system to the surface of the polymeric film, the system comprising a solvent and a solvent-soluble composition (e.g., a solvent-soluble gum). The solvent-soluble system can then be dried on the surface of the polymeric film, which can create a crosslinked or dry material capable of adhesive properties. The solvent can include, but is not limited to, esters of carboxylic acids, ethers, cyclic ethers, Cs- Cio alkanes, Cs-Cs cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbon solvents, halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, amides, nitrites, sulfoxides, sulfones, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent includes xylene, toluene, an alcohol, a ketone or ketoalcohol, an ether, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent can be water followed by a crosslinking step, or the water can further comprise a crosslinker. The crosslinker can comprise, in some embodiments, a silane or vinyl silane. In some embodiments, the surface treatment includes a starch-based or vinyl-acetate based glue. In some embodiments, the first adhesive is cured. In some embodiments, the first adhesive is uncured.

In some embodiments, the polymeric film is subjected to a thermal surface treatment to render its surface tacky. Thermal surface treatment can include, for instance, direct heat such as hot air for convective heat transfer, passing over heated rollers for conductive heat transfer, using a radiative heat source such as heater banks, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the polymeric film is heated sufficiently and with as little time and energy so as to enable gluing and affixing of carrier. The thermal treatment can also comprise reducing the viscosity of the polymeric film and/or carrier to facilitate cohesion. In some embodiments, heaters of sufficient temperature to impart a surface temperature to the surface between 50°F and 800°F are used, wherein the temperatures are dependent on the polymer being used, the carrier being used, and the thickness of the layer through which the heat needs to penetrate.

In some embodiments, the polymeric film is subjected to a mechanical surface treatment to render the surface of the polymeric film tacky. Mechanical surface treatment can include processes to address densification of inorganic layers, cohesion of a carrier with a viscous polymer, embedding the carrier and/or infrared reflective pigment into the polymeric film, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the mechanical surface treatment includes processes to impart surface texture so as to provide relief or aesthetic appeal (for example, wood grain, or slate layers, or uneven surfaces to allow moisture release, gas release, and light reflection). The mechanical surface treatment can be administered, for instance, by mechanical pressing between flat surfaces such as press plates or cylindrical surfaces such as rollers. The mechanical surface treatment can comprise impacting (for example, with hammers), indenting or puncturing (for instance, with pins or serrated wheels), placing bead lines with heavy pressure (for instance, using linear bars or rotating wheels), or a combination thereof. The outcome of mechanical processing can be used, for instance, to obtain particular dimension of products, densely compacted surfaces, textured surfaces, glued surfaces, printed surfaces, or a combination thereof.

The surface treatments described above can be used to render the surface of the polymeric film tacky. The surface treatments described above can also be used to, independently, adhere the carrier to the polymeric film, to adhere the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier, to adhere the infrared reflective pigment to the polymeric film, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the surface treatments to adhere the carrier to the polymeric film, to adhere the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier, and to adhere the infrared reflective pigment to the polymeric film are the same surface treatment. In some embodiments, the surface treatments to adhere the carrier to the polymeric film, to adhere the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier, and to adhere the infrared reflective pigment to the polymeric film are different surface treatments. For example, in some embodiments, the carrier can be adhered to the polymeric film using a chemical surface treatment, while the infrared reflective pigment is adhered to the carrier via mechanical surface treatment.

Methods of Making Coated Substrates

A coated substrate can be made by adhering the reflective coating films described herein to the substrates disclosed herein. The reflective coating film can be adhered to the substrate chemically, mechanically, thermally, or by a combination thereof by the surface treatments described herein.

In some embodiments, the reflective coating film is added to a substrate comprising an asphalt emulsion at a temperature sufficient to adhere the reflective coating film to the substrate when the reflective coating film is applied to the substrate. In some embodiments, the reflective coating film is added to a substrate comprising an asphalt emulsion at a temperature sufficient to lower the viscosity of the asphalt to an easily flowable state under gravity, e.g., 50°C to 500°C, 100°C to 400°C, or 150°C to 350°C). In some embodiments, the reflective coating film is allowed to cool once applied to the substrate comprising an asphalt emulsion. The cooling can be done, for instance, by forced or ambient air. The reflective coating film can be added to the substrate in a factory, for instance, to make a building product such as a roofing tile.

Alternatively, the reflective coating film can be added to an already existing building structure (e.g., as a retro-fit). In some embodiments, the reflective coating film can be added in the field, as the building or roof, for instance, is being constructed.

In some embodiments, the method of making the coated substrate comprises providing a softened reflective coating film on a substrate to form a coated substrate. The reflective coating can, for instance, be softened by heating the film to lower the reflective coating film's viscosity, allowing the reflective coating film to diffuse into the substrate and become embedded. In some embodiments, the softened reflective coating film can be applied at a temperature of 50°C to 500°C (e.g., 100°C to 400°C or 150°C to 350°C).

In some embodiments, the reflective coating film comprises a second adhesive and a release liner, as described above. The reflective coating film can be, in some embodiments, rolled, stored, and/or shipped. The reflective coating film can then, in some embodiments, be unrolled, the release liner can be removed to expose the second adhesive, and the reflective coating film can be applied to the substrate using the second adhesive. Uses

The reflective coating films disclosed herein can be contained in a portable roll, and can be applied/affixed onto various surfaces to increase the surface reflectivity of incident radiation, such as solar radiation. Further, the compositions and methods disclosed herein can use infrared reflecting pigments that reflect infrared radiation, wherein the infrared reflective pigments can be arranged in the reflective coating film to minimize their use per unit area while maximizing the amount of infrared energy reflected.

The reflective coating films disclosed herein can be used on, for instance, building materials (roofing tiles, etc.) in the factory, existing building materials (already erected), signs, streets, walkways, playground equipment, vehicles, handrails, downspouts, fence posts, or a combination thereof. The reflective coating layer, once adhered to the substrate, can be durable and capable of withstanding shipping and storage. The reflective coating layer, once adhered to the substrate, can be durable and capable of withstanding various environmental effects such as wind, rain, sun, frost, ice, snow and so forth. The efficiency of the reflective coating film can be adjusted to provide maximum reflection of infrared radiation for the least amount of infrared reflecting pigment in the layer.

The methods and compositions disclosed herein can, in some embodiments, comprise reflective coating films that can cover a darkly colored substrate, such as black asphalt, and still have an SRI of 20 or greater. The methods and compositions disclosed herein can also, in some embodiments, create reflective coating films having an ability to apply to many surfaces with uniform thickness of pigment. The methods and compositions disclosed herein can also, in some embodiments, allow for the expensive infrared reflecting pigment to be applied to the surface only of, for instance, the building material. The methods and compositions disclosed herein also, in some embodiments, reduce production losses of the expensive infrared reflecting pigment. The methods and compositions disclosed herein also, in some embodiments, allow for a single- color products or multiple-color products.

The compositions and methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific compositions and methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any compositions and methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the compositions and methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative compositions and method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the compositions and method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated. The term "comprising" and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term "including" and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms "comprising" and "including" have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms "consisting essentially of and "consisting of can be used in place of "comprising" and "including" to provide for more specific embodiments of the invention and are also disclosed. Other than in the examples, or where otherwise noted, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood at the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, to be construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding approaches.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A reflective coating film comprising:

a polymeric film,

a carrier embedded in the polymeric film, and

an infrared reflective pigment adjacent to the carrier, and

wherein the reflective coating film has a Solar Reflective Index of 20 or greater.

2. The reflective coating film according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric film includes poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidine fluoride, polyvinylidine chloride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyester, polyurethane,

polytetrafluoroethylene, or a combination thereof.

3. The reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-2, wherein the carrier comprises stone, clay, fly ash, or a combination thereof.

4. The reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the carrier and infrared reflective pigment are present in the reflective coating film in a combined amount of from 0.5% to 75%, by weight of the reflective coating film.

5. The reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the reflective coating film further comprises a non- visible light reflective pigment, a pigment that reflects radiation having a wavelength (λ) from 300 nm to 750 nm, or a combination thereof.

6. The reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-5, further comprising a first adhesive, the first adhesive bonding the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier.

7. The reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-6,

wherein a first surface of the reflective coating film is a nonstick surface, and wherein a second adhesive is provided on a second surface of the reflective coating film opposite the first surface, and

wherein a release liner is provided adjacent to the second adhesive.

8. The reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein the reflective coating film is in the form of a roll.

9. A coated substrate comprising:

a substrate, and

the reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-6 adjacent to the substrate, wherein the coated substrate has a Solar Reflectance Index of 20 or greater.

10. The coated substrate according to claim 9, wherein the substrate comprises cement, asphalt, or a combination thereof.

11. The coated substrate according to any one of claims 9-10, wherein the coated substrate is an exterior building material selected from the group consisting of roofing tiles, roofing shingles, cladding, siding, trim, and combinations thereof.

12. A method of making the reflective coating film, the method comprising:

surface treating a surface of a polymeric film to render the surface tacky,

embedding a carrier into the tacky surface of the polymeric film, and

applying an infrared reflective pigment to the carrier,

wherein the reflective coating film possesses a Solar Reflective Index of 20 or greater.

13. The method according to claim 12, further comprising adding a first adhesive to bind the infrared reflective pigment to the carrier.

14. The method according to any one of claims 12-13, wherein the surface of the polymeric film is surface treated by:

chemically treating the surface of the polymeric film to render the surface tacky, thermally treating the surface of the polymeric film to render the surface tacky, applying a third adhesive to the surface of the polymeric film to render the surface tacky, or a combination thereof.

15. The method according to any one of claims 12-14, further comprising:

applying a protective coating to the surface of the reflective coating film,

rolling the reflective coating film into a reflective coating film roll,

or a combination thereof.

16. The method according to any one of claims 12-15, wherein carrier is embedded in the polymeric film by applying heat, pressure, or both via calender rolls.

17. A method of making a coated substrate, the method comprising:

adhering the reflective coating film according to any one of claims 1-8 to a substrate.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the reflective coating film is adhered to the substrate by:

thermally adhering the reflective coating film to the substrate,

mechanically adhering the reflective coating film to the substrate,

adhering the reflective coating film to the substrate with a second adhesive layer, or a combination thereof.

19. The method according to claim 17,

wherein the substrate comprises an asphalt emulsion at a temperature sufficient to adhere the reflective coating film to the substrate when the reflective coating film is applied to the substrate,

and wherein the method further comprises allowing the reflective coating film adhered to the asphalt emulsion to cool to form a coated substrate.

20. A method of making a coated substrate, the method comprising:

providing a softened reflective coating film on a substrate to form a coated substrate having a Solar Reflectance Index of 20 or greater,

wherein the reflective coating film comprises a polymer, an infrared reflective pigment, and a carrier.