WO2016030108A1 - Use of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron on genetically modified plants - Google Patents

Use of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron on genetically modified plants Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016030108A1
WO2016030108A1 PCT/EP2015/067240 EP2015067240W WO2016030108A1 WO 2016030108 A1 WO2016030108 A1 WO 2016030108A1 EP 2015067240 W EP2015067240 W EP 2015067240W WO 2016030108 A1 WO2016030108 A1 WO 2016030108A1
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Prior art keywords
plant
chlorfenapyr
teflubenzuron
plants
pests
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PCT/EP2015/067240
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French (fr)
Inventor
Paul Hewitt
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BASF Agro B.V.
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Publication of WO2016030108A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016030108A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom five-membered rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
    • A01N47/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having one or more single bonds to nitrogen atoms
    • A01N47/28—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N<
    • A01N47/34—Ureas or thioureas containing the groups >N—CO—N< or >N—CS—N< containing the groups, e.g. biuret; Thio analogues thereof; Urea-aldehyde condensation products

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of a pesticidal mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts for protecting a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests, wherein the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which method com- prises the application of a pesticidal mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts to a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • Pests in particular insects from the order of Lepidoptera, destroy growing and harvested crops and attack wooden dwelling and commercial structures, thereby causing large economic loss to the food supply and to property.
  • soybean it has e.g. been found that, when the pods begin to form and fill out, any foliage loss greater than 20% will decrease the yield (G. Andrews et al., Insect control guides for cotton, soybeans, corn, grain sorghum, wheat, sweet potatoes and pastures, Mississippi State University Extension Service, Publication 2471 , 64 pp. (2009)).
  • Anticarsia gemmatalis, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera cosmioides for defoliation of soybean genotypes is analyzed by R. C. O. de Freitas Bueno et al. in Pest Manag. Sci. 201 1 ; 67: 170-174.
  • Anticarsia gemmatalis was originally the most important defoliator insect occurring on soybean crops, but that nowadays Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera cosmioides are also considered to be key pests by Brazilian soybean growers.
  • insect resistance refers to insect resistance against other pesticides and pesticidal mixtures or insect resistance against an insecticidal trait of a plant.
  • teflubenzuron or chlorfenapyr may be used for selective pest control on soybeans depending on the pest, which attack the soybean plants. Both pesticides may be used on a rotating basis to avoid insect resistance.
  • cultivated plants with at least one modification are more susceptible to attack or infestation by pests than plants, which have not been modified.
  • cultivación of cultivated plants with a modification, which provides insect resistance can be particularly susceptible to certain pests against which the produced toxin is not effective. Moreover, the pests can develop resistance against the toxin, which is produced by the plant.
  • plant health comprises various sorts of improvements of plants that are not connected to the control of pests and which do not embrace the reduction of negative consequences of harmful insects.
  • plant health is to be understood to denote a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several indicators alone or in combination with each other such as yield (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), plant vigor (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect"), quality (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients) and tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress.
  • the above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent or may result from each other. It has been found that the above objects can be achieved by uses and methods comprising the application of a pesticidal mixture containing chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as defined herein after in synergistically effective amounts.
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron alone displays a synergistic effect between the trait of the cultivated plant and the applied chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron.
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron alone displays a synergistic effect between the trait of the cultivated plant and the applied chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron.
  • the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron may advantageously be used.
  • chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron are useful in methods of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • Chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron are commercially available and may be found in The Pesticide Manual, 16th Edition, C. MacBean, British Crop Protection Council (2013) among other publications. Chlorfenapyr has the lUPAC name 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1 -ethoxymethyl-5- trifluoromethyl-1 H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile and belongs to the class of pyrrole insecticides.
  • Teflubenzuron has the lUPAC name 1 -(3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(2,6- difluorobenzoyl)urea and is a benzoylphenylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor.
  • Benzoylurea compounds as well as their pesticidal activities are for example known from US 5874615 or EP 0161019.
  • US 4698365 and US 4623658 disclose benzoylurea compounds having pesticidal activity, particularly insecticidal and acaricidal properties. Teflubenzuron is described in EP 52833.
  • JP 63126804 and US 4666942 disclose methods of uses of benzoylurea compounds as insecticides or acaricides and compositions comprising the benzoylurea in combination with other compounds having pesticidal properties, in particular insecticides of the order of organophosphates and pyrethroids.
  • WO 2013/160826 describes pesticidal compositions comprising an insecticidal benzoylurea compound (I) and one insecticidal compound (II) from the group of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors agonist and the use of such compositions for controlling pests.
  • JP 2006056810 discloses pesticidal compositions comprising a benzoylurea compound and their use against harmful insects living in water.
  • WO 2010/046378 describes the use of teflubenzuron on certain genetically modified plants.
  • WO 201 1/161040 describes a pesticidal composition comprising a benzoylurea compound and chlorfenapyr and their uses.
  • inventive mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts
  • inventive mixture will in the following be referred to as “mixture of the invention” or “mixture according to the invention”.
  • the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as described herein typically comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 or 1 :500 to 500:1 , preferably from 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably from 1 :25 to 25:1 , most preferably 1 :3 to 3:1 , particularly preferably 1 :1 .5 to 1.5:1 .
  • the mixture of the invention comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 , preferably from 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably from 1 :25 to 25:1 .
  • the mixture comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :3 to 3:1 , preferably from 1 :1 .5 to 1 .5:1.
  • the mixture comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :16 to 1 :1 , preferably from 1 :12 to 1 :2, more preferably from 1 :10 to 1 :6, e.g. 1 :8.
  • the mixture comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :1 to 16:1 , preferably from 2:1 to 12:1 , more preferably from 6:1 to 10:1 , e.g. 1 :8.
  • the mixture of the invention is a binary mixture, i.e. a mixture, which does not comprise any further pesticidal compounds apart from chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron.
  • the mixture of the present invention comprises the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, and at least one further pesticidal compound II as component II, wherein the pesticidal compound II is preferably an insecticide or a funicide.
  • the mixture of the invention is used for protecting a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests.
  • the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention to a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds.
  • the application of the mixture of the invention in connection with the above use or method includes both contact with the plant or plant propagation material and contact with its locus of growth.
  • locus of growth is to be understood as the locus, where the plant is growing, in particular the soil or water, in which the plant is growing.
  • the method of the present invention relates in one embodiment to the application to the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds.
  • the mixture of the present invention is applied to the plants, in particular parts of the plants such as the foliage.
  • the mixture of the present invention is applied to the foliage of the plants, preferably in an amount of from 1 g to 100 g per hectare, more preferably in an amount of from 10 g to 50 g per hectare.
  • the mixture of the present invention is applied to the seeds of the plants, preferably in an amount of from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, in particular from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed.
  • the components of the mixture of the present invention can be applied simultaneously, jointly or separately, or in succession, that is immediately one after another and thereby creating the mixture "in situ" on the desired location, e.g. the plant, the sequence, in the case of separate application, generally not having any effect on the result of the control measures.
  • the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis.
  • the pests are Spodoptera eridania.
  • the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides.
  • the plant is a plant, which has been modified by conventional breeding, i.e. a plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the plant which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant.
  • the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, preferably by genetic engineering.
  • one or more genes have been mutagenized or integrated into the genetic material of the plant, which are selected from pat, epsps, cryl Ab, bar, cry1 Fa2, cry1 Ac, cry34Ab1 , cry35AB1 , cry3A, cryF, cry1 F, mcry3a, cry2Ab2, cry3Bb1 , cry1A.105, dfr, barnase, vip3Aa20, barstar, als, bxn, bp40, asnl , and ppo5.
  • the plant which has been been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, exhibits one or more traits selected from the group consisting of abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, modified product quality, and pollination control.
  • the plant exhibits herbicide tolerance, insect resistance or a combination thereof.
  • the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and which corresponds to any one of rows A1 to A385 of table A.
  • the plant which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant, particularly any one of the soybean plants according to rows A-325 to A- 355 of table A.
  • Preferred soybean plants include the soybean plants according to one row of table B.
  • the plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering is a soybean plant, which has been modified by genetic engineering by integrating one or more genes into the genetic material of the soybean, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cry1 F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof, preferably by crylAc, cry1 F, or a combination thereof, and more preferably by crylAc.
  • herbicide tolerance is additionally provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of pat, bar, 2mepsps, cp4 epsps, and mepsps.
  • the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the pests are Chrysodeixis includens
  • the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the pests are Spodoptera eridania and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Chrysodeixis includens
  • the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A- 325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera eridania and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the present invention also relates to certain uses and methods comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron.
  • the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis.
  • the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda.
  • the pests are Spodoptera eridania.
  • the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides.
  • the plant is a plant, which has been modified by conventional breeding, i.e. a plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the plant which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant.
  • the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, preferably by genetic engineering.
  • the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, in particular lepidopteran resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cry1 F, cry1 A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof, preferably by cry1 Ac, cry1 F, or a combination thereof, and more preferably by cry1 Ac.
  • the soybean plant exhibits at least one further trait, preferably herbicide tolerance, e.g. glyphosate tolerance or glufosinate tolerance, wherein herbicide tolerance is preferably provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of pat, bar, 2mepsps, cp4 epsps, and mepsps.
  • soybean plants which are selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84 as defined above.
  • soybean plants which are selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84 as defined above.
  • the plant is a soybean plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering,
  • the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Chrysodeixis includens
  • the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A- 325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera eridania and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are selected from the group consisting of Helicoverpa armigera
  • the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis.
  • the plant which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant.
  • the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A- 325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
  • the present invention relates in a further aspect to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification (hereinafter abbreviated as "cultivated plant") as compared to the respective non- modified control plant, comprising the application of a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
  • the present invention further relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification (hereinafter abbreviated as "cultivated plant") as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein said cultivated plant is selected from a group of certain plants with specific modifications as defined further below.
  • pests particularly suitable for efficiently controlling arthropodal pests such as arachnids, myriapedes and insects as well as nematodes.
  • pests embrace animal pests (such as insects, acarids or nematodes). Relevant animal pests of different genera and species are provided further below.
  • the pesiticdal compound II is preferably an insecticide or a fungicide.
  • the pesticidal compound II is also referred to as compound II or component II hereinafter.
  • the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron is employed as a solo product.
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron are applied as a solo product.
  • chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron is employed in combination (e.g. as a mixture) with one or more additional compounds II which is preferably a further insecticide and/or a fungicide.
  • a mixture is employed, which comprises (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, and (ii) one or more additional compounds II as component II.
  • the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr may be provided in combination with at least one mixing partner as defined hereinafter.
  • Preferred weight ratios for such binary mixtures are from 1000:1 to 1 :1000, preferably from 500:1 to 1 :500, more preferably from 100:1 to 1 :100, particularly preferably from 25:1 to 1 :25.
  • components I and II may be used in equal amounts, or an excess of component I, or an excess of component II may be used.
  • Mixing partners can be selected from pesticides, in particular insecticides, nematicides, and acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, fertilizers, and the like.
  • Preferred mixing partners are insecticides, nematicides and fungicides.
  • M.1 Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitors from the class of: M.1 A carbamates, for example aldicarb, alanycarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofu- ran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thi
  • GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists such as: M.2A cyclodiene organochlorine compounds, as for example endosulfan or chlordane; or M.2B fiproles (phenylpyrazoles), as for example ethiprole, fipronil, flufiprole, pyrafluprole and pyriprole;
  • M.3 Sodium channel modulators from the class of M.3A pyrethroids for example acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S- cylclopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta- cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fen
  • M.4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists from the class of M.4A neonicotinoids, for example acetamiprid, clothianidin, cycloxaprid, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thia- cloprid and thiamethoxam; or the compounds M.4A.2: (2E-)-1 -[(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-N'- nitro-2-pentylidenehydrazinecarboximidamide; or M4.A.3: 1 -[(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-7- methyl-8-nitro-5-propoxy-1 ,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1 ,2-a]pyridine; or from the class M.4B nicotine;
  • M.6 Chloride channel activators from the class of avermectins and milbemycins, for example abamectin, emamectin benzoate, ivermectin, lepimectin or milbemectin;
  • M.7 Juvenile hormone mimics such as M.7A juvenile hormone analogues as hydroprene, ki- noprene and methoprene; or others as M.7B fenoxycarb or M.7C pyriproxyfen;
  • M.8 miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors for example M.8A alkyl halides as methyl bromide and other alkyl halides, or M.8B chloropicrin, or M.8C sulfuryl fluoride, or M.8D borax, or M.8E tartar emetic; M.9 Selective homopteran feeding blockers, for example M.9B pymetrozine, or M.9C floni- camid;
  • M.10 Mite growth inhibitors for example M.10A clofentezine, hexythiazox and diflovidazin, or M.10B etoxazole;
  • M.1 1 Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, for example bacillus thuringiensis or bacillus sphaericus and the insecticdal proteins they produce such as bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, bacillus sphaericus, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, or the Bt crop proteins: Cry-IAb, CrylAc, Cryl Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb and Cry34/35Ab1 ;
  • M.12 Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase for example M.12A diafenthiuron, or M.12B or- ganotin miticides such as azocyclotin, cyhexatin or fenbutatin oxide, or M.12C propargite, or M.12D tetrad if on;
  • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers for example nereistoxin analogues as bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam or thiosultap sodium;
  • benzoylureas as for example bistriflu- ron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucydoxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novalu- ron, noviflumuron, or triflumuron;
  • M.16 Inhibitors of the chitin biosynthesis type 1 as for example buprofezin;
  • Octopamin receptor agonists as for example amitraz
  • M.20 Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors for example M.20A hydramethyl- non, or M.20B acequinocyl, or M.20C fluacrypyrim;
  • M.21 Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors for example M.21A METI acaricides and insecticides such as fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad or tolfenpyrad, or M.21 B rotenone;
  • M.22 Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers for example M.22A indoxacarb, or M.22B metaflumizone, or M.22B.1 : 2-[2-(4-Cyanophenyl)-1 -[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]- , ethylidene]-N-[4- (difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-hydrazinecarboxamide or M.22B.2: N-(3-Chloro-2-methylphenyl)-2-[(4- chloropheny ⁇ -fmethy ⁇ methylsulfony aminolpheny ⁇ methylenel-hydrazinecarboxamide;
  • M.23 Inhibitors of the of acetyl CoA carboxylase such as Tetronic and Tetramic acid deriva- tives, for example spirodiclofen, spiromesifen or spirotetramat;
  • M.24 Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors for example M.24A phosphine such as aluminium phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine or zinc phosphide, or M.24B cyanide;
  • Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors such as beta-ketonitrile derivatives, for example cyenopyrafen or cyflumetofen;
  • M.28 Ryanodine receptor-modulators from the class of diamides, as for example flubendia- mide, chlorantraniliprole (rynaxypyr®), cyantraniliprole (cyazypyr®), tetraniliprole, or the phthalamide compounds M.28.1 : (R)-3-Chlor-N1 - ⁇ 2-methyl-4-[1 ,2,2,2 -tetrafluor-1 - (trifluormethyl)ethyl]phenyl ⁇ and M.28.2: (S)-3-
  • M.29 insecticidal active compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action, as for example afidopyropen, afoxolaner, azadirachtin, amidoflumet, benzoximate, bifenazate, bromopropylate, chinomethionat, cryolite, dicloromezotiaz, dicofol, flufenerim, flometoquin, fluensulfone, fluhex- afon, fluopyram, flupyradifurone, fluralaner, metoxadiazone, piperonyl butoxide, pyflubumide, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, sulfoxaflor, tioxazafen, triflumezopyrim, or the compounds
  • M.29.5 1 -[2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-1 ,2,4- triazole-5-amine, or actives on basis of bacillus firmus (Votivo, 1-1582); or
  • M.29.6a (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2- trifluoro-acetamide
  • M.29.6b (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-chloro-5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]- 2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide
  • M.29.6c (E/Z)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[1 -[(6-fluoro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2- pyridylidene]acetamide
  • M.29.6d (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-bromo-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2
  • M.29.10 5-[3-[2,6-dichloro-4-(3,3-dichloroallyloxy)phenoxy]propoxy]-1 H-pyrazole; or a compound selected from the group of M.29.1 1 , wherein the compound is selected from M.29.1 1 b) to M.29.1 1 p): M.29.1 1.b) 3-(benzoylmethylamino)-N-[2-bromo-4-[1 , 2,2,3,3,3- hexafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)propyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-fluoro-benzamide; M.29.1 1.c) 3-(benzoylmethylamino)-2-fluoro-N-[2-iodo-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-benzamide; M.29.
  • M.29.14a 1 -[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1 ,2,3,5, 6,7-hexahydro-5-methoxy-7-methyl-8-nitro- imidazo[1 ,2-a]pyridine; or M.29.14b) 1 -[(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-7-methyl-8-nitro- 1 ,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1 ,2-a]pyridin-5-ol; or the compounds
  • the M.4 neonicotinoid cycloxaprid is known from WO2010/069266 and WO201 1/069456, the neonicotinoid M.4A.2, sometimes also to be named as guadipyr, is known from
  • WO2013/003977 and the neonicotinoid M.4A.3 (approved as paichongding in China) is known from WO2007/101369.
  • the metaflumizone analogue M.22B.1 is described in CN10171577 and the analogue M.22B.2 in CN102126994.
  • the phthalamides M.28.1 and M.28.2 are both known from WO2007/101540.
  • the anthranilamide M.28.3 is described in WO2005/077934.
  • the hydra- zide compound M.28.4 is described in WO2007/043677.
  • the anthranilamides M.28.5a) to M.28.5d) and M.28.5h) are described in WO 2007/006670, WO2013/024009 and
  • WO2013/024010 the anthranilamide ⁇ .28.5 ⁇ ) is described in WO201 1/085575, M.28.5j) in WO2008/134969, M.28.5k) in US201 1/046186 and M.28.5I) in WO2012/034403.
  • the diamide compounds M.28.6 and M.28.7 can be found in CN102613183.
  • the spiroketal-substituted cyclic ketoenol derivative M.29.3 is known from WO2006/089633 and the biphenyl-substituted spiro- cyclic ketoenol derivative M.29.4 from WO2008/06791 1.
  • the triazoylphenylsulfide M.29.5 is described in WO2006/043635, and biological control agents on the basis of bacillus firmus are described in WO2009/124707.
  • the compounds M.29.6a) to ⁇ .29.6 ⁇ ) listed under M.29.6 are described in WO2012/029672, and M.29.6j) and M.29.6k) in WO2013/129688.
  • the nematicide M.29.8 is known from WO2013/055584.
  • the isoxazoline M.29.9.a) is described in
  • WO2013/050317 The isoxazoline M.29.9.b) is described in WO2014/126208.
  • the pyridalyl- type analogue M.29.10 is known from WO2010/060379.
  • the carboxamides broflanilide and M.29.1 1 .ab) to M.29.1 1.h) are described in WO2010/018714, and the carboxamides M.29.1 1 i) to M.29.1 1 .p) in WO2010/127926.
  • the pyridylthiazoles M.29.12.a) to M.29.12.c) are known from WO2010/006713, M.29.12.d) and M.29.12.e) are known from WO2012/000896, and M.29.12. ⁇ ) to M.29.12. m) from WO2010/129497.
  • the compounds M.29.14a) and M.29.14b) are known from WO2007/101369.
  • the following list of fungicides, in conjunction with which the mixtures of the present invention, teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr can be used, is intended to illustrate the possible combinations but does not limit them:
  • strobilurins azoxystrobin (A.1.1 ), coumetrnoxy- strobin (A.1.2), coumoxystrobin (A.1.3), dimoxystrobin (A.1 .4), enestroburin (A.1.5), fenamin- strobin (A.1 .6), fenoxystrobin/flufenoxystrobin (A.1 .7), fluoxastrcnbin (A.1 .8), kresoxim-methyl (A.1.9), mandestrobin (A.1 .10), meto-rninostrobin (A.1.1 1 ), orysastrobin (A.1.12),
  • azoxystrobin A.1.1
  • coumetrnoxy- strobin A.1.2
  • coumoxystrobin A.1.3
  • dimoxystrobin A.1 .4
  • enestroburin A.1.5
  • fenamin- strobin A.1 .6
  • respiration inhibitors e. g. complex I, uncouplers: diflumetorim (A.4.1 ), (5,8-difluoro- quinazolin-4-yl)- ⁇ 2-[2-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl ⁇ -amine (A.4.2); nitrophenyl derivates: binapacryl (A.4.3), dinobuton (A.4.4), dinocap (A.4.5), fluazinam (A.4.6); ferimzone (A.4.7); organometal compounds: fentin salts, such as fentin-acetate (A.4.8), fentin chloride (A.4.9) or fentin hydroxide (A.4.10); ametoctradin (A.4.1 1 ); and silthiofam (A.4.12); B) Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI fungicides)
  • SBI fungicides Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors
  • C14 demethylase inhibitors (DMI fungicides): triazoles: azaconazole (B.1 .1 ), bitertanol (B.1.2), bromuconazole (B.1.3), cyproconazole (B.1 .4), difenoconazole (B.1 .5), diniconazole (B.1.6), diniconazole-M (B.1 .7), epoxiconazole (B.1.8), fenbuconazole (B.1 .9), fluquinconazole (B.1.10), flusilazole (B.1 .1 1 ), flutriafol (B.1 .12), hexaconazole (B.1.13), imibenconazole (B.1.14), ipconazole (B.1 .15), metconazole (B.1.17), myclobutanil (B.1.18), oxpoconazole (B.1.19)
  • Inhibitors of 3-keto reductase fenhexamid (B.3.1 );
  • diethofencarb (D2.1 ), ethaboxam (D2.2), pencycuron (D2.3), fluopicolide (D2.4), zoxamide (D2.5), metrafenone (D2.6), pyriofenone (D2.7);
  • - methionine synthesis inhibitors anilino-pyrimidines: cyprodinil (E.1 .1 ), mepan pyrim (E.1.2), pyrimethanil (E.1 .3);
  • blasticidin-S (E.2.1 ), kasugamycin (E.2.2), kasugamycin hy- drochloride-hydrate (E.2.3), mildiomycin (E.2.4), streptomycin (E.2.5), oxytetra-"cyclin (E.2.6), polyoxine (E.2.7), validamycin A (E.2.8);
  • G protein inhibitors quinoxyfen (F.2.1 ); G) Lipid and membrane synthesis inhibitors
  • Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors edifenphos (G.1.1 ), iprobenfos (G.1.2), pyrazo->phos (G.1.3), isoprothiolane (G.1 .4);
  • lipid peroxidation dicloran (G.2.1 ), quintozene (G.2.2), tecnazene (G.2.3), tolclofos-methyl (G.2.4), biphenyl (G.2.5), chloroneb (G.2.6), etridiazole (G.2.7);
  • phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition dimethomorph (G.3.1 ), flumorph (G.3.2), mandipropamid (G.3.3), pyrimorph (G.3.4), benthiavalicarb (G.3.5), iproval carb (G.3.6), valifenalate (G.3.7) and N-(1 -(1 -(4-cyano-phenyl)-"ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamic acid-(4-fluorophenyl) ester (G.3.8);
  • thio- and dithiocarbamates ferbam (H.2.1 ), mancozeb (H.2.2), maneb (H.2.3), metam (H.2.4), metiram (H.2.5), propineb (H.2.6), thiram (H.2.7), zineb (H.2.8), ziram (H.2.9);
  • guanidines and others guanidine (H.4.1 ), dodine (H.4.2), dodine free base (H.4.3), guaza- tine (H.4.4), guazatine-acetate (H.4.5), iminoctadine (H.4.6), iminoctadine-triacetate (H.4.7), iminoctadine-tris(albesilate) (H.4.8), dithianon (H.4.9), 2,6-d methyl-1 H,5H-[1 ,4]dithiino[2,3- c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1 ,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone (H.4.10);
  • inhibitors of glucan synthesis validamycin (1.1.1 ), polyoxin B (1.1 .2);
  • melanin synthesis inhibitors pyroquilon (1.2.1 ), tricyclazole (1.2.2), carpropamid (1.2.3), di- cyclomet (I.2.4), fenoxanil (I.2.5);
  • bronopol K.1.1
  • chinomethionat K.1.2
  • cyflufenamid K.1 .3
  • cymoxanil K.1.4
  • dazomet K.1.5
  • debacarb K.1.6
  • diclo-rnezine K.1 .7
  • difenzoquat K.1 .8
  • difenzoquat-methylsulfate K.1.9
  • diphenylamin K.1 .10
  • fenpyrazamine K.1.1 1
  • flumetover K.1.12
  • flusulfamide K.1.13
  • flutianil K.1.14)
  • methasulfocarb K.1 .15
  • nitrapyrin K.1 .16
  • nitrothal-isopropyl K.1.18
  • oxathiapiprolin K.1 .19
  • tolprocarb K.1 .20
  • oxin-copper K.1 .
  • fungicides described by common names, their preparation and their activity e.g. against harmful fungi is known (cf.: http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/); these substances are commercially available.
  • fungicides described by lUPAC nomenclature, their preparation and their pesticidal activi- ty is also known (cf. Can. J. Plant Sci. 48(6), 587-94, 1968; EP A 141 317; EP-A 152 031 ; EP-A 226 917; EP A 243 970; EP A 256 503; EP-A 428 941 ; EP-A 532 022; EP-A 1 028 125; EP-A 1 035 122; EP A 1 201 648; EP A 1 122 244, JP 2002316902; DE 19650197; DE 10021412; DE 102005009458; US 3,296,272; US 3,325,503; WO 98/46608; WO 99/14187; WO 99/24413; WO 99/27783; WO 00/29404; WO 00/46148; WO 00/65913; WO 01/54501 ; WO 01/56358; WO 02/22583;
  • the compound II is selected from group of Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators and is preferably spinosad or spinetoram.
  • the compound II is selected from group of Selective homopteran feeding blockers and is preferably pymetrozine or flonicamid.
  • Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with pymetrozine as component II are especially preferred.
  • Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with flonicamid as component II are especially preferred.
  • the compound II is selected from group of Inhibitors of the chitin biosynthesis type 1 ) and is preferably buprofezin.
  • the compound II is selected from group of Inhibitors of the of acetyl CoA carboxylase and is preferably a Tetronic or Tetramic acid derivative, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen or spiro- tetramat.
  • chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with Tetramic Acid as component II are also preferred.
  • Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with Tetramic Acid as component II are also preferred.
  • the compound II is selected from group of Ryanodine receptor-modulators and is preferably chlorantraniliprole or cyantraniliprole.
  • Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with chlorantraniliprole as component II are especially preferred.
  • Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with cyantraniliprole as component II are especially preferred.
  • the compound II is sulfoxaflor.
  • a compound II selected from the group of the azoles is preferred, especially prochloraz, prothioconazole, tebuconazole and triticonazole, especially prothioconazole and triticonazole.
  • a compound II selected from the group of benomyl, carbendazim, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, flutriafol, flusilazole, metconazole, prochloraz, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, triticonazole, pyra- clostrobin, trifloxystrobin, boscalid, dimethomorph, penthiopyrad, dodemorph, famoxadone, fenpropimorph, proquinazid, pyrimethanil, tridemorph, compound ll-TFPTAP (5-chloro-7-(4- methylpiperidin-1 -yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidine), maneb, man- cozeb, metiram, thiram
  • Increased yield can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the cultivated plant: increased plant weight, increased plant height, increased biomass such as higher overall fresh weight (FW), increased number of flowers per plant, higher grain and/or fruit yield, more tillers or side shoots (branches), larger leaves, increased shoot growth, increased protein content, increased oil content, increased starch content, increased pigment content, increased chlorophyll content (chlorophyll content has a positive correlation with the plant's photosynthesis rate and accordingly, the higher the chlorophyll content the higher the yield of a plant)
  • the yield is increased by at least 4 %, preferable by 5 to 10 %, more preferable by 10 to 20 %, or even 20 to 30 %. In general, the yield increase may even be higher.
  • the plant vigor becomes manifest in several aspects such as the general visual appearance.
  • Improved plant vigor can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the cultivated plant: improved vitality of the cultivated plant, improved plant growth, improved plant development, improved visual appearance, improved plant stand (less plant
  • enhanced root growth and/or more developed root system enhanced nodulation, in particular rhizobial nodulation, bigger leaf blade, bigger size, increased plant height, increased tiller number, increased number of side shoots, increased number of flowers per plant, increased shoot growth, enhanced photosynthetic activity (e.g.
  • Another indicator for the condition of the cultivated plant is the "quality" of a cultivated plant and/or its products.
  • enhanced quality means that certain plant characteristics such as the content or composition of certain ingredients are increased or improved by a measurable or noticeable amount over the same factor of the control plant pro-losed under the same conditions.
  • Another indicator for the condition of the cultivated plant is the plant's tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors.
  • Biotic and abiotic stress can have harmful effects on cultivated plants. Biotic stress is caused by living organisms while abiotic stress is caused for example by environmental extremes.
  • "enhanced tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors” means (1 .) that certain negative factors caused by biotic and/or abiotic stress are diminished in a measurable or noticeable amount as compared to control plants exposed to the same conditions and (2.) that the negative effects are not diminished by a direct action of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II on the stress factors, e.g. by its insecticidal action, but rather by a stimulation of the cultivated plants' own defensive reactions against said stress factors.
  • Biotic stress can be caused by living organisms, such as competing plants (for example weeds), microorganisms (such as phythopathogenic fungi and/or bacteria) and/or viruses.
  • Negative factors caused by abiotic stress are also well-known and can often be observed as reduced plant vigor (see above), for example: dotted leaves, "burned leaves", reduced growth, less flowers, less biomass, less crop yields, reduced nutritional value of the crops, later crop maturity, to give just a few examples.
  • Abiotic stress can be caused for example by: extremes in temperature such as heat or cold (heat stress / cold stress), strong variations in temperature, temperatures unusual for the specific season, drought (drought stress), extreme wetness, high salinity (salt stress), radiation (for example by increased UV radiation due to the decreasing ozone layer), increased ozone levels (ozone stress), organic pollution (for example by phytho- toxic amounts of pesticides), inorganic pollution (for example by heavy metal contaminants).
  • extremes in temperature such as heat or cold (heat stress / cold stress), strong variations in temperature, temperatures unusual for the specific season, drought (drought stress), extreme wetness, high salinity (salt stress), radiation (for example by increased UV radiation due to the decreasing ozone layer), increased ozone levels (ozone stress), organic pollution (for example by phytho- toxic amounts of pesticides), inorganic pollution (for example by heavy metal contaminants).
  • Advantageous properties obtained especially from treated seeds, are e.g. improved germination and field establishment, better vigor and/or a more homogen field establishment.
  • the above identified indicators for the health condition of a cultivated plant may be interdependent and may result from each other.
  • an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress may lead to a better plant vigor, e.g. to better and bigger crops, and thus to an increased yield.
  • a more developed root system may result in an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress.
  • these interdependences and in- teractions are neither all known nor fully understood and therefore the different indicators are described separately.
  • the methods of the present invention increase the yield of plants (such as to increase the weight per grain, or the yield by kg/ha).
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased vigor of a plant or its product.
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate in an increased quality of a plant or its product.
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against biotic stress.
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against abiotic stress, especially against drought or cold.
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased an increased oil or protein content in the kernel.
  • the methods of the present invention increase the yield of plants (such as to increase the weight per grain, or the yield by kg/ha).
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against abiotic stress, especially against drought or cold.
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased an increased oil content in the kernel.
  • the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased an increased protein content in the kernel.
  • the present invention also relates to methods increasing the plant health, in particular the yield of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
  • the present invention also comprises plant propagation material, preferably seed, of a culti- vated plant treated with chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with at least one compound II as component II.
  • cultivar plant(s) includes to "modified plant(s)" and "transgenic plant(s)".
  • the term “cultivated plants” refers to "modified plants”. In one embodiment of the invention, the term “cultivated plants” refers to "transgenic plants”. “Modified plants” are those which have been modified by conventional breeding techniques.
  • the term “modification” means in relation to modified plants a change in the genome, epigenome, tran- scriptome or proteome of the modified plant, as compared to the control, wild type, mother or parent plant whereby the modification confers a trait (or more than one trait) or confers the increase of a trait (or more than one trait) as listed below.
  • the term “cultivated plant” refers to a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
  • the modification may result in the modified plant to be a different, for example a new plant variety than the parental plant.
  • Transgenic plants are those, which genetic material has been modified by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that under natural circumstances can not readily be obtained by cross breeding, mutations or natural recombination, whereby the modification confers a trait (or more than one trait) or confers the increase of a trait (or more than one trait) as listed below as compared to the wild-type plant.
  • the term “transgenic plant” refers to a plant, which has been modified by genetic engineering.
  • one or more genes have been integrated into the genetic material of a genetically modified plant in order to improve certain properties of the plant, preferably increase a trait as listed below as compared to the wild-type plant.
  • Such genetic modifications also include but are not limited to targeted post-translational modification of protein(s), or to post- transcriptional modifications of oligo- or polypeptides e.g. by glycosylation or polymer additions such as prenylated, acetylated, phosphorylated or farnesylated moieties or PEG moieties.
  • modification when reffering to a transgenic plant or parts thereof is understood that the activity, expression level or amount of a gene product or the metabolite content is changed, e.g. increased or decreased, in a specific volume relative to a cor- responding volume of a control, reference or wild-type plant or plant cell, including the de novo creation of the activity or expression.
  • the activity of a polypeptide is increased or generated by expression or overexpresion of the gene coding for said polypeptide which confers a trait or confers the increase of a trait as listed below as compared to the control plant.
  • expression or “gene expression” means the transcription of a specific gene or specific genes or specific genetic construct.
  • expression or “gene expression” in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA), regulatory RNA (e.g.
  • the process includes transcription of DNA and processing of the resulting mRNA product.
  • increased expression or “overexpression” as used herein means any form of expression that is additional to the original wild-type expression level.
  • polypeptide expression of a polypeptide is understood in one embodiment to mean the level of said protein or polypeptide, preferably in an active form, in a cell or organism.
  • the activity of a polypeptide is decreased by decreased expression of the gene coding for said polypeptide which confers a trait or confers the increase of a trait as listed below as compared to the control plant.
  • Reference herein to "decreased expression” or “reduction or substantial elimination” of expression is taken to mean a decrease in endogenous gene expression and/or polypeptide levels and/or polypeptide activity relative to control plants. It comprises further reducing, repressing, decreasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid molecule.
  • reduction relate to a corresponding change of a property in an organism, a part of an organism such as a tissue, seed, root, tuber, fruit, leave, flower etc. or in a cell.
  • change of a property it is understood that the activity, ex- pression level or amount of a gene product or the metabolite content is changed in a specific volume or in a specific amount of protein relative to a corresponding volume or amount of protein of a control, reference or wild type.
  • the overall activity in the volume is reduced, decreased or deleted in cases if the reduction, decrease or deletion is related to the reduction, decrease or deletion of an activity of a gene product, independent whether the amount of gene product or the specific activity of the gene product or both is reduced, decreased or deleted or whether the amount, stability or translation efficacy of the nucleic acid sequence or gene encoding for the gene product is reduced, decreased or deleted.
  • reduction include the change of said property in only parts of the subject of the present invention, for example, the modification can be found in compartment of a cell, like an organelle, or in a part of a plant, like tissue, seed, root, leave, tuber, fruit, flower etc. but is not detectable if the overall subject, i.e. complete cell or plant, is tested.
  • the "reduction”, “repression”, “decrease” or “deletion” is found cellular, thus the term “reduction, decrease or deletion of an activity” or “reduction, decrease or deletion of a metabolite content” relates to the cellular reduction, decrease or deletion compared to the wild type cell.
  • the terms “reduction”, “repression”, “decrease” or “deletion” include the change of said property only during different growth phases of the organism used in the inventive process, for example the reduction, repression, decrease or deletion takes place only during the seed growth or during blooming.
  • the terms include a transitional reduction, decrease or deletion for example because the used method, e.g. the antisense, RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, cosuppression molecule, or ribozyme, is not stable integrated in the genome of the organism or the reduction, decrease, repression or deletion is under control of a regulatory or inducible element, e.g.
  • Reducing, repressing, decreasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid mole- cule in modified plants is known.
  • Examples are canola i.e. double nill oilseed rape with reduced amounts of erucic acid and sinapins.
  • Such a decrease can also be achieved for example by the use of recombinant DNA technology, such as antisense or regulatory RNA (e.g. miRNA, RNAi, RNAa) or siRNA approaches.
  • antisense or regulatory RNA e.g. miRNA, RNAi, RNAa
  • siRNA approaches e.g. RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, cosuppression molecule, ribozyme, or antisense nucleic acid molecule
  • a nucleic acid molecule conferring the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of a protein or a nucleic acid construct capable to recombine with and silence, inactivate, repress or reduces the activity of an endogenous gene may be used to decrease the activity of a polypeptide in a transgenic plant or parts thereof or a plant cell thereof used in one embodiment of the methods of the invention.
  • transgenic plants with reduced, repressed, decreased or deleted expression product of a nucleic acid molecule are Carica papaya (Papaya plants) with the event name X17-2 of the University of Florida, Prunus domestica (Plum) with the event name C5 of the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, or those listed in rows T9-48 and T9-49 of table 9 below.
  • plants with increased resistance to nematodes for example by reducing, repressing, de- creasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid molecule, e.g. from the PCT publication WO 2008/095886.
  • the reduction or substantial elimination is in increasing order of preference at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more reduced compared to that of control plants.
  • Reference herein to an "endogenous" gene not only refers to the gene in question as found in a plant in its natural form (i.e., without there being any human intervention), but also refers to that same gene (or a substantially homologous nucleic acid/gene) in an isolated form subsequently (re)introduced into a plant (a transgene).
  • control or “reference” are exchangeable and can be a cell or a part of a plant such as an organelle like a chloroplast or a tissue, in particular a plant, which was not modified or treated according to the herein described process according to the invention. Accordingly, the plant used as control or reference corresponds to the plant as much as possible and is as identical to the subject matter of the invention as possible. Thus, the control or reference is treated identically or as identical as possible, saying that only conditions or properties might be different which do not influence the quality of the tested property other than the treatment of the present invention.
  • control or reference plants are wild-type plants.
  • control or reference plants may refer to plants carrying at least one genetic modification, when the plants employed in the process of the present invention carry at least one genetic modification more than said control or reference plants.
  • control or reference plants may be transgenic but differ from transgenic plants employed in the process of the present invention only by said modification contained in the transgenic plants employed in the process of the present inven- tion.
  • wild type or wild-type plants refers to a plant without said genetic modification. These terms can refer to a cell or a part of a plant such as an organelle like a chloroplast or a tissue, in particular a plant, which lacks said genetic modification but is otherwise as identical as possible to the plants with at least one genetic modification employed in the present invention. In a particular embodiment the "wild-type" plant is not transgenic.
  • the wild type is identically treated according to the herein described process according to the invention.
  • the person skilled in the art will recognize if wild-type plants will not require certain treatments in advance to the process of the present invention, e.g. non- transgenic wild-type plants will not need selection for transgenic plants for example by treatment with a selecting agent such as a herbicide.
  • the control plant may also be a nullizygote of the plant to be assessed.
  • nullizygote refers to a plant that has undergone the same production process as a transgenic, yet has lost the once aquired genetic modification (e.g. due to mendelian segregation)as the corre- sponding transgenic. If the starting material of said production process is transgenic, then nul- lizygotes are also transgenic but lack the additional genetic modification introduced by the production process.
  • the purpose of wild-type and nullizy- gotes is the same as the one for control and reference or parts thereof. All of these serve as controls in any comparison to provide evidence of the advantageous effect of the present inven- tion.
  • any comparison is carried out under analogous conditions.
  • analogous conditions means that all conditions such as, for example, culture or growing conditions, soil, nutrient, water content of the soil, temperature, humidity or surrounding air or soil, assay conditions (such as buffer composition, temperature, substrates, pathogen strain, concentrations and the like) are kept identical between the experiments to be compared.
  • assay conditions such as buffer composition, temperature, substrates, pathogen strain, concentrations and the like.
  • results can be normalized or standardized based on the control.
  • the "reference”, “control”, or “wild type” is preferably a plant, which was not modified or treated according to the herein described process of the invention and is in any other property as similar to a plant, employed in the process of the present invention of the invention as possible.
  • the reference, control or wild type is in its genome, transcriptome, proteome or metabolome as simi- lar as possible to a plant, employed in the process of the present invention of the present invention.
  • the term “reference-" "control-” or “wild-type-” plant relates to a plant, which is nearly genetically identical to the organelle, cell, tissue or organism, in particular plant, of the present invention or a part thereof preferably 90% or more, e.g.
  • the "reference”, “control”, or “wild type” is a plant, which is genetically identical to the plant, cell, a tissue or organelle used according to the process of the invention except that the responsible or activity conferring nucleic acid molecules or the gene product encoded by them have been amended, manipulated, exchanged or introduced in the organelle, cell, tissue, plant, employed in the process of the present invention.
  • the reference and the subject matter of the invention are compared after standardization and normalization, e.g. to the amount of total RNA, DNA, or protein or activity or expression of reference genes, like housekeeping genes, such as ubiquitin, actin or ribosomal pro- teins.
  • standardization and normalization e.g. to the amount of total RNA, DNA, or protein or activity or expression of reference genes, like housekeeping genes, such as ubiquitin, actin or ribosomal pro- teins.
  • the genetic modification carried in the organelle, cell, tissue, in particular plant used in the process of the present invention is in one embodiment stable e.g. due to a stable transgenic integration or to a stable mutation in the corresponding endogenous gene or to a modulation of the expression or of the behaviour of a gene, or transient, e.g. due to an transient transfor- mation or temporary addition of a modulator such as an agonist or antagonist or inducible, e.g. after transformation with a inducible construct carrying a nucleic acid molecule under control of a inducible promoter and adding the inducer, e.g. tetracycline.
  • a modulator such as an agonist or antagonist or inducible
  • preferred plants from which "modified plants” and/or “transgenic plants” are be selected from the group consisting of cereals, such as maize (corn), wheat, barley sor- ghum, rice, rye, millet, triticale, oat, pseudocereals (such as buckwheat and quinoa), alfalfa, apples, banana, beet, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola (rapeseed), carrot, cauliflower, cherries, chickpea, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard, collard, cotton, cranberries, creeping bentgrass, cucumber, eggplant, flax, grape, grapefruit, kale, kiwi, kohlrabi, melon, mizuna, mustard, papaya, peanut, pears, pepper, persimmons, pigeonpea, pineapple, plum, potato, raspberry, rutabaga, soybean, squash, strawberries, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet corn, tobacco, tomato, turnip, walnut,
  • alfalfa canola (rapeseed), cotton, rice, maize, cerals (such as wheat, barley, rye, oat), soybean, fruits and vegetables (such as potato, tomato, melon, papaya), pome fruits (such as apple and pear), vine, sugarbeet, sugarcane, rape, citrus fruits (such as citron, lime, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, and mandarin) and stone fruits (such as cherry, apricot and peach), most preferably from cotton, rice, maize, cerals (such as wheat, barley, rye, oat), sorghum, squash, soybean, potato, vine, pome fruits (such as apple), citrus fruits (such as citron and orange), sugarbeet, sugarcane, rape, oilseed rape and tomatoes,, utmost preferably from cotton, rice, maize, wheat, barley, rye, oat, soybean, potato, vine
  • the cultivated plant is a gymnosperm plant, especially a spruce, pine or fir.
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein chlorfenapyr is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein teflubenzuron, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as defined above as component II, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of chlorfenapyr as component I and at least one compound II as defined above as component II, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as defined above as component II, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
  • Table AP-T Table AP-T
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait.
  • the term "trait” refers to a property, which is present in the plant either by genetic engineering or by conventional breeding techniques. Each trait has to be assessed in relation to its respective control. Examples of traits are: herbicide tolerance, insect resistance by expression of bacterial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance, antibiotic resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification of chemicals present in the cultivated plant, preferably increasing the content of fine chemicals advantageous for applications in the field of the food and/or feed industry, the cosmetics industry and/or the pharmaceutical industry, modified nutrient uptake, preferably an increased nutrient use efficiency and/or resistance to conditions of nutrient deficiency, improved fiber quality, plant vigor, modified colour, fertility restoration, and male sterility.
  • cultivadas plants may also comprise combinations of the aforementioned traits, e.g. they may be tolerant to the action of herbicides and express bacertial toxins.
  • all cultivated plants may also provide combinations of the aforementioned proper- ties, e.g. they may be tolerant to the action of herbicides and express bacertial toxins.
  • plant refers to a cultivated plant.
  • Tolerance to herbicides can be obtained by creating insensitivity at the site of action of the herbicide by expression of a target enzyme which is resistant to herbicide; rapid metabolism (conjugation or degradation) of the herbicide by expression of enzymes which inactivate herbicide; or poor uptake and translocation of the herbicide.
  • Examples are the expression of en- zymes which are tolerant to the herbicide in comparison to wild type enzymes, such as the expression of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which is tolerant to glyphosate (see e.g. Heck et.al, Crop Sci.
  • EPSPS 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
  • Gene constructs can be obtained, for example, from micro-organism or plants, which are tolerant to said herbicides, such as the Agrobacterium strain CP4 EPSPS which is resistant to glyphosate; Streptomyces bacteria which are resistance to glufosinate; Arabidopsis, Daucus carota, Pseudomonoas spp. or Zea grass with chimeric gene sequences coding for HDDP (see e.g. WO 1996/38567, WO 2004/55191 ); Arabidopsis thaliana which is resistant to protox inhibitors (see e.g. US 2002/0073443).
  • said herbicides such as the Agrobacterium strain CP4 EPSPS which is resistant to glyphosate; Streptomyces bacteria which are resistance to glufosinate; Arabidopsis, Daucus carota, Pseudomonoas spp. or Zea grass with chimeric gene sequences coding for
  • Tolerance to glyphosate can also be achieved by any one of the genes 2mepsps, epsps, gat4601 , goxv247 or mepsps.
  • Tolerance to glufosinate can be achieved by any one of the genes bar, pat or pat(syn).
  • the herbicide tolerant plant can be selected from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat; canola, sorghum, soybean, rice, oil seed rape, sugar beet, sugarcane, grapes, lentils, sunflowers, alfalfa, pome fruits; stone fruits; peanuts; coffee; tea; strawberries; turf; vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits and lettuce, more preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape in particular canola, tomatoes, potatoes, sugarcane, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat
  • canola, sorghum soybean
  • rice oil seed rape
  • sugar beet sugarcane
  • grapes lentils
  • sunflowers alfalfa
  • pome fruits stone fruits
  • stone fruits peanuts
  • coffee coffee
  • the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize), Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Oryza sativa L. (rice), preferably from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize) and Glycine max L. (soybean).
  • the cultivated plant is Glycine max L. (soybean).
  • Examples of commercial available transgenic plants with tolerance to herbicides are the corn varieties “Roundup Ready Corn”, “Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto), “Agrisure GT”, “Agrisure GT/CB/LL”, “Agrisure GT/RW”, practiceAgrisure 3000GT” (Syngenta), “YieldGard VT Rootworm/RR2" and “YieldGard VT Triple” (Monsanto) with tolerance to glyphosate; the corn varieties “Liberty Link” (Bayer), “Herculex I”, “Herculex RW”, “Herculex Xtra”(Dow, Pioneer), “Agrisure GT/CB/LL” and “Agrisure CB/LL/RW” (Syngenta) with tolerance to glufosinate; the soybean varieties “Roundup Ready Soybean” (Monsanto) and “Optimum GAT” (DuPont, Pioneer) with tolerance to glyphosate; the cotton varieties "Round
  • transgenic plants with herbicide tolerance are commonly known, for instance alfalfa, apple, eucalyptus, flax, grape, lentils, oil seed rape, peas, potato, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, tobacco, tomatom turf grass and wheat with tolerance to glyphosate (see e.g. US 5188642, US 4940835, US 5633435, US 5804425, US 5627061 ); beans, soybean, cotton, peas, potato, sunflower, tomato, tobacco, corn, sorghum and sugarcane with tolerance to dicamba (see e.g.
  • Plants which are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting bacterial toxins, com- prise for example at least one toxin from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus, in particular plants capable of synthesising one or more insecticidal proteins from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus popliae; or insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as del- ta.-endotoxins, e.g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e.g.
  • VIP vegetative insecticidal proteins
  • VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonising nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., such as Photorhabdus luminescens, Xenorhabdus nematophilus; toxins produced by animals, such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins and other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, such as Streptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea lectins, barley lectins or snowdrop lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsine inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin, papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as 3-hydroxy
  • plants which are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances are selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, tomatoes, potato, banana, papaya, tobacco, grape, plum and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, tomatoes, potato, banana, papaya, oil seed rape, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • the P1 gene for potato virus Y resistance see e.g. US 5968828
  • the HA5-1 gene see e.g. US5877403 and US6046384
  • the PIP gene to indroduce a broad resistant to viruses such as potato virus X (PVX), potato virus Y (PVY), potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (see e.g. EP 0707069) and genes such as Arabidopsis NI 16, ScaM4 and ScaM5 genes to obtain fungal resistance (see e.g. US 6706952 and EP 1018553).
  • the methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
  • plants such as corn, soybean, cereals (in particular wheat, rye, barley, oats, rye, rice), tobacco, sorghum, sugarcane and potatoes with broad fungal resistance (see e.g. US 5689046, US 6706952, EP 1018553 and US 6020129).
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against bacterial pathogens are, for examples, rice with resistance against Xylella fastidiosa (see e.g. US 6232528); plants, such as rice, cotton, soybean, potato, sorghum, corn, wheat, balrey, sugarcane, tomato and pepper, with resistance against bacterial blight (see e.g. WO 2006/42145, US 5952485, US 5977434, WO 1999/09151 , WO 1996/22375); tomato with resistance against Pseudomonas syringae (see e.g. Can. J. Plant Path., 1983, 5: 251 -255).
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against viral pathogens are, for examples, stone fruits, such as plum, almond, apricot, cherry, peach, nectarine, with resistance against plum pox virus (PPV, see e.g. US PP15,154Ps, EP 0626449); potatoes with resistance against potato virus Y (see e.g. US 5968828); plants such as potato, tomato, cucumber and leguminosaes which are resistant against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, see e.g. EP 0626449, US 5973135); corn with resistance against maize streak virus (see e.g. US 6040496); papaya with resistance against papaya ring spot virus (PRSV, see e.g.
  • PRSV papaya with resistance against papaya ring spot virus
  • deregulated orcommercially available transgenic plants with modified genetic material capable of expression of antipathogenic substances are the following plants: Carica papaya (papaya), Event: 55-1/63-1 ; Georgia University, Carica papaya (Papaya); Event: (X17-2); University of Florida, Cucurbita pepo (Squash); Event: (CZW-3); Asgrow (USA); Semi- nis Vegetable Inc. (Canada), Cucurbita pepo (Squash); Event: (ZW20); Upjohn (USA); Seminis Vegetable Inc. (Canada), Prunus domestica (Plum); Event: (C5); United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Solanum tuberosum L.
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against nematodes and which may be used in the methods of the present invention are, for examples, soybean plants with resistance to soybean cyst nematodes.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 5,589,622 and 5,824,876 are directed to the identification of plant genes expressed specifically in or adjacent to the feeding site of the plant after attachment by the nematode.
  • RNAi to target essential nematode genes has been proposed, for example, in PCT Publication WO 2001/96584, WO 2001/17654, US 2004/0098761 , US 2005/0091713, US 2005/0188438, US 2006/0037101 , US 2006/0080749, US 2007/0199100, and US
  • Transgenic plants with resistance against antibiotics are, for examples potato, tomato, flax, canola, oilseed rape and corn (see e.g. Plant Cell Reports, 20, 2001 , 610-615. Trends in Plant Science, 1 1 , 2006, 317-319. Plant Molecular Biology, 37, 1998, 287-296. Mol Gen Genet., 257, 1998, 606- 13.). Plant Cell Reports, 6, 1987, 333-336. Federal Register (USA), Vol.60, No.1 13, 1995, page 31 139. Federal Register (USA), Vol.67, No.226, 2002, page 70392. Federal Register (USA), Vol.63, No.88, 1998, page 25194. Federal Register (USA), Vol.60, No.141 , 1995, page 37870.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, potato, sugarcane, alfalfa, tomatoes and cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat. Plants which are tolerant to stress conditions (see e.g.
  • transgenic plants with resistance to stress conditions are selected from rice, corn, soybean, sugarcane, alfalfa, wheat, tomato, potato, barley, rapeseed, beans, oats, sorghum and cotton with tolerance to drought (see e.g.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, sugar beet, potato, oilseed rape, tomatoes and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, sugarcane, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • Altered maturation properties are for example delayed ripening, delayed softening and early maturity.
  • transgenic plants with modified maturation properties are, selected from tomato, melon, raspberry, strawberry, muskmelon, pepper and papaya with delayed ripening (see e.g. US 5767376, US 7084321 , US 6107548, US 5981831 , WO 1995035387, US
  • the plant is selected from fruits, such as tomato, vine, melon, papaya, banana, pepper, raspberry and strawberry; stone fruits, such as cherry, apricot and peach; pome fruits, such as apple and pear; and citrus fruits, such as citron, lime, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, and mandarin T more preferably from tomato, vine, apple, banana, orange and strawberry, most preferably tomatoes.
  • fruits such as tomato, vine, melon, papaya, banana, pepper, raspberry and strawberry
  • stone fruits such as cherry, apricot and peach
  • pome fruits such as apple and pear
  • citrus fruits such as citron, lime, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, and mandarin T more preferably from tomato, vine, apple, banana, orange and strawberry, most preferably tomatoes.
  • Content modification is synthesis of modified chemical compounds (if compared to the corresponding control plant) or synthesis of enhanced amounts of chemical (if compounds compared to the corresponding control plant) and corresponds to an increased or reduced amount of vita- mins, amino acids, proteins and starch, different oils and a reduced amount of nicotine.
  • Further transgenic plants with altered content are, for example, potato and corn with modified amylopectin content (see e.g. US 6784338, US 20070261 136); canola, corn, cotton, grape, catalpa, cattail, rice, soybean, wheat, sunflower, balsam pear and vernonia with a modified oil content (see e.g.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, potato, tomato, oilseed rape, flax and ce- reals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably soybean, maize (corn), rice, oilseed rape, potato, tomato, cotton, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
  • the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, potato, oilseed rape and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley.
  • cultiva plants may comprise one or more traits, e.g. selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, fungal resistance, viral resistance, bacterial resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification, modified nutrient uptake and male sterility (see e.g. WO 2005033319 and US 6376754).
  • traits e.g. selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, fungal resistance, viral resistance, bacterial resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification, modified nutrient uptake and male sterility (see e.g. WO 2005033319 and US 6376754).
  • the commercial transgenic plant is a soybean variety whith glyphosate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance, preferably with one trait of glyphosate tolerance and two traits of lepidopteran resistance.
  • the glyphosate tolerance is through expression of the EPSPS encoding gene from A. tumefaciens strain CP4, more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON89788 (see A1 -14, T1 -100).
  • the lepidopteran resistance is a resistance to lepidopteran pests of soybean, preferably through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON87701.
  • the glyphosate tolerance is based on the transgenic event MON89788 and the trait of lepidopteran resistance is achieved through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably based on the transgenic event MON87701 .
  • the commercial transgenic plant is a corn variety which has above- ground insect protection from “Genuity VT Triple PRO” or “Herculex Xtra” or both of them, and herbicide tolerance from “Roundup Ready 2" and Liberty Link, preferably corn varieties selected from “Genuity SmartStax", “Genuity VT Triple PRO” and “Genuity VT Double PRO” (all Monsanto), optionally as RIB (refuge-in-bag) solution.
  • the commercial trans- genie corn plant variety has a drought tolerance trait, preferably "Genuity DroughtGard”.
  • the trait is double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein and vector PV-ZMIR10871 for MON8741 1 corn.
  • the invention relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, wherein the plant is soybean, which method comprises applying chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mix- ture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides. Further guidance for specific combinations within this utmost preferred em- bodiment can be found in tables 1 , 2, 14 and tables A, B and C.
  • the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to a imidazolione herbicide
  • the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, tefluben- Kunststoffon, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise at least one imidazolione-herbicide.
  • the imidazolionone- herbicide is selected from imazamox, imazethapyr, imazapic, imazapyr, imazamethabenz or imazaquin.
  • the mixture com- prising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise dicamba.
  • the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may addi- tionally comprise cyloxidim.
  • the present invention also relates to uses and methods comprising the application of ternary mixtures, comprising chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, an insecticide II and a herbicide III.
  • the present invention also re- lates to ternary mixtures comprising two insecticides and a fungicide.
  • the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures comprising two fungicides and one insecticide. In another particular embodiment, the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures comprising an insectide, a fungicides and a herbicide.
  • compound II is endosulfan, ethiprole or fipronil.
  • compound II is endosulfan, ethiprole or fipronil.
  • mixtures, wherein the at least one compound II is endosulfan can be preferred.
  • mixtures, wherein the at least one compound II is ethiprole can be preferred.
  • mixtures, wherein the at least one compound II is fipronil can be preferred.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait selected from herbicide tolerance, insect resistance by expression of one or more bacterial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance by expression of one or more antipathogen- ic substances, stress tolerance, content modification of one or more chemicals present in the cultivated plant compared to the corresponding control plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a plant, which express at least one insecticidal toxin, preferably a toxin from Bacillus speicies, more preferably from Bacillus thuringiensis.
  • the cultivated plant has an arthropodicidal, preferably insecticidal, trait, it often occurs that the pest that should be combatted becomes resistant to that trait.
  • Resistant to an insecticide is understood to mean resistant to at least one insecticide or insecticidal trait, i.e. the insect may be resistant to only one, but also to several insecticides or insecticidal traits.
  • the resistance is against an insecticidal effect which is due to a genetic modification of a plant (modified or trans- genie plant), which caused a resistance of the plant or crop to certain pests, especially insect pests, in susceptible insects.
  • insecticidal proteins especially those mentioned herein, especially those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, particularly from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as endotoxins, e. g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c; vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e. g. VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., and so on.
  • VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A vegetative insecticidal proteins
  • insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., and so on.
  • the present invention relates to a method of con- trolling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to that at least one insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one lepidopteran or coleopteran trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to that lepidopteran or coleop- teran insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • Methods and uses of the invention as described herein may also involve a step of assessing whether insects are resistant to certain insecticides.
  • This step will in general involve collecting a sample of insects from the area (e.g. crop, field, habitat) to be treated, before actually applying a chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, and testing (for example using any suitable phenotypic, biochemical or molecular biological technique applicable) for resistance/sensitivity.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, e.g. as listed in table A14 or B, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, e.g. as listed in table Table A14 or B, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, e.g. as listed in table A14 or B, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a plant, which shows increased resistance against fungal, viral and bacterial diseases, more preferably a plant, which expresses antipathogenic substances, such as antifungal proteins, or which has systemic acquired resistance properties.
  • the cultivated plants are plants, which are given in table A.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant corresponds to a row of table A as defined above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harm- ful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating plant propagation materials, preferably seeds with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant corresponds to row of table A as defined above.
  • the cultivated plant is preferably selected from the group consisting of soybean, cotton and maize, wherein the plant has been made tolerant to the action of certain herbicides as described above. It is particularly preferred that the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, cotton and maize, wherein the plant has been made tolerant to the action of glyphosate herbicides.
  • the cultivated plant is a plant, which has been made tolerant to the action of glyphosate herbicides.
  • the plant may have been made tolerant to other herbicides and/or resistant to certain insects, and/or the plant may have been genetically modified otherwise, e.g. in terms of abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, modified product quality or pollination control system.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture comprising a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising teflubenzuron and at least one compound II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and at least one compound II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with chlorfenapyr or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and at least one compound II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
  • Lepidopteran resistance MON89034 x (corn, maize)
  • Lepidopteran resistance MON89034 x (corn, maize)
  • Glyphosate tolerance + corn, maize Company
  • Glyphosate tolerance + 59122 x (corn, maize) (Pioneer Hi-Bred Coleopteran resistance + MON810 X International Inc.); Lepidopteran resistance NK603 OptimumTM Intrasect
  • Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X corn, maize
  • MIR604 X corn, maize
  • NK603 International Inc. Lepidopteran resistance
  • Glyphosate tolerance + MON810 X corn, maize
  • MON810 X corn, maize
  • NK603 International Inc. Glyphosate tolerance + MON810 X (corn, maize) (Pioneer Hi-Bred Lepidopteran resistance NK603 International Inc.);
  • Insect resistance in particular lepidopteran resistance is of growing importance in GMO crops. Furthermore, it has been found that insects often become resistant to the crops, which have been modified in terms of insect resistance. It has been found that chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron and mixtures comprising teflubenzuron and chlorfenapyr are particularly suitable for combating insects, which have become resistant to the crops, which have been modified in terms of insect resistance. In particular, chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron and mixtures comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron may advantageously be applied in soybeans, which don been made resistant to insects.
  • the cultivated plant is soybean, which has been made resistant to lepi- doperan insects.
  • the soybean may have been made tolerant to certain herbicides and/or resistant to other insects, and/or the soybean may have been genetically modified otherwise, e.g. in terms of abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, modified product quality or pollination control system.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect re- sistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation mate- rial, preferably seeds with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
  • Lepidopteran resistance of soybeans is typically achieved by introducing a gene selected from the group consisting of: cry1 Ac (gene source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki strain
  • cry1 F Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai
  • cry1A.105 Gene source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kumamotoensis
  • cry2Ab2 Gene source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kumamotoensis
  • the soybeans may be modified e.g.
  • the soybeans are additionally modified in terms of glyphosate tolerance by introduc- ing the gene cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4).
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopter- an insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
  • the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combi- nation, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combi- nation, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by intro- ducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
  • the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is (i) Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) or Zea mays L. (maize) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of dvsnf7, cry1A, cry1Ab-Ac, cry1 C, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, mocryl F; or
  • Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat) or Oryza sativa L. (rice) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cry34Ab1 , cry35 Ab1 , cry3A, cry3Bb1 , dvsnf7, mcry3A, cry1A, cry1A.105, crylAb, cry1Ab-Ac, crylAc, cryl C, cry1 F, cry1 Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, cry9c, mocryl F, pinll, vip3A(a), vip3Aa20.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is modified by at least one gene according to one row of table D.
  • Further preferred embodiments of the invention are those methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture com- prising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • the present invention relates of methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein component II is endosulfan and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • the present invention relates of methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II wherein component II is ethiprole and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • the present invention relates of methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mix- ture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the component II is fipronil and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
  • the following embodiments are particularly preferred in connection with the methods of the invention relating to cultivated pants.
  • a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant comprising the application of a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
  • the cultivated plant is a plant with at least one property selected from: herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification of chemicals present in the cultivated plant, modified nutrient uptake, antibiotic resistance and male sterility compared to the corresponding control plant respectively. 3.
  • the yield of the cultivated plant is increased. 4.
  • the herbicide resistance is selected from the group consisting of glyphosate tolerance, glufosinate tolerance, and imidazolinone tolerance, and is particularly preferably glyphosate tolerance.
  • the insect resistance is selected from the group consisting of lepidoperan resistance and coleopteran resistance, and is particularly preferably lepidopteran resistance.
  • the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize), Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Oryza sativa L. (rice), preferably from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize) and Glycine max L. (soybean).
  • a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is
  • Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat) or Oryza sativa L. (rice) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cry34Ab1 , cry35 Ab1 , cry3A, cry3Bb1 , dvsnf7, mcry3A, cry1A, cry1A.105, crylAb, cry1Ab-Ac, crylAc, cryl C, cry1 F, cry1 Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, cry9c, mocryl F, pinll, vip3A(a), vip3Aa20.
  • a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the modification is selected from the events provided in table A14. 1 1 .
  • a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is a soybean variety with glyphosate tolerance and lepidop- teran resistance, wherein the glyphosate tolerance is preferably through the expression of the cp4epsps gene, and more preferably based on the transgenic event MON89788, and wherein the lepidopteran resistance is preferably through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), and more preferably based on the transgenic event MON877
  • Seed of a cultivated plant as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 8, 9, 10 or 1 1 which is treated with chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, preferably with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron.
  • the mixture of the invention teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr
  • the embodiments are disclosed in combination with (i) the uses and methods comprising the application of the in- ventive mixture, (ii) uses and methods comprising the application of teflubenzuron according to the invention, and (iii) uses and methods comprising the application of chlorfenapyr according to the invention, respectively.
  • the mixture of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron may be provided in the form of an agrochemical composition comprising the mixture of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and an auxiliary.
  • An agrochemical composition comprises a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron.
  • the term "pesticidally effective amount" is defined below.
  • compositions e.g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof.
  • composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emulsions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g.
  • compositions types are defined in the "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system", Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife International.
  • compositions are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grube- mann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.
  • auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protec- tive colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifi- ers and binders.
  • suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protec- tive colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifi- ers and binders.
  • Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclo ⁇ hexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone; esters, e.g.
  • mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point e.g. kerosene, diesel oil
  • oils of vegetable or animal origin oils of vegetable or animal origin
  • aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons e. g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkyl
  • lactates carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
  • Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g. am- monium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
  • mineral earths e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide
  • polysaccharide powders e.g. cellulose, starch
  • Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol.1 : Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
  • Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sul- fates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof.
  • sulfonates are alkylaryl- sulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkyhnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates.
  • Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters.
  • Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters.
  • Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol eth- oxylates.
  • Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-subsituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof.
  • alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents.
  • Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide.
  • N-subsititued fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides.
  • esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides.
  • sugar- based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or al- kylpolyglucosides.
  • polymeric surfactants are homo- or copolymers of vinylpyrroli- done, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines.
  • Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines.
  • Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide.
  • Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or pol- yethyleneamines.
  • Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the mixtures of the present invention, or chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron on the target.
  • Examples are surfactants, mineral or vege- table oils, and other auxilaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5.
  • Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
  • Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazoli- nones and benzisothiazolinones.
  • Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
  • Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
  • Suitable colorants are pigments of low water solubility and water- soluble dyes.
  • examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanofer- rate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
  • Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
  • composition types and their preparation are:
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron
  • 1 -10 wt% dispersant e. g. polyvi-nylpyrrolidone
  • organic solvent e.g. cyclohexanone
  • emulsifiers e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate
  • water-insoluble organic solvent e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon
  • Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron
  • 2-10 wt% dispersants and wetting agents e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate
  • 0,1-2 wt% thickener e.g. xanthan gum
  • up to 100 wt% water to give a fine active substance suspension.
  • Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active sub-stance.
  • binder e.g. polyvi- nylalcohol
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron
  • dispersants and wetting agents e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate
  • water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e. g. extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
  • 50-80 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are ground in a rotor-stator mill with ad-dition of 1 -5 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1 -3 wt% wetting agents (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate) and up to 100 wt% solid carrier, e.g. silica gel. Dilution with water gives a stable dis-persion or solution of the active substance.
  • 1 -5 wt% dispersants e.g. sodium lignosulfonate
  • 1 -3 wt% wetting agents e.g. alcohol ethoxylate
  • solid carrier e.g. silica gel
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron
  • 3-10 wt% dispersants e.g. sodium lignosulfonate
  • 1 -5 wt% thickener e.g. car-boxymethylcellulose
  • chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron
  • organic solvent blend e.g. fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone
  • surfactant blend e.g. alkohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate
  • water up to 100 %.
  • An oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt% acrylic monomers (e.g. methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and a di- or triacrylate) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymeri- zation initiated by a radi-cal initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules.
  • a protective colloid e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
  • an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), and an isocyanate monomer (e.g. diphenylme-thene-4,4'-diisocyanatae) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol).
  • a poly- amine e.g. hexamethylenediamine
  • the monomers amount to 1 -10 wt%.
  • the wt% relate to the total CS composition
  • Dustable powders (DP, DS)
  • chlorfenapyr e.g. teflubenzuron
  • teflubenzuron e.g. teflubenzuron
  • solid carrier e.g. silicate
  • compositions types i) to xi) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
  • the agrochemical compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably be- tween 0.1 and 90%, and most preferably between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active substance.
  • the active substances are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
  • oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, or micronutrients, and other pesticides may be added to the active substances or the compositions cormprising them as premix or, if appropriate not until immediately prior to use (tank mix).
  • pesticides e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners
  • These agents can be admixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably 1 :10 to 10:1.
  • the user applies the composition according to the invention usually from a predosage de-vice, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or an irrigation system.
  • the agrochem- ical composition is made up with water, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired application concentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention is thus obtained.
  • 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area.
  • composition according to the in- vention such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank and further auxiliaries may be added, if appropriate.
  • either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components e.g. components comprising mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries and additives may be added, if appropriate.
  • either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components e. g. components comprising mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, can be applied jointly (e.g. after tank mix) or consecutively.
  • the mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron are used for protecting crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or its locus of growth, from attack or infestation by animal pests. Therefore, the present invention relates to a plant protection method, which comprises contacting crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or its locus of growth, to be protected from attack or infestation by animal pests, with a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron.
  • the mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron are also for used in combating or controlling animal pests. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method of combating or controlling animal pests, which comprises contacting the animal pests, their habitat, breeding ground, or food supply, or the crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or soil, or the area, material or environment in which the animal pests are growing or may grow, with a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron.

Abstract

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to uses and methods of application of a pesticidal mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, for protecting a genetically modified plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests, to uses and methods of application of teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr, for protecting a genetically modified soybean plant, its plant propagation material, or its locus of growth, against the infestation by specific pests.

Description

Use of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron on genetically modified plants Description In a first aspect, the present invention relates to the use of a pesticidal mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts for protecting a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests, wherein the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering. In a second aspect, the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which method com- prises the application of a pesticidal mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts to a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to the use of teflubenzuron in pesticidally effec- tive amounts for protecting a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests selected from the group consisting of An- ticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmi- oides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cryl F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof. In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidally effective amount of teflubenzuron to a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cryl F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof.
In yet another aspect, the invention relates to the use of chlorfenapyr in pesticidally effective amounts for protecting a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cry1 F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof.
In antoher aspect, the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidally effective amount of chlorfenapyr to a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the pests are selected from pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Heli- coverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodop- tera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of cryl Ac, cry1 F, cry1 A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof.
Pests, in particular insects from the order of Lepidoptera, destroy growing and harvested crops and attack wooden dwelling and commercial structures, thereby causing large economic loss to the food supply and to property. A particular important threat in connection with Lepidoptera, particular leaf eating caterpillars, is defoliation of the plants, which typically results in a decrease of the yield. In connection with soybean, it has e.g. been found that, when the pods begin to form and fill out, any foliage loss greater than 20% will decrease the yield (G. Andrews et al., Insect control guides for cotton, soybeans, corn, grain sorghum, wheat, sweet potatoes and pastures, Mississippi State University Extension Service, Publication 2471 , 64 pp. (2009)). It is known in the art that row crops, such as wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, in particular soybean, are particularly vulnerable in terms of the attack or infestation by Lepidoptera selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia (=Thermesia) spp., Chrysodeixis
(=Pseudoplusia) spp., Helicoverpa spp., and Spodoptera (=Lamphygma) spp.. The most important species include Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includes (=Pseudoplusia in- cludens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera cosmioides.
The relevance of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera cosmioides for defoliation of soybean genotypes is analyzed by R. C. O. de Freitas Bueno et al. in Pest Manag. Sci. 201 1 ; 67: 170-174. It is said there- in that Anticarsia gemmatalis was originally the most important defoliator insect occurring on soybean crops, but that nowadays Pseudoplusia includens, Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera cosmioides are also considered to be key pests by Brazilian soybean growers.
In recent years, there were also numerous reports in the media regarding the growing threat of Helicoverpa armigera to Brazilian cotton, corn and soybean crops.
According to O. Bernardi et al. (Crop Protection 2014; 58: 33-40), it has been observed that Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera cosmioides have caused significant damage on soybean in Brazil. It has been found that these Spodoptera species also have a low susceptibility to genetically modified soybeans expressing cryl Ac protein. It is concluded that the cryl Ac expressing soybeans show poor control of these Spodoptera species, and that, consequently, other control tactics must be used in combination with MON 87701 x MON 89788 soybean in the field for the efficient management of these Spodoptera species.
Similar problems are to be expected in connection with genetically modified soybeans expressing cry1 F or a combination of cry1 F and crylAc (e.g. DAS 81419) for the reason that cryl F in many species interacts with the known receptor for cryl Ac indicating a similar insecti- cidal activity, which may contribute to cross-resistance to both toxins (Center for Environmental Risk Assessment, ILSI Research Foundation, Washington D.C., USA, 2013: "A Review of the Environmental Safety of the Cryl F Protein"). Accordingly, there is an acute need for pesticides and pesticidal mixtures for controlling the above mentioned pests on the above mentioned row crops, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering. In particular, there is a need for pesticides and pesticidal mixtures for controlling the above mentioned pests on soybean plants, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a pesticidal mixture, which is suitable for controlling pests, in particular Lepidoptera, preferably any one of the above mentioned Lepidoptera genera and species, or combinations thereof, which are of particular relevance in connection with wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton plants, in particular in connection with soybean plants, especially in connection with soybean plants, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, e.g. insect resistant soybeans expressing crylAc, cryl F, or a combination thereof.
In this connection, it is also an object of the invention to provide pesticidal mixture, which overcomes insect resistance problems in connection with the above mentioned pests. As used here- in, the term "insect resistance" refers to insect resistance against other pesticides and pesticidal mixtures or insect resistance against an insecticidal trait of a plant.
Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to provide a pesticidal mixture, which can be applied in lower dosage rates compared to other pesticides and pesticidal mixtures in order to avoid unfavorable environmental or toxicological effects.
With regard to the pests Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia in- cludens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera frugiperda, which are typically present on soybeans, it is another object of the present invention to provide pesticides, which are suitable for selective pest control, if infestation with one or more of these pests occurs.
It has been found that the above objects can be achieved by uses and methods comprising the application of a pesticidal mixture containing chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistical- ly effective amounts as defined hereinafter.
It has surprisingly been found that the pesticidal mixture according to the invention is suitable for controlling the above mentioned pests, in particular Anticarsia (=Thermesia) spp., Chrysodeixis (=Pseudoplusia) spp., Helicoverpa spp., and Spodoptera (=Lamphygma) spp., especially Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includes (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, and Spodoptera cosmioides. Accordingly, plants selected from wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton plants, in par- ticular soybean plants may effectively be protected against defoliation by these pests, and a decrease of the yields can thus be prevented.
In this connection, it is an important advantage of the mixture according to the invention that the mixture is also suitable for controlling the above mentioned pests, if they have become resistant against conventional pesticides or pesticidal mixtures, or against the insecticidal trait of a plant. Furthermore, it has been found that the development of a resistance against the insecticidal trait of a plant can be prevented, if the plants are treated with the pesticidal mixtures of the invention. Moreover, the mixture according to the invention is suitable for controlling pests, against which the insecticidal trait of a plant is not effective, so that a complementary insecticidal activity can advantageously be used. It is another advantage of the pesticidal mixture according to the present invention that the mixtures can be applied in lower dosage rates compared to other pesticides and pesticidal mixtures.
It has also been found that teflubenzuron alone is particularly advantageous for use on soy- beans to control pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeix- is includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodop- tera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, in particular pests selected from Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof.
It has further been found that chlorfenapyr alone is particularly advantageous for use on soybeans to control pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, in particular Spodoptera cosmioides.
Thus, teflubenzuron or chlorfenapyr may be used for selective pest control on soybeans depending on the pest, which attack the soybean plants. Both pesticides may be used on a rotating basis to avoid insect resistance.
Furthermore, there are special interests in connection with cultivated plants with at least one modification.
It has been observed that cultivated plants with at least one modification, for example a modification providing herbicide tolerance, are more susceptible to attack or infestation by pests than plants, which have not been modified.
Furthermore, it has been observed that cultivated plants with a modification, which provides insect resistance, can be particularly susceptible to certain pests against which the produced toxin is not effective. Moreover, the pests can develop resistance against the toxin, which is produced by the plant.
Accordingly, there is a need for pesticides and pesticidal mixtures for controlling pests on cultivated plants with at least one modification.
In this connection, it is also an object of the invention to provide a pesticide or pesticidal mixture, which is suitable for controlling pests, which are resistant to the insecticidal trait of the cultivated plant. It is another object of the invention to provide a pesticide or pesticidal mixture, which prevents pests to become resistant to the insecticidal trait of the cultivated plant.
Furthermore, it is an object of the invention to provide a pesticide or pesticidal mixture, which can be applied in lower dosage rates compared to other pesticides and pesticidal mixtures in order to avoid unfavorable environmental or toxicological effects.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a pesticide or pesticidal mixture, which improves the health of a plant, a process which is commonly and hereinafter referred to as "plant health". The term plant health comprises various sorts of improvements of plants that are not connected to the control of pests and which do not embrace the reduction of negative consequences of harmful insects. The term "plant health" is to be understood to denote a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several indicators alone or in combination with each other such as yield (e.g. increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), plant vigor (e.g. improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect"), quality (e.g. improved content or composition of certain ingredients) and tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress. The above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent or may result from each other. It has been found that the above objects can be achieved by uses and methods comprising the application of a pesticidal mixture containing chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as defined herein after in synergistically effective amounts.
Furthermore, it has been found that, in case of certain cultivated plants, the above objects can also be achieved by chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron alone. The application of only one active agent can be advantageous in terms of practicability and also in connection with insect resistance management.
It has surprisingly been found that the pesticidal effectiveness of the pesticidal mixture of the invention as well as of teflubenzuron or chlorfenapyr alone can be enhanced by the insecticidal trait of the plant. This may be considered as a synergistic effect.
It has been found that the application of a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, including the simultaneous, that is joint or separate, application of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or successive application of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron on cultivated plants allows enhanced control of animal pests, compared to the control rates that are possible by application of a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron on non-cultivated plants.
For certain plants with specific modifications as described herein after, it has further been found that the use of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron alone displays a synergistic effect between the trait of the cultivated plant and the applied chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron. For these plants with specific modifications, also the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron may advantageously be used.
Furthermore, it has surprisingly turned out, that chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron are useful in methods of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
Chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron are commercially available and may be found in The Pesticide Manual, 16th Edition, C. MacBean, British Crop Protection Council (2013) among other publications. Chlorfenapyr has the lUPAC name 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1 -ethoxymethyl-5- trifluoromethyl-1 H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile and belongs to the class of pyrrole insecticides.
Teflubenzuron has the lUPAC name 1 -(3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(2,6- difluorobenzoyl)urea and is a benzoylphenylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor.
Benzoylurea compounds as well as their pesticidal activities are for example known from US 5874615 or EP 0161019. US 4698365 and US 4623658 disclose benzoylurea compounds having pesticidal activity, particularly insecticidal and acaricidal properties. Teflubenzuron is described in EP 52833. JP 63126804 and US 4666942 disclose methods of uses of benzoylurea compounds as insecticides or acaricides and compositions comprising the benzoylurea in combination with other compounds having pesticidal properties, in particular insecticides of the order of organophosphates and pyrethroids. WO 2013/160826 describes pesticidal compositions comprising an insecticidal benzoylurea compound (I) and one insecticidal compound (II) from the group of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors agonist and the use of such compositions for controlling pests. JP 2006056810 discloses pesticidal compositions comprising a benzoylurea compound and their use against harmful insects living in water.
EP 0347488 describes chlorfenapyr and derivative compounds and their use in mixtures with other insecticides. CN 1364413 discloses compositions having insecticidal activities comprising chlorfenapyr and one or more selected insecticidal compounds.
WO 2010/046378 describes the use of teflubenzuron on certain genetically modified plants.
WO 2010/072781 describes the use of chlorfenapyr on certain genetically modified plants.
WO 201 1/161040 describes a pesticidal composition comprising a benzoylurea compound and chlorfenapyr and their uses.
However, uses or methods comprising the application of teflubenzuron to control Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, or combinations thereof on genetically modified soybean pants, is not disclosed in the prior art.
Furthermore, uses or methods comprising the application of chlorfenapyr to control, e.g., Spodoptera cosmioides on genetically modified soybean pants, is not disclosed in the prior art.
Furthermore, uses or methods of a mixture comprising the specific combination of teflubenzuron and chlorfenapyr in connection with the above indicated needs for pest control is not dis- closed in the prior art.
The uses and methods comprising the application of the inventive mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts is described in further detail hereinafter. The inventive mixture will in the following be referred to as "mixture of the invention" or "mixture according to the invention".
The remarks as to preferred embodiments of the mixture of the invention are to be understood as preferred on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other, and in combination with the preferred embodiments regarding uses and methods comprising the application of the mixture of the invention as defined herein.
The mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as described herein typically comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 or 1 :500 to 500:1 , preferably from 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably from 1 :25 to 25:1 , most preferably 1 :3 to 3:1 , particularly preferably 1 :1 .5 to 1.5:1 .
In one embodiment, the mixture of the invention comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 , preferably from 1 :100 to 100:1 , more preferably from 1 :25 to 25:1 .
In a preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :3 to 3:1 , preferably from 1 :1 .5 to 1 .5:1.
In another preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :16 to 1 :1 , preferably from 1 :12 to 1 :2, more preferably from 1 :10 to 1 :6, e.g. 1 :8. In yet another preferred embodiment, the mixture comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :1 to 16:1 , preferably from 2:1 to 12:1 , more preferably from 6:1 to 10:1 , e.g. 1 :8. In one embodiment, the mixture of the invention is a binary mixture, i.e. a mixture, which does not comprise any further pesticidal compounds apart from chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron.
In another embodiment, the mixture of the present invention comprises the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, and at least one further pesticidal compound II as component II, wherein the pesticidal compound II is preferably an insecticide or a funicide.
Application methods, which are of particular relevance in connection with the mixture of the invention are described in detail further below. Preferences of particular importance are provided in the following. The one aspect of the invention, the mixture of the invention is used for protecting a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention to a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds.
The application of the mixture of the invention in connection with the above use or method includes both contact with the plant or plant propagation material and contact with its locus of growth. The term "locus of growth" is to be understood as the locus, where the plant is growing, in particular the soil or water, in which the plant is growing.
Furthermore, the method of the present invention relates in one embodiment to the application to the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds.
In a preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mix- ture of the invention, the mixture of the present invention is applied to the plants, in particular parts of the plants such as the foliage.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the above use or method, the mixture of the present invention is applied to the foliage of the plants, preferably in an amount of from 1 g to 100 g per hectare, more preferably in an amount of from 10 g to 50 g per hectare.
In an alternative preferred embodiment of the above use or method, the mixture of the present invention is applied to the plant propagation material, preferably the seeds of a plant.
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the above use or method, the mixture of the present invention is applied to the seeds of the plants, preferably in an amount of from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, in particular from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed.
The components of the mixture of the present invention can be applied simultaneously, jointly or separately, or in succession, that is immediately one after another and thereby creating the mixture "in situ" on the desired location, e.g. the plant, the sequence, in the case of separate application, generally not having any effect on the result of the control measures. In a preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention, the pests are selected from insects from the order of Lepidoptera, preferably from the group consisting of Anticarsia (=Thermesia) spp., Chrysodeixis (=Pseudoplusia) spp., Helicoverpa spp., Spodoptera (=Lamphygma) spp., and combinations thereof, more pref- erably from the group consisting of Helicoverpa spp., Spodoptera spp., and combinations thereof, most preferably from Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera spp., and combinations thereof, in particular from Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera cosmioides, and combinations thereof.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticar- sia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera cosmioides, and combinations thereof, and are preferably selected from Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera cosmioides, or a combination thereof, and are particularly preferably Spodoptera cosmioides.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens).
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera). In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera eridania.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides.
As outlined above, the above mentioned pests are of particular importance in connection with certain plants.
In one preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention, the plant is a plant, which has been modified by conventional breeding, i.e. a plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
Preferably, the plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant.
In another preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention, the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, preferably by genetic engineering.
In a preferred embodiment, in the plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, one or more genes have been mutagenized or integrated into the genetic material of the plant, which are selected from pat, epsps, cryl Ab, bar, cry1 Fa2, cry1 Ac, cry34Ab1 , cry35AB1 , cry3A, cryF, cry1 F, mcry3a, cry2Ab2, cry3Bb1 , cry1A.105, dfr, barnase, vip3Aa20, barstar, als, bxn, bp40, asnl , and ppo5.
In another more preferred embodiment, the plant, which has been been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, exhibits one or more traits selected from the group consisting of abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, modified product quality, and pollination control. Preferably, the plant exhibits herbicide tolerance, insect resistance or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment of the use or method as defined above, the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and which corresponds to any one of rows A1 to A385 of table A.
Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000012_0001
Figure imgf000013_0001
Figure imgf000014_0001
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000016_0001
Figure imgf000017_0001
Figure imgf000018_0001
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000021_0001
Figure imgf000022_0001
Figure imgf000023_0001
Figure imgf000024_0001
Figure imgf000025_0001
Figure imgf000026_0001
Figure imgf000027_0001
Figure imgf000028_0001
Figure imgf000029_0001
Figure imgf000030_0001
Figure imgf000031_0001
Figure imgf000032_0001
Figure imgf000033_0001
Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000036_0001
Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000040_0001
Figure imgf000041_0001
Figure imgf000042_0001
Figure imgf000043_0001
Figure imgf000044_0001
Figure imgf000045_0001
Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000047_0001
Explanations:
Figure imgf000048_0001
Figure imgf000049_0001
Preferably, the plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant, particularly any one of the soybean plants according to rows A-325 to A- 355 of table A.
In a preferred embodiment of the use or method as defined above, the plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is a soybean plant exhibiting insect resistence, in particular Lepidopteran resistance, and optionally at least one further trait, preferably herbicide tolerance, e.g. glyphosate tolerance or glufosinate tolerance.
Preferred soybean plants include the soybean plants according to one row of table B.
Table B:
Figure imgf000050_0001
In another preferred embodiment of the use or method as defined above, the plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is a soybean plant, which has been modified by genetic engineering by integrating one or more genes into the genetic material of the soybean, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cry1 F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof, preferably by crylAc, cry1 F, or a combination thereof, and more preferably by crylAc. Optionally, herbicide tolerance is additionally provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of pat, bar, 2mepsps, cp4 epsps, and mepsps.
Preferred soybean plants include soybean plants, which have been modified by integrating at least one gene or gene combination according to one row of Table C.
Table C:
No Gene for lepidopteGene for lepidopteGene for lepidopteGene for
ran resistance ran resistance ran resistance herbicide
tolerance
C-1 crylAc
C-2 cry1A.105
C-3 cry2Ab2
C-4 cry1 F
C-5 crylAc cry1A.105
C-6 crylAc cry2Ab2
C-7 crylAc cry1 F
C-8 cry1A.105 cry2Ab2
C-9 cry1A.105 cry1 F No Gene for lepidopte- Gene for lepidopte- Gene for lepidopte- Gene for ran resistance ran resistance ran resistance herbicide tolerance
C-10 cry2Ab2 cry1 F
C-1 1 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry2Ab2
C-12 cry1 F cry1A.105 cry2Ab2
C-13 cry 1 Ac cry1 F cry2Ab2
C-14 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry1 F
C-15 cry 1 Ac pat
C-16 cry1A.105 pat
C-17 cry2Ab2 pat
C-18 cry1 F pat
C-19 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 pat
C-20 cry 1 Ac cry2Ab2 pat
C-21 cry 1 Ac cry1 F pat
C-22 cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 pat
C-23 cry1A.105 cry1 F pat
C-24 cry2Ab2 cry1 F pat
C-25 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 pat
C-26 cry1 F cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 pat
C-27 cry 1 Ac cry1 F cry2Ab2 pat
C-28 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry1 F pat
C-29 cry 1 Ac bar
C-30 cry1A.105 bar
C-31 cry2Ab2 bar
C-32 cry1 F bar
C-33 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 bar
C-34 cry 1 Ac cry2Ab2 bar
C-35 cry 1 Ac cry1 F bar
C-36 cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 bar
C-37 cry1A.105 cry1 F bar
C-38 cry2Ab2 cry1 F bar
C-39 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 bar
C-40 cry1 F cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 bar
C-41 cry 1 Ac cry1 F cry2Ab2 bar
C-42 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry1 F bar
C-43 cry 1 Ac 2mepsps
C-44 cry1A.105 2mepsps
C-45 cry2Ab2 2mepsps
C-46 cry1 F 2mepsps
C-47 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 2mepsps
C-48 cry 1 Ac cry2Ab2 2mepsps No Gene for lepidopte- Gene for lepidopte- Gene for lepidopte- Gene for ran resistance ran resistance ran resistance herbicide tolerance
C-49 cry 1 Ac cry1 F 2mepsps
C-50 cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 2mepsps
C-51 cry1A.105 cry1 F 2mepsps
C-52 cry2Ab2 cry1 F 2mepsps
C-53 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 2mepsps
C-54 cry1 F cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 2mepsps
C-55 cry 1 Ac cry1 F cry2Ab2 2mepsps
C-56 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry1 F 2mepsps
C-57 cry 1 Ac cp4 epsps
C-58 cry1A.105 cp4 epsps
C-59 cry2Ab2 cp4 epsps
C-60 cry1 F cp4 epsps
C-61 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cp4 epsps
C-62 cry 1 Ac cry2Ab2 cp4 epsps
C-63 cry 1 Ac cry1 F cp4 epsps
C-64 cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 cp4 epsps
C-65 cry1A.105 cry1 F cp4 epsps
C-66 cry2Ab2 cry1 F cp4 epsps
C-67 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 cp4 epsps
C-68 cry1 F cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 cp4 epsps
C-69 cry 1 Ac cry1 F cry2Ab2 cp4 epsps
C-70 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry1 F cp4 epsps
C-71 cry 1 Ac mepsps
C-72 cry1A.105 mepsps
C-73 cry2Ab2 mepsps
C-74 cry1 F mepsps
C-75 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 mepsps
C-76 cry 1 Ac cry2Ab2 mepsps
C-77 cry 1 Ac cry1 F mepsps
C-78 cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 mepsps
C-79 cry1A.105 cry1 F mepsps
C-80 cry2Ab2 cry1 F mepsps
C-81 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 mepsps
C-82 cry1 F cry1A.105 cry2Ab2 mepsps
C-83 cry 1 Ac cry1 F cry2Ab2 mepsps
C-84 cry 1 Ac cry1A.105 cry1 F mepsps In view of the above preferences regarding pests and plants, the following embodiments of the use or method of the invention comprising the application of the mixture of the invention are particularly preferred.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the present invention relates to the use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention as defined above, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera cosmioides, and combinations thereof, and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Chrysodeixis includens
(=Pseudoplusia includens) and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera) and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera eridania and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the present invention relates to the use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention as defined above, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera cosmioides, and combinations thereof, and the plant is a soybean plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and is preferably selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Chrysodeixis includens
(=Pseudoplusia
Figure imgf000053_0001
the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A- 325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera) and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera eridania and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84. In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
As already indicated above, the present invention also relates to certain uses and methods comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron.
The following remarks as to preferred embodiments of these uses or methods are to be understood as preferred on their own as well as preferably in combination with each other.
In one aspect, the present invention relates to the use of teflubenzuron in pesticidally effective amounts for protecting a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which meth- od comprises the application of a pesticidally effective amount of teflubenzuron to a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of teflubenzuron, the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof. For example, the use or method comprising the application of tefluben- zuron may be preferred for pests, which are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), and a combination thereof.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens).
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera eridania.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides.
As outlined above, the above mentioned pests are of particular importance in connection with certain plants.
In one preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention, the plant is a plant, which has been modified by conventional breeding, i.e. a plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
Preferably, the plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant. In another preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention, the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, preferably by genetic engineering.
Preferably, the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, in particular lepidopteran resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cry1 F, cry1 A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof, preferably by cry1 Ac, cry1 F, or a combination thereof, and more preferably by cry1 Ac. Optionally, the soybean plant exhibits at least one further trait, preferably herbicide tolerance, e.g. glyphosate tolerance or glufosinate tolerance, wherein herbicide tolerance is preferably provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of pat, bar, 2mepsps, cp4 epsps, and mepsps.
Particularly preferred soybean plants include soybean plants, which are selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84 as defined above. In view of the above preferences regarding pests and plants, the following embodiments of the use or method of the invention comprising the application of teflubenzuron are particularly preferred.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the present invention relates to a use or method as defined above, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gem- matalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera cosmioides, and combinations thereof, and the plant is a soybean plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and is preferably selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Chrysodeixis includens
(=Pseudoplusia includens) and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A- 325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera eridania and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In a further aspect, the present invention relates to the use of chlorfenapyr in pesticidally effective amounts for protecting a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidally effective amount of chlorfenapyr to a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the pests are selected from pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of chlorfenapyr, the pests are selected from the group consisting of Helicoverpa armigera
(=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations there- of. In particular, the use or method comprising the application of chlorfenapyr is preferred for Spodoptera cosmioides and Spodoptera frugiperda, especially for Spodoptera cosmioides as pests.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia in- cludens).
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera). In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera eridania.
In another preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides.
As outlined above, the above mentioned pests are of particular relevance in connection with soybean plants.
In one preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention, the plant is a plant, which has been modified by conventional breeding, i.e. a plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
Preferably, the plant, which has not been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, is selected from the group consisting of wheat, maize, rice, soybean, and cotton, and is more preferably a soybean plant.
In another preferred embodiment of the above use or method comprising the application of the mixture of the invention, the plant is a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, preferably by genetic engineering.
Preferably, the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, in particular lepidopteran resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of cryl Ac, cry1 F, cry1 A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof, preferably by cryl Ac, cryl F, or a combination thereof, and more preferably by cryl Ac. Optionally, the soybean plant exhibits at least one further trait, preferably herbicide tolerance, e.g. glyphosate tolerance or glufosinate tolerance, wherein herbicide tolerance is preferably provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of pat, bar, 2mepsps, cp4 epsps, and mepsps.
Particularly preferred soybean plants further include soybean plants, which are selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84 as defined above. In view of the above preferences regarding pests and plants, the following embodiments of the use or method of the invention comprising the application of chlorfenapyr are particularly preferred.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the present invention relates to a use or method as defined above, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gem- matalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera cosmioides, and combinations thereof, and the plant is a soybean plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and is preferably selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B- 4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Anticarsia gemmatalis and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Chrysodeixis includens
(=Pseudoplusia includens) and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A- 325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera) and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera frugiperda and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera eridania and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
In one particularly preferred embodiment, the pests are Spodoptera cosmioides and the plant is a soybean plant selected from the soybean plants A-325 to A-355, B-1 to B-4, or C-1 to C-84.
Further methods comprising the application of a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron alone are described hereinafter.
As already indicated above, the present invention relates in a further aspect to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification (hereinafter abbreviated as "cultivated plant") as compared to the respective non- modified control plant, comprising the application of a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
The present invention further relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification (hereinafter abbreviated as "cultivated plant") as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein said cultivated plant is selected from a group of certain plants with specific modifications as defined further below. The above methods of the invention relating to cultivated plants particularly suitable for efficiently controlling arthropodal pests such as arachnids, myriapedes and insects as well as nematodes. Preferably, the term pests embrace animal pests (such as insects, acarids or nematodes). Relevant animal pests of different genera and species are provided further below.
In the above methods of the invention relating to cultivated plants, also mixtures comprising
(i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, and
(ii) at least one further pesticidal compound II as component II,
may be applied, wherein the pesiticdal compound II is preferably an insecticide or a fungicide. The pesticidal compound II is also referred to as compound II or component II hereinafter.
In one embodiment of the invention relating to cultivated plants, the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron is employed as a solo product. In another embodiment of the invention chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron are applied as a solo product.
The present invention also relates to methods for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant, comprising in the application of a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, and (ii) at least one additional compound II as component II to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
Therefore, in another embodiment of the invention, chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron is employed in combination (e.g. as a mixture) with one or more additional compounds II which is preferably a further insecticide and/or a fungicide. Accordingly, it is another embodiment of the invention that a mixture is employed, which comprises (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, and (ii) one or more additional compounds II as component II.
The mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr may be provided in combination with at least one mixing partner as defined hereinafter. Preferred are binary mixtures of the mixture of the present invention, teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr as component I with one mixing partner as defined herein after as component II. Preferred weight ratios for such binary mixtures are from 1000:1 to 1 :1000, preferably from 500:1 to 1 :500, more preferably from 100:1 to 1 :100, particularly preferably from 25:1 to 1 :25. In such binary mixtures, components I and II may be used in equal amounts, or an excess of component I, or an excess of component II may be used.
Mixing partners can be selected from pesticides, in particular insecticides, nematicides, and acaricides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth regulators, fertilizers, and the like. Preferred mixing partners are insecticides, nematicides and fungicides.
The following list M of pesticides, grouped and numbered according the Mode of Action Classi- fication of the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC), together with which the mixture of the invention, teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr can be used and with which potential synergistic effects might be produced, is intended to illustrate the possible combinations, but not to impose any limitation: M.1 Acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibitors from the class of: M.1 A carbamates, for example aldicarb, alanycarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofu- ran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furathiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, trimethacarb, XMC, xylylcarb and triazamate; or from the class of M.1 B organophosphates, for example acephate, azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphosmethyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon, dichlorvos/ DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imicyafos, isofenphos, isopropyl O- (methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, me- carbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxyde- meton-methyl, parathion, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phos- phamidon, phoxim, pirimiphos- methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyri- daphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thi- ometon, triazophos, trichlorfon and vamidothion;
M.2. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists such as: M.2A cyclodiene organochlorine compounds, as for example endosulfan or chlordane; or M.2B fiproles (phenylpyrazoles), as for example ethiprole, fipronil, flufiprole, pyrafluprole and pyriprole;
M.3 Sodium channel modulators from the class of M.3A pyrethroids, for example acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-trans allethrin, d-trans allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin S- cylclopentenyl, bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda- cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta- cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin, deltamethrin, empenthrin, esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, halfenprox, hep- tafluthrin, imiprothrin, meperfluthrin,metofluthrin, momfluorothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, prallethrin, profluthrin, pyrethrin (pyrethrum), resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethylfluth- rin, tetramethrin, tralomethrin and transfluthrin; or M.3B sodium channel modulators such as DDT or methoxychlor;
M.4 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists (nAChR) from the class of M.4A neonicotinoids, for example acetamiprid, clothianidin, cycloxaprid, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thia- cloprid and thiamethoxam; or the compounds M.4A.2: (2E-)-1 -[(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-N'- nitro-2-pentylidenehydrazinecarboximidamide; or M4.A.3: 1 -[(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-7- methyl-8-nitro-5-propoxy-1 ,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1 ,2-a]pyridine; or from the class M.4B nicotine;
M.5 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators from the class of spinosyns, for example spinosad or spinetoram;
M.6 Chloride channel activators from the class of avermectins and milbemycins, for example abamectin, emamectin benzoate, ivermectin, lepimectin or milbemectin;
M.7 Juvenile hormone mimics, such as M.7A juvenile hormone analogues as hydroprene, ki- noprene and methoprene; or others as M.7B fenoxycarb or M.7C pyriproxyfen;
M.8 miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors, for example M.8A alkyl halides as methyl bromide and other alkyl halides, or M.8B chloropicrin, or M.8C sulfuryl fluoride, or M.8D borax, or M.8E tartar emetic; M.9 Selective homopteran feeding blockers, for example M.9B pymetrozine, or M.9C floni- camid;
M.10 Mite growth inhibitors, for example M.10A clofentezine, hexythiazox and diflovidazin, or M.10B etoxazole;
M.1 1 Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, for example bacillus thuringiensis or bacillus sphaericus and the insecticdal proteins they produce such as bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, bacillus sphaericus, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, or the Bt crop proteins: Cry-IAb, CrylAc, Cryl Fa, Cry2Ab, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb and Cry34/35Ab1 ;
M.12 Inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthase, for example M.12A diafenthiuron, or M.12B or- ganotin miticides such as azocyclotin, cyhexatin or fenbutatin oxide, or M.12C propargite, or M.12D tetrad if on;
M.13 Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient, for example DNOC or sulfluramid;
M.14 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, for example nereistoxin analogues as bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam or thiosultap sodium;
M.15 Inhibitors of the chitin biosynthesis type 0, such as benzoylureas as for example bistriflu- ron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucydoxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novalu- ron, noviflumuron, or triflumuron;
M.16 Inhibitors of the chitin biosynthesis type 1 , as for example buprofezin;
M.17 Moulting disruptors, Dipteran, as for example cyromazine;
M.18 Ecdyson receptor agonists such as diacylhydrazines, for example methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, halofenozide, fufenozide or chromafenozide;
M.19 Octopamin receptor agonists, as for example amitraz;
M.20 Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors, for example M.20A hydramethyl- non, or M.20B acequinocyl, or M.20C fluacrypyrim;
M.21 Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, for example M.21A METI acaricides and insecticides such as fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad or tolfenpyrad, or M.21 B rotenone;
M.22 Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, for example M.22A indoxacarb, or M.22B metaflumizone, or M.22B.1 : 2-[2-(4-Cyanophenyl)-1 -[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-,ethylidene]-N-[4- (difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-hydrazinecarboxamide or M.22B.2: N-(3-Chloro-2-methylphenyl)-2-[(4- chloropheny ^-fmethy^methylsulfony aminolpheny^methylenel-hydrazinecarboxamide;
M.23 Inhibitors of the of acetyl CoA carboxylase, such as Tetronic and Tetramic acid deriva- tives, for example spirodiclofen, spiromesifen or spirotetramat;
M.24 Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, for example M.24A phosphine such as aluminium phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine or zinc phosphide, or M.24B cyanide;
M.25 Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, such as beta-ketonitrile derivatives, for example cyenopyrafen or cyflumetofen;
M.28 Ryanodine receptor-modulators from the class of diamides, as for example flubendia- mide, chlorantraniliprole (rynaxypyr®), cyantraniliprole (cyazypyr®), tetraniliprole, or the phthalamide compounds M.28.1 : (R)-3-Chlor-N1 -{2-methyl-4-[1 ,2,2,2 -tetrafluor-1 - (trifluormethyl)ethyl]phenyl^ and M.28.2: (S)-3-
Chlor-N1 -{2-methyl-4-[1 ,2,2,2 -tetrafluor-1 -(trifluormethyl)ethyl]phenyl}-N2-(1 -methyl-2- methylsulfonylethyl)phthalamid, or the compound M.28.3: 3-bromo-N-{2-bromo-4-chloro-6-[(1 - cyclopropylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-1 -(3-chlorpyridin-2-yl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (pro- posed ISO name: cyclaniliprole), or the compound M.28.4: methyl-2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo- 1 -(3-chlorpyridin-2-yl)-1 H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}-"amino)benzoyl]-1 ,2- dimethylhydrazinecarboxylate; or a compound selected from M.28.5a) to M.28.5d) and M.28.5h) to M.28.5I): M.28.5a) N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)-"carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2- (3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; M.28.5b) N-[4-chloro-2-[(diethyl- lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-
(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; M.28.5c) N-[4-chloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4- sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-6-methyl-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3- carboxamide; M.28.5d) N-[4,6-dichloro-2-[(di-2-propyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]- phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-(trifluoro-,methyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; M.28.5h) N-[4,6- dibromo-2-[(diethyl-lambda-4-sulfanylidene)carbamoyl]-phenyl]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-5-
(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide; M.28.5i) N-[2-(5-Amino-1 ,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro- 6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1 -(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; M.28.5j) 3- Chloro-1 -(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-N-[2,4-dichloro-6-[[(1 -cyano-1 - methylethyl)amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; M.28.5k) 3-Bromo-N-[2,4- dichloro-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-1 -(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; M.28.5I) N-[4-Chloro-2-[[(1 ,1 -dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-6-methylphenyl]-1 -(3-chloro-2- pyridinyl)-3-(fluoromethoxy)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; or a compound selected from M.28.6: N-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-iodobenzene-1 ,2-dicarboxamide; or M.28.7: 3-Chloro-N-(2-cyanopropan-2-yl)-N-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-benzene-1 ,2-dicarboxamide;
M.29: insecticidal active compounds of unknown or uncertain mode of action, as for example afidopyropen, afoxolaner, azadirachtin, amidoflumet, benzoximate, bifenazate, bromopropylate, chinomethionat, cryolite, dicloromezotiaz, dicofol, flufenerim, flometoquin, fluensulfone, fluhex- afon, fluopyram, flupyradifurone, fluralaner, metoxadiazone, piperonyl butoxide, pyflubumide, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, sulfoxaflor, tioxazafen, triflumezopyrim, or the compounds
M.29.3: 1 1 -(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-12-hydroxy-1 ,4-dioxa-9-azadispiro[4.2.4.2]-tetradec- 1 1 -en-10-one, or the compound
M.29.4: 3-(4'-fluoro-2,4-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1 -azaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one, or the compound
M.29.5: 1 -[2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1 H-1 ,2,4- triazole-5-amine, or actives on basis of bacillus firmus (Votivo, 1-1582); or
a compound selected from the group of M.29.6, wherein the compound is selected from M.29.6a) to M.29.6k): M.29.6a) (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2- trifluoro-acetamide; M.29.6b) (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-chloro-5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]- 2,2,2-trifluoro-acetamide; M.29.6c) (E/Z)-2,2,2-trifluoro-N-[1 -[(6-fluoro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2- pyridylidene]acetamide; M.29.6d) (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-bromo-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2- trifluoro-acetamide; M.29.6e) (E/Z)-N-[1 -[1 -(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)ethyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2- trifluoro-acetamide; M.29.6f) (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2-difluoro- acetamide; M.29.6g) (E/Z)-2-chloro-N-[1 -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2-difluoro- acetamide; M.29.6h) (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoro- acetamide; Μ.29.6Ϊ) (E/Z)-N-[1 -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro- propanamide.); M.29.6j) N-[1 -[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoro- thioacetamide; or M.29.6k) N-[1 -[(6-chloro-3-pyndyl)methyl]-2-pyndylidene]-2,2,2-trifluoro-N'- isopropyl-acetamidine; or the compounds
M.29.8: 8-chloro-N-[2-chloro-5-methoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-6-trifluoromethyl)-imidazo[1 ,2- a]pyridine-2-carboxamide; or the compounds
M.29.9.a): 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-isoxazol-3-yl]-2-methyl-N-(1 - oxothietan-3-yl)benzamide; or M.29.9.b): 4-[5-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-4,5- dihydroisoxazol-3-yl]-N-[(methoxyimino)methyl]-2-methylbenzamide; or
M.29.10: 5-[3-[2,6-dichloro-4-(3,3-dichloroallyloxy)phenoxy]propoxy]-1 H-pyrazole; or a compound selected from the group of M.29.1 1 , wherein the compound is selected from M.29.1 1 b) to M.29.1 1 p): M.29.1 1.b) 3-(benzoylmethylamino)-N-[2-bromo-4-[1 , 2,2,3,3,3- hexafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)propyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-fluoro-benzamide; M.29.1 1.c) 3-(benzoylmethylamino)-2-fluoro-N-[2-iodo-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-benzamide; M.29.1 1 .d) N-[3-[[[2-iodo-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-N-methyl-benzamide; M.29.1 1.e) N-[3-[[[2-bromo-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-2-fluorophenyl]-4-fluoro-N-methyl-benzamide; M.29.1 1.f) 4-fluoro-N-[2-fluoro-3-[[[2-iodo-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)->ethyl]-6-
(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-N-methyl-benzamide; M.29.1 1 .g) 3-fluoro-N-[2- fluoro-3-[[[2-iodo-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)->ethyl]-6-
(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]phenyl]-N-methyl-benzamide; M.29.1 1 .h) 2-chloro-N-[3- [[[2-iodo-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)ethyl]-6- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]amino]carbonyl]phenyl]- 3-pyridinecarboxamide; M.29.1 1.i) 4-cyano-N- [2-cyano-5-[[2,6-dibromo-4-[1 ,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)- propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]-2-methyl-benzamide; M.29.1 1 .j) 4-cyano-3-[(4-cyano-2-methyl- benzoyl)amino]-N-[2,6-dichloro-4-[1 ,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)-propyl]phenyl]-2- fluoro-benzamide; M.29.1 1.k) N-[5-[[2-chloro-6-cyano-4-[1 ,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1 - (trifluoromethyl)propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl]-4-cyano-2-methyl-benzamide;
M.29.1 1 .1) N-[5-[[2-bromo-6-chloro-4-[2,2,2-trifluoro-1 -hydroxy-1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl]-4-cyano-2-methyl-benzamide;
M.29.1 1 .m) N-[5-[[2-bromo-6-chloro-4-[1 ,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)- propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl]-4-cyano-2-methyl-benzamide; M.29.1 1 .n) 4-cyano-N- [2-cyano-5-[[2,6-dichloro-4-[1 ,2,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro-1 -(trifluoromethyl)- propyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]-2-methyl-benzamide; M.29.1 1 .o) 4-cyano-N-[2-cyano-5-[[2,6- dichloro^-fl ^^^-tetrafluoro-l -itrifluoromethy ethy pheny carbamoy -'pheny ^-methyl- benzamide; M.29.1 1 .p) N-[5-[[2-bromo-6-chloro-4-[1 ,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1 - (trifluoromethyl)ethyl]phenyl]carbamoyl]-2-cyano-phenyl]-4-cyano-2-methyl-benzamide; or a compound selected from the group of M.29.12, wherein the compound is selected from
M.29.12a) to M.29.12m): M.29.12.a) 2-(1 ,3-Dioxan-2-yl)-6-[2-(3-pyridinyl)-5-thiazolyl]-pyridine; M.29.12.b) 2-[6-[2-(5-Fluoro-3-pyridinyl)-5-thiazolyl]-2-pyridinyl]-pyrimidine; M.29.12.c) 2-[6-[2- (3-Pyridinyl)-5-thiazolyl]-2-pyridinyl]-pyrimidine; M.29.12.d) N-Methylsulfonyl-6-[2-(3- pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide; M.29.12.e) N-Methylsulfonyl-6-[2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol- 5-yl]pyridine-2-carboxamide; M.29.12.†) N-Ethyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3- methylthio-propanamide; M.29.12.g) N-Methyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3- methylthio-propanamide; M.29.12.h) N,2-Dimethyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3- methylthio-propanamide; Μ.29.12.Ϊ) N-Ethyl-2-methyl-N-[4-methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-3- methylthio-propanamide; M.29.12.j) N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N-ethyl-2-methyl-3- methylthio-propanamide; M.29.12.k) N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N,2-dimethyl-3- methylthio-propanamide; M.29.12.1) N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N-methyl-3-methylthio- propanamide; M.29.12.m) N-[4-Chloro-2-(3-pyridyl)thiazol-5-yl]-N-ethyl-3-methylthio- propanamide; or the compounds
M.29.14a) 1 -[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-1 ,2,3,5, 6,7-hexahydro-5-methoxy-7-methyl-8-nitro- imidazo[1 ,2-a]pyridine; or M.29.14b) 1 -[(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-7-methyl-8-nitro- 1 ,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydroimidazo[1 ,2-a]pyridin-5-ol; or the compounds
The commercially available compounds of the group M listed above may be found in The Pes- ticide Manual, 16th Edition, C. MacBean, British Crop Protection Council (2013) among other publications. The online Pesticide Manual is updated regularly and is accessible through http://bcpcdata.com/pesticide-manual.html.
Another online data base for pesticides providing the ISO common names is
http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides.
The M.4 neonicotinoid cycloxaprid is known from WO2010/069266 and WO201 1/069456, the neonicotinoid M.4A.2, sometimes also to be named as guadipyr, is known from
WO2013/003977, and the neonicotinoid M.4A.3 (approved as paichongding in China) is known from WO2007/101369. The metaflumizone analogue M.22B.1 is described in CN10171577 and the analogue M.22B.2 in CN102126994. The phthalamides M.28.1 and M.28.2 are both known from WO2007/101540. The anthranilamide M.28.3 is described in WO2005/077934. The hydra- zide compound M.28.4 is described in WO2007/043677. The anthranilamides M.28.5a) to M.28.5d) and M.28.5h) are described in WO 2007/006670, WO2013/024009 and
WO2013/024010, the anthranilamide Μ.28.5Ϊ) is described in WO201 1/085575, M.28.5j) in WO2008/134969, M.28.5k) in US201 1/046186 and M.28.5I) in WO2012/034403. The diamide compounds M.28.6 and M.28.7 can be found in CN102613183. The spiroketal-substituted cyclic ketoenol derivative M.29.3 is known from WO2006/089633 and the biphenyl-substituted spiro- cyclic ketoenol derivative M.29.4 from WO2008/06791 1. The triazoylphenylsulfide M.29.5 is described in WO2006/043635, and biological control agents on the basis of bacillus firmus are described in WO2009/124707. The compounds M.29.6a) to Μ.29.6Ϊ) listed under M.29.6 are described in WO2012/029672, and M.29.6j) and M.29.6k) in WO2013/129688. The nematicide M.29.8 is known from WO2013/055584. The isoxazoline M.29.9.a) is described in
WO2013/050317. The isoxazoline M.29.9.b) is described in WO2014/126208. The pyridalyl- type analogue M.29.10 is known from WO2010/060379. The carboxamides broflanilide and M.29.1 1 .ab) to M.29.1 1.h) are described in WO2010/018714, and the carboxamides M.29.1 1 i) to M.29.1 1 .p) in WO2010/127926. The pyridylthiazoles M.29.12.a) to M.29.12.c) are known from WO2010/006713, M.29.12.d) and M.29.12.e) are known from WO2012/000896, and M.29.12.†) to M.29.12. m) from WO2010/129497. The compounds M.29.14a) and M.29.14b) are known from WO2007/101369. The following list of fungicides, in conjunction with which the mixtures of the present invention, teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr can be used, is intended to illustrate the possible combinations but does not limit them:
A) Respiration inhibitors
- Inhibitors of complex III at Qo site (e. g. strobilurins): azoxystrobin (A.1.1 ), coumetrnoxy- strobin (A.1.2), coumoxystrobin (A.1.3), dimoxystrobin (A.1 .4), enestroburin (A.1.5), fenamin- strobin (A.1 .6), fenoxystrobin/flufenoxystrobin (A.1 .7), fluoxastrcnbin (A.1 .8), kresoxim-methyl (A.1.9), mandestrobin (A.1 .10), meto-rninostrobin (A.1.1 1 ), orysastrobin (A.1.12),
picoxy-1. strobin (A.1 .13), pyraclostrobin (A.1.14), pyrametostrobin (A.1.15), pyraoxystrobin (A.1 .16), tri-floxystrobin (A.1 .17), 2 (2-(3-(2,6-d chlorophenyl)-1 -methyl- allylidene^aminooxy^methyl)-phenyl)-2-methoxyimino-N methyl-acetamide (A.1.18), pyriben- carb (A.1 .19), triclopyricarb/chlorodin-Oarb (A.1 .20), famoxadone (A.1.21 ), fenamidone (A.1.21 ), inhibitors of complex III at Qi site: cyazofamid (A.2.1 ), amisulbrom (A.2.2),
[(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benz-"yl-3-[(3-acetoxy-4 methoxy-pyridine-2-carbonyl)amino]-6 methyl-4,9- dioxo-1 ,5-di->oxonan-7-yl] 2 methylpropanoate (A.2.3), [(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(acet- oxymeth-Oxy)-4-methoxy-pyridine-2 carbonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1 ,5-dioxonan-7-yl] 2 methylpropanoate (A.2.4), [(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[(3-isobut^oxycarbonyloxy-4-metl-HOxy- pyr dine-2 carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1 ,5-dioxonan-7-yl] 2-methylpro-,panoate (A.2.5), [(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[[3-(1 ,3-ben->zodioxol-5-ylmethoxy)-4-methoxy-pyri->dine-2 car-bonyl]amino]-6-methyl-4,9-d oxo-1 ,5-dioxonan-7-yl] 2-methyhpropanoate (A.2.6);
(3S,6S,7R,8R)-3-[[(3-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl]amino]-6 methyl-4,9-dioxo-8 (phenyhmethyl)-1 ,5-dioxonan-7-yl 2-methylpropanoate (A.2.7), (3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3 [3 [(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypicolinamido]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1 ,5-dioxonan-7-yl isobu- tyrate (A.2.8);
- inhibitors of complex II (e. g. carboxamides): benodanil (A.3.1 ), benzovindiflupyr (A.3.2), bixafen (A.3.3), boscalid (A.3.4), carboxin (A.3.5), fen->furam (A.3.6), fluopyram (A.3.7), flutolanil (A.3.8), fluxapyroxad (A.3.9), furametpyr (A.3.10), isofetamid (A.3.1 1 ), iso->pyrazam (A.3.12), mepronil (A.3.13), oxycarboxin (A.3.14), penflufen (A.3.14), penthiopyrad (A.3.15), sedaxane (A.3.16), tecloftalam (A.3.17), thifluz->amide (A.3.18), N-(4'-trifluoromethylthiobiphenyl-2-yl)-3 difluoromethyl-1 -methyl-1 H pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.19), N-(2-(1 ,3,3-trimethyl-butyl)- phenyl)-1 ,3-dimethyl-5 fluoro-1 H-pynazole-4 carboxamide (A.3.20), 3 (difluoromethyl)-l - methyl-N-(1 ,1 ,3-trimethyhindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.21 ), 3 (trifluoromethyl)-l - methyl-N-(1 ,1 ,3-trimethyhindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.22), 1 ,3-dimethyl-N-(1 ,1 ,3- trimethylindan-4-yl)pynazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.23), 3-(trifluorometh-"yl)-1 ,5-dimethyl-N- (1 ,1 ,3-trimethylindan-4-yl)-"pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.24), 1 ,3,5-tr methyl-N-(1 ,1 ,3- trimethylindan-4-yl)pyrazole-4-canboxamide (A.3.25), N-(7-fluoro-1 ,1 ,3-trimethyl-indan-4-yl)- 1 ^-dimethyl-pyrazole^-carbox-'amide (A.3.26), N-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methoxy-1 -methyl- ethyl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1 -methyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (A.3.27);
other respiration inhibitors (e. g. complex I, uncouplers): diflumetorim (A.4.1 ), (5,8-difluoro- quinazolin-4-yl)-{2-[2-fluoro-4-(4-trifluoromethylpyridin-2-yloxy)-phenyl]-ethyl}-amine (A.4.2); nitrophenyl derivates: binapacryl (A.4.3), dinobuton (A.4.4), dinocap (A.4.5), fluazinam (A.4.6); ferimzone (A.4.7); organometal compounds: fentin salts, such as fentin-acetate (A.4.8), fentin chloride (A.4.9) or fentin hydroxide (A.4.10); ametoctradin (A.4.1 1 ); and silthiofam (A.4.12); B) Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (SBI fungicides)
C14 demethylase inhibitors (DMI fungicides): triazoles: azaconazole (B.1 .1 ), bitertanol (B.1.2), bromuconazole (B.1.3), cyproconazole (B.1 .4), difenoconazole (B.1 .5), diniconazole (B.1.6), diniconazole-M (B.1 .7), epoxiconazole (B.1.8), fenbuconazole (B.1 .9), fluquinconazole (B.1.10), flusilazole (B.1 .1 1 ), flutriafol (B.1 .12), hexaconazole (B.1.13), imibenconazole (B.1.14), ipconazole (B.1 .15), metconazole (B.1.17), myclobutanil (B.1.18), oxpoconazole (B.1.19), paclobutrazole (B.1 .20), penconazole (B.1.21 ), propiconazole (B.1 .22), prothio-"Conazole (B.1.23), simeconazole (B.1 .24), tebuconazole (B.1.25), tetraconazole (B.1 .26), triadimefon (B.1.27), triadimenol (B.1 .28), triticonazole (B.1 .29), uniconazole (B.1 .30), 1 -[rel-(2S;3R)-3-(2- chloro-phenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-oxiranylmethyl]-5 thio->cyanato-1 H-[1 ,2,4]triazolo (B.1.31 ), 2-[rel-(2S;3R)-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-oxi-"ranyhmethyl]-2H [1 ,2,4]triazole-3- thiol (B.1 .32); imidazoles: imazalil (B.1.42), pefurazoate (B.1 .43), prochloraz (B.1.44), triflumizol (B.1.45); pyrimidines, pyridines and piperazines: fenarimol (B.1 .46), nuarimol (B.1 .47), pyrifenox (B.1.48), triforine (B.1 .49), [3-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-phenyl)-5-(2,4-difluoro-"phenyl)isoxazol-4-yl]-(3- pyridyl)methanol (B.1 .50);
Delta14-reductase inhibitors: aldimorph (B.2.1 ), dodemorph (B.2.2), dodemorph-acetate (B.2.3), fenpropimorph (B.2.4), tridemorph (B.2.5), fenpropidin (B.2.6), piperalin (B.2.7), spirox- amine (B.2.8);
Inhibitors of 3-keto reductase: fenhexamid (B.3.1 );
C) Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
phenylamides or acyl amino acid fungicides: benalaxyl (C.1.1 ), benalaxyl-M (C.1 .2), kiral- axyl (C.1.3), metalaxyl (C.1.4), metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam, C.1 .5), ofurace (C.1 .6), oxadixyl (C.1.7);
others: hymexazole (C.2.1 ), octhilinone (C.2.2), oxolinic acid (C.2.3), bupirimate (C.2.4), 5-fluorocytosine (C.2.5), 5-fluoro-2-(p-tolylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4-amine (C.2.6), 5-fluoro-2-(4- fluorophenylmethoxy)pyrimidin-4 amine (C.2.7);
D) Inhibitors of cell division and cytoskeleton
tubulin inhibitors, such as benzimidazoles, thiophanates: benomyl (D1.1 ), carbendazim (D1 .2), fuberidazole (D1.3), thiabendazole (D1 .4), thiophanate-methyl (D1.5); triazolopyrim- idines: 5-chloro-7 (4 methyhpiperidin-1 -yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluoro-,phenyl)-[1 ,2,4]tri-,azolo[1 ,5 a]pyrimidine (D1 .6);
other cell division inhibitors: diethofencarb (D2.1 ), ethaboxam (D2.2), pencycuron (D2.3), fluopicolide (D2.4), zoxamide (D2.5), metrafenone (D2.6), pyriofenone (D2.7);
E) Inhibitors of amino acid and protein synthesis
- methionine synthesis inhibitors (anilino-pyrimidines): cyprodinil (E.1 .1 ), mepan pyrim (E.1.2), pyrimethanil (E.1 .3);
protein synthesis inhibitors: blasticidin-S (E.2.1 ), kasugamycin (E.2.2), kasugamycin hy- drochloride-hydrate (E.2.3), mildiomycin (E.2.4), streptomycin (E.2.5), oxytetra-"cyclin (E.2.6), polyoxine (E.2.7), validamycin A (E.2.8);
F) Signal transduction inhibitors
MAP / histidine kinase inhibitors: fluoroimid (F.1 .1 ), iprodione (F.1 .2), procymidone (F.1 .3), vinclozolin (F.1 .4), fenpiclonil (F.1 .5), fludioxonil (F.1 .6);
G protein inhibitors: quinoxyfen (F.2.1 ); G) Lipid and membrane synthesis inhibitors
Phospholipid biosynthesis inhibitors: edifenphos (G.1.1 ), iprobenfos (G.1.2), pyrazo->phos (G.1.3), isoprothiolane (G.1 .4);
lipid peroxidation: dicloran (G.2.1 ), quintozene (G.2.2), tecnazene (G.2.3), tolclofos-methyl (G.2.4), biphenyl (G.2.5), chloroneb (G.2.6), etridiazole (G.2.7);
phospholipid biosynthesis and cell wall deposition: dimethomorph (G.3.1 ), flumorph (G.3.2), mandipropamid (G.3.3), pyrimorph (G.3.4), benthiavalicarb (G.3.5), iproval carb (G.3.6), valifenalate (G.3.7) and N-(1 -(1 -(4-cyano-phenyl)-"ethanesulfonyl)-but-2-yl) carbamic acid-(4-fluorophenyl) ester (G.3.8);
- compounds affecting cell membrane permeability and fatty acides: propamocarb (G.4.1 ); fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors: oxathiapiprolin (G.5.1 ), 2-{3-[2-(1 -{[3,5-bis(di- fluoromethyl-1 H-pyrazol-1 -yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl)-1 ,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1 ,2 oxazol-5- yl}phenyl methanesulfonate (G.5.2), 2-{3-[2-(1 -{[3,5-bis(difluoro->me->thyl)-1 H-pyrazol-1 - yl]acetyl}piperidin-4-yl) 1 ,3-thiazol-4-yl]-4,5-dihydro-1 ,2-oxazol-5 yl}-3-chlorophenyl methanesul- fonate (G.5.3);
H) Inhibitors with Multi Site Action
inorganic active substances: Bordeaux mixture (H.1 .1 ), copper acetate (H.1.2), copper hydroxide (H.1.3), copper oxychloride (H.1 .4), basic copper sulfate (H.1 .5), sulfur (H.1.6);
thio- and dithiocarbamates: ferbam (H.2.1 ), mancozeb (H.2.2), maneb (H.2.3), metam (H.2.4), metiram (H.2.5), propineb (H.2.6), thiram (H.2.7), zineb (H.2.8), ziram (H.2.9);
organochlorine compounds (e. g. phthalimides, sulfamides, chloronitriles): anilazine (H.3.1 ), chlorothalonil (H.3.2), captafol (H.3.3), captan (H.3.4), folpet (H.3.5), dichlofluanid (H.3.6), dichlorophen (H.3.7), hexachlorcnbenzene (H.3.8), pentachlorphenole (H.3.9) and its salts, phthalide (H.3.10), tolylfluanid (H.3.1 1 ), N (4-chloro-2-nitro-phenyl)-N-ethyl-4-methyl- benzenesulfonamide (H.3.12);
guanidines and others: guanidine (H.4.1 ), dodine (H.4.2), dodine free base (H.4.3), guaza- tine (H.4.4), guazatine-acetate (H.4.5), iminoctadine (H.4.6), iminoctadine-triacetate (H.4.7), iminoctadine-tris(albesilate) (H.4.8), dithianon (H.4.9), 2,6-d methyl-1 H,5H-[1 ,4]dithiino[2,3- c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1 ,3,5,7(2H,6H)-tetraone (H.4.10);
I) Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
inhibitors of glucan synthesis: validamycin (1.1.1 ), polyoxin B (1.1 .2);
melanin synthesis inhibitors: pyroquilon (1.2.1 ), tricyclazole (1.2.2), carpropamid (1.2.3), di- cyclomet (I.2.4), fenoxanil (I.2.5);
J) Plant defence inducers
- acibenzolar-S-methyl (J.1.1 ), probenazole (J.1.2), isotianil (J.1.3), tiadinil (J.1 .4), prohexa- dione-calcium (J.1.5); phosphonates: fosetyl (J.1 .6), fosetyl-aluminum (J.1.7), phosphorous acid and its salts (J.1.8), potassium or sodium bicarbonate (J.1 .9);
K) Unknown mode of action
bronopol (K.1.1 ), chinomethionat (K.1.2), cyflufenamid (K.1 .3), cymoxanil (K.1.4), dazomet (K.1.5), debacarb (K.1.6), diclo-rnezine (K.1 .7), difenzoquat (K.1 .8), difenzoquat-methylsulfate (K.1.9), diphenylamin (K.1 .10), fenpyrazamine (K.1.1 1 ), flumetover (K.1.12), flusulfamide (K.1.13), flutianil (K.1.14), methasulfocarb (K.1 .15), nitrapyrin (K.1 .16), nitrothal-isopropyl (K.1.18), oxathiapiprolin (K.1 .19), tolprocarb (K.1 .20), oxin-copper (K.1 .21 ), proquinazid (K.1.22), tebufloquin (K.1.23), tecloftalam (K.1 .24), triazoxide (K.1.25), 2 butoxy-6-iodo-3 propylchromen-4-one (K.1 .26), 2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-1 -yl]-1 -[4-(4-{5-[2-(prop-2- yn-1 -yloxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1 ,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1 ,3-thiazol-2-yl)piperidin-1 -yl]etha-"none
(K.1.27), 2-[3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-1 -yl]-1 -[4-(4-{5-[2-fluoro-6-(prop-2-yn-1 - yhoxy)phenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1 ,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1 ,3-th azol-2-yl)piperidin-1 -yl]ethanone (K.1.28), 2 [3,5-bis(difluoromethyl)-1 H-pyrazol-1 -yl]-1 -[4-(4-{5-[2-chloro-6-(prop-2-yn-1 -yhoxy)phenyl]-4,5- dihydro-1 ,2-oxazol-3-yl}-1 ,3-thiazol-2 yl)piperidin-1 -yl]ethanone (K.1.29), N-(cyclo- propylmethoxyimino-(6-difluoro-methoxy-2,3 d fluoro-pheny -methyl^-phenyl acetamide (K.1.30), N'-(4-(4-chloro-3-trifluoro-,methyl-phen-'oxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N methyl formamidine (K.1 .31 ), N' (4-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoro-,methyl-phenoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-N-ethyl- N-methyl formamidine (K.1.32), N'-(2-methyl-5-trifluoromethyl-4-(3-trimethyhsilanyl-prop-,oxy)- phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl forma^midine (K.1 .33), N'-(5-difluoromethyl-2 methyl-4-(3-tri- methylsilanyl-propoxy)-phenyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl formamidine (K.1.34), methoxy-acetic acid 6- tert-butyl-8-fluoro-2,3-dimethyl-quinolin-4-yl ester (K.1 .35), 3-[5-(4-methylphenyl)-2,3-dimethyl- isoxazolidin-3 yl]-pyridine (K.1 .36), 3 [5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-isoxazolidin-3-yl]-pyridine (pyrisoxazole) (K.1.37), N-(6-metrHoxy-pyridin-3-yl) cyclopropane-Oarboxylic acid amide (K.1.38), 5-chloro-1 (4,6-di-"methoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)-2-methyl-1 H-ben->zoimidazole (K.1 .39), 2- (4-chloro-phenyl)-N-[4-(3,4-dimeth-"oxy-phenyl)-isoxazol-5-yl]-2-prop-2-ynyloxy-acetamide, ethyl (Z) 3 amino-2-cyano-3-phenyl-prop-2-enoate (K.1.40), picarbutrazox (K.1.41 ), pentyl N-[6-[[(Z)- [(l -methyltetrazol-S-y -phenyl-methylenelaminoloxymethy ^-pyridy carbamate (K.1 .42), 2-[2- [(7,8-difluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]-6-fluoro-phenyl]propan-2-ol (K.1 .43), 2-[2-fluoro-6-[(8- fluoro-2-methyl-3-quinolyl)oxy]-"phen-yl]propan-2-ol (K.1 .44), 3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4- dihydroiso^quinolin-l -yl^quinoline (K.1 .45), 3-(4,4-difluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin- l -y -'quin-'oline (K.1 .46), 3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1 -yl)quinoline (K.1.47), 9-fluoro-2,2-dimethyl-5-(3-quinolyl)-3H 1 ,4-benzoxazepine (K.1.48).
The fungicides described by common names, their preparation and their activity e.g. against harmful fungi is known (cf.: http://www.alanwood.net/pesticides/); these substances are commercially available.
The fungicides described by lUPAC nomenclature, their preparation and their pesticidal activi- ty is also known (cf. Can. J. Plant Sci. 48(6), 587-94, 1968; EP A 141 317; EP-A 152 031 ; EP-A 226 917; EP A 243 970; EP A 256 503; EP-A 428 941 ; EP-A 532 022; EP-A 1 028 125; EP-A 1 035 122; EP A 1 201 648; EP A 1 122 244, JP 2002316902; DE 19650197; DE 10021412; DE 102005009458; US 3,296,272; US 3,325,503; WO 98/46608; WO 99/14187; WO 99/24413; WO 99/27783; WO 00/29404; WO 00/46148; WO 00/65913; WO 01/54501 ; WO 01/56358; WO 02/22583; WO 02/40431 ; WO 03/10149; WO 03/1 1853; WO 03/14103; WO 03/16286; WO 03/53145; WO 03/61388; WO 03/66609; WO 03/74491 ; WO 04/49804; WO 04/83193; WO 05/120234; WO 05/123689; WO 05/123690; WO 05/63721 ; WO 05/87772; WO 05/87773; WO 06/15866; WO 06/87325; WO 06/87343; WO 07/82098; WO 07/90624, WO 1 1/028657, WO2012/168188, WO 2007/006670, WO 201 1/77514; WO13/047749, WO 10/069882, WO 13/047441 , WO 03/16303, WO 09/90181 , WO 13/127704, WO 13/024009, WO 13/024010 and WO 13/047441 , WO 13/162072, WO 13/092224, WO 1 1/135833).
The following mixtures are preferred: With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, a compound II selected from group of GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists as defined above is preferred, in particular group fiproles, especially preferred ethiprole and fipronil.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and tefluben- zuron as component I, with fipronil as component II are particularly preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, a compound II selected from group of Sodium channel modulators as defined above is preferred, in particular pyre- throids, especially preferred alpha-cypermethrin and cyhalothrin.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and tefluben- zuron as component I, with alpha-cypermethrin as component II are particularly preferred.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with cyhalothrin as component II are particularly preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, a compound II selected from group of Neonicotinoids as defined above is preferred, in particular clothianidin, dinote- furan, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, or thiamethoxam.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with thiamethoxam as component II are especially preferred.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with clothianidin as component II are also preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with dinotefuran as component II are also preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with imidacloprid as component II are also preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with thiacloprid as component II are also preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with sulfoxaflor as compound II are also preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is selected from group of Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor allosteric activators and is preferably spinosad or spinetoram.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is selected from group of Chloride channel activators and is preferably an avermectin.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with abamectin as component II are especially preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is selected from group of Selective homopteran feeding blockers and is preferably pymetrozine or flonicamid. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with pymetrozine as component II are especially preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with flonicamid as component II are especially preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the component II is selected from group of Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation via disruption of the proton gradient and is preferably chlorfenapyr. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with chlorfenapyr as component II are especially preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is selected from group of Inhibitors of the chitin biosynthesis type 1 ) and is preferably buprofezin.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is selected from group of Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers) and is preferably metaflumizone.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is selected from group of Inhibitors of the of acetyl CoA carboxylase and is preferably a Tetronic or Tetramic acid derivative, spirodiclofen, spiromesifen or spiro- tetramat.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and tefluben- zuron as component I, with Tetronic Acid as component II are preferred. Mixtures of
chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with Tetramic Acid as component II are also preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with Tetramic Acid as component II are also preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is selected from group of Ryanodine receptor-modulators and is preferably chlorantraniliprole or cyantraniliprole. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with chlorantraniliprole as component II are especially preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with cyantraniliprole as component II are especially preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, in an embodiment of the invention, the compound II is sulfoxaflor. With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, a compound II selected from the group of the azoles is preferred, especially prochloraz, prothioconazole, tebuconazole and triticonazole, especially prothioconazole and triticonazole.
Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with triticonazole as component II are particularly preferred. Mixtures of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with prothioconazole as component II are particularly preferred.
With regard to the use in a pesticidal mixture of the present invention, preferred is a compound II selected from the group of benomyl, carbendazim, epoxiconazole, fluquinconazole, flutriafol, flusilazole, metconazole, prochloraz, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, triticonazole, pyra- clostrobin, trifloxystrobin, boscalid, dimethomorph, penthiopyrad, dodemorph, famoxadone, fenpropimorph, proquinazid, pyrimethanil, tridemorph, compound ll-TFPTAP (5-chloro-7-(4- methylpiperidin-1 -yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)-[1 ,2,4]triazolo[1 ,5-a]pyrimidine), maneb, man- cozeb, metiram, thiram, chlorothalonil, dithianon, flusulfamide,metrafenone, fluxapyroxad (N- (3',4',5' trifluorobiphenyl-2 yl)-3-difluoromethyl-1 -methyl-1 H-pyrazole-4 carboxamide), bixafen, penflufen, sedaxane, isopyrazam. Especially preferred is pyraclostrobin and fluxapyroxad.
In a particular preferred embodiment, the mixture comprise as an additional component a compound against which the cultivated plant is resistant.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that the use of mixtures of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I, with (ii) compounds II as defined herein as component II, in cultivated plants displays a synergistic effect between the trait of the cultivated plant and the applied compounds.
Thus, the present invention relates to methods for controlling pests of a cultivated plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II as defined above to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
It has also been found that the application of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as defined above on cultivated plants provides enhanced plant health effects, compared to the plant health effects that are possible by application of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron on non- cultivated plants.
It has also been found that the application of a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one com- pound II as defined above as component II on cultivated plants provides enhanced plant health effects, compared to the plant health effects that are possible by application of a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II on non-cultivated plants. The term "health of a plant" or "plant health" is defined as a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several aspects alone or in combination with each other such as yield, plant vigor, quality and tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress.
It has to be emphasized that the above mentioned plant health effects are also present when the cultivated plant is not under biotic stress and in particular when the cultivated plant is not under pest pressure. It is evident that a cultivated plant suffering from fungal or insecticidal attack produces a smaller biomass and leads to a reduced yield as compared to a cultivated plant which has been subjected to curative or preventive treatment against the pathogenic fungus or any other relevant pest and which can grow without the damage caused by the biotic stress factor. However, the methods according to the invention lead to an enhanced plant health even in the absence of any biotic stress. This means that increased plant health cannot be explained just by the insecticidal (or herbicidal) activities of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with at least one compound II as component II, but are based on further activity profiles. Thus, the method of the present invention also be carried out in the absence of pest pressure.
Each listed plant health indicator listed below, and which is selected from the groups consisting of yield, plant vigor, quality and tolerance to abiotic and/or biotic stress, is to be understood as a preferred embodiment of the present invention either each on its own or preferably in combination with each other.
According to the present invention, "increased yield" of a cultivated plant means that the yield of a product of the respective cultivated plant is increased via application of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with at least one compound II as component II by a measurable amount over the yield of the same product of the respective control plant produced under the same conditions and also under application of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with at least one compound II as component II.
Increased yield can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the cultivated plant: increased plant weight, increased plant height, increased biomass such as higher overall fresh weight (FW), increased number of flowers per plant, higher grain and/or fruit yield, more tillers or side shoots (branches), larger leaves, increased shoot growth, increased protein content, increased oil content, increased starch content, increased pigment content, increased chlorophyll content (chlorophyll content has a positive correlation with the plant's photosynthesis rate and accordingly, the higher the chlorophyll content the higher the yield of a plant)
"Grain" and "fruit" are to be understood as any cultivated plant product which is further utilized after harvesting, e.g. fruits in the proper sense, vegetables, nuts, grains, seeds, wood (e.g. in the case of silviculture plants), flowers (e.g. in the case of gardening plants, ornamentals) etc., that is anything of economic value that is produced by the plant.
According to the present invention, the yield is increased by at least 4 %, preferable by 5 to 10 %, more preferable by 10 to 20 %, or even 20 to 30 %. In general, the yield increase may even be higher.
Another indicator for the condition of the cultivated plant is the plant vigor. The plant vigor becomes manifest in several aspects such as the general visual appearance.
Improved plant vigor can be characterized, among others, by the following improved properties of the cultivated plant: improved vitality of the cultivated plant, improved plant growth, improved plant development, improved visual appearance, improved plant stand (less plant
verse/lodging), improved emergence, enhanced root growth and/or more developed root system, enhanced nodulation, in particular rhizobial nodulation, bigger leaf blade, bigger size, increased plant height, increased tiller number, increased number of side shoots, increased number of flowers per plant, increased shoot growth, enhanced photosynthetic activity (e.g. based on increased stomatal conductance and/or increased CO2 assimilation rate) , enhanced pigment content-, earlier flowering, earlier fruiting, earlier and improved germination, earlier grain maturity, less non-productive tillers, less dead basal leaves, less input needed (such as fertilizers or water), greener leaves, complete maturation under shortened vegetation periods, less seeds needed, easier harvesting, faster and more uniform ripening, longer shelf-life, longer panicles, delay of senescence , stronger and/or more productive tillers, better extractability of ingredients, improved quality of seeds (for being seeded in the following seasons for seed production) and/or reduced production of ethylene and/or the inhibition of its reception by the cultivated plant.
Another indicator for the condition of the cultivated plant is the "quality" of a cultivated plant and/or its products. According to the present invention, enhanced quality means that certain plant characteristics such as the content or composition of certain ingredients are increased or improved by a measurable or noticeable amount over the same factor of the control plant pro- duced under the same conditions. Enhanced quality can be characterized, among others, by following improved properties of the cultivated plant or its product: increased nutrient content, increased protein content, increased content of fatty acids, increased metabolite content, increased carotenoid content, increased sugar content, increased amount of essential amino acids, improved nutrient composition, improved protein composition, improved composition of fatty acids, improved metabolite composition, improved carotenoid composition, improved sugar composition, improved amino acids composition , improved or optimal fruit color, improved leaf color, higher storage capacity, higher processability of the harvested products.
Another indicator for the condition of the cultivated plant is the plant's tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors. Biotic and abiotic stress, especially over longer terms, can have harmful effects on cultivated plants. Biotic stress is caused by living organisms while abiotic stress is caused for example by environmental extremes. According to the present invention, "enhanced tolerance or resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress factors" means (1 .) that certain negative factors caused by biotic and/or abiotic stress are diminished in a measurable or noticeable amount as compared to control plants exposed to the same conditions and (2.) that the negative effects are not diminished by a direct action of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II on the stress factors, e.g. by its insecticidal action, but rather by a stimulation of the cultivated plants' own defensive reactions against said stress factors.
Negative factors caused by biotic stress such as pathogens and pests are widely known and range from dotted leaves to total destruction of the cultivated plant. Biotic stress can be caused by living organisms, such as competing plants (for example weeds), microorganisms (such as phythopathogenic fungi and/or bacteria) and/or viruses.
Negative factors caused by abiotic stress are also well-known and can often be observed as reduced plant vigor (see above), for example: dotted leaves, "burned leaves", reduced growth, less flowers, less biomass, less crop yields, reduced nutritional value of the crops, later crop maturity, to give just a few examples. Abiotic stress can be caused for example by: extremes in temperature such as heat or cold (heat stress / cold stress), strong variations in temperature, temperatures unusual for the specific season, drought (drought stress), extreme wetness, high salinity (salt stress), radiation (for example by increased UV radiation due to the decreasing ozone layer), increased ozone levels (ozone stress), organic pollution (for example by phytho- toxic amounts of pesticides), inorganic pollution (for example by heavy metal contaminants). As a result of biotic and/or abiotic stress factors, the quantity and the quality of the stressed cultivated plants, their crops and fruits decrease. As far as quality is concerned, reproductive development is usually severely affected with consequences on the crops which are important for fruits or seeds. Synthesis, accumulation and storage of proteins are mostly affected by tem- perature; growth is slowed by almost all types of stress; polysaccharide synthesis, both structural and storage is reduced or modified: these effects result in a decrease in biomass (yield) and in changes in the nutritional value of the product.
Advantageous properties, obtained especially from treated seeds, are e.g. improved germination and field establishment, better vigor and/or a more homogen field establishment.
As pointed out above, the above identified indicators for the health condition of a cultivated plant may be interdependent and may result from each other. For example, an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress may lead to a better plant vigor, e.g. to better and bigger crops, and thus to an increased yield. Inversely, a more developed root system may result in an increased resistance to biotic and/or abiotic stress. However, these interdependences and in- teractions are neither all known nor fully understood and therefore the different indicators are described separately.
In one embodiment of the invention, the methods of the present invention increase the yield of plants (such as to increase the weight per grain, or the yield by kg/ha).
In another embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased vigor of a plant or its product.
In another embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate in an increased quality of a plant or its product.
In yet another embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against biotic stress.
In yet another embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against abiotic stress, especially against drought or cold.
In yet another embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased an increased oil or protein content in the kernel.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the methods of the present invention increase the yield of plants (such as to increase the weight per grain, or the yield by kg/ha).
In another embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased tolerance and/or resistance of a plant or its product against abiotic stress, especially against drought or cold.
In yet another preferred embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased an increased oil content in the kernel.
In yet another preferred embodiment the methods of the present invention effectuate an increased an increased protein content in the kernel. Thus, the present invention also relates to methods increasing the plant health, in particular the yield of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II to a cultivated plant, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
The present invention also comprises plant propagation material, preferably seed, of a culti- vated plant treated with chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with at least one compound II as component II.
The term cultivated plant(s) includes to "modified plant(s)" and "transgenic plant(s)".
In one embodiment of the invention, the term "cultivated plants" refers to "modified plants". In one embodiment of the invention, the term "cultivated plants" refers to "transgenic plants". "Modified plants" are those which have been modified by conventional breeding techniques. The term "modification" means in relation to modified plants a change in the genome, epigenome, tran- scriptome or proteome of the modified plant, as compared to the control, wild type, mother or parent plant whereby the modification confers a trait (or more than one trait) or confers the increase of a trait (or more than one trait) as listed below. Preferably, the term "cultivated plant" refers to a plant, which has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
The modification may result in the modified plant to be a different, for example a new plant variety than the parental plant.
"Transgenic plants" are those, which genetic material has been modified by the use of recombinant DNA techniques that under natural circumstances can not readily be obtained by cross breeding, mutations or natural recombination, whereby the modification confers a trait (or more than one trait) or confers the increase of a trait (or more than one trait) as listed below as compared to the wild-type plant. Preferably, the term "transgenic plant" refers to a plant, which has been modified by genetic engineering.
In one embodiment, one or more genes have been integrated into the genetic material of a genetically modified plant in order to improve certain properties of the plant, preferably increase a trait as listed below as compared to the wild-type plant. Such genetic modifications also include but are not limited to targeted post-translational modification of protein(s), or to post- transcriptional modifications of oligo- or polypeptides e.g. by glycosylation or polymer additions such as prenylated, acetylated, phosphorylated or farnesylated moieties or PEG moieties.
In one embodiment under the term "modification" when reffering to a transgenic plant or parts thereof is understood that the activity, expression level or amount of a gene product or the metabolite content is changed, e.g. increased or decreased, in a specific volume relative to a cor- responding volume of a control, reference or wild-type plant or plant cell, including the de novo creation of the activity or expression.
In one embodiment the activity of a polypeptide is increased or generated by expression or overexpresion of the gene coding for said polypeptide which confers a trait or confers the increase of a trait as listed below as compared to the control plant. The term "expression" or "gene expression" means the transcription of a specific gene or specific genes or specific genetic construct. The term "expression" or "gene expression" in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA), regulatory RNA (e.g. miRNA, RNAi, RNAa) or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into a pro- tein.ln another embodiment the term "expression" or "gene expression" in particular means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into structural RNA (rRNA, tRNA) or mRNA with or without subsequent translation of the latter into a protein. In yet another embodiment it means the transcription of a gene or genes or genetic construct into mRNA.
The process includes transcription of DNA and processing of the resulting mRNA product. The term "increased expression" or "overexpression" as used herein means any form of expression that is additional to the original wild-type expression level.
The term "expression of a polypeptide" is understood in one embodiment to mean the level of said protein or polypeptide, preferably in an active form, in a cell or organism.
In one embodiment the activity of a polypeptide is decreased by decreased expression of the gene coding for said polypeptide which confers a trait or confers the increase of a trait as listed below as compared to the control plant. Reference herein to "decreased expression" or "reduction or substantial elimination" of expression is taken to mean a decrease in endogenous gene expression and/or polypeptide levels and/or polypeptide activity relative to control plants. It comprises further reducing, repressing, decreasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid molecule.
The terms "reduction", "repression", "decrease" or "deletion" relate to a corresponding change of a property in an organism, a part of an organism such as a tissue, seed, root, tuber, fruit, leave, flower etc. or in a cell. Under "change of a property" it is understood that the activity, ex- pression level or amount of a gene product or the metabolite content is changed in a specific volume or in a specific amount of protein relative to a corresponding volume or amount of protein of a control, reference or wild type. Preferably, the overall activity in the volume is reduced, decreased or deleted in cases if the reduction, decrease or deletion is related to the reduction, decrease or deletion of an activity of a gene product, independent whether the amount of gene product or the specific activity of the gene product or both is reduced, decreased or deleted or whether the amount, stability or translation efficacy of the nucleic acid sequence or gene encoding for the gene product is reduced, decreased or deleted.
The terms "reduction", "repression", "decrease" or "deletion" include the change of said property in only parts of the subject of the present invention, for example, the modification can be found in compartment of a cell, like an organelle, or in a part of a plant, like tissue, seed, root, leave, tuber, fruit, flower etc. but is not detectable if the overall subject, i.e. complete cell or plant, is tested. Preferably, the "reduction", "repression", "decrease" or "deletion" is found cellular, thus the term "reduction, decrease or deletion of an activity" or "reduction, decrease or deletion of a metabolite content" relates to the cellular reduction, decrease or deletion compared to the wild type cell. In addition the terms "reduction", "repression", "decrease" or "deletion" include the change of said property only during different growth phases of the organism used in the inventive process, for example the reduction, repression, decrease or deletion takes place only during the seed growth or during blooming. Furthermore the terms include a transitional reduction, decrease or deletion for example because the used method, e.g. the antisense, RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, cosuppression molecule, or ribozyme, is not stable integrated in the genome of the organism or the reduction, decrease, repression or deletion is under control of a regulatory or inducible element, e.g. a chemical or otherwise inducible promoter, and has therefore only a transient effect. Methods to achieve said reduction, decrease or deletion in an expression product are known in the art, for example from the international patent application WO 2008/034648, particularly in paragraphs [0020.1 .1.1], [0040.1 .1.1], [0040.2.1 .1] and [0041 .1 .1.1].
Reducing, repressing, decreasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid mole- cule in modified plants is known. Examples are canola i.e. double nill oilseed rape with reduced amounts of erucic acid and sinapins.
Such a decrease can also be achieved for example by the use of recombinant DNA technology, such as antisense or regulatory RNA (e.g. miRNA, RNAi, RNAa) or siRNA approaches. In particular RNAi, snRNA, dsRNA, siRNA, miRNA, ta-siRNA, cosuppression molecule, ribozyme, or antisense nucleic acid molecule, a nucleic acid molecule conferring the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of a protein or a nucleic acid construct capable to recombine with and silence, inactivate, repress or reduces the activity of an endogenous gene may be used to decrease the activity of a polypeptide in a transgenic plant or parts thereof or a plant cell thereof used in one embodiment of the methods of the invention. Examples of transgenic plants with reduced, repressed, decreased or deleted expression product of a nucleic acid molecule are Carica papaya (Papaya plants) with the event name X17-2 of the University of Florida, Prunus domestica (Plum) with the event name C5 of the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, or those listed in rows T9-48 and T9-49 of table 9 below. Also known are plants with increased resistance to nematodes for example by reducing, repressing, de- creasing or deleting of an expression product of a nucleic acid molecule, e.g. from the PCT publication WO 2008/095886.
The reduction or substantial elimination is in increasing order of preference at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or more reduced compared to that of control plants. Reference herein to an "endogenous" gene not only refers to the gene in question as found in a plant in its natural form (i.e., without there being any human intervention), but also refers to that same gene (or a substantially homologous nucleic acid/gene) in an isolated form subsequently (re)introduced into a plant (a transgene). For example, a transgenic plant containing such a transgene may encounter a substantial reduction of the transgene expression and/or substantial reduction of expression of the endogenous gene. The terms "control" or "reference" are exchangeable and can be a cell or a part of a plant such as an organelle like a chloroplast or a tissue, in particular a plant, which was not modified or treated according to the herein described process according to the invention. Accordingly, the plant used as control or reference corresponds to the plant as much as possible and is as identical to the subject matter of the invention as possible. Thus, the control or reference is treated identically or as identical as possible, saying that only conditions or properties might be different which do not influence the quality of the tested property other than the treatment of the present invention.
It is possible that control or reference plants are wild-type plants. However, "control" or "reference" may refer to plants carrying at least one genetic modification, when the plants employed in the process of the present invention carry at least one genetic modification more than said control or reference plants. In one embodiment control or reference plants may be transgenic but differ from transgenic plants employed in the process of the present invention only by said modification contained in the transgenic plants employed in the process of the present inven- tion.
The term "wild type" or "wild-type plants" refers to a plant without said genetic modification. These terms can refer to a cell or a part of a plant such as an organelle like a chloroplast or a tissue, in particular a plant, which lacks said genetic modification but is otherwise as identical as possible to the plants with at least one genetic modification employed in the present invention. In a particular embodiment the "wild-type" plant is not transgenic.
Preferably, the wild type is identically treated according to the herein described process according to the invention. The person skilled in the art will recognize if wild-type plants will not require certain treatments in advance to the process of the present invention, e.g. non- transgenic wild-type plants will not need selection for transgenic plants for example by treatment with a selecting agent such as a herbicide.
The control plant may also be a nullizygote of the plant to be assessed. The term "nullizy- gotes" refers to a plant that has undergone the same production process as a transgenic, yet has lost the once aquired genetic modification (e.g. due to mendelian segregation)as the corre- sponding transgenic. If the starting material of said production process is transgenic, then nul- lizygotes are also transgenic but lack the additional genetic modification introduced by the production process. In the process of the present invention the purpose of wild-type and nullizy- gotes is the same as the one for control and reference or parts thereof. All of these serve as controls in any comparison to provide evidence of the advantageous effect of the present inven- tion.
Preferably, any comparison is carried out under analogous conditions. The term "analogous conditions" means that all conditions such as, for example, culture or growing conditions, soil, nutrient, water content of the soil, temperature, humidity or surrounding air or soil, assay conditions (such as buffer composition, temperature, substrates, pathogen strain, concentrations and the like) are kept identical between the experiments to be compared. The person skilled in the art will recognize if wild-type, control or reference plants will not require certain treatments in advance to the process of the present invention, e.g. non-transgenic wild-type plants will not need selection for transgenic plants for example by treatment with herbicide.
In case that the conditions are not analogous the results can be normalized or standardized based on the control.
The "reference", "control", or "wild type" is preferably a plant, which was not modified or treated according to the herein described process of the invention and is in any other property as similar to a plant, employed in the process of the present invention of the invention as possible. The reference, control or wild type is in its genome, transcriptome, proteome or metabolome as simi- lar as possible to a plant, employed in the process of the present invention of the present invention. Preferably, the term "reference-" "control-" or "wild-type-" plant, relates to a plant, which is nearly genetically identical to the organelle, cell, tissue or organism, in particular plant, of the present invention or a part thereof preferably 90% or more, e.g. 95%, more preferred are 98%, even more preferred are 99,00%, in particular 99,10%, 99,30%, 99,50%, 99,70%, 99,90%, 99,99%, 99,999% or more. Most preferable the "reference", "control", or "wild type" is a plant, which is genetically identical to the plant, cell, a tissue or organelle used according to the process of the invention except that the responsible or activity conferring nucleic acid molecules or the gene product encoded by them have been amended, manipulated, exchanged or introduced in the organelle, cell, tissue, plant, employed in the process of the present invention.
Preferably, the reference and the subject matter of the invention are compared after standardization and normalization, e.g. to the amount of total RNA, DNA, or protein or activity or expression of reference genes, like housekeeping genes, such as ubiquitin, actin or ribosomal pro- teins.
The genetic modification carried in the organelle, cell, tissue, in particular plant used in the process of the present invention is in one embodiment stable e.g. due to a stable transgenic integration or to a stable mutation in the corresponding endogenous gene or to a modulation of the expression or of the behaviour of a gene, or transient, e.g. due to an transient transfor- mation or temporary addition of a modulator such as an agonist or antagonist or inducible, e.g. after transformation with a inducible construct carrying a nucleic acid molecule under control of a inducible promoter and adding the inducer, e.g. tetracycline.
In one embodiment preferred plants, from which "modified plants" and/or "transgenic plants" are be selected from the group consisting of cereals, such as maize (corn), wheat, barley sor- ghum, rice, rye, millet, triticale, oat, pseudocereals (such as buckwheat and quinoa), alfalfa, apples, banana, beet, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, canola (rapeseed), carrot, cauliflower, cherries, chickpea, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard, collard, cotton, cranberries, creeping bentgrass, cucumber, eggplant, flax, grape, grapefruit, kale, kiwi, kohlrabi, melon, mizuna, mustard, papaya, peanut, pears, pepper, persimmons, pigeonpea, pineapple, plum, potato, raspberry, rutabaga, soybean, squash, strawberries, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet corn, tobacco, tomato, turnip, walnut, watermelon and winter squash,
more preferably from the group consisting of alfalfa, canola (rapeseed), cotton, rice, maize, cerals (such as wheat, barley, rye, oat), soybean, fruits and vegetables (such as potato, tomato, melon, papaya), pome fruits (such as apple and pear), vine, sugarbeet, sugarcane, rape, citrus fruits (such as citron, lime, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, and mandarin) and stone fruits (such as cherry, apricot and peach), most preferably from cotton, rice, maize, cerals (such as wheat, barley, rye, oat), sorghum, squash, soybean, potato, vine, pome fruits (such as apple), citrus fruits (such as citron and orange), sugarbeet, sugarcane, rape, oilseed rape and tomatoes,, utmost preferably from cotton, rice, maize, wheat, barley, rye, oat, soybean, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron and orange.
In another embodiment of the invention the cultivated plant is a gymnosperm plant, especially a spruce, pine or fir.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein chlorfenapyr is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein teflubenzuron, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as defined above as component II, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of chlorfenapyr as component I and at least one compound II as defined above as component II, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T.
In some embodiments, the invention relates to methods and uses, wherein a mixture of teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as defined above as component II, is applied in an application type which corresponds in each case to one row of Table AP-T. Table AP-T
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000079_0002
The cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait. The term "trait" refers to a property, which is present in the plant either by genetic engineering or by conventional breeding techniques. Each trait has to be assessed in relation to its respective control. Examples of traits are: herbicide tolerance, insect resistance by expression of bacterial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance, antibiotic resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification of chemicals present in the cultivated plant, preferably increasing the content of fine chemicals advantageous for applications in the field of the food and/or feed industry, the cosmetics industry and/or the pharmaceutical industry, modified nutrient uptake, preferably an increased nutrient use efficiency and/or resistance to conditions of nutrient deficiency, improved fiber quality, plant vigor, modified colour, fertility restoration, and male sterility.
Principally, cultivated plants may also comprise combinations of the aforementioned traits, e.g. they may be tolerant to the action of herbicides and express bacertial toxins.
Principally, all cultivated plants may also provide combinations of the aforementioned proper- ties, e.g. they may be tolerant to the action of herbicides and express bacertial toxins.
In the detailed description below, the term "plant" refers to a cultivated plant.
Tolerance to herbicides can be obtained by creating insensitivity at the site of action of the herbicide by expression of a target enzyme which is resistant to herbicide; rapid metabolism (conjugation or degradation) of the herbicide by expression of enzymes which inactivate herbicide; or poor uptake and translocation of the herbicide. Examples are the expression of en- zymes which are tolerant to the herbicide in comparison to wild type enzymes, such as the expression of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), which is tolerant to glyphosate (see e.g. Heck et.al, Crop Sci. 45, 2005, 329-339; Funke et.al, PNAS 103, 2006, 13010- 13015; US 5188642, US 4940835, US 5633435, US 5804425, US 5627061 ), the expression of glutamine synthase which is tolerant to glufosinate and bialaphos (see e.g. US 5646024, US 5561236) and DNA constructs coding for dicamba-degrading enzymes (see e.g. US 7105724). Gene constructs can be obtained, for example, from micro-organism or plants, which are tolerant to said herbicides, such as the Agrobacterium strain CP4 EPSPS which is resistant to glyphosate; Streptomyces bacteria which are resistance to glufosinate; Arabidopsis, Daucus carota, Pseudomonoas spp. or Zea mais with chimeric gene sequences coding for HDDP (see e.g. WO 1996/38567, WO 2004/55191 ); Arabidopsis thaliana which is resistant to protox inhibitors (see e.g. US 2002/0073443).
Tolerance to glyphosate can also be achieved by any one of the genes 2mepsps, epsps, gat4601 , goxv247 or mepsps.
Tolerance to glufosinate can be achieved by any one of the genes bar, pat or pat(syn).
Preferaby, the herbicide tolerant plant can be selected from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat; canola, sorghum, soybean, rice, oil seed rape, sugar beet, sugarcane, grapes, lentils, sunflowers, alfalfa, pome fruits; stone fruits; peanuts; coffee; tea; strawberries; turf; vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits and lettuce, more preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape in particular canola, tomatoes, potatoes, sugarcane, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat. More preferably, the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize), Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Oryza sativa L. (rice), preferably from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize) and Glycine max L. (soybean). Particularly preferably, the cultivated plant is Glycine max L. (soybean).
Examples of commercial available transgenic plants with tolerance to herbicides, are the corn varieties "Roundup Ready Corn", "Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto), "Agrisure GT", "Agrisure GT/CB/LL", "Agrisure GT/RW",„Agrisure 3000GT" (Syngenta), "YieldGard VT Rootworm/RR2" and "YieldGard VT Triple" (Monsanto) with tolerance to glyphosate; the corn varieties "Liberty Link" (Bayer), "Herculex I", "Herculex RW", "Herculex Xtra"(Dow, Pioneer), "Agrisure GT/CB/LL" and "Agrisure CB/LL/RW" (Syngenta) with tolerance to glufosinate; the soybean varieties "Roundup Ready Soybean" (Monsanto) and "Optimum GAT" (DuPont, Pioneer) with tolerance to glyphosate; the cotton varieties "Roundup Ready Cotton" and "Roundup Ready Flex" (Mon- santo) with tolerance to glyphosate; the cotton variety "FiberMax Liberty Link" (Bayer) with tolerance to glufosinate; the cotton variety "BXN" (Calgene) with tolerance to bromoxynil; the canola varieties ..Navigator" und ..Compass" (Rhone-Poulenc) with bromoxynil tolerance; the canola varierty"Roundup Ready Canola" (Monsanto) with glyphosate tolerance; the canola variety "InVigor" (Bayer) with glufosinate tolerance; the rice variety "Liberty Link Rice" (Bayer) with glulfosinate tolerance and the alfalfa variety "Roundup Ready Alfalfa" with glyphosate tolerance. Further transgenic plants with herbicide tolerance are commonly known, for instance alfalfa, apple, eucalyptus, flax, grape, lentils, oil seed rape, peas, potato, rice, sugar beet, sunflower, tobacco, tomatom turf grass and wheat with tolerance to glyphosate (see e.g. US 5188642, US 4940835, US 5633435, US 5804425, US 5627061 ); beans, soybean, cotton, peas, potato, sunflower, tomato, tobacco, corn, sorghum and sugarcane with tolerance to dicamba (see e.g. US 7105724 and US 5670454); pepper, apple, tomato, millet, sunflower, tobacco, potato, corn, cucumber, wheat and sorghum with tolerance to 2,4-D (see e.g. US 6153401 , US 6100446, WO 2005107437, US 5608147 and US 5670454); sugarbeet, potato, tomato and tobacco with tolerance to glufosinate (see e.g. US 5646024, US 5561236); canola, barley, cotton, lettuce, melon, millet, oats, potato, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, sugarbeet, sunflower, tobacco, tomato and wheat with tolerance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides, such as triazolopyrim- idine sulfonamides, sulfonylureas and imidazolinones (see e.g. US 5013659, WO 2006060634, US 4761373, US 5304732, US 621 1438, US 621 1439 and US 6222100); cereals, sugar cane, rice, corn, tobacco, soybean, cotton, rapeseed, sugar beet and potato with tolerance to HPPD inhibitor herbicides (see e.g. WO 2004/055191 , WO 199638567, WO 1997049816 and US 6791014); wheat, soybean, cotton, sugar beet, rape, rice, sorghum and sugar cane with tolerance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor herbicides (see e.g. US 2002/0073443, US 20080052798, Pest Management Science, 61 , 2005, 277-285). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
Plants, which are capable of synthesising one or more selectively acting bacterial toxins, com- prise for example at least one toxin from toxin-producing bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus, in particular plants capable of synthesising one or more insecticidal proteins from Bacillus cereus or Bacillus popliae; or insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as del- ta.-endotoxins, e.g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e.g. VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; or insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonising nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., such as Photorhabdus luminescens, Xenorhabdus nematophilus; toxins produced by animals, such as scorpion toxins, arachnid toxins, wasp toxins and other insect-specific neurotoxins; toxins produced by fungi, such as Streptomycetes toxins, plant lectins, such as pea lectins, barley lectins or snowdrop lectins; agglutinins; proteinase inhibitors, such as trypsine inhibitors, serine protease inhibitors, patatin, cystatin, papain inhibitors; ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP), such as ricin, maize-RIP, abrin, luffin, saporin or bryodin; steroid metabolism enzymes, such as 3-hydroxysteroidoxidase, ecdysteroid-UDP-glycosyl-transferase, cholesterol oxidases, ecdy- sone inhibitors, HMG-COA-reductase, ion channel blockers, such as blockers of sodium or calcium channels, juvenile hormone esterase, diuretic hormone receptors, stilbene synthase, bibenzyl synthase, chitinases and glucanases.
In one embodiment a plant is capable of producing a toxin, lectin or inhibitor if it contains at least one cell comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding said toxin, lectin, inhibitor or inhibitor producing enzyme, and said nucleic acid sequence is transcribed and translated and if appropriate the resulting protein processed and/or secreted in a constitutive manner or subject to developmental, inducible or tissue-specific regulation.
In the context of the present invention there are to be understood delta. -endotoxins, for example CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c, or vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), for example VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A, expressly also hybrid toxins, truncated toxins and modified toxins. Hybrid toxins are produced recombinantly by a new combination of different domains of those proteins (see, for example, WO 02/15701 ). An example for a truncated toxin is a truncated CrylA(b), which is expressed in the Bt1 1 maize from Syngen- ta Seed SAS, as described below. In the case of modified toxins, one or more amino acids of the naturally occurring toxin are replaced. In such amino acid replacements, preferably non- naturally present protease recognition sequences are inserted into the toxin, such as, for example, in the case of CrylllA055, a cathepsin-D-recognition sequence is inserted into a CrylllA toxin (see WO 2003/018810).
Examples of such toxins or transgenic plants capable of synthesising such toxins are dis- closed, for example, in EP-A-0 374 753, WO 93/07278, WO 95/34656, EP-A-0 427 529, EP-A- 451 878 and WO 2003/052073.
Examples of genes conferring resistance to coleopteran insects include cry34Ab1 , cry35 Ab1 , cry3A, cry3Bb1 , dvsnf7, and mcry3A.
Examples of genes conferring resistance to lepidopteran insects include cry1A, cry1A.105, crylAb, cry1Ab-Ac, crylAc, cryl C, cryl F, cry1 Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, cry9c, mocryl F, pinll, vip3A(a), and vip3Aa20.
The processes for the preparation of such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Cryl-type deoxyribonucleic acids and their preparation are known, for example, from WO 95/34656, EP-A- 0 367 474, EP-A-0 401 979 and WO 1990/13651.
The toxin contained in the transgenic plants imparts to the plants tolerance to harmful insects. Such insects can occur in any taxonomic group of insects, but are especially commonly found in the beetles (Coleoptera), two-winged insects (Diptera) and butterflies (Lepidoptera).
Preferably, the plant capable of expression of bacterial toxins is selected from cereals such as wheat, barley, rye, oat; canola, cotton, eggplant, lettuce, sorghum, soybean, rice, oil seed rape, sugar beet, sugarcane, grapes, lentils, sunflowers, alfalfa, pome fruits; stone fruits; peanuts; coffee; tea; strawberries; turf; vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits and lettuce, more preferably, the plant is selected from cotton, soybean, maize (corn), rice, tomatoes, potatoes, oilseed rape and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from cotton, soybean, maize, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat. More preferably, the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize), Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Oryza sativa L. (rice), preferably from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize) and Glycine max L. (soybean). Particularly preferably, the cultivated plant is Glycine max L. (soybean).
Examples of commercial available transgenic plants capable of expression of bacterial toxins are the corn varieties "YieldGard corn rootworm" (Monsanto), "YieldGard VT" (Monsanto), "Her- culex RW" (Dow, Pioneer), "Herculex Rootworm" (Dow, Pioneer) and "Agrisure CRW" (Syngen- ta) with resistance against corn rootworm; the corn varieties "YieldGard corn borer" (Monsanto), „YieldGard VT Pro" (Monsanto), "Agrisure CB/LL" (Syngenta), "Agrisure 3000GT" (Syngenta), "Hercules I", "Hercules II" (Dow, Pioneer), "KnockOut" (Novartis),„NatureGard" (Mycogen) and „Starl_ink" (Aventis) with resistance against corn borer, the corn varieties„Herculex I" (Dow, Pioneer) and„Herculex Xtra" (Dow, Pioneer) with resistance against western bean cutworm, corn borer, black cutworm and fall armyworm; the corn variety "YieldGard Plus" (Monsanto) with resistance against corn borer and corn rootworm; the cotton variety "Bollgard I"" (Monsanto) with resistance against tobacco budworm; the cotton varieties "Bollgard II" (Monsanto),„WideStrike" (Dow) and„VipCot" (Syngenta) with resistance against tobacco budworm, cotton bollworm, fall armyworm, beet armyworm, cabbage looper, soybean lopper and pink bollworm; the potato varieties "NewLeaf", "NewLeaf Y" and "NewLeaf Plus" (Monsanto) with tobacco hornworm resistance and the eggplant varieties "Bt brinjal", "Dumaguete Long Purple", "Mara" with resistance against brinjal fruit and shoot borer, bruit borer and cotton bollworm (see e.g.
US5128130). Further transgenic plants with insect resistance are commonly known, such as yellow stemborer resistant rice (see e.g. Molecular Breeding, Volume 18, 2006, Number 1 ), lep- idopteran resistant lettuce (see e.g. US 5349124 ), resistant soybean (see e.g. US 7432421 ) and rice with resistance against Lepidopterans, such as rice stemborer, rice skipper, rice cutworm, rice caseworm, rice leaffolder and rice armyworm (see e.g. WO 2001021821 ). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
Preferably, plants, which are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances are selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, tomatoes, potato, banana, papaya, tobacco, grape, plum and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, tomatoes, potato, banana, papaya, oil seed rape, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
Plants, which are capable of synthesising antipathogenic substances having a selective action are for example plants expressing the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PRPs, see e.g. EP-A-0 392 225) or so-called "antifungal proteins" (AFPs, see e.g. US 6864068). A wide range of antifungal proteins with activity against plant pathogenic fungi have been isolated from certain plant species and are common knowledge. Examples of such antipathogenic substances and transgenic plants capable of synthesising such antipathogenic substances are known, for example, from EP-A-0 392 225, WO 93/05153, WO 95/33818, and EP-A-0 353 191. Transgenic plants which are resistant against fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens are produced by intro- ducing plant resistance genes. Numerous resistant genes have been identified, isolated and were used to improve plant resistant, such as the N gene which was introduced into tobacco lines that are susceptible to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) in order to produce TMV-resistant tobacco plants (see e.g. US 5571706), the Prf gene, which was introduced into plants to obtain enhanced pathogen resistance (see e.g. WO 199802545) and the Rps2 gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, which was used to create resistance to bacterial pathogens including Pseudomonas syringae (see e.g. WO 199528423). Plants exhibiting systemic acquired resistance response were obtained by introducing a nucleic acid molecule encoding the TIR domain of the N gene (see e.g. US 6630618). Further examples of known resistance genes are the Xa21 gene, which has been introduced into a number of rice cultivars (see e.g. US 5952485, US 5977434, WO 1999/09151 , WO 1996/22375), the Rcg1 gene for colletotrichum resistance (see e.g. US 2006/225152), the prpl gene (see e.g. US 5859332, WO 2008/017706), the ppv-cp gene to introduce resistance against plum pox virus (see e.g. US PP15,154Ps), the P1 gene (see e.g. US5968828), genes such as Blb1 , Blb2, Blb3 and RB2 to introduce resistance against Phy- tophthora infestans in potato (see e.g. US 7148397), the LRPKml gene (see e.g.
W01999064600), the P1 gene for potato virus Y resistance (see e.g. US 5968828), the HA5-1 gene (see e.g. US5877403 and US6046384), the PIP gene to indroduce a broad resistant to viruses, such as potato virus X (PVX), potato virus Y (PVY), potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (see e.g. EP 0707069) and genes such as Arabidopsis NI 16, ScaM4 and ScaM5 genes to obtain fungal resistance (see e.g. US 6706952 and EP 1018553). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
Antipathogenic substances which can be expressed by such transgenic plants include, for ex- ample, ion channel blockers, such as blockers for sodium and calcium channels, for example the viral KP1 , KP4 or KP6 toxins; stilbene synthases; bibenzyl synthases; chitinases; glu- canases; the so-called "pathogenesis-related proteins"" (PRPs; see e.g. EP-A-0 392 225); anti- pathogenic substances produced by microorganisms, for example peptide antibiotics or heterocyclic antibiotics (see e.g. WO 1995/33818) or protein or polypeptide factors involved in plant pathogen defense (so-called "plant disease resistance genes", as described in WO
2003/000906).
Antipathogenic substances produced by the plants are able to protect the plants against a variety of pathogens, such as fungi, viruses and bacteria. Useful plants of elevated interest in connection with present invention are cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye and oat; soybean; maize; rice; alfalfa, cotton, sugar beet, sugarcane, tobacco , potato, banana, oil seed rape; pome fruits; stone fruits; peanuts; coffee; tea; strawberries; turf; vines and vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits, papaya, melon, lenses and lettuce, more preferably selected from soybean, maize (corn), alfalfa, cotton, potato, banana, papaya, rice, tomatoes and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, potato, tomato, oilseed rape, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
Transgenic plants with resistance against fungal pathogens, are, for examples, soybeans with resistance against Asian soybean rust (see e.g. WO 2008/017706); plants such as alfalfa, corn, cotton, sugar beet, oileed, rape, tomato, soybean, wheat, potato and tobacco with resistance against Phytophtora infestans (see e.g. US5859332, US 7148397, EP 1334979); corn with re- sistance against leaf blights, ear rots and stalk rots (such as anthracnose leaf bligh, anthrac- nose stalk rot, diplodia ear rot, Fusarium verticilioides, Gibberella zeae and top dieback, see e.g. US 2006/225152); apples with resistance against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis, see e.g. WO 1999064600); plants such as rice, wheat, barley, rye, corn, oats, potato, melon, soybean and sorghum with resistance against fusarium diseases, such as Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, Fusarium lateritium, Fusarium pseudograminearum Fusarium sam- bucinum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium poae, Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium equiseti (see e.g. US 6646184, EP 1477557); plants, such as corn, soybean, cereals (in particular wheat, rye, barley, oats, rye, rice), tobacco, sorghum, sugarcane and potatoes with broad fungal resistance (see e.g. US 5689046, US 6706952, EP 1018553 and US 6020129).
Transgenic plants with resistance against bacterial pathogens and which are covered by the present invention, are, for examples, rice with resistance against Xylella fastidiosa (see e.g. US 6232528); plants, such as rice, cotton, soybean, potato, sorghum, corn, wheat, balrey, sugarcane, tomato and pepper, with resistance against bacterial blight (see e.g. WO 2006/42145, US 5952485, US 5977434, WO 1999/09151 , WO 1996/22375); tomato with resistance against Pseudomonas syringae (see e.g. Can. J. Plant Path., 1983, 5: 251 -255).
Transgenic plants with resistance against viral pathogens, are, for examples, stone fruits, such as plum, almond, apricot, cherry, peach, nectarine, with resistance against plum pox virus (PPV, see e.g. US PP15,154Ps, EP 0626449); potatoes with resistance against potato virus Y (see e.g. US 5968828); plants such as potato, tomato, cucumber and leguminosaes which are resistant against tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV, see e.g. EP 0626449, US 5973135); corn with resistance against maize streak virus (see e.g. US 6040496); papaya with resistance against papaya ring spot virus (PRSV, see e.g. US 5877403, US 6046384); cucurbitaceae, such as cu- cumber, melon, watermelon and pumpkin, and solanaceae, such as potato, tobacco, tomato, eggplant, paprika and pepper, with resistance against cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, see e.g. US 6849780); cucurbitaceae, such as cucumber, melon, watermelon and pumkin, with resistance against watermelon mosaic virus and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (see e.g. US 6015942); potatoes with resistance against potato leafroll virus (PLRV, see e.g. US 5576202); potatoes with a broad resistance to viruses, such as potato virus X (PVX), potato virus Y (PVY), potato leafroll virus (PLRV) (see e.g. EP 0707069).
Further examples of deregulated orcommercially available transgenic plants with modified genetic material capable of expression of antipathogenic substances are the following plants: Carica papaya (papaya), Event: 55-1/63-1 ; Cornell University, Carica papaya (Papaya); Event: (X17-2); University of Florida, Cucurbita pepo (Squash); Event: (CZW-3); Asgrow (USA); Semi- nis Vegetable Inc. (Canada), Cucurbita pepo (Squash); Event: (ZW20); Upjohn (USA); Seminis Vegetable Inc. (Canada), Prunus domestica (Plum); Event: (C5); United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Solanum tuberosum L. (Potato); Event: (RBMT15- 101 , SEMT15-02, SEMT15-15); Monsanto Company and Solanum tuberosum L. (Potato); Event: (RBMT21 -129, RBMT21 -350, RBMT22-082); Monsanto Company.
Transgenic plants with resistance against nematodes and which may be used in the methods of the present invention are, for examples, soybean plants with resistance to soybean cyst nematodes.
Methods have been proposed for the genetic transformation of plants in order to confer increased resistance to plant parasitic nematodes. U.S. Patent Nos. 5,589,622 and 5,824,876 are directed to the identification of plant genes expressed specifically in or adjacent to the feeding site of the plant after attachment by the nematode.
Also known in the art are transgenic plants with reduced feeding structures for parasitic nema- todes, e.g. plants resistant to herbicides except of those parts or those cells that are nematode feeding sites and treating such plant with a herbicide to prevent, reduce or limit nematode feeding by damaging or destroying feeding sites (e.g. US 5866777).
Use of RNAi to target essential nematode genes has been proposed, for example, in PCT Publication WO 2001/96584, WO 2001/17654, US 2004/0098761 , US 2005/0091713, US 2005/0188438, US 2006/0037101 , US 2006/0080749, US 2007/0199100, and US
2007/0250947.
Transgenic nematode resistant plants have been disclosed, for example in the PCT publications WO 2008/095886 and WO 2008/095889. Plants wich are resistant to antibiotics, such as kanamycin, neomycin and ampicillin. The naturally occurring bacterial nptll gene expresses the enzyme that blocks the effects of the antibiotics kanamycin and neomycin. The ampicillin resistance gene ampR (also known as blaTEMI ) is derived from the bacterium Salmonella paratyphi and is used as a marker gene in the transformation of micro-organisms and plants. It is responsible for the synthesis of the enzyme beta- lactamase, which neutralises antibiotics in the penicillin group, including ampicillin. Transgenic plants with resistance against antibiotics, are, for examples potato, tomato, flax, canola, oilseed rape and corn (see e.g. Plant Cell Reports, 20, 2001 , 610-615. Trends in Plant Science, 1 1 , 2006, 317-319. Plant Molecular Biology, 37, 1998, 287-296. Mol Gen Genet., 257, 1998, 606- 13.). Plant Cell Reports, 6, 1987, 333-336. Federal Register (USA), Vol.60, No.1 13, 1995, page 31 139. Federal Register (USA), Vol.67, No.226, 2002, page 70392. Federal Register (USA), Vol.63, No.88, 1998, page 25194. Federal Register (USA), Vol.60, No.141 , 1995, page 37870. Canadian Food Inspection Agency, FD/OFB-095-264-A, October 1999, FD/OFB-099-127-A, October 1999. Preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, potato, sugarcane, alfalfa, tomatoes and cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat. Plants which are tolerant to stress conditions (see e.g. WO 2000/04173, WO 2007/131699, CA 2521729 and US 2008/0229448) are plants, which show increased tolerance to abiotic stress conditions such as drought, high salinity, high light intensities, high UV irradiation, chemical pollution (such as high heavy metal concentration), low or high temperatures, limitied supply of nutrients (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorous) and population stress. Preferably, transgenic plants with resistance to stress conditions, are selected from rice, corn, soybean, sugarcane, alfalfa, wheat, tomato, potato, barley, rapeseed, beans, oats, sorghum and cotton with tolerance to drought (see e.g. WO 2005/048693, WO 2008/002480 and WO 2007/030001 ); corn, soybean, wheat, cotton, rice, rapeseed and alfalfa with tolerance to low temperatures (see e.g. US 4731499 and WO 2007/1 12122); rice, cotton, potato, soybean, wheat, barley, rye, sorghum, alfalfa, grape, tomato, sunflower and tobacco with tolerance to high salinity (see e.g. US 7256326, US
7034139, WO 2001/030990). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, sugar beet, potato, oilseed rape, tomatoes and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, sugarcane, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
Altered maturation properties, are for example delayed ripening, delayed softening and early maturity. Preferably, transgenic plants with modified maturation properties, are, selected from tomato, melon, raspberry, strawberry, muskmelon, pepper and papaya with delayed ripening (see e.g. US 5767376, US 7084321 , US 6107548, US 5981831 , WO 1995035387, US
5952546, US 5512466, WO 1997001952, WO 1992/008798, Plant Cell. 1989, 53-63. Plant Molecular Biology, 50, 2002). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Preferably, the plant is selected from fruits, such as tomato, vine, melon, papaya, banana, pepper, raspberry and strawberry; stone fruits, such as cherry, apricot and peach; pome fruits, such as apple and pear; and citrus fruits, such as citron, lime, orange, pomelo, grapefruit, and mandarinT more preferably from tomato, vine, apple, banana, orange and strawberry, most preferably tomatoes.
Content modification is synthesis of modified chemical compounds (if compared to the corresponding control plant) or synthesis of enhanced amounts of chemical (if compounds compared to the corresponding control plant) and corresponds to an increased or reduced amount of vita- mins, amino acids, proteins and starch, different oils and a reduced amount of nicotine.
Commercial examples are the soybean varieties "Vistive II" and "Visitive III" with low- linolenic/medium oleic content; the corn variety "Mavera high-value corn" with increased lysine content; and the soybean variety "Mavera high value soybean" with yielding 5% more protein compared to conventional varieties when processed into soybean meal. Further transgenic plants with altered content are, for example, potato and corn with modified amylopectin content (see e.g. US 6784338, US 20070261 136); canola, corn, cotton, grape, catalpa, cattail, rice, soybean, wheat, sunflower, balsam pear and vernonia with a modified oil content (see e.g. US 7294759, US7157621 , US 5850026, US 6441278, US 6380462, US 6365802, US 6974898, WO 2001/079499, US 2006/0075515 and US 7294759); sunflower with increased fatty acid content (see e.g. US 6084164); soybeans with modified allergens content (so called "hypoaller- genic soybean, see e.g. US 6864362); tobacco with reduced nicotine content (see e.g. US 20060185684, WO 2005000352 and WO 2007064636); canola and soybean with increased lysine content (see e.g. Bio/Technology 13, 1995, 577 - 582); corn and soybean with altered composition of methionine, leucine, isoleucine and valine (see e.g. US 6946589, US 6905877); soybean with enhanced sulfur amino acid content (see e.g. EP 0929685, WO 1997041239); tomato with increased free amino acid contents, such as asparagine, aspartic acid, serine, threonine, alanine, histidine and glutamic acid (see e.g. US 672741 1 ); corn with enhanced amino acid content (see e.g. WO 050771 17); potato, corn and rice with modified starch content (see e.g. WO 1997044471 and US 7317146); tomato,corn, grape, alfalfa, apple, beans and peas with modified flavonoid content (see e.g. WO 2000/04175); corn, rice, sorghum, cotton, soybeans with altered content of phenolic compounds (see e.g. US 20080235829). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, potato, tomato, oilseed rape, flax and ce- reals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably soybean, maize (corn), rice, oilseed rape, potato, tomato, cotton, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
Enhanced nutrient utilization is e.g. assimilation or metabolism of nitrogen or phosphorous. Preferably, transgenic plants with enhanced nitrogen assimilatory and utilization capacities are selected from for example, canola, corn, wheat, sunflower, rice, tobacco, soybean, cotton, alfalfa, tomato, wheat, potato, sugar beet, sugar cane and rapeseed (see e.g. WO 1995/00991 1 , WO 1997/030163, US 6084153, US 5955651 and US 6864405). Plants with improved phospho- rous uptake are, for example, tomato and potato (see e.g. US 7417181 ). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, potato, oilseed rape and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley.
Transgenic plants with male steriliy are preferably selected from canola, corn, tomato, rice, Indian mustard, wheat, soybean and sunflower (see e.g. US 6720481 , US 6281348, US 5659124, US 6399856, US 7345222, US 7230168, US 6072102, EP1 135982, WO 2001/092544 and WO 1996/040949). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above. Preferably, the plant is selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, oilseed rape, tomato, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron, orange and cereals such as wheat, barley.
Further examples of deregulated or commercially available transgenic plants with modified genetic material being male sterile are
Brassica napus (Argentine Canola:(Event: MS1 , RF1 =>PGS1 ; Bayer CropScience (formerly Plant Genetic Systems); Brassica napus (Event: MS1 , RF2 =>PGS2 ; Bayer CropScience (formerly Plant Genetic Systems); Brassica napus (Event: MS8xRF3 ; Bayer CropScience (Aventis CropScience(AgrEvo)); Brassica napus (Event: PHY14, PHY35 ; Bayer CropScience (formerly Plant Genetic Systems); Brassica napus (Event: PHY36 ; Bayer CropScience (formerly Plant Genetic Systems); Cichorium intybus (Chicory:(Event: RM3-3, RM3-4, RM3-6 ; Bejo Zaden BV; Zea mays L. (Maize:(Event: 676, 678, 680 ; Pioneer Hi-Bred International Inc.; Zea mays L. (Event: MS3 ; Bayer CropScience (Aventis CropScience(AgrEvo)) and Zea mays L. (Event: MS6 ; Bayer CropScience (Aventis CropScience(AgrEvo)).
Plants, which produce higher quality fiber are e.g. transgenic cotton plants. The such improved quality of the fiber is related to improved micronaire of the fiber, increased strength, improved staple length, improved length unifomity and color of the fibers (see e.g. WO 1996/26639, US 7329802, US 6472588 and WO 2001/17333). The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art and are described, for example, in the publications mentioned above.
As set forth above, cultivated plants may comprise one or more traits, e.g. selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, fungal resistance, viral resistance, bacterial resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification, modified nutrient uptake and male sterility (see e.g. WO 2005033319 and US 6376754).
Examples of commercial available transgenic plants with two combined properties are the corn varieties "YieldGard Roundup Ready" and YieldGard Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto) with glyphosate tolerance and resistance to corn borer; the corn variety "Agrisure CB/LL" (Syntenta) with glufosinate tolerance and corn borer resistance; the corn variety "Yield Gard VT Root- worm/RR2" with glyphosate tolerance and corn rootworm resistance; the corn variety "Yield Gard VT Triple" with glyphosate tolerance and resistance against corn rootworm and corn borer; the corn variety "Herculex I" with glufosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cryl F), i.e. against western bean cutworm, corn borer, black cutworm and fall armyworm; the corn variety "YieldGard Corn Rootworm/Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto) with glyphosate tolerance and corn rootworm resistance; the corn variety "Agrisure GT/RW" (Syngenta) with gluphosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cry3A), i.e. against western corn rootworm, northern corn root- worm and Mexican corn rootworm; the corn variety "Herculex RW" (Dow, Pioneer) with glufosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cry34/35Ab1 ), i.e. against western corn rootworm, northern corn rootworm and Mexican corn rootworm; the corn variety "Yield Gard VT Rootworm/RR2" with glyphosate tolerance and corn rootworm resistance; the soybean variety "Optimum GAT" (DuPont, Pioneer) with glyphosate tolerance and ALS herbicide tolerance; the corn variety "Mavera high-value corn" with glyphosate tolerance, resistance to corn rootworm and European corn borer and high lysine trait.
Examples of commercial available transgenic plants with three traits are the corn variety "Herculex I / Roundup Ready 2" with glyphosate tolerance, gluphosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cry1 F), i.e. against western bean cutworm, corn borer, black cutworm and fall armyworm; the corn variety "YieldGard Plus / Roundup Ready 2" (Monsanto) with glyphosate tolerance, corn rootworm resistance and corn borer resistance; the corn variety "Agrisure GT/CB/LL" (Syngenta) with tolerance to glyphosate tolerance, tolerance to gluphosinate and corn borer resistance; the corn variety "Herculex Xtra" (Dow, Pioneer) with glufosinate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance (Cry1 F + Cry34/35Ab1 ), i.e. against western corn rootworm, northern corn rootworm, Mecxican corn rootworm, western bean cutworm, corn borer, black cutworm and fall armyworm; the corn varieties "Agrisure CB/LL/RW" (Syngenta) with glufosinate tolerance, corn borer resistance (Cry1 Ab) and lepidopteran resistance (Cry3A), i.e. against western corn rootworm, northern corn rootworm and Mexican corn rootworm; the corn variety "Agrisure 3000GT" (Syngenta) with glyphosate tolerance + corn borer resistance (CrylAb) and lepidopteran resistance (Cry3A), i.e. against western corn rootworm, northern corn rootworm and Mexican corn rootworm. The methods of producing such transgenic plants are generally known to the person skilled in the art.
An example of a commercial available transgenic plant with four traits is„Hercules Quad- Stack" with glyphosate tolerance, glufosinate tolerance, corn borer resistance and corn root- worm resistance.
In one embodiment of the invention, the commercial transgenic plant is a soybean variety whith glyphosate tolerance and lepidopteran resistance, preferably with one trait of glyphosate tolerance and two traits of lepidopteran resistance. Preferably, the glyphosate tolerance is through expression of the EPSPS encoding gene from A. tumefaciens strain CP4, more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON89788 (see A1 -14, T1 -100). Also preferably, the lepidopteran resistance is a resistance to lepidopteran pests of soybean, preferably through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably it is based on the transgenic event MON87701.
More preferably, the glyphosate tolerance is based on the transgenic event MON89788 and the trait of lepidopteran resistance is achieved through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), more preferably based on the transgenic event MON87701 .
Most preferably, the commercial transgenic plant is "Intacta RR2 PRO" soybean (Monsanto) which claims to offer tolerance to glyphosate herbicide and protection against major soybean pests (velvetbean caterpilar, soybean looper, soybean budborer, bean shoot borer, bollworm, corn stalk borer, Helicoverpa, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera), along with increased yield potential.
In another embodiment, the commercial transgenic plant is a soybean variety selected from "Roundup Ready 2 Yield", "Intacta RR2 Pro" and "Vistive Gold" (all Monsanto), or "Stearidonic Acid (SDA) Omega-3" (higher content of SDA in soybean, Monsanto). In another embodiment, the trait is Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A.105 and cry2Ab2 and Vector PV-GMIR13196, for Mon87751 soybean (Monsanto). In a further embodiment, the commercial transgenic plant is a corn variety which has above- ground insect protection from "Genuity VT Triple PRO" or "Herculex Xtra" or both of them, and herbicide tolerance from "Roundup Ready 2" and Liberty Link, preferably corn varieties selected from "Genuity SmartStax", "Genuity VT Triple PRO" and "Genuity VT Double PRO" (all Monsanto), optionally as RIB (refuge-in-bag) solution. In a further embodiment, the commercial trans- genie corn plant variety has a drought tolerance trait, preferably "Genuity DroughtGard". In another embodiment, the trait is double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsRNA), Bacillus thuringiensis Cry3Bb1 protein and vector PV-ZMIR10871 for MON8741 1 corn.
In a further embodiment, the commercial transgenic plant is a cotton variety selected from "Bollgard II" (insect protection), "Roundup Ready Flex" (herbicide tolerance) and "Bollgard II with Roundup Ready Flex" (both), all Monsanto.
Preferably, the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait selected from herbicide tolerance, insect resistance by expression of bacertial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance by expression of antipathogenic substances, stress tolerance, content modification of chemicals present in the cultivated plant compared to the corresponding control plant.
Most preferably, the cultivated plants are plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides and plants, which express bacterial toxins, which provides resistance against animal pests (such as insects or arachnids or nematodes), wherein the bacterial toxin is preferably a toxin from Bacillus thuriginensis. Herein, the plant is preferably selected from cotton, rice, maize, wheat, barley, rye, oat, soybean, potato, vine, apple, pear, citron and orange.
In one embodiment, the plant is soybean.
In one embodiment, the invention relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant with at least one modification as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, wherein the plant is soybean, which method comprises applying chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or a mix- ture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I with (ii) at least one compound II as component II.
In an utmost preferred embodiment, the cultivated plants are plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides. Further guidance for specific combinations within this utmost preferred em- bodiment can be found in tables 1 , 2, 14 and tables A, B and C.
If such plants are used in the methods according to the present invention, the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise a herbicide III, to which the plant is tolerant.
For example, if the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to glyphosate, the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise glyphosate.
For example, if the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to glufonsinate, the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise glufonisate.
For example, if the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to a imidazolione herbicide, the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, tefluben- zuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise at least one imidazolione-herbicide. Herein, the imidazolionone- herbicide is selected from imazamox, imazethapyr, imazapic, imazapyr, imazamethabenz or imazaquin.
For example, if the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to dicamba, the mixture com- prising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise dicamba.
For example, if the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to sethoxidim, the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may additionally comprise sethoxidim.
For example, if the cultivated plant is a cultivated plant tolerant to cycloxidim, the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron with (ii) at least one compound II may addi- tionally comprise cyloxidim.
Thus, the present invention also relates to uses and methods comprising the application of ternary mixtures, comprising chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron, or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, an insecticide II and a herbicide III. In particular, the present invention also re- lates to ternary mixtures comprising two insecticides and a fungicide.
In another particular embodiment, the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures comprising two fungicides and one insecticide. In another particular embodiment, the present invention also relates to ternary mixtures comprising an insectide, a fungicides and a herbicide.
In the mixtures comprising at least one compound II as component II as described herein after in connection with certain cultivated plants, it is preferred that compound II is endosulfan, ethiprole or fipronil. Thus, mixtures, wherein the at least one compound II is endosulfan can be preferred. Alternatively or additionally, mixtures, wherein the at least one compound II is ethiprole can be preferred. Alternatively or additionally, mixtures, wherein the at least one compound II is fipronil can be preferred.
Preferably, the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait selected from herbicide tolerance, insect resistance for example by expression of one or more bacterial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance by expression of one or more anti- pathogenic substances, stress tolerance, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, content modi- fication of chemicals present in the cultivated plant compared to the corresponding control plant.
More preferably, the cultivated plants are plants, which comprise at least one trait selected from herbicide tolerance, insect resistance by expression of one or more bacterial toxins, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance by expression of one or more antipathogen- ic substances, stress tolerance, content modification of one or more chemicals present in the cultivated plant compared to the corresponding control plant.
Most preferably, the cultivated plants are plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides and plants, which express one or more bacterial toxins, which provides resistance against one or more animal pests (such as insects or arachnids or nematodes), wherein the bacterial toxin is preferably a toxin from Bacillus thuriginensis. Herein, the cultivated plant is preferably selected from soybean, maize (corn), rice, cotton, sugarcane, alfalfa, potato, oilseed rape, tomatoes and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat, most preferably from soybean, maize (corn), cotton, rice and cereals such as wheat, barley, rye and oat.
Preference is given to cultivated plants, which are tolerant to the action of herbicides.
Thus, in one preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a plant, which is rendered tolerant to herbicides, more preferably to herbicides such as glutamine synthetase inhibitors, 5-enol-pyrovyl-shikimate-3-phosphate-synthase inhibitors, acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors, auxine type herbicides, most preferably to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate, imazapyr, imazapic, imazamox, ima- zethapyr, imazaquin, imazamethabenz methyl, dicamba and 2,4-D. In a further one preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a plant, which express at least one insecticidal toxin, preferably a toxin from Bacillus speicies, more preferably from Bacillus thuringiensis.
In the cases, where the cultivated plant has an arthropodicidal, preferably insecticidal, trait, it often occurs that the pest that should be combatted becomes resistant to that trait.
Resistance may be defined as 'a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species'. (IRAC) Resistance therefore means that the original activitiy of a pesticide against the target organisms (arthropods, insects) decreases or is even lost, due to genetic or metabolic adaptation of the target organism.
"Resistant" to an insecticide is understood to mean resistant to at least one insecticide or insecticidal trait, i.e. the insect may be resistant to only one, but also to several insecticides or insecticidal traits.
In the present context of cultivated plants with at least one insecticidal trait, the resistance is against an insecticidal effect which is due to a genetic modification of a plant (modified or trans- genie plant), which caused a resistance of the plant or crop to certain pests, especially insect pests, in susceptible insects.
This is to be understood to include plants that are by the use of recombinant DNA techniques capable to synthesize one or more insecticidal proteins, especially those mentioned herein, especially those known from the bacterial genus Bacillus, particularly from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as endotoxins, e. g. CrylA(b), CrylA(c), CrylF, CrylF(a2), CryllA(b), CrylllA, CrylllB(bl ) or Cry9c; vegetative insecticidal proteins (VIP), e. g. VIP1 , VIP2, VIP3 or VIP3A; insecticidal proteins of bacteria colonizing nematodes, for example Photorhabdus spp. or Xenorhabdus spp., and so on.
Therefore, in a most preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of con- trolling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to that at least one insecticidal trait of the plant.
Preferably, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one lepidopteran or coleopteran trait, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to that lepidopteran or coleop- teran insecticidal trait of the plant.
Methods and uses of the invention as described herein may also involve a step of assessing whether insects are resistant to certain insecticides. This step will in general involve collecting a sample of insects from the area (e.g. crop, field, habitat) to be treated, before actually applying a chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, and testing (for example using any suitable phenotypic, biochemical or molecular biological technique applicable) for resistance/sensitivity.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, e.g. as listed in table A14 or B, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, e.g. as listed in table Table A14 or B, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant has at least one insecticidal trait, e.g. as listed in table A14 or B, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
In a further one preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a plant, which shows increased resistance against fungal, viral and bacterial diseases, more preferably a plant, which expresses antipathogenic substances, such as antifungal proteins, or which has systemic acquired resistance properties.
In another utmost preference, the cultivated plants are plants, which are given in table A.
In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants, plant propagation materials, or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant corresponds to a row of table A as defined above.
In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harm- ful insects and/or increasing the health of cultivated plants by treating plant propagation materials, preferably seeds with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant corresponds to row of table A as defined above. For the purpose of the present invention, the cultivated plant is preferably selected from the group consisting of soybean, cotton and maize, wherein the plant has been made tolerant to the action of certain herbicides as described above. It is particularly preferred that the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of soybean, cotton and maize, wherein the plant has been made tolerant to the action of glyphosate herbicides.
In one embodiment, the cultivated plant is a plant, which has been made tolerant to the action of glyphosate herbicides. In addition to the tolerance to glyphosate herbicides, the plant may have been made tolerant to other herbicides and/or resistant to certain insects, and/or the plant may have been genetically modified otherwise, e.g. in terms of abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, modified product quality or pollination control system.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture comprising a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, or the mixture comprising a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising teflubenzuron and at least one compound II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising teflubenzuron and at least one compound II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and at least one compound II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with chlorfenapyr or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and at least one compound II, wherein the plant is a glyphosate herbicide tolerant plant and corresponds to a row of table A14.
In particular, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant having the insecticidal trait cor- responds to a row of table A14, and wherein the harmful insects are resistant to an insecticidal trait of the plant.
Table A14
No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants
A14-1 Glufosinate tolerance + DAS44406-6 Glycine max L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + (soybean) LLC
2,4-D herbicide tolerance
A14-2 Glufosinate tolerance + DAS68416-4 x Glycine max L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + MON89788 (soybean) LLC
2,4-D herbicide tolerance
A14-3 Glyphosate tolerance + FG72 (FG072- Glycine max L. Bayer CropScience
Isoxaflutole tolerance 2, FG072-3) (soybean) and MS Technologies LLC
A14-4 Glyphosate tolerance + MON 87712 Glycine max L. Monsanto Company
Enhanced Photosynthe(soybean)
sis/Yield
A14-5 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87701 x Glycine max L. available, Monsanto
Lepidopteran resistance MON89788 (soybean) Company;
Intacta™ Roundup Ready™ 2 Pro
A14-6 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87705 Glycine max L. available, Monsanto
Modified oil/fatty acid (soybean) Company;
Vistive Gold™
A14-7 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87705 x Glycine max L. Monsanto Company
Modified oil/fatty acid MON89788 (soybean)
A14-8 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87708 Glycine max L. available, Monsanto
Dicamba tolerance (soybean) Company, Genuity®
Roundup Ready™ 2 Xtend™
A14-9 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87708 x Glycine max L. Monsanto Company
Dicamba tolerance MON89788 (soybean)
A14-10 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87769 Glycine max L. Monsanto Company
Modified oil/fatty acid (soybean)
A14-1 1 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87769 x Glycine max L. Monsanto Company
Modified oil/fatty acid MON89788 (soybean)
A14-12 Glyphosate tolerance + COT102 x Gossypium hiravailable, Monsanto
Lepidopteran resistance MON15985 X sutism L. (cotCompany;
+ Antibiotic resistance + MON88913 ton) Bollgard® III x
Visual marker Roundup Ready™
Flex™
A14-13 Glufosinate tolerance + 3006-210-23 x Gossypium hir- available, Dow No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants
Glyphosate tolerance + 281 -24-236 x sutum L. (cotAgroSciences LLC; Lepidopteran resistance MON88913 X ton) Widestrike™ x + Antibiotic resistance COT102 Roundup Ready
Flex™ x VIPCOT™ Cotton
A14-14 Glyphosate tolerance + COT102 x Gossypium hiravailable, Syngenta
Lepidopteran resistance COT67B x sutism L. (cotand Monsanto Com+ Antibiotic resistance MON88913 ton) pany; VIPCOT™
Roundup Ready Flex™ Cotton
A14-15 Glufosinate tolerance + GHB614 x Gossypium hir- available, Bayer
Glyphosate tolerance LLCotton25 sutum L. (cotCropScience;
ton) GlyTol™ Liberty
Link™
A14-16 Glufosinate tolerance + GHB614 x Gossypium hir- Bayer CropScience
Glyphosate tolerance + LLCotton25 x sutum L. (cotLepidopteran resistance MON 15985 ton)
+ Antibiotic resistance +
Visual marker
A14-17 Glyphosate tolerance + GHB614 x Gossypium hir- Bayer CropScience
Lepidopteran resistance MON 15985 sutum L. (cotton)
A14-18 Glufosinate tolerance + GHB614 x Gossypium hir- available, Bayer
Glyphosate tolerance + T304-40 x sutum L. (cotCropScience;
Lepidopteran resistance GHB1 19 ton) GlyTol™ Liberty
Link™
A14-19 Glyphosate tolerance + MON1698 Gossypium hir- available, Monsanto
Antibiotic resistance sutum L. (cotCompany;
ton) Roundup Ready™
Cotton
A14-20 Glufosinate tolerance + 3272 x Bt1 1 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + GA21 (corn, maize)
Lepidopteran resistance
+ Modified alpha amylase + Mannose metabolism
A14-21 Glufosinate tolerance + 3272 x BT1 1 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + GA21
Lepidopteran resistance
+ Modified alpha amyl- No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants ase + Mannose metabolism
A14-22 Glyphosate tolerance + 3272 x GA21 Zea mays L. Syngenta
Modified alpha amylase (corn, maize)
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-23 Glyphosate tolerance + 3272 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Coleopteran resistance + MIR604 X (corn, maize)
Modified alpha amylase GA21
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-24 Glufosinate tolerance + 5307 x Zea mays L. available, Syngenta;
Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 x Bt1 1 (corn, maize) Agrisure® Dura- Coleopteran resistance + x TC1507 x cade™ 5122 Lepidopteran resistance GA21
+ Modified alpha amylase + Mannose metabolism
A14-25 Glufosinate tolerance + 5307 x Zea mays L. available, Syngenta;
Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 x Bt1 1 (corn, maize) Agrisure® Dura- Coleopteran resistance + x TC1507 x cade™ 5222 Lepidopteran resistance GA21 x
+ Modified alpha amylMIR162
ase + Mannose metabolism
A14-26 Glufosinate tolerance + 59122 x GA21 Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance
A14-27 Glufosinate tolerance + 59122 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + GA21
Mannose metabolism
A14-28 Glufosinate tolerance + 59122 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + TC1507 X
Lepidopteran resistance GA21
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-29 Glufosinate tolerance + 59122 x Zea mays L. DuPont (Pioneer Hi- Glyphosate tolerance + MON810 X (corn, maize) Bred International Coleopteran resistance + NK603 Inc.)
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-30 Glufosinate tolerance + 59122 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Glyphosate tolerance + MON88017 (corn, maize) No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants
Coleopteran resistance
A14-31 Glufosinate tolerance + 59122 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 x (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + GA21
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-32 Glufosinate tolerance + 98140 x 59122 Zea mays L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + (corn, maize) LLC and DuPont
Sulfonylurea tolerance + (Pioneer Hi-Bred
Coleopteran resistance International Inc.)
A14-33 Glufosinate tolerance + 98140 x Zea mays L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 (corn, maize) LLC and DuPont
Sulfonylurea tolerance + (Pioneer Hi-Bred
Lepidopteran resistance International Inc.)
A14-34 Glufosinate tolerance + 98140 x Zea mays L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize) LLC and DuPont
Sulfonylurea tolerance + 59122 (Pioneer Hi-Bred
Coleopteran resistance + International Inc.)
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-35 Glufosinate tolerance + Bt1 1 x 59122 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + GA21 (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance +
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-36 Glufosinate tolerance + Bt1 1 x 59122 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + GA21
Lepidopteran resistance
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-37 Glufosinate tolerance + BT1 1 x 59122 Zea mays L. available, Syngenta;
Glyphosate tolerance + x MIR604 X (corn, maize) Agrisure® 3122
Coleopteran resistance + TC1507 X
Lepidopteran resistance GA21
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-38 Glufosinate tolerance + Bt1 1 x 59122 x Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + GA21
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-39 Glufosinate tolerance + Bt1 1 x MIR162 Zea mays L. available, Syngenta;
Glyphosate tolerance + x GA21 (corn, maize) Agrisure® Viptera™
Lepidopteran resistance 31 10
+ Mannose metabolism
resistance No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants
A14-40 Glufosinate tolerance + Bt1 1 x MIR162 Zea mays L. available, Syngenta;
Glyphosate tolerance + x MIR604 x (corn, maize) Agrisure® Viptera™ Coleopteran resistance + GA21 31 1 1 , Agrisure® Lepidopteran resistance Viptera™ 4 + Mannose metabolism
A14-41 Glufosinate tolerance + Bt1 1 x MIR162 Zea mays L. available, Syngenta;
Glyphosate tolerance + x TC1507 x (corn, maize) Agrisure™ Viptera Lepidopteran resistance GA21 3220
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-42 Glufosinate tolerance + Bt1 1 X TC1507 Zea mays L. Syngenta
Glyphosate tolerance + x GA21 (corn, maize)
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-43 Glyphosate tolerance + DAS40278 x Zea mays L. Dow AgroSciences
2,4-D herbicide tolerance NK603 (corn, maize) LLC
A14-44 Glyphosate tolerance HCEM485 Zea mays L. Stine Seed Farm,
(corn, maize) Inc (USA)
A14-45 Glyphosate tolerance + MIR162 X Zea mays L. Syngenta
Lepidopteran resistance GA21 (corn, maize)
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-46 Glyphosate tolerance + MIR162 X Zea mays L. Syngenta
Coleopteran resistance + MIR604 X (corn, maize)
Lepidopteran resistance GA21
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-47 Glyphosate tolerance + MIR162 X Zea mays L. Syngenta
Coleopteran resistance + TC1507 X (corn, maize)
Lepidopteran resistance GA21
+ Mannose metabolism
A14-48 Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X Zea mays L. available, Syngenta;
Coleopteran resistance + GA21 (corn, maize) Agrisure™ GT/RW Mannose metabolism
A14-49 Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X Zea mays L. DuPont (Pioneer Hi- Coleopteran resistance + NK603 (corn, maize) Bred International Mannose metabolism Inc.)
A14-50 Glyphosate tolerance + MON801 Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Lepidopteran resistance (MON80100) (corn, maize)
+ antibiotic resistance
A14-51 Glyphosate tolerance + MON810 Zea mays L. available, Monsanto
Lepidopteran resistance (corn, maize) Company; Yield- + antibiotic resistance Gard™, Maize- Gard™
A14-52 Glyphosate tolerance + MON8741 1 Zea mays L. Monsanto Company No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants
Coleopteran resistance (corn, maize)
A14-53 Glyphosate tolerance MON87427 Zea mays L. available, Monsanto
(corn, maize) Company; Roundup
Ready™ Maize
A14-54 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87427 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Coleopteran resistance + MON89034 x (corn, maize)
Lepidopteran resistance MON88017
A14-55 Glyphosate tolerance + + MON87427 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Lepidopteran resistance MON89034 x (corn, maize)
NK603
A14-56 Glufosinate tolerance + MON87427 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Glyphosate tolerance + MON89034 x (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + TC1507 X
Lepidopteran resistance MON88017 X
59122
A14-57 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87460 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Coleopteran resistance + MON89034 x (corn, maize)
Lepidopteran resistance MON88017
+ Drought stress tolerance + Antibiotic resistance
A14-58 Glyphosate tolerance + + MON87460 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Lepidopteran resistance MON89034 x (corn, maize)
+ Drought stress tolerNK603
ance + Antibiotic resistance
A14-59 Glyphosate tolerance + MON87460 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Drought stress tolerance NK603 (corn, maize)
+ Antibiotic resistance
A14-60 Glufosinate tolerance + MON89034 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Glyphosate tolerance + 59122 x (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + MON88017
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-61 Glufosinate tolerance + MON89034 x Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize)
Coleopteran resistance + MON88017
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-62 Glufosinate tolerance + MON89034 x Zea mays L. available, Monsanto
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize) Company; Genuity®
Coleopteran resistance + MON88017 X SmartStax™
Lepidopteran resistance 59122 No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants
A14-63 Glufosinate tolerance + MON89034 x Zea mays L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize) LLC
Coleopteran resistance + MON88017 X
Lepidopteran resistance 59122 x
+ 2,4-D herbicide tolerDAS40278
ance
A14-64 Glufosinate tolerance + MON89034 x Zea mays L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize) LLC
Coleopteran resistance + MON88017 X
Lepidopteran resistance DAS40278
+ 2,4-D herbicide tolerance
A14-65 Glufosinate tolerance + MON89034 x Zea mays L. available, Monsanto
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize) Company and Dow Lepidopteran resistance NK603 AgroSciences LLC;
Power Core™
A14-66 Glufosinate tolerance + MON89034 x Zea mays L. Dow AgroSciences
Glyphosate tolerance + TC1507 X (corn, maize) LLC
Lepidopteran resistance NK603 x
+ 2,4-D herbicide tolerDAS40278
ance
A14-67 Glufosinate tolerance + NK603 x Zea mays L. Syngenta and MonGlyphosate tolerance + MON810 X (corn, maize) santo Company Coleopteran resistance + 41 14 x MIR
Lepidopteran resistance 604
+ Antibiotic resistance +
Mannose metabolism
A14-68 Glufosinate tolerance + NK603 x T25 Zea mays L. available, Monsanto
Glyphosate tolerance + (corn, maize) Company; Roundup Antibiotic resistance Ready™ Liberty
Link™ Maize
A14-69 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 x Zea mays L. available, DuPont
Glyphosate tolerance + 59122 x (corn, maize) (Pioneer Hi-Bred Coleopteran resistance + MON810 x International Inc.); Lepidopteran resistance MIR604 X Optimum™ Intrasect + Mannose metabolism NK603 Xtreme
A14-70 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 x Zea mays L. DuPont (Pioneer Hi- Glyphosate tolerance + MON810 x (corn, maize) Bred International Coleopteran resistance + MIR604 x Inc.)
Lepidopteran resistance NK603
+ Antibiotic resistance + No traits event crop Developer / commercial plants
Mannose metabolism
A14-71 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 x Zea mays L. available, DuPont
Glyphosate tolerance + 59122 x (corn, maize) (Pioneer Hi-Bred Coleopteran resistance + MON810 X International Inc.); Lepidopteran resistance NK603 Optimum™ Intrasect
XTRA
A14-72 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 X Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Glyphosate tolerance + 59122 x (corn, maize) and Dow AgroSci- Coleopteran resistance + MON88017 ences LLC
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-73 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 X Zea mays L. available, Dow
Glyphosate tolerance + 59122 x (corn, maize) AgroSciences LLC Coleopteran resistance + NK603 and DuPont (PioLepidopteran resistance neer Hi-Bred International Inc.); Hercu- lex XTRA™ RR
A14-74 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 X Zea mays L. DuPont (Pioneer Hi- Glyphosate tolerance + GA21 (corn, maize) Bred International Lepidopteran resistance Inc.)
A14-75 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 X Zea mays L. available, DuPont
Glyphosate tolerance + MIR604 X (corn, maize) (Pioneer Hi-Bred Coleopteran resistance + NK603 International Inc.); Lepidopteran resistance Optimum™ TRIsect + Mannose metabolism
A14-76 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 X Zea mays L. DuPont (Pioneer Hi- Glyphosate tolerance + MON810 X (corn, maize) Bred International Lepidopteran resistance MIR162 X Inc.)
+ Mannose metabolism NK603
A14-77 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 X Zea mays L. available, DuPont
Glyphosate tolerance + MON810 X (corn, maize) (Pioneer Hi-Bred Lepidopteran resistance NK603 International Inc.);
Optimum™ Intrasect
A14-78 Glufosinate tolerance + TC1507 X Zea mays L. Monsanto Company
Glyphosate tolerance + MON88017 (corn, maize) and Dow AgroSciColeopteran resistance + ences LLC
Lepidopteran resistance
A14-79 Glyphosate tolerance VCO-01981 -5 Zea mays L. Genective S.A.
(corn, maize)
Insect resistance, in particular lepidopteran resistance is of growing importance in GMO crops. Furthermore, it has been found that insects often become resistant to the crops, which have been modified in terms of insect resistance. It has been found that chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron and mixtures comprising teflubenzuron and chlorfenapyr are particularly suitable for combating insects, which have become resistant to the crops, which have been modified in terms of insect resistance. In particular, chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron and mixtures comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron may advantageously be applied in soybeans, which habe been made resistant to insects.
In one embodiment, the cultivated plant is soybean, which has been made resistant to lepi- doperan insects. In addition to the resistance to lepidoperan insects, the soybean may have been made tolerant to certain herbicides and/or resistant to other insects, and/or the soybean may have been genetically modified otherwise, e.g. in terms of abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, modified product quality or pollination control system.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect re- sistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of con- trolling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation mate- rial, preferably seeds with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean and corresponds to a row of table B as provided above.
Lepidopteran resistance of soybeans is typically achieved by introducing a gene selected from the group consisting of: cry1 Ac (gene source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki strain
HD73), cry1 F (gene source: Bacillus thuringiensis var. aizawai), cry1A.105 (gene source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kumamotoensis), cry2Ab2 (gene source: Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kumamotoensis), and combinations thereof. In addition, the soybeans may be modified e.g. in terms of herbicide tolerance by introducing a suitable gene such as pat (gene source: Strepto- myces viridochromogenes), which provides glufosinate tolerance or cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4) (gene source: Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4), which provides glyphosate tolerance. Preferably, the soybeans are additionally modified in terms of glyphosate tolerance by introduc- ing the gene cp4 epsps (aroA:CP4).
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopter- an insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention therefore relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with chlorfenapyr, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combi- nation, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combi- nation, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or their locus of growth with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by intro- ducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
In another particularly preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating plant propagation material, preferably seeds with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, wherein the plant is a lepidopteran insect resistant soybean, which has been modified by introducing at least one gene or at least one gene combination, which corresponds to a row of table C as provided above.
The present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is (i) Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) or Zea mays L. (maize) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of dvsnf7, cry1A, cry1Ab-Ac, cry1 C, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, mocryl F; or
(ii) Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat) or Oryza sativa L. (rice) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cry34Ab1 , cry35 Ab1 , cry3A, cry3Bb1 , dvsnf7, mcry3A, cry1A, cry1A.105, crylAb, cry1Ab-Ac, crylAc, cryl C, cry1 F, cry1 Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, cry9c, mocryl F, pinll, vip3A(a), vip3Aa20.
Prefarably, the present invention also relates to a method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is modified by at least one gene according to one row of table D.
Table D
No. crop gene No. crop gene
D-1 cotton dvsnf7 D-26 soybean cryl C
D-2 cotton cry1A D-27 soybean cry1 F
D-3 cotton cry1Ab-Ac D-28 soybean cry1 Fa2
D-4 cotton cryl C D-29 soybean cry2Ab2
D-5 cotton cry2Ab2 D-30 soybean cry2Ae
D-6 cotton cry2Ae D-31 soybean cry9c
D-7 cotton mocryl F D-32 soybean mocryl F
D-8 maize dvsnf7 D-33 soybean pinll
D-9 maize cry1A D-34 soybean vip3A(a)
D-10 maize cry1Ab-Ac D-35 soybean vip3Aa20
D-1 1 maize cryl C D-36 wheat cry34Ab1
D-12 maize cry2Ab2 D-37 wheat cry35 Ab1
D-13 maize cry2Ae D-38 wheat cry3A
D-14 maize mocryl F D-39 wheat cry3Bb1
D-15 soybean cry34Ab1 D-40 wheat dvsnf7
D-16 soybean cry35 Ab1 D-41 wheat mcry3A
D-17 soybean cry3A D-42 wheat cry1A
D-18 soybean cry3Bb1 D-43 wheat cry1A.105
D-19 soybean dvsnf7 D-44 wheat crylAb
D-20 soybean mcry3A D-45 wheat cry1Ab-Ac
D-21 soybean cry1A D-46 wheat cry 1 Ac
D-22 soybean cry1A.105 D-47 wheat cryl C
D-23 soybean crylAb D-48 wheat cry1 F
D-24 soybean cry1Ab-Ac D-49 wheat cry1 Fa2
D-25 soybean cry 1 Ac D-50 wheat cry2Ab2 No. crop gene
D-51 wheat cry2Ae
D-52 wheat cry9c
D-53 wheat mocryl F
D-54 wheat pinll
D-55 wheat vip3A(a)
D-56 wheat vip3Aa20
D-57 rice cry34Ab1
D-58 rice cry35 Ab1
D-59 rice cry3A
D-60 rice cry3Bb1
D-61 rice dvsnf7
D-62 rice mcry3A
D-63 rice cry1A
D-64 rice cry1A.105
D-65 rice crylAb
D-66 rice cry1Ab-Ac
D-67 rice cry 1 Ac
D-68 rice cry1 C
D-69 rice cry1 F
D-70 rice cry1 Fa2
D-71 rice cry2Ab2
D-72 rice cry2Ae
D-73 rice cry9c
D-74 rice mocryl F
D-75 rice pinll
D-76 rice vip3A(a)
D-77 rice vip3Aa20
Further preferred embodiments of the invention are those methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture com- prising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates of methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein component II is endosulfan and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates of methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II wherein component II is ethiprole and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 .
In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention relates of methods of controlling harmful insects and/or increasing the health of plants by treating cultivated plants, parts of such plants or at their locus of growth with the mixture of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron or the mix- ture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron as component I and at least one compound II as component II, wherein the component II is fipronil and the plant expresses one or more genes selected from CP4 epsps, pat, bar, CrylAb, CrylAc, Cry3Bb1 , Cry2Ab, Cry1 F, Cry34Ab1 and Cry35Ab1 . In view of the above, the following embodiments are particularly preferred in connection with the methods of the invention relating to cultivated pants.
1 . A method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth.
2. The method according to embodiment 1 , wherein the cultivated plant is a plant with at least one property selected from: herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, fungal resistance or viral resistance or bacterial resistance, stress tolerance, maturation alteration, content modification of chemicals present in the cultivated plant, modified nutrient uptake, antibiotic resistance and male sterility compared to the corresponding control plant respectively. 3. The method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the yield of the cultivated plant is increased. 4. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the cultivated plant is
(i) a plant with at least one trait of the category herbicide tolerance,
(ii) a plant with at least one trait of the category insect resistance, or
(iii) a plant with at least two traits, wherein at least one trait is of the category of herbicide tolerance and at least one trait is of the category of insect resistance.
5. The method according to any one of embodiments 2, 3, 4 or 5, wherein the herbicide resistance is selected from the group consisting of glyphosate tolerance, glufosinate tolerance, and imidazolinone tolerance, and is particularly preferably glyphosate tolerance. 6. The method according to any one of embodiments 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein the insect resistance is selected from the group consisting of lepidoperan resistance and coleopteran resistance, and is particularly preferably lepidopteran resistance.
7. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the cultivated plant is a plant with insect resistance, wherein at least two genes confer insect resistance to the cultivated plant.
8. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the cultivated plant is selected from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize), Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Oryza sativa L. (rice), preferably from the group consisting of Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton), Zea mays L. (maize) and Glycine max L. (soybean).
9. A method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is
(i) Gossypium hirsutum L. (cotton) or Zea mays L. (maize) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of dvsnf7, cry1A, cry1Ab-Ac, cry1 C, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, mocryl F; or
(ii) Glycine max L. (soybean), Triticum aestivum (wheat) or Oryza sativa L. (rice) and comprises at least one gene selected from the group consisting of cry34Ab1 , cry35 Ab1 , cry3A, cry3Bb1 , dvsnf7, mcry3A, cry1A, cry1A.105, crylAb, cry1Ab-Ac, crylAc, cryl C, cry1 F, cry1 Fa2, cry2Ab2, cry2Ae, cry9c, mocryl F, pinll, vip3A(a), vip3Aa20.
10. A method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the modification is selected from the events provided in table A14. 1 1 . A method for controlling pests and/or increasing the plant health of a cultivated plant as compared to the respective non-modified control plant, comprising the application of chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, to a plant with at least one modification, parts of such plant, plant propagation material, or at its locus of growth, wherein the cultivated plant is a soybean variety with glyphosate tolerance and lepidop- teran resistance, wherein the glyphosate tolerance is preferably through the expression of the cp4epsps gene, and more preferably based on the transgenic event MON89788, and wherein the lepidopteran resistance is preferably through expresssion of the CrylAC encoding gene from B. thuringiensis, preferably against velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) and soybean looper (Pseudoplusia includens), and more preferably based on the transgenic event MON87701 .
12. The method according to embodiment 1 1 , wherein the cultivated plant is "Intacta RR2 PRO" soybean (Monsanto), which claims to offer tolerance to glyphosate herbicide and protection against major soybean pests (velvetbean caterpilar, soybean looper, soybean budborer, bean shoot borer, bollworm, corn stalk borer, Helicoverpa, e.g. Helicoverpa armigera), along with increased yield potential.
13. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron is applied to the plant propagation material of the cultivated plant.
14. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the treatment(s) are carried out by applying chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron to the plant with at least one modification, parts of the cultivated plant or to their habitat.
15. The method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein a mixture of (i) chlorfenapyr, teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, and (ii) at least one further pesticidal compound II as component II is applied, wherein the pesiticdal com- pound II is an insecticide or a fungicide.
16. Seed of a cultivated plant as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 8, 9, 10 or 1 1 , which is treated with chlorfenapyr or teflubenzuron or a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron, preferably with a mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron.
In the following, suitable formulations and applications in connection with the present application are disclosed. These preferred embodiments relate (i) to uses and methods comprising the application of the inventive mixture, (ii) to uses and methods comprising the application of teflubenzuron according to the invention, and (iii) to uses and methods comprising the application of chlorfenapyr according to the invention. When it is in the following referred to "the mixture of the invention, teflubenzuron, or chlorfenapyr", it is to be understood that the embodiments are disclosed in combination with (i) the uses and methods comprising the application of the in- ventive mixture, (ii) uses and methods comprising the application of teflubenzuron according to the invention, and (iii) uses and methods comprising the application of chlorfenapyr according to the invention, respectively.
The mixture of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron may be provided in the form of an agrochemical composition comprising the mixture of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and an auxiliary.
An agrochemical composition comprises a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron. The term "pesticidally effective amount" is defined below.
The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron can be converted into customary types of agrochemical compositions, e. g. solutions, emulsions, suspensions, dusts, powders, pastes, granules, pressings, capsules, and mixtures thereof. Examples for composition types are suspensions (e.g. SC, OD, FS), emulsifiable concentrates (e.g. EC), emulsions (e.g. EW, EO, ES, ME), capsules (e.g. CS, ZC), pastes, pastilles, wettable powders or dusts (e.g. WP, SP, WS, DP, DS), pressings (e.g. BR, TB, DT), granules (e.g. WG, SG, GR, FG, GG, MG), insecticidal articles (e.g. LN), as well as gel formulations for the treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds (e.g. GF). These and further compositions types are defined in the "Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system", Technical Monograph No. 2, 6th Ed. May 2008, CropLife International.
The compositions are prepared in a known manner, such as described by Mollet and Grube- mann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005.
Examples for suitable auxiliaries are solvents, liquid carriers, solid carriers or fillers, surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, wetters, adjuvants, solubilizers, penetration enhancers, protec- tive colloids, adhesion agents, thickeners, humectants, repellents, attractants, feeding stimulants, compatibilizers, bactericides, anti-freezing agents, anti-foaming agents, colorants, tackifi- ers and binders.
Suitable solvents and liquid carriers are water and organic solvents, such as mineral oil fractions of medium to high boiling point, e.g. kerosene, diesel oil; oils of vegetable or animal origin; aliphatic, cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons, e. g. toluene, paraffin, tetrahydronaphthalene, alkylated naphthalenes; alcohols, e.g. ethanol, propanol, butanol, benzylalcohol, cyclo^hexanol; glycols; DMSO; ketones, e.g. cyclohexanone; esters, e.g. lactates, carbonates, fatty acid esters, gamma-butyrolactone; fatty acids; phosphonates; amines; amides, e.g. N-methylpyrrolidone, fatty acid dimethylamides; and mixtures thereof.
Suitable solid carriers or fillers are mineral earths, e.g. silicates, silica gels, talc, kaolins, limestone, lime, chalk, clays, dolomite, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, calcium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, magnesium oxide; polysaccharide powders, e.g. cellulose, starch; fertilizers, e.g. am- monium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, ureas; products of vegetable origin, e.g. cereal meal, tree bark meal, wood meal, nutshell meal, and mixtures thereof.
Suitable surfactants are surface-active compounds, such as anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, block polymers, polyelectrolytes, and mixtures thereof. Such surfactants can be used as emusifier, dispersant, solubilizer, wetter, penetration enhancer, protective colloid, or adjuvant. Examples of surfactants are listed in McCutcheon's, Vol.1 : Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon's Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008 (International Ed. or North American Ed.).
Suitable anionic surfactants are alkali, alkaline earth or ammonium salts of sulfonates, sul- fates, phosphates, carboxylates, and mixtures thereof. Examples of sulfonates are alkylaryl- sulfonates, diphenylsulfonates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, lignine sulfonates, sulfonates of fatty acids and oils, sulfonates of ethoxylated alkylphenols, sulfonates of alkoxylated arylphenols, sulfonates of condensed naphthalenes, sulfonates of dodecyl- and tridecylbenzenes, sulfonates of naphthalenes and alkyhnaphthalenes, sulfosuccinates or sulfosuccinamates. Examples of sulfates are sulfates of fatty acids and oils, of ethoxylated alkylphenols, of alcohols, of ethoxylated alcohols, or of fatty acid esters. Examples of phosphates are phosphate esters. Examples of carboxylates are alkyl carboxylates, and carboxylated alcohol or alkylphenol eth- oxylates.
Suitable nonionic surfactants are alkoxylates, N-subsituted fatty acid amides, amine oxides, esters, sugar-based surfactants, polymeric surfactants, and mixtures thereof. Examples of alkoxylates are compounds such as alcohols, alkylphenols, amines, amides, arylphenols, fatty acids or fatty acid esters which have been alkoxylated with 1 to 50 equivalents. Ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide may be employed for the alkoxylation, preferably ethylene oxide. Examples of N-subsititued fatty acid amides are fatty acid glucamides or fatty acid alkanolamides. Examples of esters are fatty acid esters, glycerol esters or monoglycerides. Examples of sugar- based surfactants are sorbitans, ethoxylated sorbitans, sucrose and glucose esters or al- kylpolyglucosides. Examples of polymeric surfactants are homo- or copolymers of vinylpyrroli- done, vinylalcohols, or vinylacetate.
Suitable cationic surfactants are quaternary surfactants, for example quaternary ammonium compounds with one or two hydrophobic groups, or salts of long-chain primary amines. Suitable amphoteric surfactants are alkylbetains and imidazolines. Suitable block polymers are block polymers of the A-B or A-B-A type comprising blocks of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide, or of the A-B-C type comprising alkanol, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide. Suitable polyelectrolytes are polyacids or polybases. Examples of polyacids are alkali salts of polyacrylic acid or polyacid comb polymers. Examples of polybases are polyvinylamines or pol- yethyleneamines.
Suitable adjuvants are compounds, which have a neglectable or even no pesticidal activity themselves, and which improve the biological performance of the mixtures of the present invention, or chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron on the target. Examples are surfactants, mineral or vege- table oils, and other auxilaries. Further examples are listed by Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5. Suitable thickeners are polysaccharides (e.g. xanthan gum, carboxymethylcellulose), anorganic clays (organically modified or unmodified), polycarboxylates, and silicates.
Suitable bactericides are bronopol and isothiazolinone derivatives such as alkylisothiazoli- nones and benzisothiazolinones.
Suitable anti-freezing agents are ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, urea and glycerin.
Suitable anti-foaming agents are silicones, long chain alcohols, and salts of fatty acids.
Suitable colorants (e.g. in red, blue, or green) are pigments of low water solubility and water- soluble dyes. Examples are inorganic colorants (e.g. iron oxide, titan oxide, iron hexacyanofer- rate) and organic colorants (e.g. alizarin-, azo- and phthalocyanine colorants).
Suitable tackifiers or binders are polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylacetates, polyvinyl alcohols, polyacrylates, biological or synthetic waxes, and cellulose ethers.
Examples for composition types and their preparation are:
i) Water-soluble concentrates (SL, LS)
10-60 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and 5-15 wt% wetting agent (e.g. alcohol alkoxylates) are dissolved in water and/or in a water-soluble solvent (e.g. alcohols) up to 100 wt%. The active substance dissolves upon dilution with water. ii) Dispersible concentrates (DC)
5-25 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and 1 -10 wt% dispersant (e. g. polyvi-nylpyrrolidone) are dissolved in up to 100 wt% organic solvent (e.g. cyclohexanone). Dilution with water gives a dispersion.
iii) Emulsifiable concentrates (EC)
15-70 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and 5-10 wt% emulsifiers (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in up to 100 wt% water-insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon). Dilution with wa- ter gives an emulsion.
iv) Emulsions (EW, EO, ES)
5-40 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and 1 -10 wt% emulsifiers (e.g. calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and castor oil ethoxylate) are dissolved in 20-40 wt% water-insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon). This mixture is intro- duced into up to 100 wt% water by means of an emulsifying machine and made into a homogeneous emulsion. Dilution with water gives an emulsion.
v) Suspensions (SC, OD, FS)
In an agitated ball mill, 20-60 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are comminuted with addition of 2-10 wt% dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate), 0,1-2 wt% thickener (e.g. xanthan gum) and up to 100 wt% water to give a fine active substance suspension. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active sub-stance. For FS type composition up to 40 wt% binder (e.g. polyvi- nylalcohol) is added.
vi) Water-dispersible granules and water-soluble granules (WG, SG)
50-80 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are ground finely with addition of up to 100 wt% dispersants and wetting agents (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate and alcohol ethoxylate) and prepared as water-dispersible or water-soluble granules by means of technical appliances (e. g. extrusion, spray tower, fluidized bed). Dilution with water gives a stable dispersion or solution of the active substance.
vii) Water-dispersible powders and water-soluble powders (WP, SP, WS)
50-80 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are ground in a rotor-stator mill with ad-dition of 1 -5 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1 -3 wt% wetting agents (e.g. alcohol ethoxylate) and up to 100 wt% solid carrier, e.g. silica gel. Dilution with water gives a stable dis-persion or solution of the active substance.
viii) Gel (GW, GF)
In an agitated ball mill, 5-25 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are comminuted with addition of 3-10 wt% dispersants (e.g. sodium lignosulfonate), 1 -5 wt% thickener (e.g. car-boxymethylcellulose) and up to 100 wt% water to give a fine suspension of the active sub-stance. Dilution with water gives a stable suspension of the active substance.
ix) Microemulsion (ME)
5-20 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are added to 5-30 wt% organic solvent blend (e.g. fatty acid dimethylamide and cyclohexanone), 10-25 wt% surfactant blend (e.g. alkohol ethoxylate and arylphenol ethoxylate), and water up to 100 %. This mixture is stirred for 1 h to produce spontaneously a thermodynamically stable micro- emulsion.
x) Microcapsules (CS)
An oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), 2-15 wt% acrylic monomers (e.g. methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and a di- or triacrylate) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). Radical polymeri- zation initiated by a radi-cal initiator results in the formation of poly(meth)acrylate microcapsules. Alternatively, an oil phase comprising 5-50 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, 0-40 wt% water insoluble organic solvent (e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon), and an isocyanate monomer (e.g. diphenylme-thene-4,4'-diisocyanatae) are dispersed into an aqueous solution of a protective colloid (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol). The addition of a poly- amine (e.g. hexamethylenediamine) results in the for-mation of a polyurea microcapsule. The monomers amount to 1 -10 wt%. The wt% relate to the total CS composition,
xi) Dustable powders (DP, DS)
1 -10 wt% of a the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are ground finely and mixed intimately with up to 100 wt% solid carrier, e.g. finely divided kaolin. xii) Granules (GR, FG)
0.5-30 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, is ground finely and associated with up to 100 wt% solid carrier (e.g. silicate). Granulation is achieved by extrusion, spray-drying or the fluidized bed.
xiii) Ultra-low volume liquids (UL)
1 -50 wt% of the mixture according to the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are dissolved in up to 100 wt% organic solvent, e.g. aromatic hydrocarbon. The compositions types i) to xi) may optionally comprise further auxiliaries, such as 0.1 -1 wt% bactericides, 5-15 wt% anti-freezing agents, 0.1 -1 wt% anti-foaming agents, and 0.1 -1 wt% colorants.
The agrochemical compositions generally comprise between 0.01 and 95%, preferably be- tween 0.1 and 90%, and most preferably between 0.5 and 75%, by weight of active substance. The active substances are employed in a purity of from 90% to 100%, preferably from 95% to 100% (according to NMR spectrum).
Various types of oils, wetters, adjuvants, fertilizer, or micronutrients, and other pesticides (e.g. herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, growth regulators, safeners) may be added to the active substances or the compositions cormprising them as premix or, if appropriate not until immediately prior to use (tank mix). These agents can be admixed with the compositions according to the invention in a weight ratio of 1 :100 to 100:1 , preferably 1 :10 to 10:1.
The user applies the composition according to the invention usually from a predosage de-vice, a knapsack sprayer, a spray tank, a spray plane, or an irrigation system. Usually, the agrochem- ical composition is made up with water, buffer, and/or further auxiliaries to the desired application concentration and the ready-to-use spray liquor or the agrochemical composition according to the invention is thus obtained. Usually, 20 to 2000 liters, preferably 50 to 400 liters, of the ready-to-use spray liquor are applied per hectare of agricultural useful area.
According to one embodiment, individual components of the composition according to the in- vention such as parts of a kit or parts of a binary or ternary mixture may be mixed by the user himself in a spray tank and further auxiliaries may be added, if appropriate.
In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components, e.g. components comprising mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, may be mixed by the user in a spray tank and further auxiliaries and additives may be added, if appropriate.
In a further embodiment, either individual components of the composition according to the invention or partially premixed components, e. g. components comprising mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, can be applied jointly (e.g. after tank mix) or consecutively.
The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are used for protecting crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or its locus of growth, from attack or infestation by animal pests. Therefore, the present invention relates to a plant protection method, which comprises contacting crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or its locus of growth, to be protected from attack or infestation by animal pests, with a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron.
The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are also for used in combating or controlling animal pests. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method of combating or controlling animal pests, which comprises contacting the animal pests, their habitat, breeding ground, or food supply, or the crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, or soil, or the area, material or environment in which the animal pests are growing or may grow, with a pesticidally effective amount of a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron.
The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are effective through both contact and ingestion. Furthermore, the mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, can be applied to any and all developmental stages, such as egg, larva, pupa, and adult.
The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, can be applied as such or in form of compositions comprising them as defined above. Furthermore, the mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, can be applied together with a mixing partner as defined above or in form of compositions comprising said mixtures as defined above. The components of said mixture can be applied simultaneously, jointly or separately, or in succession, that is immediately one after another and thereby creating the mixture "in situ" on the desired location, e.g. the plant, the sequence, in the case of separate application, generally not having any effect on the result of the control measures.
The application can be carried out both before and after the infestation of the crops, plants, plant propagation materials, such as seeds, soil, or the area, material or environment by the pests.
Suitable application methods include inter alia soil treatment, seed treatment, in furrow application, and foliar application. Soil treatment methods include drenching the soil, drip irrigation (drip application onto the soil), dipping roots, tubers or bulbs, or soil injection. Seed treatment techniques include seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, and seed pelleting. In furrow applications typically include the steps of making a furrow in cultivated land, seeding the furrow with seeds, applying the pesticidally active mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, to the furrow, and closing the furrow. Foliar application refers to the application of the pesticidally active mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, to plant foliage, e.g. through spray equipment. For foliar applications, it can be advantageous to modify the behavior of the pests by use of pheromones in combination with the mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron. Suitable pheromones for specific crops and pests are known to a skilled person and publicly available from databases of pheromones and semiochemicals, such as http://www.pherobase.com.
As used herein, the term "contacting" includes both direct contact (applying the compounds/mixtures/compositions directly on the animal pest or plant - typically to the foliage, stem or roots of the plant) and indirect contact (applying the compounds/mixtures/compositions to the locus, i.e. habitat, breeding ground, plant, seed, soil, area, material or environment in which a pest is growing or may grow, of the animal pest or plant).
The term "animal pest" includes arthropods, gastropods, and nematodes. Preferred animal pests according to the invention are arthropods, preferably insects and arachnids, in particular insects. Insects, which are of particular relevance for crops, are typically referred to as crop insect pests.
The term "crop" refers to both, growing and harvested crops.
The term "plant" includes cereals, e.g. durum and other wheat, rye, barley, triticale, oats, rice, or maize (fodder maize and sugar maize / sweet and field corn); beet, e.g. sugar beet or fodder beet; fruits, such as pomes, stone fruits or soft fruits, e.g. apples, pears, plums, peaches, nectarines, almonds, cherries, papayas, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries or gooseberries; leguminous plants, such as beans, lentils, peas, alfalfa or soybeans; oil plants, such as rape- seed (oilseed rape), turnip rape, mustard, olives, sunflowers, coconut, cocoa beans, castor oil plants, oil palms, ground nuts or soybeans; cucurbits, such as squashes, pumpkins, cucumber or melons; fiber plants, such as cotton, flax, hemp or jute; citrus fruit, such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits or mandarins; vegetables, such as eggplant, spinach, lettuce (e.g. iceberg lettuce), chicory, cabbage, asparagus, cabbages, carrots, onions, garlic, leeks, tomatoes, potatoes, cucurbits or sweet peppers; lauraceous plants, such as avocados, cinnamon or camphor; energy and raw material plants, such as corn, soybean, rapeseed, sugar cane or oil palm; tobacco; nuts, e.g. walnuts; pistachios; coffee; tea; bananas; vines (table grapes and grape juice grape vines); hop; sweet leaf (also called Stevia); natural rubber plants or ornamental and forestry plants, such as flowers (e.g. carnation, petunias, geranium/pelargoniums, pansies and impati- ens), shrubs, broad-leaved trees (e.g. poplar) or evergreens, e.g. conifers; eucalyptus; turf; lawn; grass such as grass for animal feed or ornamental uses. Preferred plants include potatoes sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley, oats, rice, corn, cotton, soybeans, rapeseed, legumes, sunflowers, coffee or sugar cane; fruits; vines; ornamentals; or vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, beans or squashes.
The term "plant" is to be understood as including wild type plants and plants, which have been modified by either conventional breeding, or mutagenesis or genetic engineering, or by a combination thereof.
Plants, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, and are of particular commercial importance, include alfalfa, rapeseed (e.g. oilseed rape), bean, carnation, chicory, cotton, eggplant, eucalyptus, flax, lentil, maize, melon, papaya, petunia, plum, poplar, potato, rice, soybean, squash, sugar beet, sugarcane, sunflower, sweet pepper, tobacco, tomato, and cereals (e.g. wheat), in particular maize, soybean, cotton, wheat, and rice. In plants, which have been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering, one or more genes have been mutagen- ized or integrated into the genetic material of the plant. The one or more mutagenized or integrated genes are preferably selected from pat, epsps, crylAb, bar, cry1 Fa2, crylAc, cry34Ab1 , cry35AB1 , cry3A, cryF, cry1 F, mcry3a, cry2Ab2, cry3Bb1 , cry1A.105, dfr, barnase, vip3Aa20, barstar, als, bxn, bp40, asnl , and ppo5. The mutagenesis or integration of the one or more genes is performed in order to improve certain properties of the plant. Such properties, also known as traits, include abiotic stress tolerance, altered growth/yield, disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, insect resistance, modified product quality, and pollination control. Of these properties, herbicide tolerance, e.g. imidazolinone tolerance, glyphosate tolerance, or glufosinate tolerance, is of particular importance. Several plants have been rendered tolerant to herbicides by mutagenesis, for example Clearfield® oilseed rape being tolerant to imidazoli- nones, e.g. imazamox. Alternatively, genetic engineering methods have been used to render plants, such as soybean, cotton, corn, beets and oil seed rape, tolerant to herbicides, such as glyphosate and glufosinate, some of which are commercially available under the trade names RoundupReady® (glyphosate) and LibertyLink® (glufosinate). Furthermore, insect resistance is of importance, in particular lepidopteran insect resistance and coleopteran insect resistance. Insect resistance is typically achieved by modifying plants by integrating cry and/or vip genes, which were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and code for the respective Bt toxins. Genetically modified plants with insect resistance are commercially available under trade names including WideStrike®, Bollgard®, Agrisure®, Herculex®, YieldGard®, Genuity®, and Intacta®. Plants may be modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering either in terms of one property (singular traits) or in terms of a combination of properties (stacked traits). Stacked traits, e.g. the combination of herbicide tolerance and insect resistance, are of increasing importance. In general, all relevant modified plants in connection with singular or stacked traits as well as detailed information as to the mutagenized or integrated genes and the respective events are available from websites of the organizations "International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA)" (http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase) and "Center for Environmental Risk Assessment (CERA)" (http://cera-gmc.org/GMCropDatabase).
The term "plant propagation material" refers to all the generative parts of the plant such as seeds and vegetative plant material such as cuttings and tubers (e.g. potatoes), which can be used for the multiplication of the plant. This includes seeds, roots, fruits, tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, shoots, sprouts and other parts of plants. Seedlings and young plants, which are to be transplanted after germination or after emergence from soil, may also be included. These plant propagation materials may be treated prophylactically with a plant protection mixture either at or before planting or transplanting.
The term "seed" embraces seeds and plant propagules of all kinds including but not limited to true seeds, seed pieces, suckers, corms, bulbs, fruit, tubers, grains, cuttings, cut shoots and the like, and means in a preferred embodiment true seeds.
In general, "pesticidally effective amount" means the amount of active ingredient needed to achieve an observable effect on growth, including the effects of necrosis, death, retardation, prevention, and removal, destruction, or otherwise diminishing the occurrence and activity of the target organism. The pesticidally effective amount can vary for the various compounds/mixtures/compositions used in the invention. A pesticidally effective amount of the compositions will also vary according to the prevailing conditions such as desired pesticidal effect and duration, weather, target species, locus, mode of application, and the like.
In the case of soil treatment, in furrow application or of application to the pests dwelling place or nest, the quantity of active ingredient ranges from 0.0001 to 500 g per 100 m2, preferably from 0.001 to 20 g per 100 m2.
For use in treating crop plants, e.g. by foliar application, the rate of application of the active ingredients of this invention may be in the range of 0.0001 g to 4000 g per hectare, e.g. from 1 g to 2 kg per hectare or from 1 g to 750 g per hectare, desirably from 1 g to 100 g per hectare, more desirably from 10 g to 50 g per hectare, e.g., 10 to 20 g per hectare, 20 to 30 g per hectare, 30 to 40 g per hectare, or 40 to 50 g per hectare.
In treatment of plant propagation materials such as seeds, e. g. by dusting, coating or drenching seed, amounts of active substance of from 0.1 to 1000 g, preferably from 1 to 1000 g, more preferably from 1 to 100 g and most preferably from 5 to 100 g, per 100 kilogram of plant propagation material (preferably seeds) are generally required. The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are particularly suitable for use in the treatment of seeds in order to protect the seeds from insect pests, in particular from soil-living insect pests, and the resulting seedling's roots and shoots against soil pests and foliar insects. The present invention therefore also relates to a method for the protection of seeds from insects, in particular from soil insects, and of the seedling's roots and shoots from insects, in particular from soil and foliar insects, said method comprising treating the seeds before sowing and/or after pregermination with a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron. The protection of the seedling's roots and shoots is preferred. More preferred is the protection of seedling's shoots from piercing and sucking insects, chewing insects and nematodes.
The term "seed treatment" comprises all suitable seed treatment techniques known in the art, such as seed dressing, seed coating, seed dusting, seed soaking, seed pelleting, and in-furrow application methods. Preferably, the seed treatment application of the active mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, is carried out by spraying or by dusting the seeds before sowing of the plants and before emergence of the plants.
The present invention also comprises seeds coated with or containing the active mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron. The term "coated with and/or containing" generally signifies that the active ingredient is for the most part on the surface of the propagation product at the time of application, although a greater or lesser part of the ingredient may penetrate into the propaga- tion product, depending on the method of application. When the said propagation product is (re)planted, it may absorb the active ingredient.
Suitable seed is for example seed of cereals, root crops, oil crops, vegetables, spices, ornamentals, for example seed of durum and other wheat, barley, oats, rye, maize (fodder maize and sugar maize / sweet and field corn), soybeans, oil crops, crucifers, cotton, sunflowers, ba- nanas, rice, oilseed rape, turnip rape, sugarbeet, fodder beet, eggplants, potatoes, grass, lawn, turf, fodder grass, tomatoes, leeks, pumpkin/squash, cabbage, iceberg lettuce, pepper, cucumbers, melons, Brassica species, melons, beans, peas, garlic, onions, carrots, tuberous plants such as potatoes, sugar cane, tobacco, grapes, petunias, geranium/pelargoniums, pansies and impatiens.
In addition, the active mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, may also be used for the treatment of seeds from plants, which have been modified by mutagenisis or genetic engineering, and which e.g. tolerate the action of herbicides or fungicides or insecticides. Such modified plants have been described in detail above.
Conventional seed treatment formulations include for example flowable concentrates FS, solu- tions LS, suspoemulsions (SE), powders for dry treatment DS, water dispersible powders for slurry treatment WS, water-soluble powders SS and emulsion ES and EC and gel formulation GF. These formulations can be applied to the seed diluted or undiluted. Application to the seeds is carried out before sowing, either directly on the seeds or after having pregerminated the latter. Preferably, the formulations are applied such that germination is not included.
The active substance concentrations in ready-to-use formulations, which may be obtained after two-to-tenfold dilution, are preferably from 0.01 to 60% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 40 % by weight. In a preferred embodiment a FS formulation is used for seed treatment. Typically, a FS formulation may comprise 1 -800 g/l of active ingredient, 1 -200 g/l Surfactant, 0 to 200 g/l antifreezing agent, 0 to 400 g/l of binder, 0 to 200 g/l of a pigment and up to 1 liter of a solvent, preferably water.
Especially preferred FS formulations of the mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, for seed treatment usually comprise from 0.1 to 80% by weight (1 to 800 g/l) of the active ingredient, from 0.1 to 20 % by weight (1 to 200 g/l) of at least one surfactant, e.g. 0.05 to 5 % by weight of a wetter and from 0.5 to 15 % by weight of a dispersing agent, up to 20 % by weight, e.g. from 5 to 20 % of an anti-freeze agent, from 0 to 15 % by weight, e.g. 1 to 15 % by weight of a pigment and/or a dye, from 0 to 40 % by weight, e.g. 1 to 40 % by weight of a binder (sticker /adhesion agent), optionally up to 5 % by weight, e.g. from 0.1 to 5 % by weight of a thickener, optionally from 0.1 to 2 % of an anti-foam agent, and optionally a preservative such as a biocide, antioxidant or the like, e.g. in an amount from 0.01 to 1 % by weight and a filler/vehicle up to 100 % by weight.
In the treatment of seed, the application rates of the mixtures of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are generally from 0.1 g to 10 kg per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, more preferably from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed and in particular from 1 g to 200 g per 100 kg of seed, e.g. from 1 g to 100 g or from 5 g to 100 g per 100 kg of seed. The invention therefore also relates to seed comprising a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron. The amount of the mixture of the present invention,
chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron will in general vary from 0.1 g to 10 kg per 100 kg of seed, preferably from 1 g to 5 kg per 100 kg of seed, in particular from 1 g to 1000 g per 100 kg of seed. For specific crops such as lettuce the rate can be higher. The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, may also be used for improving the health of a plant. Therefore, the present invention also relates to a method for improving plant health by treating a plant, plant propagation material and/or the locus where the plant is growing or is to grow with an effective and non-phytotoxic amount of a mixture of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron.
As used herein "an effective and non-phytotoxic amount" means that the mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, is used in a quantity which allows to obtain the desired effect but which does not give rise to any phytotoxic symptom on the treated plant or on the plant grown from the treated propagule or treated soil.
The terms "plant" and "plant propagation material" are defined above.
"Plant health" is defined as a condition of the plant and/or its products which is determined by several aspects alone or in combination with each other such as yield (for example increased biomass and/or increased content of valuable ingredients), quality (for example improved content or composition of certain ingredients or shelf life), plant vigour (for example improved plant growth and/or greener leaves ("greening effect"), tolerance to abiotic (for example drought) and/or biotic stress (for example disease) and production efficiency (for example, harvesting efficiency, processability). The above identified indicators for the health condition of a plant may be interdependent and may result from each other. Each indicator is defined in the art and can be determined by methods known to a skilled person. The mixtures of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are also suitable for use against non-crop insect pests. For use against said non-crop pests, mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, can be used as bait composition, gel, general insect spray, aerosol, as ultra-low volume application and bed net (impregnated or surface applied). Furthermore, drenching and rodding methods can be used.
As used herein, the term "non-crop insect pest" refers to pests, which are particularly relevant for non-crop targets, such as ants, termites, wasps, flies, ticks, mosquitos, crickets, or cockroaches.
The bait can be a liquid, a solid or a semisolid preparation (e.g. a gel). The bait employed in the composition is a product, which is sufficiently attractive to incite insects such as ants, ter- mites, wasps, flies, mosquitos, crickets etc. or cockroaches to eat it. The attractiveness can be manipulated by using feeding stimulants or sex pheromones. Food stimulants are chosen, for example, but not exclusively, from animal and/or plant proteins (meat-, fish- or blood meal, insect parts, egg yolk), from fats and oils of animal and/or plant origin, or mono-, oligo- or polyor- ganosaccharides, especially from sucrose, lactose, fructose, dextrose, glucose, starch, pectin or even molasses or honey. Fresh or decaying parts of fruits, crops, plants, animals, insects or specific parts thereof can also serve as a feeding stimulant. Sex pheromones are known to be more insect specific. Specific pheromones are described in the literature (e.g.
http://www.pherobase.com), and are known to those skilled in the art.
For use in bait compositions, the typical content of active ingredient is from 0.001 weight % to 15 weight %, desirably from 0.001 weight % to 5% weight % of active mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron.
Formulations of the mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, as aerosols (e.g in spray cans), oil sprays or pump sprays are highly suitable for the non-professional user for controlling pests such as flies, fleas, ticks, mosquitos or cockroaches. Aerosol recipes are preferably composed of the active mixture, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, solvents, furthermore auxiliaries such as emulsifiers, perfume oils, if appropriate stabilizers, and, if required, propellants.
The oil spray formulations differ from the aerosol recipes in that no propellants are used.
For use in spray compositions, the content of active ingredient is from 0.001 to 80 weights %, preferably from 0.01 to 50 weight % and most preferably from 0.01 to 15 weight %.
The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and its respective compositions can also be used in mosquito and fumigating coils, smoke cartridges, vaporizer plates or long-term vaporizers and also in moth papers, moth pads or other heat-independent vaporizer systems.
Methods to control infectious diseases transmitted by insects (e.g. malaria, dengue and yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, and leishmaniasis) with mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and its respective compositions also comprise treating surfaces of huts and houses, air spraying and impregnation of curtains, tents, clothing items, bed nets, tsetse-fly trap or the like. Insecticidal compositions for application to fibers, fabric, knitgoods, nonwovens, netting material or foils and tarpaulins preferably comprise a mixture of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, optionally a repellent and at least one binder.
The mixtures of the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, and its compositions can be used for protecting wooden materials such as trees, board fences, sleepers, frames, artistic artifacts, etc. and buildings, but also construction materials, furniture, leathers, fibers, vinyl articles, electric wires and cables etc. from ants and/or termites, and for controlling ants and termites from doing harm to crops or human being (e.g. when the pests invade into houses and public facilities).
Customary application rates in the protection of materials are, for example, from 0.001 g to 2000 g or from 0.01 g to 1000 g of active mixture or compound per m2 treated material, desirably from 0.1 g to 50 g per m2.
Insecticidal compositions for use in the impregnation of materials typically contain from 0.001 to 95 weight %, preferably from 0.1 to 45 weight %, and more preferably from 1 to 25 weight % of at least one repellent and/or insecticide.
The mixtures of the the present invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron, are especially suitable for efficiently combating animal pests such as arthropods, gastropods and nematodes in- eluding but not limited to:
insects from the order of Lepidoptera, for example Achroia grisella, Acleris spp. such as A fimbriana, A. gloverana, A. variana; Acrolepiopsis assectella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp. such as A. cyrtosema, A. orana; Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp. such as A. exclamationis, A. fucosa, A. ipsilon, A. orthogoma, A. segetum, A. subterranea; Alabama argillacea, Aleurodicus dispersus, Alsophila pometaria, Ampelophaga rubiginosa, Amyelois transitella, Anacampsis sarcitella, Anagasta kuehniella, Anarsia lineatella, Anisota senatoria, Antheraea pernyi, Anticar- sia (=Thermesia) spp. such as A. gemmatalis; Apamea spp., Aproaerema modicella, Archips spp. such as A. argyrospila, A. fuscocupreanus, A. rosana, A. xyloseanus; Argyresthia conjugel- la, Argyroploce spp., Argyrotaenia spp. such as A. velutinana; Athetis mindara, Austroasca vi- ridigrisea, Autographa gamma, Autographa nigrisigna, Barathra brassicae, Bedellia spp., Bon- agota salubricola, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp. such as C. murinana, C. podana; Cactoblastis cactorum, Cadra cautella, Calingo braziliensis, Caloptilis theivora, Capua reticulana, Carposina spp. such as C. niponensis, C. sasakii; Cephus spp., Chaetocnema aridula, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilo spp. such as C. Indi- cus, C. suppressalis, C. partellus; Choreutis pariana, Choristoneura spp. such as C. conflictana, C. fumiferana, C. longicellana, C. murinana, C. occidentalis, C. rosaceana; Chrysodeixis (=Pseudoplusia) spp. such as C. eriosoma, C. includens; Cirphis unipuncta, Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocerus spp., Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnephasia spp., Cochylis hospes, Coleophora spp., Colias eurytheme, Conopomorpha spp., Conotrachelus spp., Copitarsia spp., Corcyra cephalonica, Crambus caliginosellus, Crambus teterrellus, Crocidosema (=Epinotia) aporema, Cydalima (=Diaphania) perspectalis, Cydia (=Carpocapsa) spp. such as C. pomonella, C. latiferreana; Dalaca noctuides, Datana integerrima, Dasychira pinicola, Dendrolimus spp. such as D. pini, D. spectabilis, D. sibiricus; Desmia funeralis, Diaphania spp. such as D. nitidalis, D. hyalinata; Diatraea grandiosella, Diatraea saccharalis, Diphthera festiva, Earias spp. such as E. insulana, E. vittella; Ecdytolopha aurantianu, Egira (=Xylomyges) curialis, Elasmopalpus ligno- sellus, Eldana sacchanna, Endopiza viteana, Ennomos subsignaria, Eoreuma loftini, Ephestia spp. such as E. cautella, E. elutella, E. kuehniella; Epinotia aporema, Epiphyas postvittana, Erannis tiliaria, Erionota thrax, Etiella spp., Eulia spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Euxoa spp., Evetria bouliana, Faronta albilinea, Feltia spp. such as F. subterranean; Galleria mellonella, Gracillaria spp., Grapholita spp. such as G. funebrana, G. molesta, G. inopinata; Halysidota spp., Harrisina americana, Hedylepta spp., Helicoverpa spp. such as H. armigera (=Heliothis armigera), H. zea (=Heliothis zea); Heliothis spp. such as H. assulta, H. subflexa, H. virescens; Hellula spp. such as H. undalis, H. rogatalis; Helocoverpa gelotopoeon, Hemileuca oliviae, Herpetogramma licarsisalis, Hibernia defoliaria, Hofmannophila pseu- dospretella, Homoeosoma electellum, Homona magnanima, Hypena scabra, Hyphantria cunea, Hyponomeuta padella, Hyponomeuta malinellus, Kakivoria flavofasciata, Keiferia lycopersicella, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa, Lamprosema indicata, Laspeyresia molesta, Leguminivora glycinivorella, Lerodea eufala, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leu- coma salicis, Leucoptera spp. such as L. coffeella, L. scitella; Leuminivora lycinivorella, Lithocolletis blancardella, Lithophane antennata, Llattia octo (=Amyna axis), Lobesia botrana, Lophocampa spp., Loxagrotis albicosta, Loxostege spp. such as L. sticticalis, L. cereralis; Lymantria spp. such as L. dispar, L. monacha; Lyonetia clerkella, Lyonetia prunifoliella, Malaco- soma spp. such as M. americanum, M. californicum, M. constrictum, M. neustria; Mamestra spp. such as M. brassicae, M. configurata; Mamstra brassicae, Manduca spp. such as M. quin- quemaculata, M. sexta; Marasmia spp, Marmara spp., Maruca testulalis, Megalopyge lanata, Melanchra picta, Melanitis leda, Mods spp. such as M. lapites, M. repanda; Mods latipes, Mon- ochroa fragariae, Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacella, Neoleucinodes elegantalis, Nepytia spp., Nymphula spp., Oiketicus spp., Omiodes indicata, Omphisa anastomosalis, Oper- ophtera brumata, Orgyia pseudotsugata, Oria spp., Orthaga thyrisalis, Ostrinia spp. such as O. nubilalis; Oulema oryzae, Paleacrita vernata, Panolis flammea, Parnara spp., Papaipema nebris, Papilio cresphontes, Paramyelois transitella, Paranthrene regalis, Paysandisia archon, Pectinophora spp. such as P. gossypiella; Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera spp., such as P. coffeella; Phalera bucephala, Phryganidia californica, Phthorimaea spp. such as P. operculella; Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter spp. such as P. blancardella, P. crataegella, P. issikii, P. ringoniella; Pieris spp. such as P. brassicae, P. rapae, P. napi; Pilocrocis tripunctata, Plathy- pena scabra, Platynota spp. such as P. flavedana, P. idaeusalis, P. stultana; Platyptilia cardui- dactyla, Plebejus argus, Plodia interpunctella, Plusia spp, Plutella maculipennis, Plutella xy- lostella, Pontia protodica, Prays spp., Prodenia spp., Proxenus lepigone, Pseudaletia spp. such as P. sequax, P. unipuncta; Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia nu, Richia albicosta, Rhizobius ven- tralis, Rhyacionia frustrana, Sabulodes aegrotata, Schizura concinna, Schoenobius spp., Schreckensteinia festaliella, Scirpophaga spp. such as S. incertulas, S. innotata; Scotia segetum, Sesamia spp. such as S. inferens, Seudyra subflava, Sitotroga cerealella, Spargan- othis pilleriana, Spilonota lechriaspis, S. ocellana, Spodoptera (=Lamphygma) spp. such as S. eridania, S. exigua, S. frugiperda, S. latisfascia, S. Iittoralis, S. Iitura, S. omithogalli; Stigmella spp., Stomopteryx subsecivella, Strymon bazochii, Sylepta derogata, Synanthedon spp. such as S. exitiosa, Tecia solanivora, Telehin licus, Thaumatopoea pityocampa, Thaumatotibia (=Cryptophlebia) leucotreta, Thaumetopoea pityocampa, Thecla spp., Theresimima am- pelophaga, Thyrinteina spp, Tildenia inconspicuella, Tinea spp. such as T. cloacella, T. pel- lionella; Tineola bisselliella, Tortrix spp. such as T. viridana; Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplu- sia spp. such as T. ni; Tuta (=Scrobipalpula) absoluta, Udea spp. such as U. rubigalis, U. rubi- galis; Virachola spp., Yponomeuta padella, and Zeiraphera canadensis;
insects from the order of Coleoptera, for example Acalymma vittatum, Acanthoscehdes obtectus, Adoretus spp., Agelastica alni, Agrilus spp. such as A. anxius, A. planipennis, A. sinuatus; Agriotes spp. such as A. fuscicollis, A. lineatus, A. obscurus; Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimal- lus solstitialis, Anisandrus dispar, Anisoplia austriaca, Anobium punctatum, Anomala corpulen- ta, Anomala rufocuprea, Anoplophora spp. such as A. glabripennis; Anthonomus spp. such as A. eugenii, A. grandis, A. pomorum; Anthrenus spp., Aphthona euphoridae, Apion spp., Apogo- nia spp., Athous haemorrhoidalis, Atomaria spp. such as A. linearis; Attagenus spp., Aula- cophora femoralis, Blastophagus piniperda, Blitophaga undata, Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchus spp. such as B. lentis, B. pisorum, B. rufimanus; Byctiscus betulae, Callidiellum rufipenne, Cal- lopistria floridensis, Callosobruchus chinensis, Cameraria ohridella, Cassida nebulosa, Ceroto- ma trifurcata, Cetonia aurata, Ceuthorhynchus spp. such as C. assimilis, C. napi; Chaetocnema tibialis, Cleonus mendicus, Conoderus spp. such as C. vespertinus; Conotrachelus nenuphar, Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zealandica, Crioceris asparagi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryp- torhynchus lapathi, Ctenicera spp. such as C. destructor; Curculio spp., Cylindrocopturus spp., Cyclocephala spp., Dactylispa balyi, Dectes texanus, Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp. such as D. undecimpunctata, D. speciosa, D. longicornis, D. semipunctata, D. virgifera; Diaprepes abbreviates, Dichocrocis spp., Dicladispa armigera, Diloboderus abderus, Diocalandra frumenti (Diocalandra stigmaticollis), Enaphalodes rufulus, Epilachna spp. such as E. varivestis, E. vigintioctomaculata; Epitrix spp. such as E. hirtipennis, E. similaris; Eutheola humilis, Eu- tinobothrus brasiliensis, Faustinus cubae, Gibbium psylloides, Gnathocerus cornutus, Hellula undalis, Heteronychus arator, Hylamorpha elegans, Hylobius abietis, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hy- pera spp. such as H. brunneipennis, H. postica; Hypomeces squamosus, Hypothenemus spp., Ips typographus, Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lasioderma serricorne, Latheticus oryzae, Lath- ridius spp., Lema spp. such as L. bilineata, L. melanopus; Leptinotarsa spp. such as L. decem- lineata; Leptispa pygmaea, Limonius californicus, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Lixus spp., Lu- perodes spp., Lyctus spp. such as L. bruneus; Liogenys fuscus, Macrodactylus spp. such as M. subspinosus; Maladera matrida, Megaplatypus mutates, Megascelis spp., Melanotus com- munis, Meligethes spp. such as M. aeneus; Melolontha spp. such as M. hippocastani, M. melol- ontha; Metamasius hemipterus, Microtheca spp., Migdolus spp. such as M. fryanus, Monocha- mus spp. such as M. alternatus; Naupactus xanthographus, Niptus hololeucus, Oberia brevis, Oemona hirta, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oryzaphagus oryzae, Otiorrhyn- chus sulcatus, Otiorrhynchus ovatus, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, Oulema melanopus, Oulema ory- zae, Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon spp. such as P. brassicae, P. cochleariae; Phoracantha re- curva, Phyllobius pyri, Phyllopertha horticola, Phyllophaga spp. such as P. helleri; Phyllotreta spp. such as P. chrysocephala, P. nemorum, P. striolata, P. vittula; Phyllopertha horticola, Pop- illia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Psacothea hilaris, Psylliodes chrysocephala, Prostephanus truncates, Psylliodes spp., Ptinus spp., Pulga saltona, Rhizopertha dominica, Rhynchophorus spp. such as R. billineatus, R. ferrugineus, R. palmarum, R. phoenicis, R. vulneratus; Saperda Candida, Scolytus schevyrewi, Scyphophorus acupunctatus, Sitona lineatus, Sitophilus spp. such as S. granaria, S. oryzae, S. zeamais; Sphenophorus spp. such as S. levis; Stegobium paniceum, Stemechus spp. such as S. subsignatus; Strophomorphus ctenotus, Symphyletes spp., Tanymecus spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Tribolium spp. such as T. castaneum; Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp. such as X. pyrrhoderus; and, Za- brus spp. such as Z. tenebrioides;
insects from the order of Diptera for example Aedes spp. such as A. aegypti, A. albopictus, A. vexans; Anastrepha ludens, Anopheles spp. such as A. albimanus, A. crucians, A. freeborni, A. gambiae, A. leucosphyrus, A. maculipennis, A. minimus, A. quadrimaculatus, A. sinensis; Bac- trocera invadens, Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capi- tata, Chrysomyia spp. such as C. bezziana, C. hominivorax, C. macellaria; Chrysops atlanticus, Chrysops discalis, Chrysops silacea, Cochliomyia spp. such as C. hominivorax; Contarinia spp. such as C. sorghicola; Cordylobia anthropophaga, Culex spp. such as C. nigripalpus, C. pipiens, C. quinquefasciatus, C. tarsalis, C. tritaeniorhynchus; Culicoides furens, Culiseta inor- nata, Culiseta melanura, Cuterebra spp., Dacus cucurbitae, Dacus oleae, Dasineura brassicae, Dasineura oxycoccana, Delia spp. such as D. antique, D. coarctata, D. platura, D. radicum; Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila spp. such as D. suzukii, Fannia spp. such as F. canicularis; Gastraphilus spp. such as G. intestinalis; Geomyza tipunctata, Glossina spp. such as G. fusci- pes, G. morsitans, G. palpalis, G. tachinoides; Haematobia irritans, Haplodiplosis equestris, Hippelates spp., Hylemyia spp. such as H. platura; Hypoderma spp. such as H. lineata; Hyppo- bosca spp., Hydrellia philippina, Leptoconops torrens, Liriomyza spp. such as L. sativae, L. trifo- Hi; Lucilia spp. such as L. caprina, L. cuprina, L. sericata; Lycoria pectoralis, Mansonia titillanus, Mayetiola spp. such as M. destructor; Musca spp. such as M. autumnalis, M. domestica; Musci- na stabulans, Oestrus spp. such as O. ovis; Opomyza florum, Oscinella spp. such as O. frit; Orseolia oryzae, Pegomya hysocyami, Phlebotomus argentipes, Phorbia spp. such as P. anti- qua, P. brassicae, P. coarctata; Phytomyza gymnostoma, Prosimulium mixtum, Psila rosae, Psorophora columbiae, Psorophora discolor, Rhagoletis spp. such as R. cerasi, R. cingulate, R. indifferens, R. mendax, R. pomonella; Rivellia quadrifasciata, Sarcophaga spp. such as S. haemorrhoidalis; Simulium vittatum, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Stomoxys spp. such as S. calci- trans; Tabanus spp. such as T. atratus, T. bovinus, T. lineola, T. similis; Tannia spp., Thecodi- plosis japonensis, Tipula oleracea, Tipula paludosa, and Wohlfahrtia spp;
insects from the order of Thysanoptera for example, Baliothrips biformis, Dichromothrips cor- betti, Dichromothrips ssp., Echinothrips americanus, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp. such as F. fusca, F. occidentalis, F. tritici; Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Kakothrips spp., Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Neohydatothrips samayunkur, Pezothrips kellyanus, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp. such as S. citri, S. dorsalis, S. perseae; Stenchae- tothrips spp, Taeniothrips cardamoni, Taeniothrips inconsequens, Thrips spp. such as T. imagines, T. hawaiiensis, T. oryzae, T. palmi, T. parvispinus, T. tabaci; insects from the order of Hemiptera for example, Acizzia jamatonica, Acrostemum spp. such as A. hilare; Acyrthosipon spp. such as A. onobrychis, A. pisum; Adelges laricis, Adelges tsu- gae, Adelphocoris spp., such as A. rapidus, A. superbus; Aeneolamia spp., Agonoscena spp., Aulacorthum solani, Aleurocanthus woglumi, Aleurodes spp., Aleurodicus disperses, Aleurolo- bus barodensis, Aleurothrixus spp., Amrasca spp., Anasa tristis, Antestiopsis spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphidula nasturtii, Aphis spp. such as A. craccivora, A. fabae, A. forbesi, A. gossypii, A. grossulariae, A. maidiradicis, A. pomi, A. sambuci, A. schneideri, A. spiraecola; Arboridia apicalis, Arilus critatus, Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp., Aulacaspis yasumatsui, Aulacorthum solani, Bactericera cockerelli (Paratrioza cockerelli), Bemisia spp. such as B. argentifolii, B. tabaci (Aleurodes tabaci); Blissus spp. such as B. leucopterus; Brachycaudus spp. such as B. cardui, B. helichrysi, B. persicae, B. prunicola; Brachycolus spp., Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla spp. such as C. fulguralis, C. pyricola (Psylla piri); Calligypona marginata, Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Capitophorus horni, Carneocephala fulgida, Cavelerius spp., Ceraplastes spp., Ceratovacuna lanigera, Ceroplastes ceriferus, Cerosipha gossypii, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis te- galensis, Chlorita onukii, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Ci- mex spp. such as C. hemipterus, C. lectularius; Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp. such as C. hesperidum, C. pseudomagnoliarum; Corythucha arcuata, Creontiades dilutus, Cryptomyzus ribis, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Cryptomyzus ribis, Ctenarytaina spatulata, Cyrtopeltis notatus, Dalbulus spp., Dasynus piperis, Dialeurodes spp. such as D. citrifolii; Dalbulus maidis, Di- aphorina spp. such as D. citri; Diaspis spp. such as D. bromeliae; Dichelops eatus, Diconoco- ris hewetti, Doralis spp., Dreyfusia nordmannianae, Dreyfusia piceae, Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp. such as D. plantaginea, D. pyri, D. radicola; Dysaulacorthum pseudosolani, Dysdercus spp. such as D. cingulatus, D. intermedius; Dysmicoccus spp., Edessa spp., Geocoris spp., Empoasca spp. such as E. fabae, E. solana; Epidiaspis leperii, Eriosoma spp. such as E. lanig- erum, E. pyricola; Erythroneura spp., Eurygaster spp. such as E. integriceps; Euscelis bilobatus, Euschistus spp. such as E. heros, E. impictiventris, E. servus; Fiorinia theae, Geococcus coffe- ae, Glycaspis brimblecombei, Halyomorpha spp. such as H. halys; Heliopeltis spp., Homalodis- ca vitripennis (=H. coagulata), Horcias nobilellus, Hyalopterus pruni, Hyperomyzus lactucae, lcerya spp. such as /. purchase; Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecani- um spp., Lecanoideus floccissimus, Lepidosaphes spp. such as L. ulmi; Leptocorisa spp., Lep- toglossus phyllopus, Lipaphis erysimi, Lygus spp. such as L. hesperus, L. lineolaris, L. praten- sis; Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Marchalina hellenica, Macropes excavatus, Macrosiphum spp. such as M. rosae, M. avenae, M. euphorbiae; Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarva fimbriola- fa, Megacopta cribraria, Megoura viciae, Melanaphis pyrarius, Melanaphis sacchari, Melanocal- lis (=Tinocallis) caryaefoliae, Metcafiella spp., Metopolophium dirhodum, Monellia costalis, Mo- nelliopsis pecanis, Myzocallis coryli, Murgantia spp., Myzus spp. such as M. ascalonicus, M. cerasi, M. nicotianae, M. persicae, M. varians; Nasonovia ribis-nigri, Neotoxoptera formosana, Neomegalotomus spp, Nephotettix spp. such as N. malayanus, N. nigropictus, N. parvus, N. virescens; Nezara spp. such as N. viridula; Nilaparvata lugens, Nysius huttoni, Oebalus spp. such as O. pugnax; Oncometopia spp., Orthezia praelonga, Oxycaraenus hyalinipennis, Para- bemisia myricae, Parlatoria spp., Parthenolecanium spp. such as P. corni, P. persicae; Pemphi- gus spp. such as P. bursanus, P. populivenae; Peregrinus maidis, Perkinsiella saccharicida, Phenacoccus spp. such as P. aceris, P. gossypii; Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp. such as P. devastatrix, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus spp. such as P. guildinii; Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp. such as P. citri, P. ficus; Prosapia bicincta, Protopulvi- naria pyriformis, Psallus seriatus, Pseudacysta persea, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudo- coccus spp. such as P. comstocki; Psylla spp. such as P. mail; Pteromalus spp., Pulvinaria amygdali, Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp., such as Q. perniciosus; Quesada gigas, Rastro- coccus spp., Reduvius senilis, Rhizoecus americanus, Rhodnius spp., Rhopalomyzus ascaloni- cus, Rhopalosiphum spp. such as R. pseudobrassicas, R. insertum, R. maidis, R. padi; Saga- todes spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Saissetia spp., Sappaphis mala, Sappaphis mail, Scapto- coris spp., Scaphoides titanus, Schizaphis graminum, Schizoneura lanuginosa, Scotinophora spp., Selenaspidus articulatus, Sitobion avenae, Sogata spp., Sogatella furcifera, Solubea insu- laris, Spissistilus festinus (=Stictocephala festina), Stephanitis nashi, Stephanitis pyrioides, Stephanitis takeyai, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tetraleurodes perseae, Therioaphis maculate, Thyanta spp. such as T. accerra, T. perditor; Tibraca spp., Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp. such as T. aurantii; Trialeurodes spp. such as T. abutilonea, T. ricini, T. vaporariorum; Triatoma spp., Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis spp. such as U. citri, U. yanonensis; and Viteus vitifolii,
Insects from the order Hymenoptera for example Acanthomyops interjectus, Athalia rosae, At- ta spp. such as A. capiguara, A. cephalotes, A. cephalotes, A. laevigata, A. robusta, A. sexdens, A. texana, Bombus spp., Brachymyrmex spp., Camponotus spp. such as C. florida- nus, C. pennsylvanicus, C. modoc; Cardiocondyla nuda, Chalibion sp, Crematogaster spp., Dasymutilla occidentalis, Diprion spp., Dolichovespula maculata, Dorymyrmex spp., Dryocos- mus kuriphilus, Formica spp., Hoplocampa spp. such as H. minuta, H. testudinea; Iridomyrmex humilis, Lasius spp. such as L. niger, Linepithema humile, Liometopum spp., Leptocybe invasa, Monomorium spp. such as M. pharaonis, Monomorium, Nylandria fulva, Pachycondyla chinen- sis, Paratrechina longicornis, Paravespula spp., such as P. germanica, P. pennsylvanica, P. vulgaris; Pheidole spp. such as P. megacephala; Pogonomyrmex spp. such as P. barbatus, P. californicus, Polistes rubiginosa, Prenolepis impairs, Pseudomyrmex gracilis, Schelipron spp., Sirex cyaneus, Solenopsis spp. such as S. geminata, S.invicta, S. molesta, S. richteri, S. xyloni, Sphecius speciosus, Sphex spp., Tapinoma spp. such as T. melanocephalum, T. sessile; Tetramorium spp. such as T. caespitum, T. bicarinatum, Vespa spp. such as V. crabro; Vespula spp. such as V. squamosal; Wasmannia auropunctata, Xylocopa sp;
Insects from the order Orthoptera for example Acheta domesticus, Calliptamus italicus, Chor- toicetes terminifera, Ceuthophilus spp., Diastrammena asynamora, Dociostaurus maroccanus, Gryllotalpa spp. such as G. africana, G. gryllotalpa; Gryllus spp., Hieroglyphus daganensis, Kraussaria angulifera, Locusta spp. such as L. migratoria, L. pardalina; Melanoplus spp. such as M. bivittatus, M. femurrubrum, M. mexicanus, M. sanguinipes, M. spretus; Nomadacris sep- temfasciata, Oedaleus senegalensis, Scapteriscus spp., Schistocerca spp. such as S. america- na, S. gregaria, Stemopelmatus spp., Tachycines asynamorus, and Zonozerus variegatus; Pests from the Class Arachnida for example Acari,e.g. of the families Argasidae, Ixodidae and Sarcoptidae, such as Amblyomma spp. (e.g. A. americanum, A. variegatum, A. maculatum), Argas spp. such as A. persicu), Boophilus spp. such as B. annulatus, B. decoloratus, B. mi- croplus, Dermacentor spp. such as D.silvarum, D. andersoni, D. variabilis, Hyalomma spp. such as H. truncatum, Ixodes spp. such as /. ricinus, I. rubicundus, I. scapularis, I. holocyclus, I. pacificus, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ornithodorus spp. such as O. moubata, O. hermsi, O. turicata, Omithonyssus bacoti, Otobius megnini, Dermanyssus gallinae, Psoroptes spp. such as P. ovis, Rhipicephalus spp. such as R. sanguineus, R. appendiculatus, Rhipicephalus evertsi, Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp. such asS. Scabiei; and Family Eriophyidae including Aceria spp. such as A. sheldoni, A. anthocoptes, Acallitus spp., Aculops spp. such as A. lycopersici, A. pelekassi; Aculus spp. such as A. schlechtendali; Colomerus vitis, Epitrimerus pyri, Phyllo- coptruta oleivora; Eriophytes ribis and Eriophyes spp. such as Eriophyes sheldoni; Family Tar- sonemidae including Hemitarsonemus spp., Phytonemus pallidus and Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Stenotarsonemus spp. Steneotarsonemus spinki; Family Tenuipalpidae including Brevi- palpus spp. such as B. phoenicis; Family Tetranychidae including Eotetranychus spp., Eute- tranychus spp., Oligonychus spp., Petrobia latens, Tetranych us spp. such as T. cinnabarinus, T. evansi, T. kanzawai, Ύ, pacificus, T. phaseulus, T. telarius and T. urticae; Bryobia praetiosa; Panonychus spp. such as P. ulmi, P. citri; Metatetranychus spp. and Oligonychus spp. such as O. pratensis, O. perseae, Vasates lycopersici; Raoiella indica, Family Carpoglyphidae including Carpoglyphus spp.; Penthaleidae spp. such as Halotydeus destructor, Family Demodicidae with species such as Demodex spp.; Family Trombicidea including Trombicula spp.; Family Macro- nyssidae including Ornothonyssus spp.; Family Pyemotidae including Pyemotes tritici; Tyropha- gus putrescentiae; Family Acaridae including Acarus siro; Family Araneida including Latrodec- tus mactans, Tegenaria agrestis, Chiracanthium sp, Lycosa sp Achaearanea tepidariorum and Loxosceles reclusa;
Pests from the Phylum Nematoda, for example, plant parasitic nematodes such as root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp. such as M. hapla, M. incognita, M. javanica; cyst-forming nema- todes, Globodera spp. such as G. rostochiensis; Heterodera spp. such as H. avenae, H. glycines, H. schachtii, H. trifolii; Seed gall nematodes, Anguina spp.; Stem and foliar nematodes, Aphelenchoides spp. such as A. besseyi; Sting nematodes, Belonolaimus spp. such as B. lon- gicaudatus; Pine nematodes, Bursaphelenchus spp. such as B. lignicolus, B. xylophilus; Ring nematodes, Criconema spp., Criconemella spp. such as C. xenoplax and C. ornata; and, Criconemoides spp. such as Criconemoides informis; Mesocriconema spp.; Stem and bulb nematodes, Ditylenchus spp. such as D. destructor, D. dipsaci; Awl nematodes, Dolichodorus spp.; Spiral nematodes, Heliocotylenchus multicinctus; Sheath and sheathoid nematodes, Hem- icycliophora spp. and Hemicriconemoides spp.; Hirshmanniella spp.; Lance nematodes, Hop- loaimus spp.; False rootknot nematodes, Nacobbus spp.; Needle nematodes, Longidorus spp. such as L. elongatus; Lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus spp. such as P. brachyurus, P. neglec- tus, P. penetrans, P. curvitatus, P. goodeyi; Burrowing nematodes, Radopholus spp. such as R. similis; Rhadopholus spp.; Rhodopholus spp.; Reniform nematodes, Rotylenchus spp. such as R. robustus, R. reniformis; Scutellonema spp.; Stubby-root nematode, Trichodorus spp. such as T. obtusus, T. primitivus; Paratrichodorus spp. such as P. minor; Stunt nematodes, Tylencho- rhynchus spp. such as T. claytoni, T. dubius; Citrus nematodes, Tylenchulus spp. such as T. semipenetrans; Dagger nematodes, Xiphinema spp.; and other plant parasitic nematode species; Insects from the order Isoptera for example Calotermes flavicollis, Coptotermes spp. such as C. formosanus, C. gestroi, C. acinaciformis; Cornitermes cumulans, Cryptotermes spp. such as C. brevis, C. cavifrons; Globitermes sulfureus, Heterotermes spp. such as H. aureus, H. longi- ceps, H. tenuis; Leucotermes flavipes, Odontotermes spp., Incisitermes spp. such as /. minor, I. Snyder, Marginitermes hubbardi, Mastotermes spp. such as M. darwiniensis Neocapritermes spp. such as N. opacus, N. parvus; Neotermes spp., Procornitermes spp., Zootermopsis spp. such as Z. angusticollis, Z. nevadensis, Reticulitermes spp. such as R. hesperus, R. tibialis, R. speratus, R. flavipes, R. grassei, R. lucifugus, R. santonensis, R. virginicus; Termes natalensis,
Insects from the order Blattaria for example Blatta spp. such as B. orientalis, B. lateralis; Blat- tella spp. such as B. asahinae, B. germanica; Leucophaea maderae, Panchlora nivea, Peri- planeta spp. such as P. americana, P. australasiae, P. brunnea, P. fuligginosa, P. japonica; Su- pella longipalpa, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica, Eurycotis floridana, Pycnoscelus surinamensis,
Insects from the order Siphonoptera for example Cediopsylla simples, Ceratophyllus spp., Ctenocephalides spp. such as C. felis, C. can is, Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Tricho- dectes canis, Tunga penetrans, and Nosopsyllus fasciatus,
Insects from the order Thysanura for example Lepisma saccharina , Ctenolepisma urbana, and Thermobia domestica,
Pests from the class Chilopoda for example Geophilus spp., Scutigera spp. such as Scutigera coleoptrata;
Pests from the class Diplopoda for example Blaniulus guttulatus, Julus spp., Narceus spp., Pests from the class Symphyla for example Scutigerella immaculata,
Insects from the order Dermaptera, for example Forficula auricularia,
Insects from the order Collembola, for example Onychiurus spp., such as Onychiurus armatus, Pests from the order Isopoda for example, Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber,
Insects from the order Phthiraptera, for example Damalinia spp., Pediculus spp. such as Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, Pediculus humanus humanus; Pthirus pubis, Haematopinus spp. such as Haematopinus eurysternus, Haematopinus suis; Linognathus spp. such as Linognathus vituli; Bovicola bovis, Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus and Solenopotes capillatus, Trichodectes spp.,
Examples of further pest species which may be controlled by mixtures of the invention, chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron include: from the Phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia, for example, Dreissena spp.; class Gastropoda, for example, Arion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea canaliclata, Succinea spp.; from the class of the helminths, for example, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris lubricoides, Ascaris spp., Bru- gia malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis spp., Cooperia spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echi- nococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis, Faciola spp., Haemonchus spp. such as Haemonchus contortus; Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana, Hy- ostrongulus spp., Loa Loa, Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Opisthorchis spp., Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagia spp., Paragonimus spp., Schistosomen spp., Strongyloides fuel- leborni, Strongyloides stercora lis, Stronyloides spp., Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, Trichostrongulus spp., Trichuris trichuria, Wuchereria bancrofti.

Claims

Use of a pesticidal mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts for protecting a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests, which plant has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
A method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidal mixture comprising chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in synergistically effective amounts to a plant, plant propagation material, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, which plant has been modified by mutagenesis or genetic engineering.
Use or method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the plant is a soybean plant exhibiting insect resistance.
Use or method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pests are selected from insects from the the group consisting of Anticarsia (=Thermesia), Chrysodeixis
(=Pseudoplusia), Helicoverpa, Spodoptera (=Lamphygma), and combinations thereof.
Use or method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia in- cludens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera cosmioides, and combinations thereof.
Use or method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the plant is a soybean plant, which has been modified by genetic engineering, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cryl F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof.
Use or method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the pesticidal mixture comprises chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron in a ratio by weight of from 1 :1000 to 1000:1 .
Use of teflubenzuron in pesticidally effective amounts for protecting a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of cry1 Ac, cry1 F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof. Method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidally effective amount of teflubenzuron to a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the pests are selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of cry1 Ac, cry1 F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof.
Use or method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the pests are selected from Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof. 1 1 . Use of chlorfenapyr in pesticidally effective amounts for protecting a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth, against the attack or infestation by pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cry1 F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof.
12. Method for controlling pests, which method comprises the application of a pesticidally ef- fective amount of chlorfenapyr to a soybean plant, the plant propagation material thereof, or its locus of growth; the pests or their food supply, habitat or breeding grounds, wherein the pests are selected from pests selected from the group consisting of Anticarsia gemmatalis, Chrysodeixis includens (=Pseudoplusia includens), Helicoverpa armigera
(=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera eridania, Spodoptera frugiper- da, and combinations thereof, wherein the soybean plant has been modified by genetic engineering and exhibits insect resistance, wherein insect resistance is provided by one or more genes selected from the group consisting of crylAc, cryl F, cry1A.105, cry2Ab2, and combinations thereof.
Use or method according to claim 1 1 or 12, wherein the pests are selected from Helicoverpa armigera (=Heliothis armigera), Spodoptera cosmioides, Spodoptera frugiperda, and combinations thereof.
14. Use or method according to any of claims 6, 8, 9, 1 1 or 12, wherein insect resiscence is provided by one or more genes selected from crylAc, and cry1 F, and a combination thereof.
15. Use or method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the pesticidal mixture, or chlorfenapyr, or teflubenzuron are applied to the foliage of the plants in an amount of from 1 g to 100 g per hectare.
PCT/EP2015/067240 2014-08-29 2015-07-28 Use of chlorfenapyr and teflubenzuron on genetically modified plants WO2016030108A1 (en)

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