WO2016015654A1 - 一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计及控制方法 - Google Patents

一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计及控制方法 Download PDF

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WO2016015654A1
WO2016015654A1 PCT/CN2015/085517 CN2015085517W WO2016015654A1 WO 2016015654 A1 WO2016015654 A1 WO 2016015654A1 CN 2015085517 W CN2015085517 W CN 2015085517W WO 2016015654 A1 WO2016015654 A1 WO 2016015654A1
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Prior art keywords
carbonate
fracture
drilling
hole
carbonate rock
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PCT/CN2015/085517
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English (en)
French (fr)
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石林
周英操
刘伟
翟小强
王瑛
王凯
周泊奇
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中国石油集团钻井工程技术研究院
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Publication of WO2016015654A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016015654A1/zh
Priority to US15/418,298 priority Critical patent/US10408042B2/en

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/024—Determining slope or direction of devices in the borehole
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/02—Determining slope or direction
    • E21B47/022—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism
    • E21B47/0224—Determining slope or direction of the borehole, e.g. using geomagnetism using seismic or acoustic means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B21/00—Methods or apparatus for flushing boreholes, e.g. by use of exhaust air from motor
    • E21B21/08—Controlling or monitoring pressure or flow of drilling fluid, e.g. automatic filling of boreholes, automatic control of bottom pressure
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B44/00—Automatic control systems specially adapted for drilling operations, i.e. self-operating systems which function to carry out or modify a drilling operation without intervention of a human operator, e.g. computer-controlled drilling systems; Systems specially adapted for monitoring a plurality of drilling variables or conditions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • E21B49/003—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells by analysing drilling variables or conditions
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/04—Directional drilling
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
    • G01V20/00—Geomodelling in general
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of oil and natural gas drilling, in particular to a design and control method for drilling trajectory of a carbonate rock fractured hole.
  • the oil and gas resources in western China are relatively abundant, but most of the oil and gas in this area is concentrated in the deep layer.
  • the problems presented in the exploration and development process are quite different from the shallow oil and gas resources.
  • the carbonate rock oil resources in the Tarim Basin account for the basin. 38% of the total.
  • Horizontal wells can increase productivity and reduce turbulence.
  • single well control reserves vary in size, and horizontal wells are needed to communicate multiple fracture holes to increase production capacity.
  • the fracture hole Since the fracture-cavity structure of the carbonate reservoir is approximately beaded, when it is mined, the fracture hole needs to be strung together like a sugar cane, but it cannot be opened. After the drilling is completed, it is passed. Measures such as fracturing open the seam hole to better develop oil and gas resources. In order to safely string the seams, it is necessary to design the trajectory of the drilling during horizontal drilling so as to be able to safely string the seams and open the seams.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a design and control method for a drilling fracture path of a carbonate rock to realize safe and effective exploitation of oil and gas resources.
  • the present invention provides a method for designing a drilling trajectory of a carbonate rock fracture, the method comprising: acquiring a contour of the fractured hole of the carbonate rock by using seismic data; determining a distance from each The safety distance of the fractured hole of the carbonate rock; determining the segmented drilling trajectory of each of the carbonate fracture holes, and sequentially connecting the segmented drilling trajectories of the adjacent carbonate fracture holes to obtain carbon Salt rock drilling hole drilling trajectory.
  • the method further comprises determining a rectangular boundary.
  • the rectangular boundary is a rectangular boundary having a smallest area among rectangular boundaries covering the contour of the carbonate fracture wall and placed in a horizontal direction.
  • the distance from each of the carbonate fracture holes is a predetermined safety distance from an upper boundary of the rectangular boundary.
  • the drilling trajectory of the adjacent fracture wall of the carbonate rock is sequentially connected to obtain a fracture track of the carbonate fracture hole, including: an end point of a drilling trajectory of the adjacent fracture wall of the carbonate rock Connecting to form two triangles; connecting the end points of the drilling trajectories of the adjacent farthest carbonate fracture holes with S-shaped curves passing through the common end points of the two triangles; The connection results in a fracture track of the carbonate rock fracture.
  • the S-shaped curve is composed of two arcs.
  • the invention provides a method for controlling a drilling trajectory of a carbonate rock fracture hole, which comprises: performing a fracture drilling of a carbonate rock according to a drilling trajectory of a fractured rock hole obtained by the method; predicting/detecting a bottom hole Pressure; if the engineering parameter changes exceed a threshold, the bottom hole pressure is adjusted such that the bottom hole pressure is constant or the flow rate is constant, and the carbonate fracture hole drilling trajectory is moved away from the carbonate rock fracture hole.
  • the invention optimizes the drilling track of the carbonate rock reservoir and can improve the communication ability between the horizontal well and the fracture hole. Reduce development costs, improve exploration and development efficiency, and avoid spills that are prone to occur during the drilling process, so that the well depth can be drilled more smoothly.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a safety margin constant distance method provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a horizontal line closest to an upper boundary of a slit string provided by the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a track after mapping according to an upper boundary provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the transition of upper and lower parallel lines provided by the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a pressure and trajectory adjustment control method provided by the present invention.
  • the present invention establishes a horizontally placed rectangular boundary along its contour for each carbonate rock fracture hole, and then determines the safety margin based on the rectangular boundary.
  • the invention can adopt two methods, one method is to set a relatively constant safety distance for the contour, and the other method is to obtain the safety distance by using the method of finding the extreme value by modeling, wherein Different contours of carbonate fractures may have different safety distances.
  • the present invention shows four different contoured carbonate fracture holes, as shown in FIG. 1, including an oblong profile 1, an irregular profile 2, a short elliptical profile 3, and a crack profile 4, Corresponding rectangular boundaries are shown for these different contours.
  • the rectangular boundary may cover the contour of the carbonate fracture hole as a desired rectangular boundary, but in order to improve the efficiency of oil and gas production, it is desirable to use a rectangular boundary with a minimum area and horizontal placement.
  • a rectangular border with a minimum area and horizontal placement can make point contacts for contours of various shapes.
  • a fixed safety margin can be used to design the drilling trajectory, for example, forming a section at a fixed distance above the upper boundary of the rectangular boundary.
  • the parallel lines 5, 7, 9, and 11 on the upper boundary of the carbonate fracture hole are connected by connecting lines 6, 8, and 10, thereby forming a drilling trajectory of the fractured hole of the carbonate rock.
  • the mathematical description of the drilling trajectory can be described as follows:
  • y i the depth of the upper boundary of the rectangular boundary of the i-th carbonate fractured hole
  • x the horizontal displacement of the horizontal track of the i-th segment, the coordinates falling within the corresponding L i segment;
  • ⁇ i is a safety margin and can be an empirical value ranging from a few meters to a few meters.
  • Min( ⁇ i ) 0, L i is the length of the parallel line segment of the slot.
  • the boundary function on the distance hole string can be represented by the following function:
  • the boundary condition can be set to the wellbore orbit above each fracture hole of the carbonate rock, then yy i ⁇ 0 (7)
  • the drilling trajectory can be adjusted to the top. Then map to:
  • the safety distance of each carbonate rock fracture hole can be obtained, and the segmented carbonate rock fracture drilling trajectory is obtained, and the segmented carbonate rock fracture drilling trajectory is connected in turn.
  • the continuous drilling track of carbonate fractures can be obtained.
  • Figure 2 shows the horizontal line closest to the upper boundary of the carbonate fracture hole
  • Figure 3 shows the drilling trajectory according to the extremum method.
  • the drill bit since the drill bit is subjected to the resistance of the formation rock during the drilling process, it may not be able to advance according to the drilling trajectory formed by the line segment shown in FIG. 1 or FIG. 3, so the drilling trajectory is further optimized in the present invention, as shown in FIG.
  • the adjacent two segmented drilling trajectories can be formed into two triangles, and the trajectory is optimized by the S-shaped curve.
  • the S-shaped curve can pass through the farthest end points of the adjacent segmented drilling trajectories, and can also pass through the common ends of the two triangles.
  • the S-shaped curve can be formed by combining the two ends of the arc.
  • ⁇ y is the distance between two parallel segments
  • ⁇ x is the horizontal distance between the two nearest endpoints of the two parallel segments
  • ⁇ is the radians, which is converted to an angle:
  • the length of the straight line AC is half of the straight line AB, it can be considered that the length of the arc AC is approximately equal to the length of the line segment AC, and is set to M, which is derived according to the geometric theorem:
  • the above arc length can be used as a reference factor for selecting the horizontal section bending screw.
  • a horizontal section bending screw that satisfies the following conditions can be selected:
  • ⁇ z is the slope of the horizontal section bending screw (degree / 30 m). If the above conditions are met, the slanting tool having the sloping slope can complete the drilling of the section.
  • the invention can design a safe and reasonable drilling trajectory of carbonate fracture holes by the above scheme. After the drilling trajectory is obtained, drilling can be performed according to the drilling trajectory. Since the seismic data can only draw the contour of the carbonate fracture hole, even if the safety margin has been considered in the process of designing the drilling trajectory, it may still appear in the process of drilling according to the drilling trajectory because the formation structure cannot be fully understood. Dangerous conditions, such as oil and gas leaks, in order to avoid this dangerous situation, also require real-time adjustment of the drilling trajectory during the drilling process. As shown in Figure 5, in the process of adjusting the trajectory, it is necessary to predict or detect the bottom hole pressure in real time.
  • inlet and outlet flow changes exceed the threshold.
  • the threshold value can be established according to the principle of mechanical rock breaking, for example, as follows: Among them, a, b, c are linear constants, field application can be obtained under stable working conditions, regression calculation, WOB is drilling pressure, d b is drill diameter, ROP is mechanical drilling speed, p b is bottom hole pressure, Q is The flow rate of drilling fluid, C r is the calculated value, and the floating amount of 10%-50% above and below the normal working condition is the upper and lower threshold.
  • the specific value can be determined by the field engineer according to the actual situation.
  • the drill bit can be adjusted according to the requirement of keeping the bottom hole pressure constant and/or keeping the flow constant.
  • the designed drilling trajectory rises (ie away from the carbonate rock fracture hole), and the trajectory adjustment is carried out according to the selected bending screw's ability to create the slanting force (for example, the maximum slanting ability) and then 1-2 meters and then along with the predetermined drilling trajectory. Parallel tracks are drilled horizontally.
  • the drilling trajectory is located above the fractured hole of the carbonate rock, but the present invention does not limit the other orientation of the drilling trajectory in the fractured hole of the carbonate rock.
  • the process of controlling the bit away from the fracture hole of the carbonate rock it is also necessary to test the engineering parameters and calculate the change of C r if the preset requirements are met (for example, C r fluctuates within plus or minus 10%), such as bottom hole pressure. Fluctuating in the range of [-0.3, 0.3] MPa, the drill bit can continue to advance along a predetermined drilling trajectory.

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Abstract

一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计及控制方法，包括：利用地震数据获取所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓；确定距离每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离；确定每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的分段钻井轨迹，并将相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的分段钻井轨迹依次连接得到碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。上述设计和控制方法优化了碳酸盐岩储层钻井轨迹，能够提高水平井与缝洞沟通能力，降低开发成本，提高勘探开发效率，同时避免钻井过程易发生的溢漏，从而更加顺利地钻达目的井深。

Description

一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计及控制方法 技术领域
本发明涉及石油、天然气钻井领域，具体地，涉及一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计及控制方法。
背景技术
我国西部的油气资源比较丰富，但该地区的油气大多富集在深层，勘探开发过程中所呈现出来的问题较浅层油气资源有较大差异，例如塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩石油资源量占盆地总量的38％。
对于碳酸盐岩油气开采而言，水平井技术得到了广泛的应用。水平井可以提高产能，减少紊流现象。对于碳酸盐岩油气资源而言，由于碳酸盐岩油气分布的连续性差且随机分布，单井控制储量大小不一，需要水平井来沟通多个缝洞以提高产能。
由于碳酸盐岩储层的缝洞结构是近似成串珠形状，在对其进行开采时，需要将缝洞向串糖葫芦一样将缝洞串起来，但不能将其打开，待钻井完成以后，通过压裂等措施将缝洞打开，从而更好地开发油气资源。为了将缝洞安全地串起来，需要设计出水平钻井过程中钻井的轨迹，以便既能够将缝洞安全地串起来，又方便将缝洞打开。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计及控制方法，以实现对油气资源的安全和有效开采。
为了实现上述目的，本发明提供一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计方法，该方法包括：利用地震数据获取所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓；确定距离每个所 述碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离；确定每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的分段钻井轨迹，并将相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的分段钻井轨迹依次连接得到碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。
优选地，该方法还包括确定矩形边界。
优选地，所述矩形边界为涵盖所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓并且呈水平方向放置的矩形边界中具有最小面积的矩形边界。
优选地，所述距离每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离为距所述矩形边界的上边界的预设安全距离。
优选地，按照下式确定距离每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离：y＝2yi-y*，其中y为距离第i个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的矩形边界的上边界的安全距离，
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000001
x∈Li，yi为第i个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的矩形边界上边界的井深，x为第i段水平轨道的水平位移，坐标落在对应的Li段内，Li为第i个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的矩形边界在水平方向的长度。
优选地，所述将相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的钻井轨迹依次连接得到碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹包括：将相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的钻井轨迹的端点连接形成两个三角形；将相距最远的相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的钻井轨迹的端点用经过所述两个三角形的共用端点的S型曲线连接；将所述S型曲线依次连接得到所述碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。
优选地，所述S型曲线由两段圆弧组合而成。
本发明提供了一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹控制方法，该方法包括：根据所述的方法得到的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹进行碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井；预测/检测井底压力；在工程参数变化超过阈值的情况下，调节井底压力以使得井底压力恒定或流量恒定，并且使所述碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹远离所述碳酸盐岩缝洞。
本发明优化了碳酸盐岩储层钻井轨迹，能够提高水平井与缝洞沟通能力， 降低开发成本，提高勘探开发效率，同时避免钻井过程易发生的溢漏，从而更加顺利地钻达目的井深。
本发明的其他特征和优点将在随后的具体实施方式部分予以详细说明。
附图说明
附图是用来提供对本发明的进一步理解，并且构成说明书的一部分，与下面的具体实施方式一起用于解释本发明，但并不构成对本发明的限制。在附图中：
图1是本发明提供的安全余量恒定距离法示意图；
图2为本发明提供的距离缝洞串上边界最近的水平线示意图；
图3为本发明提供的根据上边界进行映射调整后的轨迹示意图；
图4为本发明提供的上下两条平行线曲线过渡示意图；
图5为本发明提供的压力及轨迹调整控制方法示意图。
附图标记说明
1  长椭圆形轮廓                      2  不规则形状轮廓
3  短椭圆形轮廓                      4  裂缝轮廓
5、7、9、11  缝洞上边界平行线
6、8、10  连接直线
具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明的具体实施方式进行详细说明。应当理解的是，此处所描述的具体实施方式仅用于说明和解释本发明，并不用于限制本发明。
为了设计出安全而合理的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹，首先需要根据地震历史数据进行分析，得到碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓。由于通过地震数据分析得到的 地址结构存在一定的误差，因此只能得到碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓而不能精确地确定其形状和大小。在理想的状况下，如果在钻井的过程中，沿着碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓前进或许是可期望的，但现实中并不能如此处理，需要留出安全余量才能保证钻井过程中不发生泄漏。为了便于确定安全余量，本发明通过为各个碳酸盐岩缝洞沿其轮廓建立水平放置的矩形边界，然后在矩形边界的基础上再确定安全余量。对于安全余量的确定，本发明可以采用两种方法，一种方法是对于轮廓设置相对恒定的安全距离，另一种方法是通过建模，利用求极值的方法得到安全距离，其中对于具有不同轮廓的碳酸盐岩缝洞，其安全距离可能不同。
为了便于说明，本发明示出了四种不同轮廓的碳酸盐岩缝洞，如图1所示，包括长椭圆形轮廓1、不规则形状轮廓2、短椭圆形轮廓3以及裂缝轮廓4，并针对这几种不同轮廓示出了相应的矩形边界。对于本领域技术人员而言，矩形边界可以涵盖碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓就是符合要求的矩形边界，但是为了提高油气开采的效率，期望使用具有最小面积且水平放置的矩形边界。具有最小面积且水平放置的矩形边界可以给各种不同形状的轮廓形成点接触。
由于在油气开采中采用水平钻井，在确定碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓对应的矩形边界以后，可以采用固定的安全余量来设计钻井轨迹，例如在矩形边界的上边界以上按照固定距离形成一段与矩形轨迹的水平方向长度相同的线段，也就是分段的钻井轨迹，如碳酸盐岩缝洞上边界平行线5、7、9、11，然后为了形成连续的钻井轨迹，需要将相邻的碳酸盐岩缝洞上边界平行线5、7、9、11通过连接直线6、8、10连接起来，从而形成了碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。通过数学方法来描述可以如下描述分段的钻井轨迹：
分段函数：
y＝yi-Δi，i＝1,…,n，x∈Li (1)
yi：第i个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的矩形边界上边界的井深；
x：第i段水平轨道的水平位移，坐标落在对应的Li段内；
Δi为安全余量，可以是经验值，从零点几米到几米不等。
min(Δi)＝0，Li为缝洞平行线段的长度。
如上所述，也可以采用求极值的方法来确定安全距离。可以通过如下函数来表示距离缝洞串上边界函数：
f(y)＝α1(y-y1)2+α2(y-y2)2+…+αn(y-yn)2     (2)
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000002
为了使f(y)最小，对其求一阶导数并为零，则：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000003
推导出：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000004
因为：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000005
所以：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000006
记为：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000007
为了得到合理的矩形边界，可以将边界条件设置为井眼轨道在每个碳酸盐岩缝洞的上方，则y-yi≤0      (7)
若条件成立，则所以：y＝y*，x∈Li      (8)
而当条件不成立时，即井眼轨道在碳酸盐岩缝洞的下方则有：y*-yi≥0  (9)
为了便于碳酸盐岩缝洞的上方进行钻井，可以将钻井轨迹调整至的上方， 则映射为：
y＝yi-(y*-yi)＝2yi-y*，x∈Li  (10)
根据上述式(10)可以得到每个碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离，从而得到了分段的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹，将分段的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹依次连接后，就可以得到连续的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。
图2示出了距离碳酸盐岩缝洞上边界最近的水平线，图3示出了根据求极值法得到钻井轨迹。但是，由于钻头在钻井的过程中受到地层岩石的阻力，可能无法按照图1或图3中所示的通过线段构成的钻井轨迹前进，因此本发明中进一步地对钻井轨迹进行优化，如图4所示，可以将相邻的两个分段钻井轨迹形成两个三角形，通过S型曲线来优化钻井轨迹。该S型曲线可以通过相邻分段钻井轨迹中相距最远的端点，还可以通过两个三角形的公共端，优选地，该S型曲线可以用两端圆弧组合而成。下面参照图4用数学的方法描述该优化的结果。
相邻的两条平行线段可以用如下分段函数表示：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000008
Δy为两条平行线段之间的距离，Δx为两条平行线段中相距最近的两个端点之间的水平距离；β单位为弧度，将其转换为角度：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000009
直线AC的长度是直线AB的一半时，可以认为弧AC的长度近似等于线段AC的长度，设为M，根据几何定理推导出：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000010
上述的弧长可以用作选择水平段弯螺杆的参考因素，例如可以选择满足以下条件的水平段弯螺杆：
βz·M≥β         (14)
式中βz为水平段弯螺杆造斜率(度/30米)。满足上述条件的话，则具有该造斜率的造斜工具可以完成该段钻进。
本发明通过上述的方案可以设计出安全且合理的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。在得到该钻井轨迹以后，就可以按照该钻井轨迹进行钻井。由于地震数据只能绘制出碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓，即使在设计钻井轨迹的过程中已经考虑了安全余量，但是由于不能充分了解地层结构，在按照钻井轨迹钻井的过程中还是可能出现危险的状况，例如油气泄漏，为了避免这个危险的情况发生，还需要在钻井的过程中实时调整钻井轨迹。如图5所示，在调整轨迹的过程中，需要实时预测或检测井底压力，在钻井工程参数发生变化的情况下，例如扭矩、钻速的变化或者井底压力、出入口流量的变化超过阈值，阈值例如按照机械破岩原理可建立如下判断方程：
Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-000011
其中，a，b，c为线性常数，现场应用可在稳定工况条件，回归计算得到，WOB为钻压，db为钻头直径，ROP为机械钻速，pb为井底压力，Q为钻井液流量，Cr为计算值，以正常工况计算值上下10％-50％的浮动量为上下阈值，具体的值可以由现场工程师根据实际情况决定。在变化超过阈值的情况下，则需要快速地调整井底压力以避免油气泄露出碳酸盐岩缝洞，并可以根据保持井底压力恒定和/或保持流量恒定的要求来调整钻头相对于原来设计的钻井轨迹上升(即远离碳酸盐岩缝洞)，轨迹的调整根据选用的弯螺杆的造斜能力(例如最大造斜能力)上抬1-2米后再沿与预先确定的钻井轨迹平行的轨迹水平钻进。需要说明的是，本发明优选的实施方式中钻井轨迹位于碳酸盐岩缝洞的上方，但是本发明并不限制钻井轨迹位于碳酸盐岩缝洞的其他方位。在控制钻头远离碳酸盐岩缝洞的过程中，还需要检测工程参数，计算Cr的变化，如果符合预设的要求(例如，Cr在正负10％内波动)，例如井底压力在[-0.3，0.3]MPa的范围内波动，可以钻头继续沿着预先确定的钻井轨迹前进。通过上述的实 施方式，可以实现安全和有效地进行油气资源开采。
以上结合附图详细描述了本发明的优选实施方式，但是，本发明并不限于上述实施方式中的具体细节，在本发明的技术构思范围内，可以对本发明的技术方案进行多种简单变型，这些简单变型均属于本发明的保护范围。
另外需要说明的是，在上述具体实施方式中所描述的各个具体技术特征，在不矛盾的情况下，可以通过任何合适的方式进行组合。为了避免不必要的重复，本发明对各种可能的组合方式不再另行说明。
此外，本发明的各种不同的实施方式之间也可以进行任意组合，只要其不违背本发明的思想，其同样应当视为本发明所公开的内容。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹设计方法，其特征在于，该方法包括：
    利用地震数据获取所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓；
    确定距离每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离；
    确定每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的分段钻井轨迹，并将相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的分段钻井轨迹依次连接得到碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括确定矩形边界。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述矩形边界为涵盖所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的轮廓并且呈水平方向放置的矩形边界中具有最小面积的矩形边界。
  4. 根据权利要求2或3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述距离每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离为距所述矩形边界的上边界的预设安全距离。
  5. 根据权利要求2或3所述的方法，其特征在于，按照下式确定距离每个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的安全距离：
    y＝2yi-y*，
    其中y为距离第i个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的矩形边界的上边界的安全距离，
    Figure PCTCN2015085517-appb-100001
    x∈Li，yi为第i个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的矩形边界上边界的井深，x为第i段水平轨道的水平位移，坐标落在对应的Li段内，Li为第i个所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的矩形边界在水平方向的长度。
  6. 根据权利要求2或3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述将相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的钻井轨迹依次连接得到碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹包括：
    将相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的钻井轨迹的端点连接形成两个三角形；
    将相距最远的相邻的所述碳酸盐岩缝洞的钻井轨迹的端点用经过所述两个三角形的共用端点的S型曲线连接；
    将所述S型曲线依次连接得到所述碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，所述S型曲线由两段圆弧组合而成。
  8. 一种碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹控制方法，其特征在于，该方法包括：
    根据权利要求1-7任意一项所述的方法得到的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹进行碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井；
    预测/检测井底压力；
    在工程参数变化超过阈值的情况下，调节井底压力以使得井底压力恒定或流量恒定，并且使所述碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹远离所述碳酸盐岩缝洞。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述使所述碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹远离所述碳酸盐岩缝洞包括：
    根据弯螺杆的造斜能力上抬预定距离后，再沿与所述得到的碳酸盐岩缝洞钻井轨迹平行的轨迹钻进。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的控制方法，其特征在于，所述工程参数包括钻头扭矩、钻速、井底压力以及出入口流量中的至少一者。
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