Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/10—Controlling the intensity of the light
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
  • H05B45/357—Driver circuits specially adapted for retrofit LED light sources
  • H05B45/3574—Emulating the electrical or functional characteristics of incandescent lamps
  • H05B45/3575—Emulating the electrical or functional characteristics of incandescent lamps by means of dummy loads or bleeder circuits, e.g. for dimmers
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
  • H05B45/37—Converter circuits
  • H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
  • H05B45/37—Converter circuits
  • H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
  • H05B45/38—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using boost topology
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/50—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits
  • H05B45/59—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED] responsive to malfunctions or undesirable behaviour of LEDs; responsive to LED life; Protective circuits for reducing or suppressing flicker or glow effects

Definitions

• This invention related to LED-based lighting, and in particular which is compatible with dimmer switches originally designed for other lighting technologies, such as incandescent lighting.
• LED-based (retrofit) lamps are used more and more in home buildings and offices. Besides their high efficiency they attract consumers also due to new design features, different color temperatures, diming ability etc.
• LED lamps are connected to already installed/existing dimmers they need to be compatible to these dimmers, i.e. they need to cope with the high oscillations generated by the dimmer during the phase edges/cuts and to guarantee a minimum holding current during the whole cycle of the (phase cut) mains voltage. Finally, as a function of the conducting angle the LED lamp needs to reduce its optical output as a result of a lower operation current.
• a minimum holding current of the electronic switch in the dimmer (which is typically a triac) needs to be drawn by the connected electronics through the whole cycle of the supplied mains voltage, even for the lowest dimming settings.
• a non-constant current may be drawn by the electronic circuit, for example with a higher current drawn at the beginning of the mains cycle and less during the remaining time of this cycle.
• Low wattage LED packages of course need a low current. If the efficiency of higher power LED packages increases further, then even high power LED packages may have low current requirements.
• the LED converter (which consists of a driver circuit and a ballast circuit) delivers too much power to the LEDs, resulting in still rather high light outputs, even at small conducting angles of a phase cut dimmer.
• surplus power delivered by the converter needs to be converted, typically to heat, by means of so-called bleeder constructions.
• a bleeder approach which comprises a circuit located on the LED board (a so-called level 2 bleeder), where sufficient heat spreading possibilities are available since the LEDs run at a lower wattage during dimming.
• the aim of the bleeder construction is to allow deeper dimming levels.
• the proposed system draws a constant current when the bleeder function is active, so that the sum of LED current and bleed current stays constant.
• Bleeder constructions can however result in increased flicker at low driving levels.
• a driver circuit for driving an LED arrangement comprising:
• a power source for providing the LED arrangement with a regulated driving current, said converter being adapted to convert an dimmed input power into said driving current;
• a current sensing element in series with the LED arrangement and adapted to sense the LED arrangement current through the LED arrangement
• a bleeder circuit having a bleeding path connected in parallel with the LED arrangement, adapted for removing a bleed portion from the driving current so as to decrease the output power of the LED arrangement; and a control circuit for enabling said bleeder circuit when the LED arrangement current sensed by the current sensing element is below a threshold so as to further dim the LED arrangement down.
• the bleeder circuit is able to drain surplus power, for example from an output of the power source, so that deep dimming is made possible.
• the invention enables real deep dimming of LED-based lamps with very low flickering.
• the LED converter driver/ballast
• surplus power delivered by the converter needs to be converted by means of a bleeder construction.
• a big difference of the driver circuit over the prior art is that the bleeder circuit draws current from the LED arrangement so as to further dim it down, while in the prior art the bleed current is drawn from the dimmer, not from the load thereby the load current is not modified.
• the advantage of the circuit of the invention is that it allows a driver to reach even deeper dimming levels with even lower flickering. For example this may smooth the discharge curve of the LED smoothing capacitor.
• the circuit reduces the necessary board space and offers cost benefits over a constant current approach.
• the circuit can also show an almost perfect temperature stability.
• the power source may comprise:
• a switched mode power converter receiving an input signal which comprises a rectified mains power signal to which a dimming function has been applied, said switched mode power converter is adapted to convert the input signal into said driving signal;
• switched mode power converter optionally comprises a ringing choke converter.
• This embodiment provides the integration of embodiment of the invention with a low cost converter, such as a ringing choke converter (“RCC”), with low component count.
• a low cost converter such as a ringing choke converter (“RCC)
• RRC ringing choke converter
• the rectified mains power may be a phase cut signal applied with said dimming function
• the driving signal is synchronized in phase with the rectified mains power
• the bleeder circuit comprises a switching arrangement which is adapted to switch in dependence on either the phase of the rectified mains power or the phase of the driving signal, thereby to modulate the current in the bleed path.
• the switching can be used to connect components into circuit or disconnect components, thereby to influence the size of the bleed current portion. Since in a ringing choke converter the driving signal is synchronized in phase with the rectified mains power, the bleeder circuit can obtain the phase of active or passive powering by either detecting the driving signal or the input phase-cut mains power.
• the bleeder circuit may comprise: a first branch which comprises:
• the current sensing element comprises a sense resistor arrangement having an output which connects to the LED arrangement and to the current bleed branch, wherein the sense resistor is adapted to sense the driving current and adapted to adjust the bleed portion of the current bleed branch according to the driving current,
• the bleeder circuit further comprises:
• a current setting branch for setting the bleed portion of the driving signal that is bled by the current bleed branch
• the current bleed branch and the current setting branch form a current mirror, and wherein the bleed portion of the driving current is dependent on the ratio between an emitter resistance of the current setting branch and an emitter resistance of the current bleed branch in the current mirror.
• This bleeder circuit sets the combined bleed current portion and current setting portion (which passes to the LED). It may enable a self-activated bleeder circuit which only operates when the LED current drops below a threshold. Also, using current mirror can obtain accurate current control of the bleeder circuit.
• the bleeder circuit further comprises:
• a resistance tuning circuit coupled to either of the current setting branch and the current bleed branch and adapted to adjust the emitter resistance of the coupled branch, thereby achieving a high bleed current or a low bleed current according to the phase of the driving current or the phase of the rectified mains power into the power source.
• One aspect is not to draw a constant current via the bleeder but to modulate the current drawn by the bleeder. In the vicinity of the maximum LED current a higher bleed current will be drawn (lowering this LED maximum) and during the remaining time a lower bleed current will be drawn (not lowering the minimum too much or at all).
• at least a two step modulation function can be implemented with two different set values of the current to be drawn by the combination of the LED and the bleeder circuit. More specifically, when needing high bleeding during active powering, the resistance tuning circuit can set the bleed circuit to bleed a high amplitude current; otherwise to bleed a low amplitude current. The flicker can be further reduced.
• the resistance tuning circuit may comprise the switching arrangement, wherein:
• the switching arrangement is coupled to the current setting branch and is used to:
• the switching arrangement is coupled to the current bleed branch and is used to short circuit at least part of the emitter resistance of the current bleed branch thereby achieving high bleed current when the rectified mains power is uncut;
• At least a two step modulation function can again be implemented with two different set values of the current to be drawn by bleeder circuit.
• the current setting portion or the current bleed portion By controlling the current setting portion or the current bleed portion, the size of the current which is provided to the LED is controlled.
• the circuit may comprise a peak detector coupled to the sense resistor arrangement for detecting the phase of the driving signal, wherein said peak detector is adapted to detect that the driving current is increasing, and enable the switching arrangement for shorting a resistor in an emitter path of the current setting branch thereby achieving high bleed current when the drive current is increasing;
• the bleeder circuit further comprises a time delay circuit which is adapted to act, after a certain time delay with respect to the detection of the driving current is increasing, to disable the switching arrangement from shorting the resistor.
• This provides a circuit which can be implemented simply to provide shorting of a resistor to provide the desired at least two modulation levels of the bleed current portion.
• the circuit further comprises a smoothing capacitor for connection across the LED arrangement and providing a smoothed drive voltage to the LED arrangement
• the time delay circuit comprises a subcircuit with a capacitor (C6) coupled to a base of the switching arrangement.
• This embodiment aims to solve the flicker problem resulting from the constant current function of the bleeder.
• the bleed current and LED current aim to maintain the same sum thereof.
• the bleed current has a saddle shape (explained further below), and the LED current is more steep.
• the subcircuit is for disabling the switching arrangement from shorting the resistor ahead of the end of the second phase by a certain time duration. Due to the advanced end of the high level bleeding, the second peak in the saddle shape will be removed and in turn the LED current is more flat.
• the sense resistor arrangement may comprise first and second resistors in series, and a shorting arrangement may be provided for shorting one of the resistors in dependence on the driving current above a first threshold.
• This arrangement enables an efficiency improvement by making the bleed current portion smaller if the conducting angle of the dimmed signal is larger (so that less bleed current is needed).
• the circuit may comprise a detector for detecting the driving signal, and for turning off the bleeder circuit when the driving signal exceeds a second threshold.
• This circuit provides an activation function so that the bleed current is only activated when the LED drive voltage is below a threshold. In turn, when the LED is not dimmed, the bleeder circuit does not act thus ensuring a high lumen output of the LED and also saving energy.
• the driver circuit may further comprise: a smoothing capacitor for connection across the LED arrangement;
• a sensor for sensing the current flowing to the capacitor and for activating the bleeder circuit only when a charging capacitor current is flowing in the second phase. This provides a more active way to control the bleeder circuit only to function during a charging current.
• the energy charging the capacitor is reduced and the maximum LED current will be reduced whereas the discharging of the capacitor is not influenced, thus the ratio between max and min level of the LED current is small and flicker is reduced.
• the bleeder circuit comprises a current sensing element in series with the smoothing capacitor for sensing a charging current of the smoothing capacitor; and the control circuit comprises a comparing circuit for enabling the bleeder circuit through a comparison between the sensed charging current of the smoothing capacitor with the sensed LED arrangement current.
• This embodiment using one comparing circuit to control the bleeder circuit: in case the LED arrangement current is high the bleeder would not activated; in case the LED arrangement current is low but the capacitor is not being charged the bleeder would neither activated.
• the structure is with less components since only one comparing circuit is needed in processing the detections of LED arrangement current and capacitor charging current.
• the driver circuit further comprises: a smoothing capacitor for connection across the LED arrangement;
• the power source is adapted to provide the driving current in a second phase charging said smoothing capacitor and in a first phase not charging said smoothing capacitor and allowing the smoothing capacitor to discharge;
• the driver circuit further comprises a switching arrangement in the form of a decoupling diode between the bleeder circuit and the smoothing capacitor to prevent the bleeder circuit from bleeding discharged current from the smoothing capacitor in the first phase, said decoupling diode being forwarded from the bleeder circuit to the smoothing capacitor.
• This decoupling diode means that the bleeder circuit can only sink current in one direction, for example a charging current. In this way, the bleeder circuit is more active during the high voltage (uncut) phases of the rectified (and phase cut) input and is less active during the low voltage (cut) phases.
• the use of a diode provides a simple passive circuit.
• the second phase of the input signal corresponds to capacitor charging and the first phase corresponds to capacitor discharging.
• the bleeder circuit is made operational only during the second phase to reduce ripple.
• the bleeder circuit comprises a bleeding path coupled to the output of the power source via a diode, the circuit further comprising a capacitor in parallel with the bleeding path, the bleeding path is blocked from the smoothing capacitor via the decoupling diode, wherein the bleeder circuit further comprises a control path, and the smoothing capacitor is coupled to said control path.
• the smooth capacitor is blocked from the bleeding path is via the decoupling diode thus the smooth capacitor would not discharge through the bleeding path.
• the bleeding path is in parallel with the smoothing capacitor and the LED arrangement, and the bleeder circuit further comprises a control path, and the output of the power source is coupled to said control path, and the control path is blocked from the smoothing capacitor via the decoupling diode.
• control path activates the bleeding path only when control path is powered by the power source; when the power source does not provide driving current, the control path deactivates the bleeding path since the decoupling diode block the control path from the smoothing capacitor.
• control path is biased to be conducting
• control circuit comprises a control switch coupled to the control path of the bleeder circuit, adapted: to turn on to shunt the control path so as to disable the bleeder circuit when the sensed LED arrangement current is less than the threshold; to turn off so as to enable the bleeder circuit when the sensed LED arrangement current is bigger than an upper limit.
• This embodiment provides a specific circuit topology to implement the control circuit by using discrete components.
• An aspect of the invention also provides a lighting circuit, comprising:
• An aspect of the invention also provides a method of driving an LED arrangement, comprising:
• a driving signal comprising multiple phases each having either a first phase of passive powering and a second phase of active powering
• the size of the bleed portion is dependent on the phase of the driving signal, and is on average higher during the second phase than during the first phase.
• the size of the bleed portion may be set by switching in dependence on the timing of the input signal thereby to modulate the bleed portion.
• FIG 1 shows a known LED driver circuit based on a Ringing Choke Converter (“RCC");
• Figure 2 presents the typical performance of the RCC converter in terms of LED current, efficiency, power factor and flicker response
• Figure 3 shows a bleeder circuit proposed by the applicant (but not yet published at the filing of this application);
• FIG. 4 shows graphically the functioning of the converter of Figure 3 again in terms of LED current, efficiency, power factor and flicker response;
• Figure 6 shows schematically an example of the basic approach adopted in accordance with the invention as a modification to the waveforms of Figure 5;
• Figure 7 shows a first example of converter circuit
• Figure 8 shows the performance of the circuit of Figure 7 for a conducting angle of 45 c
• Figure 9 shows a second example of converter circuit
• Figure 10 shows the performance of the circuit of Figure 9 for a conducting angle of 45 c
• FIG 11 shows an implementation of the circuit shown only conceptually in Figure 9;
• Figure 12 shows a simulation of the operation of the circuit of Figure 11
• Figure 13 shows the performance of the circuit in terms of LED current, efficiency, power factor and flicker response for the circuit of Figure 11 ;
• Figure 15 shows a third example of converter circuit
• Figure 16 provides analysis of the functioning of the converter of Figure 15 for two different phase angles;
• Figure 17 shows the performance in terms of LED current, efficiency, power factor and flicker response for the circuit of Figure 15;
• Figure 18 shows a fourth example of converter circuit
• Figure 19 provides analysis of the functioning of the converter of Figure 18 for two different phase angles
• Figure 20 shows the performance in terms of LED current, efficiency, power factor and flicker response for the circuit of Figure 18;
• Figure 21 shows a fifth example of converter circuit
• Figure 22 shows a sixth example of converter circuit and a schematic representation of the bleed current profile
• Figure 23 shows a variation of the sixth example of converter circuit
• Figure 24 shows another variation of the sixth example of converter circuit
• Figure 25 shows a seventh example of converter circuit.
• the invention provides a driver circuit for driving an LED arrangement, comprising a power source for providing the LED arrangement with a regulated driving current, said converter being adapted to convert an dimmed input power into said driving current; a current sensing element in series with the LED arrangement and adapted to sense the LED arrangement current through the LED arrangement; a bleeder circuit having a bleeding path connected in parallel with the LED arrangement, adapted for removing a bleed portion from the driving current so as to decrease the output power of the LED arrangement; and a control circuit for enabling said bleeder circuit when the LED arrangement current sensed by the current sensing element is below a threshold so as to further dim the LED arrangement down.
• the invention will now be described as an extension to a known LED driver circuit (known as a “Ringing Choke Converter” or “RCC”) as shown in Figure 1, which is driving a LED light source.
• a known LED driver circuit known as a “Ringing Choke Converter” or “RCC”
• This circuit consist of the mains supply, realized e.g. as a 230 mains voltage system 10 with a leading edge dimmer 12.
• An ordinary diode bridge rectifier 14 is followed by an RC latch 16 to damp high frequency oscillations/ringing.
• An EMI filter stage 18 supplies the RCC converter 20 with its dc operating supply.
• the self-resonating RCC converter works typically in a buck-boost mode making use of two coupled coils LI, L2 to generate a feedback signal controlling the current to be fed to the LED source 22.
• the inductor LI acts as an energy store and delivers current to the LED source 22 when the main switching transistor 21 is off.
• the coupled inductor L2 influences the biasing of the transistor base to provide the desired self-resonance.
• transistor 21 when transistor 21 is off, power will flow via resistors 20a,20b to charge capacitor 20c.
• the transistor turns on, and current will flow via inductor LI, transistor 21 and a sense resistor 20d.
• the inductive voltage on the inductor L2 due to coupling with the inductor LI makes the capacitor 20c discharge and in turn the transistor 21 will be turned off again.
• Figure 2 presents the typical performance of the RCC converter, for example for a LED light source of about 10 W (the y-axis figure presents 1/10 of the real LED output power).
• the conducting angle in form of a resistor value is given on the x-axis. The relation between this resistor value and the real conducting angle is presented in the table below.
• the x axis represents the conducting angle from 180 degrees down to 45 degrees.
• Plot 30 is the LED power
• plot 32 is the efficiency
• plot 36 is the power factor
• plot 38 is the level of flickering. The flickering is calculated by considering the real current through the LED or LED string.
• the important relationship is the flickering curve 36 in relation to the actual output power of the LED source shown by curve 30.
• the aim of a deep dimming function is to reduce the LED output power as much as possible at the lowest conducting angle and with a flickering as low as possible.
• the LED output power decreases whereas the flickering smoothly increases with a reduced conducting angle.
• a minimum LED output power of 1.5W (15%) is reached with a flickering of 12%.
• a LED operated at a power of 1.5 W is still giving a high light intensity. By means of a bleeder circuit this output power of the LED can be further decreased but without an increase of the flickering.
• Figure 3 shows a bleeder circuit proposed by the applicant (but not yet published at the filing of this application). There are different possibilities to expend surplus energy delivered by the converter by means of resistive and/or semiconductor based loads.
• the solution shown in Figure 3 is based on a parallel constant current drain, self-activated if the LED current is below a certain value.
• the bleeder circuit is shown as 40. It comprises a sense resistor 42 through which the LED current passes.
• branches which deliver current to the sense resistor 42.
• One is a current setting branch including transistor 46 and the other is a current bleed branch controlled by transistor 44. It can be understood that the structure of the two branches resembles a current mirror wherein the currents through two branches keeps a certain relationship.
• the circuit includes feedback to maintain a constant current through the sense resistor 42 once the bleeder circuit is activated.
• the emitter potential of transistor 48 drops, transistor 48 starts to turn on and the bleeder function is activated.
• the actual activation point can be predefined (in a limited range) by means of selecting the resistance value of the
• Transistor 44 and resistor 42 function as dissipative elements, for absorbing the surplus energy delivered by the RCC converter.
• the exemplarily bleeder works as a constant current drain, i.e. the sum of LED current and bleed current stays constant, controlled by a transistor 46.
• transistor 46 and 48 function as a current mirror and compensate for temperature variations.
• the bleed current is related to the value of the bleeding resistor 49 as well as the emitter resistances of the current mirror pair 46,48.
• the bleeding resistor value 49 can be tuned.
• Re48 is shown as a separate resistor connected to the emitter and Re46 is also shown as a separate resistor connected to the emitter.
• Figure 4 shows the performance of the converter of Figure 3. The plots are the same as in Figure 2, so that plot 30 is the LED power, plot 32 is the efficiency, plot 36 is the power factor and plot 38 is the level of flickering.
• Level' (LEL) light output of LED based lamps to be reduced much more than according to state of the art technologies (as shown above).
• the flickering can be further reduced in contrast to known bleeders where the flickering typically gets worse.
• Figure 5 shows as plot 50 the LED current for a phase cut of 180° (full conducting angle) and as plot 51 the LED current for a phase cut of 45°.
• the bleed current for a phase cut of 180° is shown as plot 52 and the bleed current for a phase cut of 45° is shown as plot 53.
• the sensing voltage is shown as plot 54 for a phase cut of 180° and the sensing voltage is shown as 55 for a phase cut of 45°.
• the phase cut signal is shown as 56.
• the bleed current 53 behaves differently to the LED current 51. If the LED current increases, the bleed current decreases (and vice versa). Due to the constant current approach, the bleeder is designed to guarantee a constant current resulting from the sum of the LED current and the bleed current. However, in terms of reducing the flickering this behavior is not suited very well.
• Some embodiments below realize a bleed current waveform which reduces the flickering of a LED light source.
• This can be realized by implementing a modulated bleed current.
• the bleed current In order to smooth the LED current, the bleed current needs to be high in the vicinity of the maximum of the LED current and needs to be low(er) at the remaining time. This results in a reduced maximum LED current (since in parallel current is drawn through the bleeder).
• a smoothed discharge current from the smoothing capacitor of the LED source circuit results, lifting the minimum LED current. As result, the difference between maximum LED current and minimum LED currents is smaller, thus the flickering is lower.
• Figure 6 shows a first example of the basic approach in which a desired bleed current waveform 60 is superposed over the waveforms of Figure 5.
• the bleed current has a high level and a low level, and adopts a square wave profile based on these two levels.
• the current through the LED can be influenced in a wide range so that the flickering can be reduced very well.
• the circuit comprises a modification to the circuit of Figure 3 by adding a two step modulation function, using circuit blocks 70,72,74.
• the sense resistor arrangement comprises first and second resistors in series, and a shorting arrangement is provided for shorting one of the resistors in dependence on the driving signal above a first threshold.
• the resistor 42a can be shorted by a transistor 71 if the current is high enough, e.g. at very large conducting angles.
• Another transistor switch 74 is used to deactivate the whole bleeder function and thus improves the efficiency at large conducting angles as well. This transistor 74 shorts the emitter resistor of the control transistor 46 of the bleeder circuit 40 and thus pulls down the base of the main bleeding transistor 44.
• the switching functions mentioned above can easily be realized by using other switching devices such as e.g. PNP transistors or MOSFET transistors, instead of the NPN bipolar transistors shown.
• the two step modulated bleeder function is also realized by means of a switch 76 in the circuit block 72.
• the resistor 49 is R e 48 and the resistor 47 is R e 46.
• the higher the gain 'g' is the higher the bleed current is.
• the emitter resistance can be modulated by means of the switching transistor 76 and accordingly modify or modulate the gain. At least two stages are required (high level and low level), but even more stages/levels might be implemented as well.
• the gain itself is modulated by adding a parallel resistor 78 to the emitter sense resistor 47 of the transistor 46 and activating this additional resistor by means of a controlled switch, namely the transistor 76. If this switch is closed, the emitter sense resistor is defined by the parallel circuit of 47 and 78, and accordingly the gain will be reduced, resulting in a lower bleed current (low level bleeding). If the switch is open, the additional sense resistor 78 is decoupled and hence the gain will increase (defined only by the sense resistor 47 in relation to resistor 49). In this state the bleed current reaches its nominal value (high level bleeding).
• the control of the switching transistor 76 is shown implemented in ideal manner simply as a function of time.
• a further (ideal) switch 80 is represented to feed the base of transistor 76 by a low dc voltage when activating the low level bleed current.
• the switch 80 When deactivating the low level bleeding (i.e. high level bleeding is required) the switch 80 is open and the base of transistor 76 is pulled down via the pull down parallel resistor 78.
• the active powering begins and the switch 80 is deactivated (high level bleeding is activated). About one millisecond after the mains voltage reaches zero, the passive powering begins and the switch 80 is activated (low level bleeding is activated).
• the circuitry might be realized by means of other timing and/or triggering approaches as well.
• the bleeder circuit comprises a first branch which comprises a current bleed branch 48, 44 in parallel with the LED arrangement 22 and a sense resistor arrangement 42a, 42b having an output which connects to the LED arrangement and to the current bleed branch.
• a current setting branch 46 is for setting the bleed portion of the driving signal that is bled by the current bleed branch.
• Transistors in the current bleed branch and the current setting branch form a current mirror as explained above.
• the bleeder circuit additionally comprises a switching arrangement which is adapted to switch in dependence on the phase of the rectified mains power, thereby to modulate the current in the bleed path.
• the bleed portion of the driving signal is dependent on the ratio between the emitter resistance 47 of the current setting branch and the emitter resistance of the current bleed branch 49 of the current mirror circuit.
• the circuit 72 functions as a resistance tuning circuit which in this example is coupled to the current setting branch and adjusts the emitter resistance of the current setting branch.
• the circuit 72 comprises a switching arrangement coupled to the current setting branch and it is used to:
• Figure 8 shows the performance of the circuit of Figure 7 for a conducting angle of 45°.
• the bleed current is shown as 82 and the LED current is shown as 84.
• the rectified phase cut mains voltage is shown as 86 and the switching signal controlled the bleed function is shown as 88.
• the two step modulated switching behavior of the bleed current can be observed between a high level bleeding of around 35mA and a low level bleeding of around 15mA. In the vicinity of the maximum of the bleed current the constant current function of the standard bleeder is working, responsible for generating the small drop shown.
• an additional resistor 90 is connected in series with the emitter sense resistor 49. If this resistor 90 is high enough the gain is reduced to very small numbers (to almost zero). If the additional resistor 90 can be shorted by a switch 92 the same gain modulation (high level bleeding, low level bleeding) can be realized.
• the switch 92 is controlled. If the switch is closed (the additional resistor is shorted) the nominal bleed current will be drawn (high level bleeding), if the switch is open the emitter resistance of transistor 48 is higher, hence reducing the bleed current (low level bleeding).
• the corresponding performance is shown in Figure 10, using the same references as in Figure 9 again for a conducting angle of 45°.
• the bleed current 82 can be switched between 60mA and zero, having a big impact on the current shape of the LED.
• the switching arrangement of the circuit 72 is coupled to the current bleed branch and is used to:
• Figure 11 shows a realization of the switch of the circuit block 72 for the circuit of Figure 9.
• the switch 92 which is conducting or non-conducting according to the phase of the driving signal.
• the switch 92 is realized by an ordinary bipolar transistor 110 together with other component to sense the phase of the driving signal, although any other switching components might be used as well.
• an RC peak detector 116,118 is used, followed by a transistor 112 and associated resistor 113 at its emitter, and thus forming a base resistor of the transistor 110.
• These elements define the state of the switching transistor responsible for the bleeding status (high/low level bleeding).
• These units together form circuit block 114.
• the voltage across the capacitor increases, reducing the voltage across the resistor, forcing the control transistor 112 to start conducting. This opens the transistor 110, and thus activates resistor 90 and accordingly enters the low level bleeding mode.
• This arrangement thus uses a peak detector coupled to the sense resistor arrangement for detecting the phase of the driving signal, and a resistor is shorted in the emitter path of the current setting branch.
• a time delay circuit implemented by block 114, is adapted to act, after a certain time delay with respect to the detection of said increased driving current, to disable the switching arrangement from shorting the resistor.
• Figure 13 shows the typical performance data for the circuit of Figure 11.
• plot 30 is the LED power
• plot 32 is the efficiency
• plot 36 is the power factor
• plot 38 is the level of flickering.
• the whole circuitry can for example be tuned to achieve a LEL of only 4% at the lowest conducting angle of 45°. An improvement for the flickering down to only 10% at the LEL can be observed. If these numbers are compared to the earlier result of Figure 4 (11% LED power, 13.5% flickering) a large improvement can be appreciated.
• the flickering still shows a local maximum of about 15% at a conducting angle of approximately 60°.
• a way to improve (thus reducing the local maximum) is described further below.
• the basic root cause for the local maximum during the variation of the conducting angle is based on the fact that the constant current function of the bleeder is active at these intermediate conducting angles, keeping the same sum of the LED current and bleed current thereby the form of the bleed current is a saddle shape. Only around the LEL the bleeder is no longer active (resulting to the reduced flickering). The way the constant current function operates is shown in Figure 14.
• Plot 84a is the LED current for a 60 degree cut and plot 84b is the LED current for a 90 degree cut.
• the constant current approach tries to stabilize the sum of LED and bleed current. Thus, in the vicinity of the maximum of the LED current the bleeding current reaches its local minimum. However this behavior is not beneficial as already stated before.
• the corresponding bleed currents are shown as 82a and 82b.
• the corresponding rectified phase cut mains voltages are shown as 86a and 86b and the corresponding switching signals are shown as 88a and 88b. Since the constant current function cannot easily can be deactivated in the above approach, a slight modification to compensate for this can, if desired, be implemented.
• FIG. 15 A modification to the circuit of Figure 11 is shown in Figure 15, in which the high level bleeding time is shortened, resulting in a flattened discharge behavior of the smoothing capacitor.
• the end of the high level bleeding is advanced and the second/last peak of the saddle bleed current is removed, thus the LED current will not be as steep as before and has a more flat shape, thereby the flickering is reduced.
• This subcircuit can be realized by a parallel capacitor 120 which is added to the base resistor 113 of the switching transistor 112. This enables the on time of the switching transistor to be reduced and is finally defined by the time constant given by the capacitor 120 and the base resistor 113.
• the base current of the transistor 110 is no longer determined only by its base resistance. Instead, an AC ripple current is present, and part of this ripple has current flowing to the capacitor, thereby preventing current flowing to the base of the transistor.
• the smoothing capacitor may be both charged and discharged during the second phase of the driving signal
• the bleeder circuit further comprises a filtering element between the peak detector and the switching arrangement for shortening the duration of high bleed in the second phase of the driving signal.
• plot 30 is the LED power
• plot 32 is the efficiency
• plot 36 is the power factor
• plot 38 is the level of flickering.
• Figure 18 shows one complete circuit example which includes some simplifications compared to the previous circuits to reduce the component count.
• An activator circuit 130 based on transistor 132 is used to activate the whole modulated bleeder circuit, if the LED current is below a certain limit defined by the voltage drop across the sense resistor 42. If the sensed voltage is high enough, the transistor 132 is conducting, deactivating the bleeder by shorting the resistor of an RC detector 116,118.
• a control stage 134 includes the RC detector 116,118, and based on an amplified signal from the RC detector, the control information for the activation of the bleeder circuit 136 is derived.
• the bleeder circuit 136 functions as a current bleed branch and has a main transistor 138.
• An RC circuit 140,142 at the base of the bleeding transistor 138 enables the bleeding time to be reduced.
• Figure 19 shows waveforms for the circuit of Figure 18, corresponding to those in Figures 14 and 16.
• plot 84a is the LED current for a 60 degree cut
• plot 84b is the LED current for a 90 degree cut.
• the corresponding bleed currents are shown as 82a and 82b.
• the corresponding rectified phase cut mains voltages are shown as 86a and 86b and the corresponding switching signals are shown as 88a and 88b.
• Figure 19 additionally shows the bleeder circuit control input (for the two phase angles) as signals 150.
• Figure 19 shows a near ideal shape of the bleed current with a flattened current shape in the vicinity of the maximum LED current.
• Figure 20 shows the system parameters for the circuit corresponding to Figure 2.
• plot 30 is the LED power
• plot 32 is the efficiency
• plot 36 is the power factor
• plot 38 is the level of flickering.
• the bleeder is active from the line 160.
• the activation of the bleeder can be tuned as a function of the voltage drop across the sense resistor (for sensing the LED current).
• the circuit allows a LEL of 5% (and beyond) to be reached with a flickering of 10% (and with 10.5% at a conducting angle of around 60° only slightly higher).
• the approach is also shown to have a negligible
• Circuit modeling at 27°C, 75°C and 120°C shows a relative variation of the LED output power within this temperature range of below 1%.
• Figure 21 shows a slightly different implementation of a known driver circuit including a bleeder circuit.
• the same basic units are used.
• a rectifier 14, latch 16, filter 18 and RCC converter 20 This circuit shows three coupled inductors, so that there is a separate output inductor driving the LED load 22.
• the bleeder circuit is operated in dependence on a signal on a sense resistor 42 and comprises a comparator circuit for triggering operation of the bleed branch.
• this type of circuit enables dimming from a minimum of around 20% without the bleeder circuit to around 5% with the bleeder circuit.
• the root cause of the flicker is that the bleeder circuit is controlled only according to the LED current.
• the ratio between the amplitude of the maximum and minimum LED current will increase.
• the maximum LED current may be 50mA
• the minimum LED current may be 25mA and the ratio is 2: 1.
• the maximum LED current become 35mA, but the minimum LED current is only 10mA, so that the ratio increases to 3.5: 1, and in turn the flicker is more visible.
• FIG 22 shows a modification to the circuit of Figure 21 in accordance with the teachings above.
• the bleeder circuit comprises a bleeding path 40 coupled to the output of the power source via a diode D6, the circuit further comprising a capacitor (C6) in parallel with the bleeding path, the bleeding path is blocked from the smoothing capacitor C3 via the decoupling diode Dl, wherein the bleeder circuit further comprises a control path which is implemented as an op amp Ul in figure 22.
• the aim is to arrange that the bleeder circuit 40 only sinks the charging current of the output smoothing capacitor 170. This has the effect of reducing the LED current ripple in the same way as explained above.
• the circuit comprises a diode 172 in the bleed branch and a diode 173 between the bleed branch and the smoothing capacitor 170 and LED arrangement 22.
• the LED current When dimming down, the LED current also goes down, and the voltage across the sense resistor 42 decreases.
• the sense resistor voltage decreased to below Vref*k (where k is a ratio defined by the resistors of the comparator circuit)
• the output When the sense resistor voltage decreased to below Vref*k (where k is a ratio defined by the resistors of the comparator circuit), the output is positive and drives the bleed transistor 174 in conduction mode. Current is then sunk through diode 172. This sink current can only happen during the active powering phase.
• the diode 173 prevents the operation of the bleed branch to discharge current from the output capacitor during the passive powering phase.
• Figure 22 also shows in simplified form the effect on the LED current.
• Plot 180 shows the LED current without the bleeder circuit.
• the LED current is sensed (i.e. after the bleed current portion is removed).
• the driving signal of the second phase charges said smoothing capacitor 170 and the driving signal of the first phase does not charge said smoothing capacitor 170 and allows the smoothing capacitor 170 to discharge.
• the circuit includes a switching arrangement in the form of a decoupling diode 173 between the bleeder circuit 40 and the smoothing capacitor 170 to prevent the bleeder circuit from bleeding discharged current from the smoothing capacitor in the first (passive powering) phase. As in the examples above, this has the result that the size of the bleed portion is on average higher during the second (active powering) phase than during the first (passive powering) phase.
• Figure 23 shows a variation of the circuit in figure 22.
• the converter in figure 23 is a non- isolated boost converter. Components in the embodiment of figure 23 that are essentially similar with those in figure 22 use the same reference signs.
• discrete components are used for implement the control circuit to replace the op amp Ul in figure 22.
• the bleeding path is formed by the transistor 174, and the control path is the transistor Q2 coupled to the smoothing capacitor 170 and biased to turn on the transistor 174.
• the control circuit is implemented by the transistor Q3 which is turned on in case the voltage on the sensing resistor 42 is above a threshold and in turn shunts the control path, which in further turn switches off the transistor Q2 and the transistor 174.
• the resistor R3 can sense the bleed portion and gives a feedback to the control circuit so as to regulate the bleed portion.
• Figure 24 shows a variation of the circuits in figures 22 and 23.
• the converter in figure 24 is a non- isolated boost converter. Components in the embodiment of figure 23 that are essentially similar with those in figures 22 and 23 use the same reference signs.
• the bleeding path is formed by the transistor 174 in parallel with the smoothing capacitor 170 and the LED arrangement 22.
• the control path of the bleeder circuit is the transistor Q2 coupled to output of the power source and biased to turn on the transistor 174. The control path is further blocked from the smoothing capacitor 170 via the decoupling diode 173.
• the switch Q3 implementing the control circuit is adapted:
• the preferable linear region could provide a smooth transition between no dimming and deep dimming thus is more user-friendly.
• Figure 25 shows another approach in accordance with an example of the invention.
• the input side (mains input, rectifier and filters) are represented as a current source 190.
• the implementation is independent of the actual topology of the preceding converter, and the output of the converter can simply be considered to be a current source.
• the LED output 22 is shown as a string of LEDs, and the bleeder circuit 20 again drains a current portion when activated before it reaches the LED output 22.
• the root cause for the undesirable AC component in the LED current is the AC component in the output capacitor voltage. Due to the parallel connection of the capacitor and LED string, voltage changes are translated into current changes via the V/I curve of the LED.
• the AC component in the voltage can be reduced by directly manipulating the charging current of the capacitor.
• the circuit has a first measurement unit 192 which detects the current through the smoothing output capacitor 170. In dependence on that current, the bleed current is derived.
• the bleed current can for example be higher than the capacitor current.
• a second measurement unit 194 is used to determine the average power. This signal gradually reduces the bleed current with increasing average power.
• the bleeder circuit forms a lossy current sink. Ignoring the feedback signal from the second measurement unit 194, any positive voltage at the the first measurement unit 192 (arising from charging of the output capacitor) is copied to the bleed resistor 196.
• the current flowing in the bleed branch can be a ratio of this charging current, for example double. The ratio can easily be set by the ratio of the resistors in the circuit.
• the resistor 196 of the bleeder circuit is used to shift some of the losses out of the transistor.
• any charging current into the capacitor 170 will result in a lossy current in the bleeder circuit. In this way only a part of the current from the converter is available to the LED string. This, on average, reduces the average light output.
• the input signal to the bleeder control stage being the capacitor current
• the period in time where the bleed current is consumed corresponds only to the charging period of the capacitor, in the same way as for the example of Figure 22. This again minimizes the voltage ripple across the output capacitor 170. No bleed current is formed during the discharge period.
• the bleeder function is only required during dimming.
• measurement circuit 194 provides current measurement in the LED string via resistor 198.
• a filtered version of the signal on this resistor is superimposed on the signal controlling the bleeder function (by means of the comparator circuit) and this gradually blocks the bleeding function with increasing power. At full power, there is no impact from the bleeder.
• the ratio of resistance used in the circuit determines the power level (LED current) at which no bleeding action is performed. There is a gradual activation and deactivation of the bleeder function.
• the dimming curve can also be influenced.
• the circuit of Figure 23 essentially uses a sensor 192 to sense the current flowing to the capacitor and for activating the bleeder circuit only when a charging capacitor current is flowing in the second phase.
• the bleed current portion is controlled to be higher on average during a driving phase when energy is actively being provided to the load, for example from an power converter, compared to a passive driving phase when only capacitively stored energy is being delivered to the load.
• This active driving phase is when the LED current is maximum and therefore higher on average than during the passive phase.
• the invention can be used in all dimmable (but also non-dimmable) light sources based on LED or OLED (and PLED, AMOLED etc.). Further, LED-based lamps with different dim tones can be extended by the proposed method and circuit(s) in order to vary the current distribution between warm white LEDs and cold white LEDs.

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• 2015
  • 2015-07-22 EP EP15738400.9A patent/EP3172943A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2015-07-22 WO PCT/EP2015/066804 patent/WO2016012522A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2015-07-22 US US15/328,070 patent/US10015854B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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