WO2016009432A1 - Nanoparticules de cuivre pour l'oxydation de polluants - Google Patents

Nanoparticules de cuivre pour l'oxydation de polluants Download PDF

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WO2016009432A1
WO2016009432A1 PCT/IL2015/050728 IL2015050728W WO2016009432A1 WO 2016009432 A1 WO2016009432 A1 WO 2016009432A1 IL 2015050728 W IL2015050728 W IL 2015050728W WO 2016009432 A1 WO2016009432 A1 WO 2016009432A1
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nps
another embodiment
composite
reduced
copper
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PCT/IL2015/050728
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Brian Berkowitz
Ishai Dror
Moshe BEN SASSON
Sethu KALIDHASAN
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Yeda Research And Development Co. Ltd.
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Priority to CN201580038361.8A priority Critical patent/CN106573804A/zh
Priority to EP15747843.9A priority patent/EP3169434A1/fr
Publication of WO2016009432A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016009432A1/fr
Priority to US15/403,199 priority patent/US20170173573A1/en

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    • B01J2531/0258—Flexible ligands, e.g. mainly sp3-carbon framework as exemplified by the "tedicyp" ligand, i.e. cis-cis-cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane
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Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to a degradation composite, methods and kits for degrading organic pollutants in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) comprising reduced copper based nanoparticles-polymer complex (Cu-NPs) and an oxidant.
  • AOPs advanced oxidation processes
  • Cu-NPs reduced copper based nanoparticles-polymer complex
  • Atrazine (2- chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) is one of the most toxic, heavily used herbicides in the United-States (USA). It has been detected at high concentrations in environmental waters all over Europe and North America. This is due to its extensive use, ability to persist in soils, tendency to travel with water and poor rate of degradation; 3 ppb and 0.1 ppb are the upper limits of atrazine in drinking water in the USA and Europe, respectively. Sedimentation with alum and metal salts, excess lime/soda ash softening, and disinfection by free chlorine were all applied and are ineffective methods.
  • RO reverse osmosis
  • NF nano filter
  • Clays and zeolites are applied as adsorbents for the removal of chemicals (including atrazine) from aqueous stream.
  • chemicals including atrazine
  • Many researchers employed clay minerals modified by a cationic surfactant, dye, metal exchanged clays, polymer-clay, poly-cation clay composites and iron- polymer-clay composites were studied in batch and column experiments for the adsorption of atrazine, but not for degradation.
  • AOP Advanced oxidation processes
  • OH hydroxyl radical
  • H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
  • H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
  • catalysts are additionally required as activation agents that facilitate radical formation and improve the oxidation process.
  • Copper based nanoparticles mostly presented as copper oxide NPs (CuO-NPs), gained scientific interest for diverse applications such as sensors, photovoltaic cells, ink, batteries, degradation of organic contaminants [US Patent Publication 2009/0250404] and selective catalytic reactions of synthesized organic chemicals at high temperature gaseous phase.
  • CuO-NPs copper oxide NPs
  • recent reviews about nanotechnology in water treatment processes have barely discussed potential applications of reduced copper based nanoparticles (Cu°/Cu(I)-NPs). This limited attention may be explained by a technical difficulty to develop and synthesize stable reduced copper based nanoparticles in aquatic solutions. This instability arises from the strong tendency of copper to be oxidized under ambient conditions, leading to aggregation or dissolution of copper based nanoparticles.
  • a CuO powder was fabricated from precipitation of Cu x OH y formed when the pH of Cu salt solution was raised, followed by oxidation of the Cu x OH y precipitate to CuO during heating-drying stage.
  • powder nano CuO particles aggregates, and attempts to resuspend the powder in water do not lead to nano-size discrete single particle suspensions.
  • powder commercial CuO coupled with H 2 O 2 has demonstrated the ability to oxidize a wide range of aquatic organic contaminants, such as pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [Ben- Moshe, T.; Dror, I.; Berkowitz, B., Oxidation of organic pollutants in aqueous solutions by nanosized copper oxide catalysts.
  • PHAs polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • this invention is directed to a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(II)-based nanoparticles coordinated to a polymer forming a complex (Cu-NPs), wherein said polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine and said composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • the composite further comprises a silica based material and said Cu-NPs are incorporated into said silica based material.
  • the silica based material comprises clay, sand, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • this invention is directed to a method of degrading organic pollutants wherein said method comprises contacting a pollutant and a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(II)-based nanoparticle coordinated to a polymer (Cu-NPs), in the presence of an oxidant.
  • the polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine and said composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • the composite further comprises a silica based material and said Cu-NPs are incorporated into said silica based material.
  • the silica based material comprises clay, sand, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • this invention is directed to a degradation kit comprising:
  • a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(H)-based nanoparticles wherein said reduced copper(H)-based nanoparticles are coordinated to a polymer forming a complex (Cu-NPs).
  • the polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine and said composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • the composite further comprises a silica based material and said Cu-NPs are incorporated into said silica based material.
  • the silica based material comprises clay, sand, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • Figure 1A presents UV-Vis absorbance spectra of the different synthesized Cu-NPs of this invention and the commercial CuO suspensions.
  • Four Cu-NPs were synthesized with different concentrations of the stabilized agent polymer (polyethylenimine (PEI)) while maintaining the same copper (50 mM) and NaBFLt (100 mM) concentrations.
  • PEI polyethylenimine
  • Cu-NPsl .5, Cu-NPs4, Cu-NPs7, and Cu- NPslO refer, respectively, to 1.5, 4, 7, and 10 mL of 1.6 mM PEI solution supplemented in the 50 mL synthesized Cu-NP suspension (equivalent to final concentrations of 48, 128, 224 and 320 ⁇ , respectively, of PEI in the Cu-NP suspension).
  • Figure IB presents size probability functions of the Cu-NPs measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the Cu-NP mean diameters.
  • the Cu-NPsl O has a bimodal size distribution, and two major peaks (particle size distributions) are shown.
  • Figure 2 A depicts XRD measurements of the dried Cu-NP suspensions and CuO powder. Peaks at angles (2 ⁇ ) of -36.8 or -39.1 ; -36.7 or -42.5; and 43.5 are an indication of CuO, Q1 2 O, and Cu° in the samples, respectively.
  • the Cu-NP suspensions were carefully dried under anoxic condition to prevent significant change in the oxidation state of the particles.
  • Figures 2B, 2C, 2D, and 2E are TEM images of Cu-NPsl .5, Cu-NPs4, Cu-NPs7, and commercial CuO, respectively.
  • Figure 3A presents normalized atrazine degradation rates measured by HPLC. Atrazine solution with: Cu-NPs7 + H 2 O 2 ; H 2 O 2 only; dissolved Cu 2+ ions from precursor salt of Q1SO 4 ; Cu- NPs7 only without H 2 O 2 and only the PEI polymer.
  • Figure 3B presents normalized atrazine degradation rates measured by HPLC. Atrazine solutions with different Cu-NPs and commercial CuO with H 2 O 2 . Experimental conditions: atrazine initial concentration of 19 mg/L, -1.5% H 2 O 2 , were mixed at 350 rpm with concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu of Q1SO 4 , Cu-NPs, and commercial CuO and PEI at 1.6 ⁇ concentration. The experiments were carried out under ambient temperature.
  • Figure 4A depicts qualitative measurement of the total generated free radical indicated by the intensity signal of a-(4-Pyridyl N-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone [(POBN)-nitroxyl] radicals in ESR.
  • the radical intensity signals of the different Cu-NPs and commercial CuO during one hour of reaction is presented. Since free radicals have very short life times, they do not accumulate, and each measurement represents a snapshot of the momentary generated radicals.
  • Figure 4B presents the radical generation during five days (I3 ⁇ 40 2 and Cu-NPs7 concentration of 1.5%, and equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu, respectively).
  • Figures 5A and 5B depict normalized atrazine degradation rates using ⁇ 2 (1 ⁇ 4 and Cu-NPs of this invention for different H 2 O 2 concentrations ( Figure 5A) or different Cu-NPs7 concentration ( Figure 5B).
  • Standard experimental conditions atrazine initial concentration of 19 mg/L, -1.5% H 2 O 2 , and Cu-NPs7 concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu.
  • Mixing speed 350 rpm. The experiments were carried out under ambient temperature.
  • Figure 6 presents versatility of the Cu-NP7 activity toward wide range of prevailed aquatic pollutants.
  • ( ⁇ ) represents a solution of the contaminant + Cu-NPs7 (concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu) + 1.5 % H 2 O 2
  • ( ⁇ ) represents a solution of contaminant with 1.5 % 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 only (no Cu-NPs7).
  • Figure 7 presents the relative portions of boron (A) and copper (B) that remained after the dialysis stage in the Cu-NPs suspension (i.e. the yield), as was measured by ICP-MS.
  • Figure 8 depicts zeta potential of the four synthesized Cu-NP types and the commercial
  • the suspensions were diluted to achieve particle concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu.
  • Figure 9 depicts UV-Vis absorbance spectra of suspensions of Cu-NPs of this invention; of solutions of Cu 2+ (from precursor Cu(NC>3) 2 salt) and PEI+Cu 2+ .
  • concentration of copper for both Cu 2+ ions and Cu-NPs was 0.25 mM, PEI concentration was 1.12 ⁇ .
  • Figure 10 depicts atrazine degradation experiments in DI water and in tap water.
  • Atrazine initial concentration 19 mg L "1 , Cu-NPs7 concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM (as Cu), and 1.5% 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 .
  • the experiments were conducted under open atmospheric conditions with stirring velocity of 350 rpm. Each point represents an average of three repetitions.
  • Figure 11 presents ESR signals of POBN-nitroxyl radical formed due to reaction with solution of Cu-NPs7 and 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4, Cu + (from Cu(NC>3) 2 precursor salt) and 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4, PEI and 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 (3 ⁇ 4(1 ⁇ 4 concentration was 1.5%.
  • concentration of copper for both Cu-NPs and Cu + was 0.25mM, PEI concentration was 1.6 ⁇ ).
  • Figure 12 presents ESR signals of POBN-nitroxyl radical formed due to reaction with solution of the different Cu-NPs and commercial CuO suspensions (concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM as Cu) with H 2 O 2 (1.5%) at different time intervals during one hour reaction time.
  • A) commercial CuO B) Cu-NPsl.5, C) Cu-NPs4, D) Cu-NPs7, E) Cu-NPslO.
  • the y axis is the signal intensity in arbitrary units with the same scale for all of the graphs.
  • Figure 13 presents ESR signals of POBN-nitroxyl radical formed due to reaction with solution of Cu-NPs7 (0.25 mM as Cu) and H 2 0 2 (1.5%), 5 times dilution of Cu-NPs7 (0.05 mM as Cu) and 1.5% 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 suspension, and Cu-NPs7 with 10 times dilution of 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 (0.15%) .
  • Figure 14 depicts ESR signals of 5, 5 -dimethyl- 1-pyrro line N-oxide DMPO radical formed due to reaction with solutions of the different Cu-NPs and commercial CuO suspensions (concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu) with 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 (1.5%), with and without the presence of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
  • A) commercial CuO B) Cu-NPs 1.5, C) Cu-NPs4, D) Cu-NPs7, E) Cu- NPslO.
  • the y axis is the signal intensity in arbitrary units and the same scale is used for all of the graphs.
  • DMSO is a selective hydroxyl scavenger, and hence the elimination of the DMPO radical signal when DMSO was present indicates that the DMPO signals in the absence of DMSO are due to appearance of only hydroxyl radicals and not peroxide radicals.
  • FIG. 15 depicts ESR signals of POBN-nitroxyl radical formed due to reaction with solution of Cu-NPs7 and H 2 O 2 in the first day of reaction, after 7 days of reaction, and after 7 days of reaction and addition of fresh H 2 O 2 (1.5%). Recovery of the ESR signal intensity is shown, which demonstrates that the Cu-NPs7 were not poisoned; the lower formation rates of the hydroxyl radicals after several days of reaction are likely due to depletion of H 2 O 2
  • Figure 16 depicts atrazine degradation experiments (initial concentration: 20 ppm) with H 2 O 2 (1.5%) + Cu-NPs7 ( ⁇ , concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu) in light conditions; and H 2 O 2 + Cu-NPs7 when the vial was covered with aluminum foil to ensure dark conditions ( ⁇ , concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu). There was no significant difference between the activity with or without light.
  • Figure 17 depicts atrazine degradation experiment with ozone as oxidant with and without Cu-NPs7 or Cu 2+ (concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM Cu).
  • the activity of Cu-NPs7 with ozone is clearly demonstrated.
  • the atrazine did not disappear. This indicates that the atrazine was chemically degraded when ozone was generated and no volatilization or air stripping of the atrazine occurred.
  • Figure 18 presents the effect of NaHC03 concentration on the degradation of atrazine using Cu-NPs7 (0.25 mM as Cu) and H 2 O 2 (1.5%) of this invention.
  • Figure 19 presents the effect of humic acid concentration on the degradation of atrazine using the Cu-NPs7 (0.25 mM as Cu) and H 2 O 2 (1.5%) ofthis invention.
  • Figure 20 presents the effect of NaCl concentration on the degradation of atrazine using the Cu-NPs7 (0.25 mM as Cu) and H 2 O 2 (1.5%) of this invention. The presence of NaCl significantly accelerated atrazine degradation.
  • Figure 21A presents degradation of atrazine with Cu-NPs4 with different concentrations of H 2 O 2 after 1 h.
  • Figure 21B presents degradation of atrazine with Cu-NPs4 with different concentrations of 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 after 15 h.
  • Figure 22 A presents the thermogravimetric degradation of PEI_Cu- incorporated into MK10.
  • Figure 22B presents the thermogravimetric degradation of PEI-Cu-NPs incorporated into sand.
  • Figure 23 presents scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis of PEI-Cu-NPs incorporated into MK10 and sand. SEM images of unmodified MK10 (a,b, having different resolutions), modified MK10 (c,d, having different resolutions), unmodified sand (e,f, having different resolution) and modified sand (g,h, having different resolution)
  • Figure 24A and 24B presents a comparison of degradation of atrazine, in similar experimental conditions to PEI-Cu- NPs alone, with PEI-Cu-NPs-MK10 and PEI-Cu-NPs-sand composites.
  • Figure 24A presents results after 1 h
  • Figure 24B presents results after 15 h.
  • Figure 25 presents percentage degradation of atrazine against the change in the concentration PEI-Cu-NPs incorporated into MK10 and sand on atrazine degradation.
  • Figure 26 presents the homogeneity of the PEI-Cu NP incorporation (distribution) on the
  • this invention is directed to a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(II)-based nanoparticles coordinated to a polymer forming a complex (Cu-NPs), wherein said polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the amino based polymer is polyethylenimine and said composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • the degradation composite of this invention comprises Cu-NPs complex of this invention incorporated into a solid support.
  • the degradation composite of this invention comprises Cu-NPs complex of this invention incorporated into a silica based material.
  • the silica based material comprises clay, sand, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • the Cu-NPs which are incorporated into the silica based materials enable easy reuse of the Cu-NPs.
  • the degradation composite comprising the Cu-NPs incorporated into the silica based materials can be separated/filtered from the pollutant solution/mixture because of the larger size of the silica and thus can be reused.
  • a silica based material refers to material with a Si-0 bond.
  • This invention provides, in some embodiments, a degradation composite, kit, device, and methods for decontaminating, and/or detoxifying, fluids by oxidizing, and/or degrading pollutants/contaminants.
  • a degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the treatment of toxic waste products.
  • such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the treatment of effluents resulting from industrial production of various chemical compounds, or pharmaceuticals.
  • such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the treatment of water supplies (rivers, streams, sea water, lake water, groundwater, etc.) contaminated by chemical compounds or toxic materials.
  • such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the treatment of toxic waste products due to occurrence of a natural disaster. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the treatment of petroleum spills. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the treatment of process water in the petroleum industry. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods applications in the treatment of environmental pollutants. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of water. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of chemical reactions. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of organic solvents.
  • such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of air. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of gases. In another embodiment, such degradation composite , kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of weapons of mass destruction (W.M.D), or in another embodiment, biological, virus, and/or chemical (including gas and liquid) weapons. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of oil tankers, transport containers, plastic containers or bottles. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of soil. In another embodiment, such degradation composite, kit, device and methods will find application in the decontamination of filters, for example, air purification and air-conditioning filters.
  • filters for example, air purification and air-conditioning filters.
  • This invention provides a degradation composite used in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), wherein a polymer is used to stabilize the copper nanoparticles.
  • AOP advanced oxidation processes
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention are highly efficient in AOP for water decontamination from organic pollutants.
  • the term "Cu-NPs" in this invention refers to reduced Cu(II)-based nanoparticles coordinated to a polymer forming a complex.
  • the polymer is an amino based polymer forming a complex with the reduced Cu(II) nanoparticles.
  • the degradation composite, kit, device and methods comprise and make use of a reduced Cu(II)-based nanoparticles coordinated to a polymer.
  • the polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine.
  • the polymer is poly(vinyl alcohol).
  • the polymer is polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).
  • the polymer is tetraalkylammonium halides.
  • the polymer is guar gum.
  • the polymer is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
  • the polymer is xanthan gum.
  • this invention is directed to a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(II)-based nanoparticles coordinated to a polymer forming a complex (Cu-NPs), wherein said complex is incorporated into a silica based material.
  • this invention is directed to a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(II)-based nanoparticles coordinated to an amino based polymer, forming a complex (Cu-NPs), wherein said complex is incorporated with a silica based material.
  • the amino based polymer is polyethylenimine.
  • the silica based material is sand, clay, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • this invention is directed to a degradation composite, kit, device and methods comprising and make use of a silica based material.
  • the silica based material is sand, clay, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • the silica based material is sand.
  • the silica based material is clay.
  • the silica based material is S1O2.
  • the silica based material is zeolite.
  • the silica based material is montmorillonite K10 (MK10).
  • the degradation composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-nanoparticles coordinated to a polymer forming a complex (Cu-NPs) and the complex is incorporated into a silica based material.
  • incorporated refers to impregnated, adsorbed or immobilized.
  • the Cu-NPs complex is impregnated by the silica based material.
  • the Cu-NPs complex is immobilized on the silica based material.
  • the Cu-NPs complex is adsorbed on the silica based material.
  • this invention provides a method of degrading organic pollutants wherein said method comprises contacting a pollutant and copper based nanoparticles, in the presence of an oxidant, wherein said copper based nanoparticles comprise reduced Cu(II)-polymer complex.
  • this invention is directed to a method of degrading organic pollutants wherein said method comprises contacting a pollutant and a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(II)-based nanoparticle coordinated to a polymer (Cu-NPs), in the presence of an oxidant.
  • the polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine and said composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • the composite further comprises a silica based material and said Cu-NPs are incorporated into said silica based material.
  • the silica based material comprises clay, sand, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • this invention provides a method of degrading organic pollutants wherein said method comprises contacting a pollutant and a degradation composite of this invention, in the presence of an oxidant, wherein said degradation composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • this invention provides a method of degrading organic pollutants wherein said method comprises contacting a pollutant and a degradation composite of this invention, in the presence of an oxidant, wherein said degradation composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex which is incorporated into a silica based material.
  • this invention is directed to a degradation kit comprising:
  • a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(H)-based nanoparticles wherein said reduced copper(II)-based nanoparticles are coordinated to a polymer forming a complex (Cu- NPs).
  • the polymer is amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine and said composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • the composite further comprises a silica based material and said Cu-NPs are incorporated into said silica based material.
  • the silica based material comprises clay, sand, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention and for use in this invention are catalytic nanoparticles, which increase, in some embodiments, the rate of pollutant degradation by reducing the energy barrier for the reaction.
  • catalytic nanoparticles maybe recycled.
  • the method, device and kit of this invention make use of copper based nanoparticles. In one embodiment, the method, device and kit of this invention make use of copper-based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) wherein said copper based nanoparticles comprise reduced
  • this invention provides copper based nanoparticles
  • Cu-NPs which are prepared by mixing an aqueous solution of polyethylenimine with an aqueous solution of Cu 2+ salt forming a Cu-polyethylenimine complex; followed by addition of a reducing agent, thereby reducing the Cu 2+ and copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) are formed.
  • the copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) of this invention refer to copper-polymer nanoparticles.
  • the polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine.
  • the copper- polyethylenimine nanoparticles include reduced copper.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention include Cu(I), Cu°, Cu(II) or combination thereof.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention include Cu(I), Cu° or combination thereof.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention do not include Cu(II).
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention do not include CuO.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention include between 50%- 100% by weight elementary Cu°.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention include between 70%-
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention include between 90%-100% by weight elementary Cu°. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs of this invention include less than 15% Cu(II) by weight. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs of this invention include less than 15% CuO by weight. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs comprise
  • the Cu-NPs comprise 100% elementary copper (Cu°).
  • the method device and kit of this invention make use and/or comprise copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) wherein said copper based nanoparticles comprise reduced Cu(II)-polymer complex.
  • the method, device and kit of this invention make use of a polymer.
  • the polymer is an amino based polymer.
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine (PEI).
  • PEI polyethylenimine
  • Figure IB the mean average diameter of the Cu-NPs of this invention is between 2 nm and 300 nm.
  • the mean average diameter of the Cu-NPs of this invention is between 100 nm and 200 nm.
  • the mean average diameter of the Cu-NPs of this invention is between 75 nm and 250 nm.
  • the mean average diameters are 260 ⁇ 60 nm, 130 ⁇ 37 nm 136 ⁇ 56 and 78 ⁇ 21 nm for Cu-NPsl .5, Cu-NPs4 -Cu-NPs7 and Cu- NPslO (Example 1 and Figure IB; 1.5; 4; 7 and 10 refer to the amount of PEI added).
  • the nanoparticles vary in terms of size, or in another embodiment, shape, or in another embodiment, composition, or any combination thereof, within kit, device and/or for use according to the methods of this invention.
  • Such differences in the respective nanoparticles used in a particular kit/device or according to the methods of this invention may be confirmed via electron microscopy, or in another embodiment, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), or in another embodiment, by tunneling electron microscopy (TEM), or in another embodiment, by optical microscopy, or in another embodiment, by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), or in another embodiment, by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), or in another embodiment, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), or in another embodiment, by atomic force microscopy (AFM), or in another embodiment, by ICP (inductively coupled plasma), or in another embodiment, by TGA (thermal gravimetric analysis), or in another embodiment, by DLS (dynamic light scattering) [0065]
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention comprise between 10% and 90% of polyethylenimine (PEI) by weight. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs of this invention comprise between 20% and 50% of polyethylenimine (PEI) by weight. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs of this invention comprise between 30% and 60% of polyethylenimine (PEI) by weight. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs of this invention comprise between 30% and 70% of polyethylenimine (PEI) by weight. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs of this invention comprise between 50% and 90% of polyethylenimine (PEI) by weight. In another embodiment, lower concentrations of PEI (lower than 10% by weight) do not stabilize the Cu-NPs, leading to aggregation and sedimentation of copper precipitants.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention comprise PEI, wherein the PEI is in the size range of between 0.5kD and 750kD.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention comprise PEI wherein the PEI is in the size range of between lOkD and 150kD.
  • the process for the preparation of the copper based nanoparticles includes mixing aqueous solution of Cu(II) salt with polyethylenimine forming a Cu(II)-PEI complex.
  • the Cu(II) salt is Cu(N0 3 ) 2, Q1SO 4 , Q1Q 2 , Q1CO 3 or combination thereof.
  • the Cu(II) salt is Cu(NC>3)2.
  • the concentration of the Cu(II) salt in said solution is between 1-100 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu(II) salt in said solution is between 10-100 mM.
  • the concentration of the Cu(II) salt in said solution is between 10-50 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu(II) salt in said solution is between 1-50 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu(II) salt in said solution is between 20-60 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu(II) salt in said solution is between 30-100 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu(II) salt in said solution is between 30-60 mM. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu(II) in the solution is about 50 mM.
  • the process for the preparation of the copper based nanoparticles includes mixing aqueous solution of Cu(II) salt with polyethylenimine (PEI) forming a Cu(II)-PEI complex, followed by reduction of the Cu(II) of the Cu(II)-PEI complex.
  • the molar ratio between the Cu(II) ions and polyethylenimine (PEI) is between 10 and 270.
  • the molar ratio between the Cu(II) ions and polyethylenimine (PEI) is between 10 and 50.
  • the molar ratio between the Cu(II) ions and polyethylenimine (PEI) is between 50 and 100.
  • the molar ratio between the Cu(II) ions and polyethylenimine (PEI) is between 75 and 150. In another embodiment, the molar ratio between the Cu(II) ions and polyethylenimine (PEI) is between 100 and 270. In another embodiment, the process for the preparation of the copper based nanoparticles is as described in Example 1.
  • the process for the preparation of the copper based nanoparticles includes reducing a Cu(II) salt. In one embodiment, the process for the preparation of the copper based nanoparticles includes reducing a Cu(II)-PEI complex. In another embodiment, the Cu(II)- PEI complex is reduced by a reducing agent, or electrochemically.
  • a reducing agent include hydrazine, ascorbic acid, hypophosphite, formic acid, sodium borohydride (NaBHt) or combinations thereof.
  • the reducing agent is NaBELt.
  • this invention is directed to a method, device and kit for (i) degrading organic pollutants; (ii) oxidizing organic pollutants in advanced oxidation processes comprising contacting a pollutant and copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) of this invention, in the presence of an oxidant.
  • the method comprises mixing the Cu-NPs of this invention with the pollutant followed by the addition of the oxidant and thereby degrading and/or oxidizing the pollutant.
  • the method comprises contacting the oxidant with the pollutant followed by addition of the Cu-NPs of this invention thereby degrading and/or oxidizing the pollutant.
  • the Cu-NPs are in aqueous solution/suspension/emulsion.
  • the contacting step between the pollutant and the Cu-NPs and oxidant is performed in aqueous solution.
  • the contacting step is in the soil.
  • the contacting step between the Cu-NPs and the oxidant is in aqueous solution and the solution is being applied on solid surfaces, soil, gases which possess pollutants.
  • the method, device and kit of this invention make use of Cu-NPs of this invention which are suspended/mixed in aqueous solution.
  • the aqueous solution includes a salt.
  • the salt is an alkali salt or an alkaline salt.
  • the salt is NaHCC .
  • the salt is NaCl.
  • the concentration of the salt is between ImM and 2M.
  • the concentration of the salt is between ImM and 1M.
  • the concentration of the salt is between 10 mM and 1M.
  • the concentration of the salt is between 50 mM and 1M.
  • the concentration of the salt is between 0.5 M and 2M.
  • the method, device and kit of this invention make use of Cu-NPs of this invention which are suspended/mixed in aqueous solution.
  • the pH of the aqueous solution is between 4 and 10.
  • the pH is between 4 and 6.
  • the pH is between 5 and 7.
  • the pH of the aqueous solution is between 4 and 8.
  • the method, device and kit of this invention make use of Cu-NPs of this invention which are suspended/mixed in aqueous solution.
  • the concentration of the copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) of this invention in the solution is equivalent to at least 0.15 mM of Cu.
  • the concentration of the copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) of this invention in the solution is at least equivalent to 0.25 mM of Cu.
  • the concentration of the Cu-NPs of this invention in the solution is equivalent to concentrations between 0.2 and 10 mM of Cu.
  • the concentration of the concentration of the concentration of the concentration of the copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) of this invention in the solution is equivalent to at least 0.15 mM of Cu.
  • the concentration of the copper based nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) of this invention in the solution is at least equivalent to 0.25 mM of Cu.
  • the concentration of the Cu-NPs of this invention in the solution is equivalent to concentrations between 0.2 and 10 m
  • Cu-NPs of this invention in the solution is equivalent to between 0.15 mM and ImM of Cu. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu-NPs of this invention in the solution is equivalent to between 0.15 mM and 0.25mM of Cu. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu-NPs of this invention in the solution is equivalent to between 0.15 mM and 0.3mM of Cu. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu-NPs of this invention in the solution is equivalent to between 0.2 mM and 0.5mM of Cu. In another embodiment, the concentration of the Cu-NPs of this invention in the solution is between 1.25 mM and 5mM of copper.
  • the copper is in its reduced form (i.e., Cu(0) or Cu(I).)
  • the method, device and kit of this invention make use of an oxidant.
  • An "oxidant” and "oxidizing agent" are referred herein as interchangeable terms.
  • the oxidant is a peroxide, a chromate, a chlorate, ozone, a perchlorate, an electron acceptor, or any combination thereof.
  • the oxidant is a peroxide.
  • the oxidant is a chromate.
  • the oxidant is a chlorate.
  • the oxidant is ozone.
  • the oxidant is a perchlorate.
  • the oxidant is permanganate. In another embodiment, the oxidant is osmium tetraoxide. In another embodiment, the oxidant is bromate. In another embodiment, the oxidant is iodate. In another embodiment the oxidant is chlorite. In another embodiment, the oxidant is hypochlorite. In another embodiment, the oxidant is nitrate. In another embodiment, the oxidant is nitrites. In another embodiment, the oxidant is persulfate. In another embodiment, the oxidant is nitric acid. In another embodiment, the oxidant is an electron acceptor. In another embodiment, the oxidant is hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ).
  • the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.0005% and 10% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.001% to 10% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.005% and 10% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.001% and 1% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.01% and 10% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.01% and 2% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.05% and 1% w/v.
  • the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.01% and 1% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.05% and 1.5% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.075% and 1.5% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.075% and 2% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 0.05% and 2% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 1.5% and 5% w/v. In another embodiment, the concentration of the oxidant in the solution is between 2% and 6% w/v. In another embodiment, the maximum dissolution range is 5-250 mg/L for ozone, depending on temperature and pressure.
  • the oxidant is comprised of combinations of two or more oxidants, and in some embodiments, it is a combination of the agents described hereinabove.
  • the term "electron acceptor" refers, in one embodiment, to a substance that receives electrons in an oxidation-reduction process. Examples of electron acceptors include Fe (III), Mn (IV), oxygen, nitrate, sulfate, Lewis acids, 1,4- dinitrobenzene, or 1, 1' - dimethyl-4,4' bipyridinium.
  • the method of this invention is conducted under aerobic conditions and is for a period of time sufficient to oxidize said pollutant and thereby said pollutant degrades.
  • the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90-100%. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 80-100%. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90% to 100% within 30 to 60 min. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 80% to 100% within 30 to 60 min. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90% to 100% within 50 to 60 min. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90% to 100% within 10 to 60 min. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90% to 100% within lh to 8h.
  • the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90% to 100% within lh to 24h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 80% to 100% within lh to 24h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90% to 100% within 30 min to 2h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90%to 100% within 30 min to 3h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 90% to 100% within 30 min to 4h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes by 80% to 100% within 30 min to 4h.
  • the pollutant degrades/oxidizes to the regulated levels according to as defined by the relevant authorities. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes to the regulated levels within 10 to 60 min. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes to the regulated levels within lh to 8h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes to the regulated levels within lh to 24h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes to the regulated levels within 30 min to 2h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes to the regulated levels within 30 min to 3h. In another embodiment, the pollutant degrades/oxidizes to the regulated levels within 30 min to 4h.
  • kits, device may be used at, or the methods of this invention may be conducted at room temperature (between 20-40 °C). In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 20-30 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 30-35 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 35-
  • the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 40-45 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 45-50 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention maybe conducted at a temperature of between about 50-60 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 60-80 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 20-60 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 20- 80 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 4-60 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature of between about 0-80 °C. In one embodiment, the methods of this invention may be conducted at a temperature above 80 °C.
  • the method device and kit of this invention make use of an organic pollutant.
  • the organic pollutant includes a chemical contaminant, a biological contaminant, a wastewater, a hydrocarbon, an industrial effluent, a municipal or domestic effluent, an agrochemical, an herbicide, a pharmaceutical or any combination thereof.
  • the Cu-NPs show reactivity toward a wide range of common anthropogenic aquatic pollutants.
  • the Cu-NPs show activity and degradation of nonlimiting examples such as atrazine, bisphenol A, carbamazepine (CBZ), DBP, MTBE, phenol, naphthalene, rhodamine 6G and xylene.
  • the invention is directed to a degradation kit comprising of:
  • the kit is being used for degradation and/or oxidation of a pollutant.
  • this invention is directed to a degradation kit comprising:
  • a degradation composite comprising reduced copper(H) based nanoparticles wherein said reduced copper(II) based nanoparticles are coordinated to an amino based polymer forming a complex (Cu-NPs).
  • the polymer is polyethylenimine and said composite comprises reduced Cu(II)-polyethylenimine complex.
  • the composite further comprises a silica based material and said Cu-NPs are incorporated into said silica based material.
  • the silica based material comprises clay, sand, zeolite or combination thereof.
  • the term "kit” refers to a packaged product, which comprises the oxidizing agent and nanoparticle, stored in individual containers, or a single container, at predetermined ratios and concentration, for use in the degradation of a specified pollutant, for which the use of the kit has been optimized, as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.
  • the choice of oxidizing agent and/or nanoparticle composition will depend upon the particular pollutant.
  • the kit will contain instructions for a range of uses of the individual components, which may be present in the kit at various concentrations and/or ratios, in individually marked containers, whereby the end-user is provided optimized instructions for use in a particular application.
  • kits are comprised of agents whose composition and/or concentration are optimized for the types of pollutants for which the kits will be put to use.
  • kits comprise oxidizing agents and nanoparticles in individual containers, and the kit may be stored for prolonged periods of time at room temperature.
  • the kits of this invention may comprise oxidizing agents and nanoparticles in a single container, with the components segregated within the container, such that immediately prior to use, the individual components are mixed and ready for use.
  • segregation may be accomplished via the use of membrane which may be ruptured or compromised by the application of force or a tool specific for such rupture.
  • such kits may be stored for prolonged periods of time at room temperature.
  • kits of this invention may comprise oxidizing agents and nanoparticles in a single container, in a mixture, as a fluid.
  • such kits may be stored frozen for prolonged periods of time and upon thawing are ready-to-use.
  • kits may additionally comprise an indicator compound, which reflects partial or complete degradation of the contaminant.
  • the Cu-NPs of this invention remain as a stable suspension (in water) for between 1 and 3 months. In another embodiment, the Cu-NPs of this invention remain as a stable suspension (in water) for more than one month.
  • the metal nanoparticles are recovered, or in another embodiment, recycled, or in another embodiment, regenerated and/or further reused after degradation of the pollutant.
  • such nanoparticle recovery, reuse, recycle or regeneration may be accomplished by settling, sieving, filtration via, e.g., membranes and/or packed beds, magneto- separation, complexation/sorption, extraction, optionally followed by washing of the nanoparticles after their recovery.
  • the recovery is via centrifugation.
  • the nanoparticles may be reused multiple times, following recovery from an aqueous solution and/or device and/or kit of this invention.
  • the nanoparticles may be regenerated.
  • the nanoparticles may be regenerated by applying a reducing agent/oxidizing agent to yield the desired oxidation state of the nanoparticles.
  • the nanoparticles may be regenerated from a colloidal form, by applying surfactants.
  • the nanoparticles may be regenerated by isolating the copper based product formed in the degradation/oxidation, method and/or kit and prepare the desired nanoparticle using the isolated copper based product.
  • this invention provides a device comprising:
  • the device further comprises an additional inlet for the introduction of additional reduced Cu-NPs of this invention to the first reaction chamber.
  • the outlet includes a filter or a membrane which allows the fluid to be removed and to retain the nanoparticles in the reaction chamber.
  • this invention provides a device comprising:
  • a second channel which conveys said reducing agent from said second reaction chamber to said first reaction chamber
  • the reducing agent is conveyed from the second reaction chamber via the second channel to the first reaction chamber, thereby reducing the Cu(H)-PEI complex and forming reduced Cu(II)-
  • the device further comprises an additional inlet for the introduction of a silica based material to the first reaction chamber.
  • the silica based material is added to the reduced Cu(II)-PEI nanoparticles in the first reaction chamber to obtain a reduced Cu(II)-PEI-silica composite.
  • the device further comprises an additional inlet for the introduction of additional Cu(II)-PEI complex of this invention to the first reaction chamber.
  • the outlet includes a filter or a membrane which allows the fluid to be removed and to retain the nanoparticles in the reaction chamber.
  • the solution comprising the pollutant is conveyed to said first reaction chamber followed by the conveyance of the oxidant and contacted with said Cu-NPs of this invention under aerobic conditions.
  • the solution oxidant is conveyed to said first reaction chamber followed by the conveyance of pollutant and contacted with said Cu-NPs of this invention under aerobic conditions.
  • the devices of the invention may comprise multiple inlets for introduction of an oxidizing agent, reducing agent nanoparticles and/or air.
  • the device will comprise a series of channels for the conveyance of the respective pollutant, oxidizing agent, and other materials, to the reaction chamber. In some embodiments, such channels will be so constructed so as to promote contact between the introduced materials, should this be a desired application.
  • the device will comprise micro- or nano-fluidic pumps to facilitate conveyance and/or contacting of the materials for introduction into the reaction chamber.
  • the devices of this invention may comprise a stirrer in the device, for example, in the reaction chamber.
  • the device may be fitted to an apparatus which mechanically mixes the materials, for example, via sonication, in one embodiment, or via application of magnetic fields in multiple orientations, which in some embodiments, causes the movement and subsequent mixing of the magnetic particles.
  • the devices of this invention are, in some embodiments, designed modularly to accommodate a variety of mixing machinery or implements and are to be considered as part of this invention.
  • the oxidizing agent is conveyed directly to the first reaction chamber, such that it does not come into contact with the contaminated fluid, prior to entry within the chamber, in the presence of the nanoparticles.
  • conveyance is via the presence of multiple separate chambers or channels within the device, conveying individual materials to the chamber.
  • the chambers/channels are so constructed so as to allow for mixing of the components at a desired time and circumstance.
  • the devices may further include a separated channel for conveying the pollutant to the reaction chamber.
  • the devices may further include additional means to apply environmental controls, such as temperature, pressure and/or pH.
  • the device of the invention may include a magnetic field source and mixer to permit magnetically-controlled fluidizing.
  • the devices may include a mechanical stirrer, a heating, a light, a microwave, an ultraviolet and/or an ultrasonic source.
  • the device of the invention may include gas bubbling.
  • the term "sufficient time” refers to a period of time for achieving the desired outcome.
  • the term "contacting” refers to bubbling or mixing of the pollutants and the Cu-NPs in aqueous solution.
  • the chamber wherein the two are contacted may comprise a mixer, or agitating stir bar.
  • magnetic fields are applied in varying orientation, which in turn result in mixing of the magnetic nanoparticles within the fluid.
  • the term “contacting” refers to indirect mixing, wherein the mixing may be accomplished via conveyance through a series of channels, which result in mixing of the desired fluid.
  • the term “contacting” refers to direct mixing wherein the pollutant with an oxidizing agent and a nanoparticle, is mixed by stirring, stirring with a mechanical stirring, exposing or shaking of such combination.
  • the term “mixing” is to be understood as encompassing the optional application of a magnetic field, heat, microwaves, ultraviolet light and/or ultrasonic pulses, to accelerate the reaction.
  • the term “mixing” is to be understood as encompassing the improving of the yield of the process by the application of stirring, shaking and optionally application of a magnetic field, heat, light, microwaves, ultraviolet light and/or ultrasonic pulses.
  • such contacting of the Cu-NPs of this invention and oxidizing agent may be conducted prior to contacting with the pollutant.
  • the oxidizing agent is contacted with the pollutant prior to contacting with the Cu-NPs of this invention.
  • the oxidizing agent, the Cu-NPs of this invention and the pollutant are simultaneously mixed.
  • the term “about” refers to a deviance of between 0.0001-5% from the indicated number or range of numbers. In one embodiment, the term “about” refers to a deviance of between 1-10% from the indicated number or range of numbers. In one embodiment, the term “about” refers to a deviance of up to 25% from the indicated number or range of numbers.
  • Cu-NPsl .5 refer to Cu-NPs of this invention wherein 1.5 mL of PEI stock solution were added to Cu(II) solution.
  • Cu-NPs4 refer to Cu-NPs of this invention wherein 4 mL of PEI stock solution were added to Cu(II) solution.
  • Cu-NPs7 refer to Cu-NPs of this invention wherein 7 mL of PEI stock solution were added to Cu(II) solution.
  • Cu-NPs 10 refer to Cu- NPs of this invention wherein 10 mL of PEI stock solution were added to Cu(II) solution. The formation of Cu-NPs of this invention was coupled with immediate change in suspension color to reddish-brown. The 50 mL Cu-NP suspension was stirred (-350 rpm) for 1 h and finally, dialyzed for 1 day (Cellu Sep: 3500 MWCO, Membrane Filtration Products, Inc, TX, USA) in a glass beaker filled with 950 mL DI water.
  • CuO suspension was prepared by the addition of 4 g commercial CuO powder to 1 L DI water. The CuO suspension was sonicated for at least 10 min before every exertion.
  • the synthesis procedure was initiated with mixing of the copper precursor with the PEI followed by chemical reduction by NaBI3 ⁇ 4 which resulted in Cu-NP formation. Later on, a dialysis polishing stage of the Cu-NPs was conducted to remove non-reacted salt species. During this dialysis stage, the color of the particles changed from reddish brown to different hues of yellow-green, indicating partial or complete oxidation of the Cu- NPs. ICP-MS measurement showed that boron (from the precursor NaBEL t ) diffused through the dialysis membrane and consequently was diluted in the Cu-NP suspension (yields of -15%), confirming the successful purification of the non-reacted salts (Figure 7A).
  • the pH of the Cu-NP suspension became more basic as the PEI concentration increased (8.13, 8.88, 9.31, and 9.62 for Cu-NPs 1.5, Cu-NPs4, Cu-NPs7, and Cu-NPslO, respectively), implying that the basic amine functional groups of the PEI control the suspension pH.
  • the highly concentrated Cu-NP suspensions 50 mM as Cu ions
  • all of the Cu-NP suspensions were stable for months as deduced from the insignificant change of particle radius as measured by DLS (particle size change of ⁇ 15 nm) and the lack of precipitation.
  • This stability resulted from strong electric repulsion between the Cu-NPs, as indicated by a relatively high positive surface charge represented by zeta potential measurements ( ⁇ +40 mV for all the 4 Cu-NPs; Figure 8).
  • the Cu-NP positive charge is imparted by the protonation of the PEI amine functional groups. Since the pKa of PEI is between 9.5-11, it is likely that at pH values lower than the Cu-NP suspensions, the zeta potential should be similar or even become more positive, inferring stability of the Cu-NPs at most of the practical aquatic pH range.
  • the Cu-NP properties were significantly affected by the PEI concentration during the synthesis. As the concentration of PEI increases, the mean average diameter of the Cu-NPs decrease (Figure IB), with sizes of 260 ⁇ 60, 130 ⁇ 37, and 136 ⁇ 56 nm for Cu-NPsl .5, Cu-NPs4, Cu-NPs- 7, respectively.
  • the particle size distribution of Cu-NPslO was bi-modal with 78 ⁇ 21 and 10 ⁇ 2 nm. TEM images showed that the Cu-NPs are discrete, semi-spherical shape and their size decrease as the PEI portion increased (Figure 2B-D).
  • the PEI concentration maintained the hue of the Cu-NP suspension color as observed by bare eye and by UV-Vis absorption spectra ( Figure 1 A). As the concentration of PEI decreases, less absorption is observed in the blue-green UV wavelength ( ⁇ 400 nm), leading to more green-blue color in the Cu-NPs7 and 10 as compared to brown-yellow color of the Cu-NPs4 and 1.5. At the UV range, observed peak in -200 nm and -275 nm were ascribed to the Cu 2+ absorption and Cu-PEI complex absorption in the absent of Cu-NPs ( Figure 9).
  • Atrazine was dissolved in DI water by simultaneous heating and sonicating for a couple of hours, to obtain stock solution (20 mg L "1 ).
  • Glass vials 50 mL were filled with 19 mL of atrazine stock solution, 100 of one of the four Cu-NP (Cu-NPs 1.5, Cu-NPs4, Cu-NPs7, Cu- NPs 10) or commercial CuO suspensions and 1 mL of 30 % H 2 O 2 solution (equivalent concentrations of 19 mg L "1 atrazine, 0.25 mM Cu-NP/commercial CuO (15.75 mg L "1 as Cu), and 1.5% ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 ).
  • the mixed atrazine-Cu-NP/commercial CUO-H 2 O 2 solutions were agitated at 350 rpm for 1 h under open atmospheric condition.
  • Eluent (75% acetonitrile: 25% DI) flow rate was 1 mL min "1 with pressure of - 1500 psi.
  • Cu-NPsl .5 had relatively weak activity with only 37% atrazine degradation after 1 h.
  • Cu-NPs4, Cu-NPs7, and Cu-NPslO degraded 90%, 91%, and 85% in 30 min and more than 99%, 99%, and 85% in 1 h, respectively.
  • Electron spin resonance was employed to qualitatively assess the intensity, the species, and the dynamics of the free radicals that were formed during the reaction.
  • the Eppendorf was then mixed with vortex for a few seconds, placed in the ESR device, and the signal of the nitroxyl radical of POBN was measured.
  • EPR spectra were recorded on a Bruker ELEXSYS 500 X-band spectrometer equipped with a Bruker ER4102ST resonator in a
  • ESR was used to examine the dynamic and speciation of radical formation in the reaction. Basically, spin trap molecules react with free radicals in solution to form meta-stable nitroxyl radicals that produce a signal in ESR with intensity that depends on the radical concentration. Since hydroxyl/super oxide radicals have very short lifetimes ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ - ⁇ ), they do not accumulate and the ESR signals depicted here represent a snapshot of the momentary generated radicals in the examined solutions.
  • the synthesized Cu-NPs7 and H 2 O 2 that rapidly degrade the atrazine demonstrated strong radical signals, while no signal was observed in solutions of Cu-NPs alone, H 2 O 2 alone or PEI and H 2 O 2 which did not degrade atrazine ( Figure 1 1, Figure 3 A). In Cu 2+ ions and H 2 O 2 solution, which did not demonstrate significant atrazine degradation activity, a weak signal (four times weaker signal than Cu-NPs7 and H 2 O 2 signal) was observed.
  • the radical type was studied rather than the radical formation intensity.
  • the radical type may explain the different activity of the particles.
  • DMPO reacts with different radicals such as hydroxyl and peroxide to give the same signal. Therefore its signal indicates the total radical formation without differentiation of the various radical species.
  • DMSO is a selective hydroxyl radical scavenger and therefore it will quench the portion of DMPO signal resulting from hydroxyl radicals.
  • Figure 14 demonstrated that when the DMSO was present, the DMPO signal was completely diminished. This means that the signal originated only from hydroxyl radicals and that they are the predominant type of radicals formed during the reaction.
  • the reaction was carried out with 100 of Cu-NP7 suspension, 1 mL of 30% 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 and 19 mL of carbamazepine (50 mg L "1 ) or phenol (100 mg L “1 ) solutions (similar ratio as for the atrazine degradation experiments).
  • the attenuation of rhodamine 6G was measured with UV Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 526 nm.
  • To 19.9 mL solution of rhodamine with initial concentration of 4 mg L "1 100 of 30 % H 2 O 2 and 20 of the Cu-NP suspension were added and mixed.
  • the same experiments were carried out but without Cu-NPs7 (only 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 was added to the contaminant solution).
  • Atrazine degradation by Cu-NPs7 and ⁇ 2 (3 ⁇ 4 was examined under different solution compositions.
  • Atrazine solutions (20 mg L "1 ) were spiked with 0.5 M NaCl .
  • 1 mL H 2 O 2 and 100 of Cu-NPs7 were added to 19 mL of both solutions (with and without spiking) to give final concentration of atrazine: 19 mg L "1 , 1.5% H 2 O 2 , and Cu-NPs7 in concentration equivalent to 0.25 mM as Cu).
  • Two NaCl concentrations of 0.5 M (similar to seawater concentration) and 0.05M (similar to brackish water) were prepared (by mixing the above solutions) and tested for atrazine degradation.
  • montmorillonite K10 surface area 220-270 m 2 g _1 ) (denoted here, throughout, as
  • MK10 was obtained from Sigma- Aldrich (Rehovot, Israel); hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2, 30%), was received from Biolab Ltd. (Jerusalem, Israel); sodium borohydride (NaBFL) was purchased from Nile Chemicals (Mumbai, India). Atrazine (99%) - 6-chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isoprophyl-l,3,5,- triazine-2,4-diamine was received from Agan Chemical Manufacturers Ltd. (Ashdod, Israel); Sand was obtained from Unimin corporation (CAS# 14808-60-7), Le Sueur, MN 56058, USA.
  • Cu-NPs denoted Cu-NP2.5, Cu-NP5, Cu-NP7.5, and Cu-NPIO, referring to 1.5, 4, 7.5, and 10 mL of 1.6 mM PEI solution, respectively
  • composites having constant volume of PEI (4 mL) and different volume of copper (2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mL) were prepared.
  • the 50 mL Cu-NP suspensions were stirred (-350 rpm) for 1 h and then dialyzed for 1 day (Cellu Sep: 3500 MWCO, Membrane Filtration Products, Inc., TX, USA) in glass beakers filled with 950 mL DI water.
  • thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) pattern of both MK10 and sand was clear and different thermal degradation patterns were observed for both modified and unmodified MK10 ( Figure 22A) and sand ( Figure 22B).
  • TGA measurements the initial degradation occurred due to the low volatile organic compounds and moisture.
  • the major difference in the degradation pattern in the range of 300-400 ° C confirms the presence of PEI-Cu- NPs in modified MK10 and sand.
  • TGA data also showed that the PEI-Cu- NPs decomposed at lower temperature than the free PEI.
  • PEI had two degradation temperatures at 330 ° C and 370 ° C.
  • the thermal conversion of copper was also achieved from 300 ° C.
  • the remaining small changes arose due to the MK10 and sand composition.
  • the Cu-NPs incorporated on sand and clay enable easy reuse. Without the clay and sand, the Cu-NPs are suspended.
  • a stock solution of atrazine 1000 mg L "1 ; in 0.1 % (v/v) methanol was prepared and stirred with 30 mg of PEI-Cu- NPs incorporated into MK10 and 30 mg PEI-Cu-NPs incorporated into sand, 20 mg L "1 of atrazine, 20 uL of 3 ⁇ 4(3 ⁇ 4 (30%) at pH range of 6-7 for 60 min in 20 mL volume. The entire reaction mixture was stirred at 350 rpm for 1 h under open atmospheric conditions.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une composition de dégradation, des méthodes et des kits de décomposition de polluants organiques dans des procédés d'oxydation avancés (POA) comprenant un complexe nanoparticules-polymères à base de cuivre (Cu-NP) réduit et un oxydant.
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