WO2016004821A1 - 复眼式光纤efpi局部放电方向检测系统 - Google Patents

复眼式光纤efpi局部放电方向检测系统 Download PDF

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WO2016004821A1
WO2016004821A1 PCT/CN2015/082274 CN2015082274W WO2016004821A1 WO 2016004821 A1 WO2016004821 A1 WO 2016004821A1 CN 2015082274 W CN2015082274 W CN 2015082274W WO 2016004821 A1 WO2016004821 A1 WO 2016004821A1
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fiber
optical
partial discharge
optical fiber
efpi
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PCT/CN2015/082274
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
张映月
王铭民
张春燕
王伟
周志成
何东欣
滕俊
李富平
张磊
杜家振
盛吉
陶风波
陆云才
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江苏省电力公司扬州供电公司
华北电力大学
江苏省电力公司电力科学研究院
国家电网公司
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Publication of WO2016004821A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016004821A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing

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  • the invention relates to a compound eye optical fiber EFPI partial discharge direction detecting system, and belongs to the technical field of partial discharge online monitoring of electric oil-paper insulated electrical equipment.
  • VHF pulse current detection method mainly transformers
  • UHF electromagnetic wave detection method ultra high frequency (UHF) electromagnetic wave detection method
  • piezoelectric sensor ultrasonic detection the method, wherein the VHF and UHF detection methods are electrical signals, are susceptible to interference by electromagnetic interference signals; the piezoelectric ultrasonic method detects ultrasonic signals, but the sensors are attached to the device casing to detect ultrasonic signals generated by partial discharge inside the device.
  • the sensitivity is not high.
  • the direct detection visible light method is only suitable for high-voltage electrical equipment using transparent dielectric as insulating material, and is not suitable for partial discharge detection of high-voltage electrical equipment using solid dielectric and liquid dielectric as insulating materials;
  • light current sensor based on Faraday magneto-optical effect principle only Partial discharge detection for high-voltage electrical equipment of fixed shape, and can not exclude strong magnetic field interference from the field space and can not distinguish the electromagnetic pulse signal from the crosstalk of the high-voltage electrical equipment ground line;
  • Acoustic wave sensors have the advantages of small volume, low loss, low interference, good insulation performance and explosion-proof and anti-corrosion.
  • Optical-ultrasonic methods include fiber grating ultrasonic vibration method and light interference measurement ultrasonic vibration method.
  • Fiber interference method has three methods: ultrasonic fiber Michelson interferometry, fiber Mach-Zehnder method and Fabry-Perot interferometry.
  • the sensitivity of the Michelson detection system is not high, and there is a multipath problem of ultrasonic propagation; the Mach-Zehnder interferometry demodulation frequency response is not high enough, the structure is complex, and the equipment requirements are high; the fiber Fabry-Perot method has The advantages of simple structure, small size, high reliability, high sensitivity, fast time response, and strong anti-interference ability have been widely concerned.
  • the optical fiber EFPI exrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer
  • the optical fiber EFPI is mainly used for the measurement of slow variables such as temperature, strain and pressure, and is not suitable for high-frequency rapid partial discharge detection.
  • the optical fiber external cavity type sensor head is generally composed of an optical fiber 01, an insulating bracket 02, a silicon sleeve 03 and a silicon film sheet 04, and the silicon film sheet 04 and the silicon sleeve 03 are realized by a carbon dioxide laser hot melt method.
  • the fixed seal, the insulating bracket 02 and the silicon sleeve 03 are fixedly sealed by a carbon dioxide laser hot melt method, and the insulating bracket 02 and the optical fiber 01 are fixedly sealed by a carbon dioxide laser hot melt method (in the manufacturing process of the sensing head) It is to be ensured that the center of the silicon film sheet 04 is aligned with the center of the fiber.
  • the object of the invention is that the fiber-optic EFPI type sensor for domestic research is mainly used for measuring the slow variables such as temperature, strain and pressure, and is not suitable for the high-frequency rapid partial discharge detection.
  • a partial discharge direction of the compound eye fiber EFPI is proposed. Detection Systems.
  • a compound eye optical fiber EFPI partial discharge direction detecting system which is composed of a narrowband light source and optical filtering , optical splitter, five identical optical circulators, five single-mode fibers, five identical photodetectors, five identical amplifiers, a compound-eye fiber-optic external cavity sensor and an oscilloscope;
  • the narrowband light source is sequentially connected to the optical filter and the optical splitter;
  • the compound-eye optical fiber external cavity type cymbal sensor is composed of five identical fiber outer cavity cymbal sensing heads;
  • the optical splitter divides the light filtered by the optical filter into five optical paths, one optical path of each of the five optical circulators, one single mode fiber of five single mode fibers, and five optical paths.
  • One of the same fiber outer cavity type cymbal sensing heads is connected to the fiber outer cavity type cymbal sensing heads in turn;
  • One of the five identical optical circulators is further connected to one of the five identical photodetectors and one of the five identical amplifiers in turn;
  • the compound-eye fiber external cavity type cymbal sensor is composed of five identical fiber outer cavity type cymbal sensing heads, and one of the same fiber outer cavity type cymbal sensing heads The sensor head is located in the middle, and the remaining four fiber-optic external cavity sensors are evenly placed around, and both are at an angle of 45 degrees with the intermediate fiber outer cavity type sensor head.
  • the invention can sensitively measure high frequency signals for on-line monitoring of partial discharge.
  • the invention has the characteristics of high sensitivity, good directionality and strong anti-interference ability, and can suppress the influence of multi-path propagation of ultrasonic vibration.
  • the sensor probe is small and can be used as a point sensor, which is convenient to be installed in the key parts of the power equipment for partial discharge detection.
  • the invention can sensitively measure high frequency signals for on-line monitoring of partial discharges.
  • the invention firstly proposes a method for determining the direction of a partial discharge point by a compound eye sensor, and accordingly, a five-probe sensor is designed, which can conveniently and accurately perform partial discharge direction positioning.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a compound eye EFPI partial discharge direction detecting system.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the structure of a compound eye optical fiber outer cavity type sensor.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic structural view of a conventional single fiber outer cavity type cymbal sensing head.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between light intensity and film reflectance and cavity length.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between light intensity and cavity length in the maximum interval of peak intensity peaks.
  • Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the PD signal detected by the PD, EFPI sensor and piezoelectric ceramic sensor.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the detection signals of the PD, the optical fiber EFPI sensor, and the piezoelectric ceramic when no-load pressurization is performed.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the attenuation of the piezoelectric ceramic sensor and the attenuation of the compound-eye fiber outer cavity type ⁇ per sensor.
  • Figure (a) is a schematic diagram of the attenuation of the piezoelectric ceramic sensor
  • Figure (b) is a schematic diagram of the attenuation of the compound-eye fiber external cavity type sensor.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the probe angle setting.
  • Figure 10 is a 10 to 90° angle response curve of the fiber EFPI sensor.
  • 1-narrowband light source 2-light filter, 3-light splitter, 4-light circulator, 5 single-mode fiber,
  • 6-Fiber External Cavity Sensor Head 7-Photodetector, 8-Amplifier, 9-Oscilloscope, 10-Full Eye Fiber External Cavity Sensor, 01-Optical, 02-Insulated Bracket, 03-Silicon Casing, 04-silicon film sheet.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a compound eye EFPI partial discharge direction detecting system. As shown in FIG. 1 , a monochromatic light source with a wavelength of 1310 nm is taken as an example to illustrate a compound eye optical fiber EFPI partial discharge direction detecting system.
  • the system structure is as follows:
  • a monochromatic light source with a wavelength of 1310 nm which is filtered by a narrow-band source 1 through a fiber filter to obtain a monochromatic wavelength source.
  • the narrow-band light source 1 selects the SLED type light source, and the filter uses a 1310 nm fiber band pass filter.
  • the fiber is a 1310nm single-mode fiber with a center glass core diameter of 9um and a cladding outer diameter of 125um. It has been found that the total dispersion of a single mode fiber is zero at a wavelength of 1310 nm. From the loss characteristics of the fiber, 1310 nm is also a low loss window of the fiber. Therefore, the light source of the present invention was selected at 1310 nm.
  • Photodetector 7 selects PIN photodiode, which has good linearity of incident light quantity and output current; fast response speed; small output error; small output variation caused by environmental temperature change; simple production; high reliability.
  • a fiber optic circulator is a non-reciprocal device that allows only incident light from one port to be output from a certain port and reflected light to be output from another port. To ensure that the fiber travels along a specified path, an optical circulator 4 is required.
  • optical splitter 3 Due to the current manufacturing technology, hardware devices such as narrow-band light source 1, optical filter 2, etc. cannot guarantee the parameters are completely consistent during the processing, and the signal input is also dispersive. Therefore, in order to minimize the dispersion of test results. Need to choose optical splitter 3.
  • the photoelectric amplifier 8 designed by the present invention adopts three-stage amplification, in which each stage of the amplifying circuit is kept in line and connected in series.
  • the single-stage amplifier circuit is shown in Figure 1.
  • the preamplifier selects OPA637.
  • the design of the fiber-optic external cavity sensor head is the core of the compound-eye fiber-optic external cavity sensor system.
  • the structure of the optical fiber external cavity type sensor head is shown in Figure 2, and Figure 2 is the compound eye type fiber outer cavity type Schematic diagram of the sensor (stereo) structure. It can be seen in Figure 2 that the silicon film sheet is not perpendicular to the silicon sleeve but has a certain angle.
  • 3 is a schematic structural view of a conventional single-fiber external cavity type cymbal sensing head.
  • an optical external cavity type cymbal sensing head is composed of an optical fiber 01, an insulating bracket 02, a silicon bushing 03, and a silicon film sheet 04.
  • the silicon film sheet 04 and the silicon sleeve 03, the silicon sleeve 03 and the insulating bracket 02, and the fixed seal between the insulating bracket 02 and the optical fiber 01 are realized, and the manufacturing process of the sensing head is ensured.
  • the center of the silicon film sheet 04 is aligned with the center of the optical fiber 01.
  • the present invention employs a structure in which the silicon film sheet 04 is perpendicular to the silicon bushing 03.
  • the silicon film sheet is made of a quartz film.
  • the design of the silicon film sheet includes the determination of the sensitivity and frequency response of the film.
  • the expression of the pressure sensitivity at the center of the diaphragm is:
  • the pressure sensitivity of the diaphragm is proportional to the fourth power of the radius and inversely proportional to the cube of the thickness; and its natural frequency is proportional to the thickness of the diaphragm and inversely proportional to the square of the effective radius. Sensitivity and frequency response are contradictory, so a compromise is made in the design to achieve the best sensitivity and frequency response range of the diaphragm.
  • the output light signal intensity of the fiber-optic external cavity type sensor head can be obtained as follows:
  • the loss correction factor ⁇ is:
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the light intensity and the film reflectance and the cavity length.
  • the reflectance of the film is in the range of 0.35 to 0.36, the peak-to-peak value of the change in light intensity is the largest, which is very advantageous for us to select a static working point.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between light intensity and cavity length in the maximum interval of peak intensity peaks. According to the analysis, when the cavity length is determined to be 50.58 ⁇ m, the light intensity is in the middle position, that is, the suitable static working point Q.
  • the invention first proposes the use of a compound eye multi-probe sensor for local discharge point orientation.
  • the main idea is to combine multiple sensing heads in different orientations, and the voltage signal measured toward the sensor head closest to the partial discharge direction is the largest, and the direction of the partial discharge point is determined accordingly.
  • Compound eye fiber of the invention The external cavity cymbal sensor consists of five identical fiber-optic external cavity sensors. The five fiber-optic external cavity sensors are designed with the same parameters and have the same performance. A fiber-optic external cavity sensor head is located in the middle, and the remaining four fiber-optic external cavity sensors are evenly placed around the center of the sensor head at a 45-degree angle. as shown in picture 2.
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the compound eye-type fiber outer cavity type sensor (stereo) structure.)
  • the five fiber outer cavity type sensor heads have signals, but the fiber outer cavity type ⁇ per sensor head with the closest direction to the partial discharge point has the strongest signal; gradually the sensor is directed to the partial discharge point. Steering until the fiber-optic external cavity-type sensor head in the middle has the strongest signal, and the signals of the fiber-optic external cavity-type sensor heads placed around are basically the same, and the fiber-optic external cavity type sensor head in the middle is located at this time.
  • the orientation is the direction of the partial discharge point.
  • connection relationship of the components of the compound eye optical fiber EFPI partial discharge direction detecting system of the present invention is:
  • the invention requires an SLED type narrowband light source, a 1310 nm fiber bandpass filter, a 1 ⁇ 5 optical splitter, an optical circulator, 5 single mode fibers, several BNC signal transmission lines, and several photodetectors.
  • the devices are connected by a single mode fiber.
  • a five-legged bracket is fixed, and five fiber-optic external cavity-type cymbal sensing heads are respectively fixed, so that the fiber-optic external cavity-type cymbal sensing heads are arranged as shown in Fig. 6, and four fiber-optic external cavity type cymbal sensing heads are arranged around. They are at an angle of 45 degrees with the intermediate fiber outer cavity type cymbal sensing head to form a compound-eye fiber external cavity type cymbal sensor. Numbered 1-5 for the fiber-optic external cavity sensor head, the fiber-optic external cavity sensor head number is 1 in the middle, and the remaining four fiber-optic external cavity sensor heads are clockwise. The needle direction is numbered 2-5 in sequence.
  • the orientation of the No. 1 sensing head is the orientation of the compound-eye fiber outer cavity type sensor;
  • the narrow-band light source (1) is sequentially connected to the optical filter (2) and the optical splitter (3); the compound-eye optical fiber external cavity type sensor (10) is composed of five identical optical fiber external cavity type sensor heads (6) Composition; the optical splitter (3) divides the light filtered by the optical filter (2) into five optical paths, each of which is optically ring-shaped with one of the five identical optical circulators (4) , one of the five single-mode fibers (5), the single-mode fiber, and one of the five identical fiber-optic external cavity sensors (6) are connected in sequence; the five One of the same optical circulators (4) is further connected to one of the five photodetectors (7) of the same photodetector (7), and one of the five amplifiers (8) of the same amplifier (8). Each is connected in turn; five identical amplifiers (8) are connected to the oscilloscope (9).
  • the performance of the sensing head of the present invention can be tested by the single optical fiber EFPI detecting apparatus shown in FIG.
  • the partial discharge model of oil-paper insulation defect is set in the laboratory, and the partial discharge signal is simultaneously measured by the pulse current method partial discharge detector detection system, the piezoelectric ceramic sensor system and the single-channel optical fiber EFPI detection system.
  • FIG. 6 is a partial discharge meter and an optical fiber EFPI sensor.
  • the schematic diagram of the partial discharge signal detected by the piezoelectric ceramic sensor is shown in Fig. 7.
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the detection signals of the PD, the optical fiber EFPI sensor and the piezoelectric ceramic when the air is pressurized. It can be seen that the sensing head designed by the invention can detect the partial discharge signal well.
  • Fig. 7 it can be obtained that after the no-load pressurization to 17kV, there is electromagnetic interference in the environment or the electromagnetic interference signal generated by the test transformer, the discharge signal is detected by the PD, and the ultrasonic sensor and the piezoelectric ceramic sensor have no ultrasonic wave. The signal corresponds to it, This also shows that the ultrasonic sensor has good anti-electromagnetic interference capability, and the optical fiber EFPI sensor has better anti-interference ability than the piezoelectric ceramic sensor.
  • the ultrasonic response amplitude of the obtained fiber EFPI sensor at different distances is proportional to the ultrasonic response amplitude of the fiber EFPI sensor at 15 cm, and then the average value of 50 sets of data at each distance is counted, and the signal detected by the piezoelectric ceramic sensor is obtained by the same method.
  • the attenuation curve can be obtained as shown in FIG. Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the attenuation of the piezoelectric ceramic sensor and the attenuation of the compound-eye fiber outer cavity type ⁇ per sensor.
  • Figure (a) is a schematic diagram of the attenuation of the piezoelectric ceramic sensor
  • Figure (b) is a schematic diagram of the attenuation of the compound-eye fiber external cavity type sensor. It can be seen that the piezoelectric ceramic attenuation is faster than that of the optical fiber EFPI sensor.
  • the partial discharge signal is basically not detected at 30 cm, and the optical EFPI sensor can still detect a large discharge signal at a distance of 75 cm from the local discharge source. This proves that the fiber EFPI sensor has high sensitivity and can detect weak partial discharge signals.
  • Optical fiber EFPI sensor head detection angle performance experiment a sensor head is facing the opposite point, the second sensor head with the same parameters is placed at an angle ⁇ with it, the model is shown in Figure 9, Figure 9 is the probe angle setting schematic diagram.
  • the response curve of the partial discharge amplitude of the fiber outer cavity type sensor head as a function of angle is shown in FIG. Figure 10 is a 10 to 90° angle response curve of the fiber EFPI sensor. It can be seen that the larger the angle of the fiber-optic external cavity-type sensor head deviates from the partial discharge direction, the smaller the measured signal amplitude is, but regardless of the angle, the signal can always be detected within the measurable distance.
  • the invention firstly proposes a compound eye sensor to determine the direction of a partial discharge point, and designs a five-probe sensor, which can conveniently and accurately perform partial discharge direction positioning.
  • the invention has the characteristics of high sensitivity, good directionality and strong anti-interference ability, and can suppress the influence of multi-path propagation of ultrasonic vibration.
  • the sensor probe is small and can be used as a point sensor, which is convenient to be installed in the key parts of the power equipment for partial discharge detection.
  • the invention can sensitively measure high frequency signals for on-line monitoring of partial discharge.

Abstract

一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，属于电力油纸绝缘电气设备局部放电在线监测技术领域。该系统窄带光源（1）、光滤波器（2）、光分路器（3）依次相连；分为五条光路的每条光路光环形器（4）、单模光纤（5）、光纤外腔式珐珀传感头（6）依次相连；光环形器（4）还与光电探测器（7）、放大器（8）相连；放大器（8）与示波器（9）相连。供电，使各器件处于工作状态；将复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器（10）放置在绝缘杆的顶端，转动绝缘杆等直到位于中间的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头（6）的局放脉冲幅值最大，而另四个大致相等；即为局部放电点的方向。该检测系统灵敏度高，方向性好，抗干扰能力强；能方便准确地进行电力设备的重点部位局部放电方向定位。

Description

复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统 技术领域
本发明涉及一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，属于电力油纸绝缘电气设备局部放电在线监测技术领域。
背景技术
目前国内外油纸绝缘电气设备(以变压器为主)局部放电在线监测有多种方法，主要包括甚高频(VHF)脉冲电流检测法、超高频(UHF)电磁波检测法和压电传感器超声波检测法，其中VHF和UHF检测法检测的是电信号，容易受到电磁干扰信号的干扰；压电超声法检测的是超声波信号，但传感器是贴在设备外壳上检测设备内部局部放电产生的超声波信号，虽然不易受到电磁噪声的干扰，但灵敏度不高。也有将压电传感器放置在设备外壳的内部，在油中检测局部放电的，但由于压电超声传感器在油中检测灵敏度不高，同时不能放在电位较高处进行测量，使其检测方法受到限制。
光学方法测量电气设备局部放电的技术有三种——直接探测可见光法、法拉第磁光效应法和光-超声波法。直接探测可见光法只适合于用透明电介质作为绝缘材料的高压电器设备，不适用于以固体电介质、液体电介质作为绝缘材料的高压电器设备的局部放电检测；基于法拉第磁光效应原理的光线电流传感器只适合固定形状的高压电器设备的局部放电检测，而且不能排除来自现场空间的强磁场干扰和无法辨别从高压电器设备接地线上串扰的电磁脉冲信号；光-超 声波法传感器具有体积小、损耗低、干扰小、绝缘性能好和防爆防腐蚀的优点而具有广泛的应用前景。
光-超声波法包括光纤光栅测超声振动法和光线干涉测超声振动法光纤干涉法测超声振动有三种方法：光纤迈克尔逊(Michelson)干涉法、光纤马赫-泽德尔干涉(Mach-Zehnder)法和法布里-帕罗(Fabry-Perot)干涉法。迈克尔逊法检测系统的灵敏度不高，且存在超声波传播的多路径问题；光纤马赫-泽德尔干涉法解调频率响应不够高、结构复杂，对设备要求高；光纤法布里-帕罗法则具有结构简单，体积小，高可靠性，高灵敏度，快时间响应，抗干扰能力强等优点受到人们普遍的关注。
目前国内研究的光纤EFPI(extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer，外腔式法布里-帕罗干涉型传感器)主要用于温度、应变、压力等缓变量的测量，尚不适合高频快速的局部放电检测。
光纤外腔式珐珀传感头，一般，由光纤01、绝缘支架02、硅套管03和硅薄膜片04组成，硅薄膜片04与硅套管03之间通过二氧化碳激光热熔的方法实现固定密封，绝缘支架02与硅套管03之间通过二氧化碳激光热熔的方法实现固定密封，以及绝缘支架02与光纤01通过二氧化碳激光热熔的方法实现固定密封，(在传感头的制作过程中要保证)硅薄膜片04的中心与光纤的中心对齐。
发明内容
本发明的目的针对国内研究的光纤EFPI型传感器主要用于温度、应变、压力等缓变量的测量，尚不适合高频快速的局部放电检测的不足，提出了一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统。
一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，该系统由窄带光源、光滤波 器、光分路器、五个相同的光环形器、五个单模光纤、五个相同的光电探测器、五个相同的放大器、复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器和示波器组成；
所述窄带光源与光滤波器和光分路器依次相连；
所述复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器由五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头组成；
所述光分路器将经过光滤波器过滤后的光均分为五条光路，每条光路与五个相同的光环形器之一光环形器、五个单模光纤之一单模光纤、五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头之一光纤外腔式珐珀传感头依次相连；
所述五个相同的光环形器之一光环形器还再与五个相同的光电探测器之一光电探测器、五个相同的放大器之一放大器一一各自依次相连；
五个相同的放大器均与示波器相连。
所述复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器由五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头组成，五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头之中一个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头位于中间，其余四个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头均匀放置四周，且均与中间光纤外腔式珐珀传感头呈45度角。
本发明可以灵敏地测量高频信号，用于局部放电在线监测。
本发明的有益效果：
1、本发明具有灵敏度高，方向性好，抗干扰能力强的特点，能抑制超声振动多路径传播带来的影响。且传感器探头小，可以作为一种点式传感器，很方便安装在电力设备的重点部位进行局部放电的检测。
2、本发明可以灵敏地测量高频信号，用于局部放电在线监测。
3、本发明首次提出了复眼式传感器确定局部放电点方向方法，据此设计了五探头传感器，能方便准确地进行局部放电方向定位。
附图说明
图1为复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统结构示意图。
图2为复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器(立体)结构示意图。
图3为现有单个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的结构示意图。
图4为光强与膜反射率及腔长关系示意图。
图5为光强峰峰值最大区间内，光强与腔长的关系示意图。
图6为局放仪、光纤EFPI传感器与压电陶瓷传感器检测的局放信号示意图。
图7为空载加压时，局放仪、光纤EFPI传感器、压电陶瓷的检测信号示意图。
图8为压电陶瓷传感器衰减度、复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器衰减度示意图。其中，图(a)为压电陶瓷传感器衰减度示意图；图(b)为复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器衰减度示意图。
图9为探头角度设置示意图。
图10为光纤EFPI传感器10～90°角度响应曲线图。
其中，1-窄带光源、2-光滤波器、3-光分路器、4-光环形器、5单模光纤、
6-光纤外腔式珐珀传感头、7-光电探测器、8-放大器、9-示波器、10-复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器，01-光纤，02-绝缘支架，03-硅套管，04-硅薄膜片。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明做进一步的说明。
图1为复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统结构示意图。如图1所示，以波长定在1310nm的单色光源为例说明，一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，该系统结构为：
1)波长定在1310nm的单色光源，由窄带光源1通过光纤滤波器过滤得到单色波长光源。窄带光源1选择SLED型光源，滤波器选用1310nm光纤带通滤波器。
2)光纤选用1310nm单模光纤，其中心玻璃芯直径9um，包层外直径125um。经测试发现在1310nm波长处，单模光纤的总色散为零。从光纤的损耗特性来看，1310nm处也是光纤的一个低损耗窗口。所以选择本发明光源选择在1310nm处。
3)光电探测器7选择PIN光电二极管，具有入射光量和输出电流的线性好；响应速度快；输出误差小；环境温度变化所引起的输出变动小；制作简单；可靠性高的特点。
4)光纤环形器是只允许某端口的入射光从确定端口输出而反射光从另一端口输出的非互易性器件。为保证光纤沿指定路径传播，需使用光环形器4。
5)由于现阶段制造技术原因，窄带光源1、光滤波器2等硬件设备在加工过程中也不能保证参数完全一致，信号输入也会有分散性，因此，为尽可能减少测试结果的分散性，需要选用光分路器3。
6)本发明设计的光电的放大器8采用三级放大，其中每级放大电路保持一致，串联起来。单级放大电路如图1所示。前置放大器选择OPA637.
7)光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的设计
光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的设计是复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器系统的核心。光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的结构如图2所示，图2为复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀 传感器(立体)结构示意图。图2中可以看到硅薄膜片与硅套管并非垂直，而是存在一定的角度。图3为现有单个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的结构示意图，一般，一个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头由光纤01、绝缘支架02、硅套管03和硅薄膜片04组成，通过二氧化碳激光热熔的方法实现硅薄膜片04与硅套管03，硅套管03与绝缘支架02，以及绝缘支架02与光纤01之间的固定密封，在传感头的制作过程中要保证硅薄膜片04的中心与光纤01的中心对齐。
对模型经过仿真，得出角度越大，膜的反应频率越低。本发明采用硅薄膜片04与硅套管03垂直的结构。
a)硅薄膜片的设计
硅薄膜片采用石英膜。硅薄膜片的设计包括膜的灵敏度及频率响应的确定。膜片中心的压强灵敏度的表达式为：
Figure PCTCN2015082274-appb-000001
最低固有频率的表达式为：
Figure PCTCN2015082274-appb-000002
由公式发现，膜片的压强灵敏度与其半径的四次方成正比，与厚度的三次方成反比；而其固有频率与膜片的厚度成正比，与有效半径的平方成反比。灵敏度和频率响应是矛盾对立的，因此在设计时采取折中的办法，使膜片达到最佳的灵敏度和频响范围。选定半径R＝0.9mm、厚度h＝30，它们的最高频率响应及灵敏度为f＝101.5kHz，η＝0.4155。
b)光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的腔体设计
当腔长变化幅度较大时，传感器输出的光强将随着腔长周期变化。对于线性区域工作的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头，其初始工作点要求在Q点当入射光强为 I0(λ)，光纤端面反射率为R1＝0.04，膜内表面反射率为R2，光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的腔长为l时，根据光学EFPI干涉仪的理论可以得出光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的输出光信号强度为：
Figure PCTCN2015082274-appb-000003
式中，
Figure PCTCN2015082274-appb-000004
为两束反射光的光程差。由式(3)可以推导出表征传感器信号质量的反射光强度及对比度公式为：
Figure PCTCN2015082274-appb-000005
损耗校正因子η为：
Figure PCTCN2015082274-appb-000006
将光源中心波长1310nm，n0＝1.455以及ω＝3.8μm代人式(5)。对干涉光强进行仿真结果如图4所示，图4为光强与膜反射率及腔长关系示意图。膜的反射率在0.35～0.36区间时，光强变化的峰峰值最大，这样对于我们选取静态工作点是非常有利的。
对膜反射率处于0.348～0.362之间时的光强与腔长的关系进行仿真，得到结果如图5所示。图5为光强峰峰值最大区间内，光强与腔长的关系示意图。根据分析，确定腔长为50.58μm时，光强处于中间位置，也就是合适的静态工作点Q。
8)复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器设计
本发明首次提出采用复眼式多探头传感器进行局部放电点方向定位。主要思想是将多个传感头按不同朝向组合到一起，朝向最接近局部放电方向的传感头测到的电压信号最大，据此来确定局部放电点的方向。本发明的复眼式光纤 外腔式珐珀传感器由五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头组成。五个的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头均按相同参数设计，具有相同性能。一个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头位于中间，其余四个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头均匀放置四周，均与中间传感头呈45度角。如图2所示。(图2是复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器(立体)结构示意图。)
在测量局部放电时，五个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头均有信号，但方向最接近局放点的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头信号最强；逐渐将传感器向局部放电点处转向，直到位于中间的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头信号最强，置于四周的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头信号基本相同，此时位于中间的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的朝向即为局部放电点方向。
本发明以上这些部件，本发明一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统部件的连接关系为：
1)组成部件准备：本发明需要SLED型窄带光源一个，1310nm光纤带通滤波器一个，1×5光分路器一个,光环行器5个单模光纤若干BNC信号传输线若干光电探测器5个放大器5个五通道示波器一个绝缘杆一个；
2)按复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器的设计要求和参数制做光纤外腔式珐珀传感头5个。
3)按图1进行组装，用单模光纤将各器件连接起来。制做一个五脚的支架，分别固定5个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头，使光纤外腔式珐珀传感头排列如图6，四周的四个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头均与中间光纤外腔式珐珀传感头成45度角，组成复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器。对光纤外腔式珐珀传感头进行编号1-5，处于中间的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头编号为1，其余四个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头按顺时 针方向依次编号2-5。规定1号传感头的朝向为复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器的朝向；
窄带光源(1)与光滤波器(2)和光分路器(3)依次相连；所述复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器(10)由五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)组成；所述光分路器(3)将经过光滤波器(2)过滤后的光均分为五条光路，每条光路与五个相同的光环形器(4)之一光环形器、五个单模光纤(5)之一单模光纤、五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)之一光纤外腔式珐珀传感头依次相连；所述五个相同的光环形器(4)之一光环形器还再与五个相同的光电探测器(7)之一光电探测器(7)、五个相同的放大器(8)之一放大器(8)一一各自依次相连；五个相同的放大器(8)均与示波器(9)相连。
[性能验证性实验]:
本发明的传感头的性能可以通过图1所示单路光纤EFPI检测装置进行测试。在实验室设置油纸绝缘缺陷局部放电模型，通过脉冲电流法局放仪检测系统、压电陶瓷传感器系统和单路光纤EFPI检测系统分别同时测量局部放电信号，图6为局放仪、光纤EFPI传感器与压电陶瓷传感器检测的局放信号示意图，结果如图7所示，图7为空载加压时，局放仪、光纤EFPI传感器、压电陶瓷的检测信号示意图。可见本发明设计的传感头能够很好地检测局部放电信号。
将局部放电模型的高压电极——针电极取下，其他条件不变，空载加压，加压至17kV，检测到的信号如图7所示。通过图7，可以得到，在空载加压到17kV后，环境中存在电磁干扰或试验变压器产生传声电磁干扰信号，局放仪检测到放电信号，而光纤超声波传感器与压电陶瓷传感器无超声波信号与之对应， 这也说明了超声波传感器具有良好的抗电磁干扰能力，并且光纤EFPI传感器相比压电陶瓷传感器具有更好的抗干扰能力。
将得到的不同距离下的光纤EFPI传感器的超声波响应幅值与15cm下光纤EFPI传感器超声波响应幅值求比例，然后统计各距离下50组数据求均值，同样方法对压电陶瓷传感器检测到的信号进行处理，可得到衰减度曲线如图8所示。图8为压电陶瓷传感器衰减度、复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器衰减度示意图。其中，图(a)为压电陶瓷传感器衰减度示意图；图(b)为复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器衰减度示意图。可以看到压电陶瓷衰减度相对光纤EFPI传感器衰减较快，在30cm处已基本检测不到局部放电信号，而光纤EFPI传感器在距离局放源75cm的距离依然能够检测到较大的放电信号，这证明光纤EFPI传感器灵敏度较高，能检测到微弱的局部放电信号。
光纤EFPI传感头检测角度性能实验：将一个传感头正对局放点，第二个相同参数的传感头与其成夹角α放置，模型如图9所示，图9为探头角度设置示意图。得到光纤外腔式珐珀传感头的局部放电幅度随角度变化的响应曲线如图10所示。图10为光纤EFPI传感器10～90°角度响应曲线图。可见光纤外腔式珐珀传感头朝向偏离局部放电方向角度越大，测到的信号幅值越小，但不管角度如何放置，在可测距离内始终能够测到信号。
本发明首次提出复眼式传感器确定局部放电点方向，并设计了五探头传感器，能方便准确地进行局部放电方向定位。本发明具有灵敏度高，方向性好，抗干扰能力强的特点，能抑制超声振动多路径传播带来的影响。且传感器探头小，可以作为一种点式传感器，很方便安装在电力设备的重点部位进行局部放电的检测。本发明可以灵敏地测量高频信号，用于局部放电在线监测。
本发明不局限于上述最佳实施方式，任何人在本发明的启示下都可得出其他各种形式的产品，但不论在其形状或结构上作任何变化，凡是具有与本申请相同或相近似的技术方案，均落在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，其特征在于，该系统由窄带光源(1)、光滤波器(2)、光分路器(3)、五个相同的光环形器(4)、五个单模光纤(5)、五个相同的光电探测器(7)、五个相同的放大器(8)、复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器(10)和示波器(9)组成；
    所述窄带光源(1)与光滤波器(2)和光分路器(3)依次相连；
    所述复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器(10)由五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)组成；
    所述光分路器(3)将经过光滤波器(2)过滤后的光均分为五条光路，每条光路与五个相同的光环形器(4)之一光环形器、五个单模光纤(5)之一单模光纤、五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)之一光纤外腔式珐珀传感头依次相连；
    所述五个相同的光环形器(4)之一光环形器还再与五个相同的光电探测器(7)之一光电探测器(7)、五个相同的放大器(8)之一放大器(8)一一各自依次相连；
    五个相同的放大器(8)均与示波器(9)相连。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，其特征在于，所述复眼式光纤外腔式珐珀传感器(10)五个相同的光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)之中一个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)位于中间，其余四个光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)均匀放置四周，且均与中间光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)呈45度角。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统， 其特征在于，所述窄带光源(1)为SLED型波长为1310nm的单色光源所述。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，其特征在于，所述光滤波器(2)为1310nm光纤带通滤波器。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，其特征在于，所述光纤为1310nm单模光纤，其中心玻璃芯直径9um，包层外直径125um。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，其特征在于，所述光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)硅薄膜片为石英膜，所述石英膜半径R＝0.9mm、厚度h＝30。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，其特征在于，所述光纤外腔式珐珀传感头(6)的腔体腔长为50.58μm。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种复眼式光纤EFPI局部放电方向检测系统，其特征在于，所述光电探测器(7)为PIN光电二极管。
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