WO2015197135A1 - Détecteur d'helicobacter pylori fondé sur une résistance électrique - Google Patents

Détecteur d'helicobacter pylori fondé sur une résistance électrique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015197135A1
WO2015197135A1 PCT/EP2014/063711 EP2014063711W WO2015197135A1 WO 2015197135 A1 WO2015197135 A1 WO 2015197135A1 EP 2014063711 W EP2014063711 W EP 2014063711W WO 2015197135 A1 WO2015197135 A1 WO 2015197135A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
test sample
helicobacter pylori
point
layer
electrode
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PCT/EP2014/063711
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English (en)
Inventor
Patrick Fröse
Erhard Magori
Roland Pohle
Angelika Tawil
Oliver von Sicard
Original Assignee
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens Aktiengesellschaft filed Critical Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
Priority to PCT/EP2014/063711 priority Critical patent/WO2015197135A1/fr
Publication of WO2015197135A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015197135A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/58—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving urea or urease
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
    • C12Q1/04—Determining presence or kind of microorganism; Use of selective media for testing antibiotics or bacteriocides; Compositions containing a chemical indicator therefor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
    • G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
    • G01N33/48707—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material by electrical means
    • G01N33/48735—Investigating suspensions of cells, e.g. measuring microbe concentration
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
    • G01N2333/195—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria
    • G01N2333/205—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from bacteria from Campylobacter (G)
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/02—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance
    • G01N27/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance
    • G01N27/12—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating impedance by investigating resistance of a solid body in dependence upon absorption of a fluid; of a solid body in dependence upon reaction with a fluid, for detecting components in the fluid
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/0004—Gaseous mixtures, e.g. polluted air
    • G01N33/0009—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment
    • G01N33/0027—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector
    • G01N33/0036—General constructional details of gas analysers, e.g. portable test equipment concerning the detector specially adapted to detect a particular component
    • G01N33/0054—Ammonia
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

  • HBP Helicobacter pylori
  • HBP Helicobacter pylori
  • peptic ulcers such as stomach ulcers and duodenal ulcers.
  • HBP can also cause stomach cancer.
  • the prevalence of HBP is about 50% worldwide. Therefore, an investigation of infection with HBP represents an integral part of the diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases.
  • a HBP infection may, for example, be treated with eradication therapy, that involves
  • non invasive testing can be performed with a blood antibody test, stool antigen test, urine ELISA test or with the carbon urea breath test (in which the patient drinks 14C—labeled urea or 13C-labeled urea, which the HBP metabolizes, producing labeled carbon dioxide that can be detected in the breath of the patient) .
  • Another method for detecting H. pylori infection is the so called endoscopy or gastroscopy method. In this method, the investigator i.e. the gastroenterologist performs a biopsy on a tissue sample collected from the gastrointestinal tract of the test subject.
  • the biopsy involves a rapid urease test, histological examinations, and microbial culture from the tissue sample.
  • rapid urease test the biopsy sample is placed in a test medium.
  • the test medium contains a nutrient solution for HBP, urea and an indicator such a phenol red. If HBP is present in the biopsy sample, the HBP produces urease that hydrolyzes urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. In presence of ammonia the pH of the medium is raised and thus the color of the specimen changes from yellow (urease from HBP not present) to red (urease from HBP present) .
  • all of these detection methods as well as other known methods have their drawbacks such as delay in getting test results, being unpleasant to the test subject i.e. the patient, and being expensive.
  • WO2010108759 Al presents a Helicobacter pylori sensor.
  • the Helicobacter pylori sensor comprises a slide with a measuring area, a first electrode made of a precious metal which cannot be attacked by hydrochloric acid, and a second electrode which is made of silver and has a silver chloride layer, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode extend at least partially into the measuring area, and a change in an electrical variable can be measured when the measuring area and the two electrodes are at least partially wetted with a measurement solution and when ammonia is present in the measurement solution between the first
  • the Helicobacter pylori sensor of WO2010108759 Al has its drawbacks. Such a sensor when used in vivo and or in vitro will result in loss of one of the electrode i.e. the AgCl/Ag electrode and will be ruined for future usage. Fabricating the lost electrode sensor with all its proper electrical connections in a ruined sensor will be cumbersome. This will necessitate replacement of the entire sensor. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a helicobacter pylori sensor with simple construction in which the electrodes of the sensor are not lost on usage and that allows easy renewal of the sensor after usage.
  • the dependent claims describe advantageous embodiments of the Helicobacter pylori sensor and the method.
  • a Helicobacter pylori sensor for analyzing a test sample of a test subject for presence of Helicobacter pylori is
  • the presence of Helicobacter pylori is analyzed by determining an extent of ammonia present in the test sample.
  • the Helicobacter pylori sensor includes a layer of silver chloride for contacting the test sample to be analyzed, a first electrode and a second electrode.
  • the first electrode is electrically connected to a first point on the layer of silver chloride.
  • the second electrode is electrically
  • the Helicobacter pylori sensor on contacting the layer of silver chloride with the test sample, the extent of ammonia present in the test sample is determinable by measuring a change in the electrical resistance or the electrical conductance of the layer of silver chloride between the first point and the second point of the layer of silver chloride.
  • the layer of silver chloride is limited between the first point and the second point. In this embodiment, the layer of silver
  • the Helicobacter pylori sensor does not extend beyond the first point and the second point. This ensures that only the amount of silver chloride necessary for measuring the electrical resistance or the electrical conductance between the first point and the second point is used in the Helicobacter pylori sensor. This makes the Helicobacter pylori sensor economical and also miniaturi zed .
  • the first electrode and the second electrode are interdigitated
  • the first electrode and the second electrode are inert electrodes with respect to ammonia and/or hydrochloric acid.
  • the first and the second electrodes do not chemically react with hydrochloric acid and/or ammonia and thus the measurements made by the Helicobacter pylori sensor are more accurate as they represent measurements resulting from a reaction between ammonia and the layer of silver chloride only.
  • the Helicobacter pylori sensor further includes a housing for protecting the first electrode and the second electrodes.
  • the housing is made of a material inert to the test sample to be analyzed. Thus, the housing does not react with any
  • the housing is made of a material inert to gastric juice of the test subject.
  • the housing does not react with any ingredients of the gastric juice of the test subject and this ensures that the electrodes inside the housing are protected from the ingredients of the gastric juice of the test subject when the Helicobacter pylori sensor is being used with the gastric juice of the test subject, in vivo or in vitro.
  • the first electrode and the second electrode are embedded in an electrically insulating material. This ensures that no unwanted electrical connections are established between the first and the second electrode or between one or both of the first and the second electrode and any other external
  • the measurements at the first and the second electrodes represent the
  • the electrically insulating material is inert to the test sample to be analyzed. This ensures that besides providing
  • the electrically insulating material does not react with any ingredients of the test sample and this ensures that the electrodes embedded inside the test sample
  • the electrically insulating material are protected from the ingredients of the test sample when the Helicobacter pylori sensor is being used with the test sample.
  • the electrically insulating material is inert to gastric juice of the test subject. This ensures that besides providing
  • the electrically insulating material does not react with any ingredients of the gastric juice of the test subject and this ensures that the electrodes
  • the embedded inside the electrically insulating material are protected from the ingredients of the gastric juice of the test subject when the Helicobacter pylori sensor is being used with the gastric juice of the test subject, in vitro or in vivo .
  • a method for analyzing a test sample of a test subject for presence of Helicobacter pylori is presented.
  • a layer of silver chloride is contacted with the test sample to be analyzed.
  • the extent of ammonia present in the test sample is determined from the change in the electrical resistance or the electrical conductance so measured. The extent of ammonia present in the test sample is indicative of presence of
  • the method further includes measuring a rate of the change in the electrical resistance or the electrical conductance of the layer of silver chloride between the first point and the second point of the layer of silver chloride.
  • the rate of change is indicative of the extent of ammonia present in the test sample.
  • an extent of ammonia present i.e. an amount of ammonia present in the test sample may be determined which leads to determination of an amount of the HBP present in the test sample.
  • FIG 1 is a schematic representation of an exemplary
  • FIG 2 is a schematic representation of another exemplary embodiment of a cross-section the Helicobacter pylori sensor
  • FIG 3 is a schematic representation of another exemplary embodiment of the Helicobacter pylori sensor depicting interdigitated electrodes
  • FIG 4 is a flow chart illustrating a method for analyzing a test sample of a test subject for presence of
  • HBP Helicobacter pylori
  • Ammonia is not present under normal circumstances in a hollow organ of the gastrointestinal tract (hereinafter, GI tract) such as the stomach. Even if present, ammonia is present only in insignificantly small amounts. However, in test samples or in test subjects i.e. patients suffering from HBP infection the amount of ammonia present in the GI tract or in the test culture to which the test sample is added is significantly increased due to the bacterial urease produced by HBP. Thus, determining an extent of ammonia present in the test sample is a definitive conclusion of the presence of HBP. Detection of ammonia is performed using silver chloride
  • FIG 1 schematically represents an exemplary embodiment of a Helicobacter pylori sensor 100 in accordance with aspects of the present technique.
  • the Helicobacter pylori sensor 100 (hereinafter HBP sensor 100) is used for analyzing a test sample of a test subject for presence of HBP in the test sample. As mentioned above, the presence of HBP is analyzed by determining an extent of ammonia present in the test sample.
  • analyzing or like terms, as used herein, means probing, checking, evaluating, testing, scrutinizing or examining the test sample.
  • the phrase "analyzing the test sample for presence of Helicobacter pylori” means analyzing the test sample to determine or detect a presence of HBP and may optionally include quantifying HBP in the test sample.
  • test sample means and includes an in vivo sample or in vitro sample.
  • the HBP sensor 100 is required to be introduced inside the body of the test subject i.e. the patient. This can be achieved by integrating the HBP sensor 100 with a suitable invasive device such as a gastroscope, an endoscope, an endoscopy capsule, a biopsy catheter, so on and so forth.
  • a suitable invasive device such as a gastroscope, an endoscope, an endoscopy capsule, a biopsy catheter, so on and so forth.
  • An example of the test sample, in vivo may be, but not limited to, gastric juice within the stomach of the test subject or contents or mediums within other parts of the GI tract.
  • the test sample may be a biological specimen collected from the test subject for example a specimen of the gastric juice of the test subject.
  • the test sample, in vitro may also include test sample prepared with additives such as a suitable test buffer or water for dilution.
  • extent of ammonia means, the absence or presence of ammonia i.e. zero amount of ammonia or non-zero amount of ammonia.
  • extent of ammonia when in non-zero amount i.e. when ammonia is present, includes the quantitative assessment of the ammonia present .
  • the HBP sensor 100 includes a layer 10 of silver chloride for contacting the test sample to be analyzed, a first electrode 20 and a second electrode 30.
  • the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 are positioned in the HBP sensor 100 in such a way that the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 do not contact the test sample, even when the layer 10 of the HBP sensor 100 is in contact with the test sample.
  • a first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 do not contact the test sample, even when the layer 10 of the HBP sensor 100 is in contact with the test sample.
  • FIG 1 construction of the HBP sensor 100 is depicted in FIG 1 where the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 are positioned on an inner face 14 of the layer 10.
  • the first and the second electrode 20, 30 are constituted of a material that is inert to ammonia and/or hydrochloric acid and/or other contents of the test sample. In this embodiment, even if the test sample comes in contact with the first and the second electrode 20, 30, there is no reaction between the first and the second electrode 20, 30 with ammonia and/or hydrochloric acid and/or other contents of the test sample.
  • the first electrode 20 is made of inert elements or inert metallic compounds such as Gold (Au) , Platinum (Pt) , and so on and so forth
  • the second electrode 20 is made of inert elements or inert metallic compounds such as Gold (Au) , Platinum (Pt) , and so on and so forth.
  • the first electrode 20 is electrically connected to a first point 22 on the layer 10 of silver chloride.
  • the second electrode 30 is electrically connected to a second point 32 on the layer 10 of silver chloride.
  • the first point 22 and the second point 32 are regions or areas or volume of the layer 10 where the first electrode 20 and the second
  • Electrode 30 are electrically connected. Electrical
  • connection of the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 with the first and the second point 22, 32 may be established by physically connecting the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 to the first and the second point 22, 32, for example by riveting, welding, brazing, soldering, and so on and so forth.
  • the first point 22 and the second point 32 are distinct from each other such that an electrical
  • the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 may have various shapes and configurations for example the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 may be simple wire electrodes or stick electrodes.
  • the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 are interdigitated electrodes.
  • the electrical conductance can be easily calculated.
  • electrical resistance hereinafter is meant to mean “electrical resistance or electrical conductance”.
  • the extent of ammonia present in the test sample is determined by measuring a change in the electrical resistance of the layer 10 of silver chloride between the first point 22 and the second point 32 of the layer 10 of silver chloride. Since, the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 do not participate in the test sample
  • electrical resistance measured at the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 is solely due to the reaction of ammonia with the layer 10 of silver chloride.
  • the electrical resistance of the layer 10 between the first and the second point 22, 32 may be measured by known techniques, such as completing the
  • measuring the electrical resistance for example by using a micro-ohmmeter or ohmmeter in the completed electrical circuit .
  • the electrical resistance is measured at one or more time intervals, and this may be compared to a reference value of electrical resistance for the layer 10.
  • the reference value of electrical resistance for the layer 10 is the value of electrical resistance of the layer 10 between the first and the second points 22, 32 when the layer 10 is contacted to a reference sample, i.e. a sample with same or similar constitution as the test sample but without any ammonia.
  • a reference sample i.e. a sample with same or similar constitution as the test sample but without any ammonia.
  • An example of reference sample may be gastric juice from a healthy individual who is known to be not affected by HBP.
  • a reaction as described hereinabove, will take place resulting into, starting from a partial loss to a complete loss of the layer 10 depending upon the amount or extent of ammonia present in the test sample and/or duration of contact between the layer 10 and the test sample.
  • the loss of the layer 10 is detected and thus a presence of ammonia is concluded. From the different measurement values of the electrical resistance at different time intervals, a rate of change of electrical resistance is determined from which a quantitative assessment of the ammonia present in the test sample is made.
  • the HBP sensor 100 When being used in vivo, the HBP sensor 100 may be used at one location in the GI tract or may be moved to make
  • the reference value of electrical resistance at the new location will be electrical resistance of the layer 10 between the first and the second point 22, 32 measured at the new
  • a rate of change in the electrical resistance at the new location is determined which is used to determined the extent of ammonia present at the new location.
  • FIG 2 is a schematic representation of another exemplary embodiment of the HBP sensor 100.
  • the layer 10, as shown in FIG 1 may physically extend beyond the first and second point 22, 32. This ensures that the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 are properly shielded by the layer 10 from the test sample, whereas in another exemplary embodiment of the HBP sensor 100, the layer 10, as shown in FIG 2, is physically limited between the first and second point 22, 32 i.e. the layer 10 does not extend beyond the first and the second points 22, 32. This ensures that lesser quantity of silver chloride is required for the fabrication of the layer 10, thereby making the HBP sensor 100 cost effective and compact.
  • the HBP sensor 100 is explained further hereinafter.
  • the HBP sensor 100 further includes a housing 40 for
  • the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 are positioned inside the housing 40.
  • the housing 40 is used to seal off the first and the second electrodes 20, 30 from the test sample when the HBP sensor 100 is used with the test sample, in vitro or in vivo.
  • the housing 40 is made of a material inert to the test sample to be analyzed. In general for suitability of the HBP sensor 100 to be used in vivo, the housing 40 is preferably made of a material inert to gastric juice of the test subject. Examples of the material used to make the housing 40, may be, but not limited to, plastics, inert polymers, and so on and so forth.
  • the first electrode 20 and the second electrode 30 are embedded in an electrically insulating material 50.
  • the electrically insulating material 50 is inert to the test sample to be analyzed.
  • the electrically insulating material 50 is preferably made of material inert to gastric juice of the test subject. Examples of electrically insulating material 50 may be, but not limited to, glass, Teflon, rubber-like polymers, plastics, and so on and so forth.
  • the housing 40 and the electrically insulting material 50 may be the same material for example when plastic is used as the material for the housing 40, the same plastic can be used as the electrically insulting material 50, and in such embodiments of the HBP sensor 100, the housing 40 and the electrically insulting material 40 will be one and the same and will not be discernible or distinguishable from each other.
  • the present technique also manifests in form of a method 1000 for analyzing a test sample of a test subject for presence of HBP, as depicted the flow chart of FIG 4, which has been explained hereinafter in combination with FIGs 1 and 2.
  • the layer 10 of silver chloride is contacted with the test sample to be analyzed in step 500.
  • the method 1000 further includes a step 540 of measuring the rate of the change in the
  • the rate of change is indicative of the extent of ammonia present in the test sample.
  • electrical resistance may be used to calculate the extent of ammonia present in the test sample by using reference curves representing the rate of change in electrical resistances for a layer of silver chloride of known dimensions and the correlation between the rate of change of electrical
  • the amount or concentration or extent of ammonia present in the test sample may be used to calculate the quantity of HBP present in the test sample by using reference curves representing the extent of ammonia and its correlation to the quantity of HBP present for standard samples.
  • reference curves representing the extent of ammonia and its correlation to the quantity of HBP present for standard samples.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un détecteur d'Helicobacter pylori destiné à l'analyse d'un échantillon d'essai à la recherche de la présence d'Helicobacter pylori par la détermination d'un degré d'ammoniac présent dans l'échantillon d'essai. Le détecteur d'Helicobacter pylori comprend une couche de chlorure d'argent destinée à entrer en contact avec l'échantillon d'essai, une première électrode et une seconde électrode connectées électriquement à un premier point et un second point, respectivement, sur la couche de chlorure d'argent. Le premier et le second point sont distincts l'un de l'autre de telle sorte qu'une résistance électrique ou une conductance électrique de la couche de chlorure d'argent entre le premier et le second point est mesurable. À la mise en contact de la couche de chlorure d'argent avec l'échantillon d'essai, le degré d'ammoniac présent dans l'échantillon d'essai peut être déterminé par la mesure d'un changement dans la résistance électrique ou la conductance électrique de la couche de chlorure d'argent entre le premier et le second point.
PCT/EP2014/063711 2014-06-27 2014-06-27 Détecteur d'helicobacter pylori fondé sur une résistance électrique WO2015197135A1 (fr)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2014/063711 WO2015197135A1 (fr) 2014-06-27 2014-06-27 Détecteur d'helicobacter pylori fondé sur une résistance électrique

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PCT/EP2014/063711 WO2015197135A1 (fr) 2014-06-27 2014-06-27 Détecteur d'helicobacter pylori fondé sur une résistance électrique

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020090667A1 (en) * 2000-07-14 2002-07-11 Hypoguard Limited Detection of Helicobacter Pylori
US20050123440A1 (en) * 2003-12-09 2005-06-09 Eastman Kodak Company Sensor for contaminants
WO2009127528A1 (fr) * 2008-04-18 2009-10-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Capsule endoscopique
WO2010108759A1 (fr) 2009-03-25 2010-09-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Détecteur d'helicobacter pylori
DE102009023056A1 (de) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Gastroskop
GB2506863A (en) * 2012-10-09 2014-04-16 Univ Dublin City System and method for analysing and measuring ammonia levels in a sample

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020090667A1 (en) * 2000-07-14 2002-07-11 Hypoguard Limited Detection of Helicobacter Pylori
US20050123440A1 (en) * 2003-12-09 2005-06-09 Eastman Kodak Company Sensor for contaminants
WO2009127528A1 (fr) * 2008-04-18 2009-10-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Capsule endoscopique
WO2010108759A1 (fr) 2009-03-25 2010-09-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Détecteur d'helicobacter pylori
DE102009023056A1 (de) * 2009-05-28 2010-12-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Gastroskop
GB2506863A (en) * 2012-10-09 2014-04-16 Univ Dublin City System and method for analysing and measuring ammonia levels in a sample

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
TIMMER B ET AL: "Ammonia sensors and their applications-a review", SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL DEVOTED TO RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TRANSDUCERS, ELSEVIER S.A, CH, vol. 107, no. 2, 29 June 2005 (2005-06-29), pages 666 - 677, XP027810524, ISSN: 0925-4005, [retrieved on 20050629] *

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