WO2015170040A1 - Procede de fabrication d'une ligne de depressurisation - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication d'une ligne de depressurisation Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015170040A1 WO2015170040A1 PCT/FR2015/051160 FR2015051160W WO2015170040A1 WO 2015170040 A1 WO2015170040 A1 WO 2015170040A1 FR 2015051160 W FR2015051160 W FR 2015051160W WO 2015170040 A1 WO2015170040 A1 WO 2015170040A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- pressure
- diameter
- depressurization
- line
- depressurization line
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
- F17C13/12—Arrangements or mounting of devices for preventing or minimising the effect of explosion ; Other safety measures
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
- F17C2221/013—Carbone dioxide
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0192—Three-phase, e.g. CO2 at triple point
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
- F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2225/0192—Three-phase, e.g. CO2 at triple point
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
- F17C2227/04—Methods for emptying or filling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/02—Improving properties related to fluid or fluid transfer
- F17C2260/026—Improving properties related to fluid or fluid transfer by calculation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
- F17C2260/04—Reducing risks and environmental impact
- F17C2260/042—Reducing risk of explosion
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of rapid depressurization of a gaseous mixture, for example during an emergency situation, especially when the gaseous mixture comprises CO 2 .
- the gaseous mixture contains an element (for example CO 2 ) capable of forming crystals (or more generally, a solid) above the minimum temperature reached in the line during depressurization, a risk of blockage or clogging of the depressurization line due to deposition, adhesion and / or agglomeration of said crystals on said line can occur or because of the abrupt detachment of crystal blocks adhered to the walls of the line and their accumulation in a zone shrinkage of the tube (eg elbow, etc.)
- an element for example CO 2
- Such a blockage can be problematic in the context of oil installations or gas: a blockage of the depressurization line significantly increases the risk of explosion on surface installations.
- a container or a ship must be provided with an emergency depressurization device.
- This device is an integral part of the design and safety of the container.
- this emergency depressurization device must be capable of depressurizing at 7 bar in 15 minutes or of reducing the pressure in the container. half in 15 minutes. In case of blockage of the depressurization line, such standards can not be respected.
- the objective of the present invention is thus to prevent blockage of the line during depressurization by an innovative system.
- the present invention thus provides a method of manufacturing a depressurization line for depressurizing a container containing a gas mixture from a first pressure P1 to a second pressure P2, the gaseous mixture containing a gaseous element capable of forming crystals during a depressurization of the gas mixture from the first pressure to the second pressure.
- the method comprises:
- a diameter d of a depressurization line the diameter being determined such that the flow velocity of the gaseous mixture flowing in said depressurization line having said diameter and under pressure difference P1-P2 is capable of preventing deposition of a thickness of more than 1 mm or 1% of the determined diameter of crystals of said gaseous element on walls of said depressurization line;
- the gaseous element mentioned above is for example CO 2 .
- the determination of said diameter can be done by means of calculations (see below, the proposed formulas and models) or by means of laboratory experiments, for example. In real conditions, it may be useful to look for, by varying the diameter of the depressurization line, the diameter beyond which crystal deposits (i.e., accumulations of crystals) impede the circulation of the gaseous mixture in the line.
- This discomfort may be due to the fact that the depressurization line is completely obstructed (ie effective diameter reduced to 0) or that the effective diameter of the depressurization line is reduced so that the "normal" time (ie without deposition of crystals ) depressurization necessary to reduce the pressure in the container up to a threshold value (eg 7bar or half of the nominal pressure value) is significantly modified (eg variation of the depressurization time by more than 3% or 4% ).
- a threshold value eg 7bar or half of the nominal pressure value
- This flow velocity U can be determined using real-world experience (or close to reality) or by simulations / calculations using simulation tools 1 D of the market taking into account consider, for example, equations of thermodynamics (or approximating models) and fluid mechanics equations (or approximating models) applicable to the situation.
- this determined speed may be the lowest speed that still allows the existence and / or formation of crystals.
- the value Ci can be between 12.1 and 14.9.
- this value is close to 13.5 but sensitivity studies have shown that the variation of this value in the mentioned interval has a small impact on the results obtained.
- the value c 2 can be between 4.1 and 5.02.
- this value is close to 4.56 but sensitivity studies have shown that the variation of this value in the mentioned interval has a small impact on the results obtained.
- the pressure P1 may be previously determined as a function of P2, a temperature T1 within the container and a temperature T PT of a triple point in a state change diagram.
- the temperature of the triple point T PT is potentially the temperature the higher at which ice crystals (eg CO 2 crystals) can be formed.
- This temperature of the triple point T PT can also be replaced by the sublimation temperature for a pressure P2 (T Su biiP2) -
- this pressure may vary as a function of time (if t 0 is for example the moment at which a depressurization is triggered).
- the pressure P1 can be a function of ⁇ , ⁇ - ⁇ , T PT and P 2 or of - ( ⁇ 1-T PT ) + P2 with ⁇ the Joule-Thomson coefficient for said gaseous mixture.
- This temperature of the triple point T PT can also be replaced by the sublimation temperature for a pressure P2 (T Su biiP2) -
- the pressure P1 may also be a function of the enthalpy of the gaseous element capable of forming crystals during depressurization.
- the present invention also aims at a system capable of containing a gaseous mixture, said system comprising:
- a container capable of containing said gaseous mixture at first pressure P1; at least one depressurization line (which may, for example form one or more torch networks), capable of allowing said gas mixture to be depressurized from the first pressure to a second pressure P2 in order to reduce the pressure within the container of at least 10% less 15 min, the gaseous mixture containing a gaseous element capable of forming crystals during a depressurization of the gaseous mixture from the first pressure to the second pressure.
- at least one depressurization line which may, for example form one or more torch networks
- a diameter of a depressurization line is less than a limiting diameter such that the flow velocity of the gaseous mixture flowing in said depressurization line having said limiting diameter and under pressure difference P1-P2 is suitable for preventing the deposition of a thickness of more than 1 mm of crystals of said gaseous element or 1% of said diameter on walls of said depressurization line.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary phase diagram of carbon dioxide (CO 2 );
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a partially filled container of liquid in thermodynamic equilibrium with a gas under pressure connected to a depressurization line by a valve;
- FIG. 3 illustrates a cross section of a depressurization line during an interaction with a dry ice crystal.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the pressure drop in a container containing gas in the event of depressurization.
- Figure 1 illustrates an example of a phase diagram 100 of carbon dioxide.
- This phase diagram comprises a zone 101 (ie temperature and pressure conditions) in which the CO 2 is in gaseous form.
- zone 102 the CO 2 is in liquid form.
- zone 103 the CO 2 is in solid form / crystalline.
- Point 104 is called a "triple point". This point 104 is a point in the phase diagram 100 corresponding to the coexistence of the three states mentioned above. For CO2, point 104 corresponds to the following conditions: pressure P PT of 5.1 1 atm and temperature T PT of -56.6 ° C.
- Point 105 is the sublimation point of CO2 for a pressure of 1 atm.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a container partially filled with liquid in thermodynamic equilibrium with a gas under pressure provided with a depressurization line.
- the storage system of FIG. 2 comprises a container 200 connected to a depressurization line 201.
- the container 200 is a container partially filled with liquid in thermodynamic equilibrium with a gas under pressure containing a large concentration of CO 2 (possibly 100% CO 2 ).
- the line 201 is, for example, connected to the container 200 via a valve or an orifice 205 which can be opened on demand or automatically in case of overpressure. Indeed, it may be useful to depressurize the container 200 in the context of an overpressure, an emergency shutdown procedure, etc. This is particularly the case if the pressure in the container reaches an alert level in the security process.
- several depressurization lines or pressure tubes, production tubes, feed tubes, etc. can exist on this container (not shown).
- the gaseous mixture contained in the container 200 takes the line 201 (arrow 202) and can be placed, for example, in the open air (arrow 203) or be flared.
- the CO 2 Due to this sudden drop in pressure, in particular when passing through the valve 205, the CO 2 can produce crystals of different sizes (situation of the arrow 106 of FIG. 1) that can reach several hundred microns along the line depressurization 201.
- Some of these crystals may be deposited and adhere to the walls of the depressurization line 201 and / or on a layer of CO2 crystals already attached to the walls. It has been found experimentally that this adhesion may be such that the depressurization line becomes clogged or that the effective diameter of the depressurization line is so small that the theoretical studies of emergency depressurization speed / time are obsolete.
- the velocity of the fluid in the depressurization line is less than a critical speed U C t, which may result in the diameter of the depressurization line not exceeding a critical value, which diameter allows a fluid flow velocity sufficient to "unhook” any crystal that adheres to a layer of CO 2 integral with the wall of the depressurization line.
- This critical diameter can be determined by means of physical and mathematical modeling (see below) but can also be determined by one or more real-life experiments (eg depressurization of a container containing a gas mixture at a pressure P1 given a pressure P2 and variation of the diameter of the depressurization line).
- Figure 3 illustrates a cross section of a depressurization line 201 upon interaction with a dry ice crystal 303.
- the adhesion strength of the CO 2 crystals with the (often metallic) wall may be greater than the adhesion force of the CO2 crystals to each other.
- the crystals 303 in contact with the wall 301 or with a layer 302 of CO 2 crystals attached to the walls undergo forces related to the flow of the turbulent gas mixture in the depressurization line and to a physical adhesion force. chemical F. If the length of the depressurization line is L, its diameter d, the average flow velocity of the gas U, the density of the gas mixture p f and the kinematic viscosity v, it is possible to express the Reynolds number as being ud
- the present invention does not necessarily seek to prevent any deposit of crystals on the walls of the depressurization line, but seeks to limit the growth of the crystal deposit (ie to detach a crystal 303 in contact with the layer 302 ).
- the crystal deposit ie to detach a crystal 303 in contact with the layer 302 .
- the detachment conditions of the particle are joined when the torque related to external forces overcomes the pair of adhesion forces, defining a critical shear r crit .
- the detachment criterion can therefore also be written r w > T crit .
- the attached particles can be resuspended in the flow when a critical shear stress due to gas flow is reached, counteracting the adhesion force F A (such as Van Der Waals or others).
- the particle can then be transported by the flow of the gaseous mixture and may optionally redeposit on the wall 301 or on the layer 302.
- the value of x crit can be estimated based on:
- Bernoulli's theorem makes certain assumptions (eg the density of the gas p constant during the path A-B).
- the use of the Bernoulli theorem for the evaluation of the speed can prove to be invalid because the assumptions made can be too strong (the density of the gas not remaining constant, the losses of load are neglected, the transfers heat are neglected, etc.).
- FIG. 4 illustrates the pressure drop 400 in a container partially filled with liquid in thermodynamic equilibrium with a gas in the event of depressurization.
- T1 the temperature of the gas mixture in the container (considered constant)
- T2 the gas temperature at the outlet of the depressurization line.
- This formula does not take into account the inverse sublimation of the CO 2 crystals or the exchanges of temperature with the outside. Thus, this modeling can be wrong.
- the critical diameter of the line of depressurization is the pressure Pl min .
- the speed of the gaseous mixture is the lowest speed for which crystallization can occur. If this latter speed is greater than the critical speed L t presented above, it is then certain that for pressure conditions greater than P min , the fluid flow velocity will also be greater than the critical speed necessary to limit the flow. deposit of crystals on the layer 302.
- the temperature T PT may be replaced by the sublimation temperature at the pressure P2 of the gaseous element capable of forming crystals during the depressurization (see point 105 of FIG. 1).
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR112016025943-2A BR112016025943B1 (pt) | 2014-05-07 | 2015-04-29 | Processo de fabricação de uma linha de despressurização |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1454164 | 2014-05-07 | ||
FR1454164A FR3020861B1 (fr) | 2014-05-07 | 2014-05-07 | Procede de fabrication d'une ligne de depressurisation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2015170040A1 true WO2015170040A1 (fr) | 2015-11-12 |
Family
ID=51014529
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR2015/051160 WO2015170040A1 (fr) | 2014-05-07 | 2015-04-29 | Procede de fabrication d'une ligne de depressurisation |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
BR (1) | BR112016025943B1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3020861B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2015170040A1 (fr) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2159474A1 (fr) * | 2008-09-02 | 2010-03-03 | Linde AG | Préparation de dioxyde de carbone |
EP2179782A1 (fr) * | 2008-10-22 | 2010-04-28 | Messer France S.A.S. | Agencement d'introduction de dioxyde de carbone liquide dans un milieu |
US20110083756A1 (en) * | 2009-10-08 | 2011-04-14 | Hyundai Motor Company | Compressed gas safety discharge system |
WO2012001427A1 (fr) * | 2010-07-02 | 2012-01-05 | David Geoffrey Brown | Vaporisateur |
WO2013144171A1 (fr) * | 2012-03-26 | 2013-10-03 | Total Sa | Procédé de dépressurisation d'un mélange gazeux comprenant des espèces congelables |
-
2014
- 2014-05-07 FR FR1454164A patent/FR3020861B1/fr active Active
-
2015
- 2015-04-29 WO PCT/FR2015/051160 patent/WO2015170040A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2015-04-29 BR BR112016025943-2A patent/BR112016025943B1/pt active IP Right Grant
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2159474A1 (fr) * | 2008-09-02 | 2010-03-03 | Linde AG | Préparation de dioxyde de carbone |
EP2179782A1 (fr) * | 2008-10-22 | 2010-04-28 | Messer France S.A.S. | Agencement d'introduction de dioxyde de carbone liquide dans un milieu |
US20110083756A1 (en) * | 2009-10-08 | 2011-04-14 | Hyundai Motor Company | Compressed gas safety discharge system |
WO2012001427A1 (fr) * | 2010-07-02 | 2012-01-05 | David Geoffrey Brown | Vaporisateur |
WO2013144171A1 (fr) * | 2012-03-26 | 2013-10-03 | Total Sa | Procédé de dépressurisation d'un mélange gazeux comprenant des espèces congelables |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR112016025943A2 (fr) | 2017-08-15 |
FR3020861A1 (fr) | 2015-11-13 |
BR112016025943B1 (pt) | 2022-06-21 |
FR3020861B1 (fr) | 2017-03-31 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Nicholas et al. | Assessing the feasibility of hydrate deposition on pipeline walls—Adhesion force measurements of clathrate hydrate particles on carbon steel | |
Shahidzadeh-Bonn et al. | Evaporating droplets | |
Whitaker et al. | The effect of particle loading, size, and temperature on deposition in a vane leading edge impingement cooling geometry | |
Liu et al. | Size measurement of dry ice particles produced from liquid carbon dioxide | |
CA2955068C (fr) | Procede et systeme pour rincer un reseau de tuyauterie au moyen d'un fluide a l'etat supercritique | |
EP2095859A1 (fr) | Détection du colmatage d'un filtre d'un fluide | |
AU2006309322A1 (en) | Methods for transporting hydrocarbons | |
EP3071937A1 (fr) | Debitmetre pour fluide diphasique avec mesure simultanee ou alternee de la phase gaz et de la phase liquide | |
WO2015170040A1 (fr) | Procede de fabrication d'une ligne de depressurisation | |
CA2878146C (fr) | Dispositif de simulation d'une introduction de paquets de glace dans un moteur | |
Paz et al. | Experimental evaluation of the critical local wall shear stress around cylindrical probes fouled by diesel exhaust gases | |
Liu et al. | Effects of Sorbitan Monooleate on the Interactions between Cyclopentane Hydtate Particles and Water Droplets | |
Fakhraai et al. | Qualitative discrepancy between different measures of dynamics in thin polymer films⋆ | |
FR3075669A1 (fr) | Procede pour deboucher une conduite destinee au transport de fluide d'hydrocarbure obturee par des hydrates | |
WO2016198787A1 (fr) | Échangeur de chaleur tubulaire à tubes de graphite comprenant un organe de contrôle de l'encrassement, son procédé de mise en œuvre et son procédé de montage | |
EP3514393A2 (fr) | Dispositif de recuperation d'energie thermique | |
FR3067469B1 (fr) | Systeme de sonde de mesure de pression parietale | |
EP2489995B1 (fr) | Détecteur de présence d'un liquide. | |
JP2012026792A (ja) | 流体中の微粒子検出装置及び検出方法 | |
EP3513858A1 (fr) | Dispositif, système de filtration et procédé de surveillance de colmatage | |
EP3680734B1 (fr) | Méthode pour évaluer un niveau de bouchage d'un filtre à air dans une unité hvac | |
Nicholas et al. | Experimental investigation of deposition and wall growth in water saturated hydrocarbon pipelines in the absence of free water | |
EP2813433B1 (fr) | Procédé et dispositif de vidange d'une enceinte d'engin spatial | |
WO2015011415A1 (fr) | Sonde de controle de l'encrassement et de la corrosion pour un echangeur a chaleur tubulaire et procede utilisant une telle sonde | |
Chiba et al. | Discharging flow behavior from disk-type flow contraction |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 15723275 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: BR Ref legal event code: B01A Ref document number: 112016025943 Country of ref document: BR |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 15723275 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 112016025943 Country of ref document: BR Kind code of ref document: A2 Effective date: 20161107 |