WO2015167285A1

WO2015167285A1 - Solar cell and manufacturing method therefor

Info

Publication number: WO2015167285A1
Application number: PCT/KR2015/004406
Authority: WO
Inventors: 이행근; 이지영; 이재철; 김진석; 최두환
Original assignee: 주식회사 엘지화학
Priority date: 2014-04-30
Filing date: 2015-04-30
Publication date: 2015-11-05
Also published as: KR20150125618A; CN106663739B; KR101691293B1; CN106663739A

Abstract

The present specification relates to a solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same, and provides a solar cell comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode provided opposite to the first electrode; a photoactive layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; and a charge transport layer comprising a charge transport material represented by formula 1 between the photoactive layer and the first electrode or the second electrode.

Description

Solar cell and manufacturing method thereof

This specification claims the benefit of the filing date of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2014-0052664 filed with the Korean Intellectual Property Office on April 30, 2014, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

The present specification relates to a solar cell and a method of manufacturing the same.

In order to solve the global environmental problems caused by the depletion of fossil energy and its use, researches on renewable and clean alternative energy sources such as solar energy, wind power and hydropower are being actively conducted. Among these, interest in solar cells that directly change electrical energy from sunlight is increasing. Here, the solar cell refers to a battery that generates current-voltage using a photovoltaic effect of absorbing light energy from sunlight and generating electrons and holes.

Solar cells are devices that can directly convert solar energy into electrical energy by applying the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells can be divided into inorganic solar cells and organic solar cells according to the material constituting the thin film.

Solar cells have been researched to increase energy conversion efficiency through changes in various layers and electrodes according to designs.

An object of the present specification is to provide a solar cell and a method of manufacturing the same.

Herein is a first electrode;

A second electrode provided to face the first electrode;

A photoactive layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; And

It provides a solar cell comprising a charge transport layer comprising a charge transport material represented by the following formula (1) between the photoactive layer and the first electrode or the second electrode.

[Formula 1]

In Chemical Formula 1,

n is the number of repeats of the structure in parentheses 1 to 3,

when n is 2 or more, the structures in the two or more parentheses are the same or different from each other,

X1 to X4 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently O, S or NR,

R and R1 to R16 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently hydrogen; Halogen group; Carboxylic acid groups; Nitro group; Nitrile group; Imide group; Amide group; Imine group; Thioimide; Anhydride group; Hydroxyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted ester group; Substituted or unsubstituted thioester group; Substituted or unsubstituted thioester group; Substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted thio group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; A substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkyl sulfoxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl sulfoxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted boron group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; A substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; Substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; Substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; Or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroring group, or adjacent substituents are bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring; Or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle,

R1 to R16; And when adjacent substituents are bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring, at least one of the substituents of the formed hydrocarbon ring is a crosslinking substituent.

In addition, the present specification comprises the steps of preparing a substrate; Forming a first electrode on the substrate; Forming at least two organic material layers including at least two organic material layers including a photoactive layer and a charge transport layer on the first electrode; And it provides a method of manufacturing the above-described solar cell comprising the step of forming a second electrode on the organic material layer.

The solar cell according to the exemplary embodiment of the present specification is excellent in electron transfer capability, thereby realizing an increase in optical short circuit current density (Jsc) and an increase in efficiency.

Formula 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification may include a metal particle or an ionic group. In this case, the light absorption through redistribution of the incident light increases, and due to the increase of the interfacial dipole, the barrier of charge is adjustable. In addition, high efficiency solar cells can be expected due to increased conductivity.

In addition, the solar cell according to the exemplary embodiment of the present specification may implement a high efficiency by improving a fill factor (FF).

In addition, the solar cell according to the exemplary embodiment of the present specification may shorten the production cost and / or increase the efficiency of the process due to a simple manufacturing process.

In addition, the solar cell according to the exemplary embodiment of the present specification may be a wound structure, in which case it is possible to efficiently absorb light in various directions to increase efficiency.

1 to 4 illustrate organic solar cells according to one embodiment.

5 is a view showing a change in device efficiency when each of the organic solar cells manufactured according to the experimental example according to an embodiment of the present disclosure when the heat treatment at 80 ℃ temperature.

Hereinafter, this specification is demonstrated in detail.

In this specification, when a member is located "on" another member, this includes not only when one member is in contact with another member but also when another member exists between the two members.

In the present specification, when a part "includes" a certain component, it means that it may further include other components, without excluding the other components unless otherwise stated.

Herein is a first electrode; A second electrode provided to face the first electrode; A photoactive layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; And a charge transport layer comprising a charge transport material represented by Formula 1 between the photoactive layer and the first electrode or the second electrode.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the crown type includes a charge transport material of the crown type (crown type).

Conventionally, metal oxides have been used as the charge transport layer of the inverted structure. However, when the metal oxide is used as the charge transport layer, it is difficult to apply to a flexible substrate due to the high heat treatment in order to have a high charge mobility, it is difficult to control the energy barrier with the applied photoactive layer material.

The charge transport layer including the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification has excellent charge mobility and is easily applied to a flexible substrate because there is no separate heat treatment for forming a nanostructure required for charge transport. It may be possible. In addition, it is easy to control the charge mobility and work function by inserting a substituent of the crown-type material represented by the formula (1) and / or an ionic group in the center of the formula (1). Therefore, there is an advantage that the control of the energy barrier with the photoactive layer material is easy.

In one embodiment of the present specification, in the case of having at least one crosslinkable substituent as the charge transport material represented by Chemical Formula 1, the thermal stability of the formed charge transport layer is increased to increase the life of the device, and at least two kinds of ions When the combined crown material is mixed, there is an effect of forming a uniform mixed layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 may be represented by the following Formula 1-1 or Formula 1-2.

[Formula 1-1]

[Formula 1-2]

In Chemical Formula 1-1 and Chemical Formula 1-2,

n, X1 to X4, R5 to R8 and R13 to R16 are the same as defined above,

Cy1 to Cy4 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring; Or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle.

In one embodiment of the present specification, X1 is O.

In another embodiment, X 1 is NR.

In one embodiment of the present specification, X2 is O.

In one embodiment, X2 is NR.

In one embodiment of the present specification, X3 is O.

In another embodiment, X3 is NR.

In another embodiment, X4 is O.

In another embodiment, X4 is NR.

In one embodiment of the present specification, R is hydrogen.

In one embodiment of the present specification, Cy1 to Cy4 are benzene rings.

As used herein, a "crosslinkable substituent" is a substituent in which a compound is a vehicle capable of binding several compounds directly or through a linker.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the crosslinkable substituent is a substituted or unsubstituted vinyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; Substituted or unsubstituted acrylate group; Hydroxyl group; Or an isocyanate group.

In one embodiment of the present specification, n is 1.

In another exemplary embodiment, n is 2.

In another embodiment, n is 3.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 may be selected from the following structures.

In the above structures, hydrogen substituted in the carbon of the base structure may be substituted with the aforementioned crosslinkable substituent.

In the above structures, a is an integer from 4 to 4.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 includes 0.01 wt% to 2 wt% based on the total mass of the charge transport layer. In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 is 0.02 wt% to 0.5 wt% based on the total mass of the charge transport layer.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, when the content of the charge transport material represented by Chemical Formula 1 is out of the above range, due to the formation of dipoles, the limit of charge transport is exceeded, thereby providing a large current density. As a result, there is a problem that the efficiency of the device is sharply reduced. Within this range, it is possible to prevent exceeding the limit of charge transport due to dipole formation.

Examples of the substituents are described below, but are not limited thereto.

The term "substituted" means that a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom of the compound is replaced with another substituent, and the position to be substituted is not limited to a position where the hydrogen atom is substituted, that is, a position where a substituent can be substituted, if two or more substituted , Two or more substituents may be the same or different from each other.

As used herein, the term "substituted or unsubstituted" is deuterium; Halogen group; An alkyl group; Alkenyl groups; An alkoxy group; Ester group; Carbonyl group; Carboxyl groups; Hydroxyl group; Cycloalkyl group; Silyl groups; Aryl alkenyl group; Aryloxy group; Alkyl thioxy group; Alkyl sulfoxy groups; Aryl sulfoxy group; Boron group; Alkylamine group; Aralkyl amine groups; Arylamine group; Heteroaryl group; Carbazole groups; Arylamine group; Aryl group; Nitrile group; Nitro group; Hydroxyl group; And one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of a heterocyclic group or no substituent.

In the present specification, the halogen group may be fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.

In this specification, although carbon number of an imide group is not specifically limited, It is preferable that it is C1-C25. Specifically, it may be a compound having a structure as follows, but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the thiimide group is one in which C═O of the imide group is substituted with C═S.

In the present specification, the anhydride group is one in which the N atom of the imide group is substituted with O.

In the present specification, the amide group may be substituted with one or two of the nitrogen of the amide group is hydrogen, a linear, branched or cyclic alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms or an aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms. Specifically, it may be a compound of the following structural formula, but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the amide group also includes a ring group such as lactam.

In the present specification, the general formula of the ester group is

or

It may be represented as. R 'is hydrogen; An alkoxy group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms; A substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms; A substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms; Substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 50 carbon atoms; Heteroarylalkyl group having 2 to 60 carbon atoms; Substituted or unsubstituted ester group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms; Substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms; Or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 2 to 60 carbon atoms containing at least one of N, O and S atoms.

The ester group herein includes a ring group such as a lactone group.

In the present specification, the thio ester group is one in which C = O of the ester group is substituted with C = S.

In the present specification, the carbonyl group

It may be represented as. R 'is hydrogen; A substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; A substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms; Substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group having 7 to 50 carbon atoms; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 60 carbon atoms; Or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group having 2 to 60 carbon atoms.

The cation group of the present specification is a group in which the O atom of the carbonyl group is substituted with an S atom.

In the present specification, an imine group

or

It may be represented as. R 'and R "are the same as or different from each other, and are hydrogen; a linear, branched or cyclic substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms; or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms.

In the present specification, the ether group

It may be represented as. R is a linear, branched or cyclic substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 25 carbon atoms; Or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms. Specifically, Z1 to Z3 are the same as or different from each other, a linear, branched or cyclic substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms; Or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 25 carbon atoms.

In the present specification,

Means a site linked to another substituent.

In the present specification, the alkyl group may be linear or branched chain, carbon number is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 50. Specific examples include methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, sec-butyl, 1-methyl-butyl, 1-ethyl-butyl, pentyl, n-pentyl , Isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, n-hexyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, heptyl, n -Heptyl, 1-methylhexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, octyl, n-octyl, tert-octyl, 1-methylheptyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylpentyl, n-nonyl, 2,2-dimethyl Heptyl, 1-ethyl-propyl, 1,1-dimethyl-propyl, isohexyl, 2-methylpentyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl, and the like.

In the present specification, the cycloalkyl group is not particularly limited, but preferably 3 to 60 carbon atoms, specifically, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 3-methylcyclopentyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 3-methylcyclohexyl, 4-methylcyclohexyl, 2,3-dimethylcyclohexyl, 3,4,5-trimethylcyclohexyl, 4-tert-butylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, and the like, but are not limited thereto. Do not.

In the present specification, the alkoxy group may be linear, branched or cyclic. Although carbon number of an alkoxy group is not specifically limited, It is preferable that it is C1-C20. Specifically, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, i-propyloxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentyloxy, neopentyloxy, Isopentyloxy, n-hexyloxy, 3,3-dimethylbutyloxy, 2-ethylbutyloxy, n-octyloxy, n-nonyloxy, n-decyloxy, benzyloxy, p-methylbenzyloxy and the like It may be, but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the arylalkyl group is not particularly limited in carbon number, but in one embodiment of the present specification, the arylalkyl group has 7 to 50 carbon atoms. Specifically, the aryl moiety has 6 to 49 carbon atoms, and the alkyl moiety has 1 to 44 carbon atoms. Specific examples include benzyl group, p-methylbenzyl group, m-methylbenzyl group, p-ethylbenzyl group, m-ethylbenzyl group, 3,5-dimethylbenzyl group, α-methylbenzyl group, α, α-dimethylbenzyl Group, α, α-methylphenylbenzyl group, 1-naphthylbenzyl group, 2-naphthylbenzyl group, p-fluorobenzyl group, 3,5-difluorobenzyl group, α, α-ditrifluoromethylbenzyl group , p-methoxybenzyl group, m-methoxybenzyl group, α-phenoxybenzyl group, α-benzyloxybenzyl group, naphthylmethyl group, naphthylethyl group, naphthylisopropyl group, pyrrolylmethyl group, pyrroleethyl group , Aminobenzyl group, nitrobenzyl group, cyanobenzyl group, 1-hydroxy-2-phenylisopropyl group, 1-chloro-2-phenylisopropyl group, and the like, but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the alkenyl group may be linear or branched chain, the carbon number is not particularly limited, but is preferably 2 to 40. Specific examples include vinyl, 1-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 3-methyl-1- Butenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, allyl, 1-phenylvinyl-1-yl, 2-phenylvinyl-1-yl, 2,2-diphenylvinyl-1-yl, 2-phenyl-2- ( Naphthyl-1-yl) vinyl-1-yl, 2,2-bis (diphenyl-1-yl) vinyl-1-yl, stilbenyl group, styrenyl group and the like, but are not limited thereto.

In this specification, although carbon number of the said acrylate is not specifically limited, It is preferable that it is 3-40. Specific examples include methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methacrylate, 3- (acryloyloxy) propyl methacrylate, and the like, but are not limited thereto.

In the present specification, specifically, the silyl group includes trimethylsilyl group, triethylsilyl group, t-butyldimethylsilyl group, vinyldimethylsilyl group, propyldimethylsilyl group, triphenylsilyl group, diphenylsilyl group, phenylsilyl group, and the like. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the aryl group may be monocyclic, and the carbon number is not particularly limited, but is preferably 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the aryl group include monocyclic aromatic and naphthyl groups such as phenyl group, biphenyl group, and terphenyl group, anthracenyl group, phenanthrenyl group, pyrenyl group, perylenyl group, tetrasenyl group, chrysenyl group, fluorenyl group, Polycyclic aromatics, such as an acenaphthasenyl group, a triphenylene group, and a fluoranthene group, etc., are mentioned, but it is not limited to these.

In the present specification, the fluorenyl group may be substituted, and adjacent substituents may be bonded to each other to form a ring.

When the fluorenyl group is substituted,

And

And so on. However, the present invention is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the heterocyclic group or heteroaryl group includes one or more atoms other than carbon and heteroatoms, and specifically, the heteroatoms include an atom selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, Si, and Se. It can contain more. Although carbon number of the said heterocyclic group is not specifically limited, It is preferable that it is C2-C60. Examples of the heterocyclic group include thiophene group, furan group, pyrrole group, imidazole group, thiazole group, oxazole group, oxadiazole group, triazole group, pyridyl group, bipyridyl group, triazine group, acridil group, pyridazine group , Quinolinyl group, isoquinoline group, indole group, carbazole group, benzoxazole group, benzoimidazole group, benzothiazole group, benzocarbazole group, benzothiophene group, dibenzothiophene group, benzofuranyl group, phenanthrroline group (phenanthroline) and dibenzofuranyl group, but are not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the heteroaryl in the heteroaryloxy group may be selected from the examples of the heteroaryl group described above. In the present specification, the aryl group in the aryloxy group, arylthioxy group, aryl sulfoxy group and aralkylamine group is the same as the aryl group described above. Specifically, as the aryloxy group, phenoxy, p-tolyloxy, m-tolyloxy, 3,5-dimethyl-phenoxy, 2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy, p-tert-butylphenoxy, 3-biphenyl Oxy, 4-biphenyloxy, 1-naphthyloxy, 2-naphthyloxy, 4-methyl-1-naphthyloxy, 5-methyl-2-naphthyloxy, 1-anthryloxy, 2-anthryl Oxy, 9-anthryloxy, 1-phenanthryloxy, 3-phenanthryloxy, 9-phenanthryloxy, and the like. Examples of the arylthioxy group include a phenylthioxy group, 2-methylphenylthioxy group, and 4-tert-butylphenyl. Thioxy groups and the like, and aryl sulfoxy groups include, but are not limited to, benzene sulfoxy groups and p-toluene sulfoxy groups.

In the present specification, the alkyl group in the alkylthioxy group, the alkyl sulfoxy group, the alkylamine group and the aralkylamine group is the same as the example of the alkyl group described above. Specifically, the alkyl thioxy group includes a methyl thioxy group, an ethyl thioxy group, a tert-butyl thioxy group, a hexyl thioxy group, an octyl thioxy group, and the alkyl sulfoxy group includes mesyl, ethyl sulfoxy, propyl sulfoxy and butyl sulfoxy groups. Etc., but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the amine group is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 30. Specific examples of the amine group include methylamine group, dimethylamine group, ethylamine group, diethylamine group, phenylamine group, naphthylamine group, biphenylamine group, anthracenylamine group, and 9-methyl-anthracenylamine group. , Diphenylamine group, phenylnaphthylamine group, ditolylamine group, phenyltolylamine group, triphenylamine group and the like, but are not limited thereto.

In the present specification, examples of the arylamine group include a substituted or unsubstituted monoarylamine group, a substituted or unsubstituted diarylamine group, or a substituted or unsubstituted triarylamine group. The aryl group in the arylamine group may be a monocyclic aryl group, may be a polycyclic aryl group. The arylamine group including two or more aryl groups may simultaneously include a monocyclic aryl group, a polycyclic aryl group, or a monocyclic aryl group and a polycyclic aryl group.

Specific examples of the aryl amine group include phenylamine, naphthylamine, biphenylamine, anthracenylamine, 3-methyl-phenylamine, 4-methyl-naphthylamine, 2-methyl-biphenylamine, 9-methyl-anthra Cenylamine, diphenyl amine group, phenyl naphthyl amine group, ditolyl amine group, phenyl tolyl amine group, carbazole and triphenyl amine group and the like, but are not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the heteroaryl group in the heteroarylamine group may be selected from the examples of the heterocyclic group described above.

Adjacent groups herein means substituents substituted on adjacent carbons.

In the present specification, the adjacent groups are bonded to each other to form a hydrocarbon ring or hetero ring, wherein adjacent substituents form a bond to each other, and include one or more of 5- to 8-membered monocyclic or polycyclic hydrocarbon rings or heteroatoms. It means forming a 5- to 8-membered monocyclic or polycyclic hetero ring.

In the present specification, the hydrocarbon ring is a cycloalkyl group; Cycloalkenyl group; Aromatic ring groups; Or include all aliphatic ring groups, which may be monocyclic or polycyclic, and include all rings condensed by combining one or two or more.

The heterocycle formed herein means that at least one carbon atom of the hydrocarbon ring is substituted with a hetero atom, and may be an aliphatic ring or an aromatic ring, and may be monocyclic or polycyclic.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport material further includes an ionic group.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport material further includes an ionic group, and the ionic group is intercalated with the center of the charge transport material represented by Chemical Formula 1. That is, an ionic group is provided in the empty space of the center of a crown type compound, and chemically bonds. In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, in the binding of ions, not only a single molecule of the crown compound but two or more molecules may form a three-dimensional structure to participate in the binding.

However, according to the needs of those skilled in the art, heat treatment or UV treatment may be used to crosslink a plurality of crown-type compounds.

Specifically, it may be provided as follows.

In the above structure, R1 to R16, n, X1 to X4 are the same as described above,

M wait ionic.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the number of ions of the metal to be inserted and the type of the metal may be selected by controlling the size of the crown-type charge transport material by adjusting the number of repetitions of n.

In the case of including the ionic group as described above, the light absorption through redistribution of incident light increases, and due to the increase of the interfacial dipole, the barrier of charge is adjustable. In addition, high efficiency solar cells can be expected due to increased conductivity.

In addition, by adjusting the type of metal, and by adjusting the work function of the charge transport layer, it is easy to control the energy barrier with the photoactive layer.

In the present specification, the ionic group may be a cationic group or an anionic group.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the ionic group may include one molecule, and includes two or more molecules forming a three-dimensional structure to bind.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the ionic group is titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), indium (In), lanthanum (La), vanadium (V), mol Libdenum (Mo), Tungsten (W), Tin (Sn), Niobium (Nb), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Barium (Ba), Aluminum (Al), Yttrium (Y), Scandium (Sc Cation of a metal selected from the group consisting of (a), samarium (Sm) gallium (Ga), potassium (K), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), sodium (Na) and lead (Pb); Ammonium ions selected from the group consisting of NH ₄ ⁺ and CH ₃ NH ₃ ⁺ ; Or ^{^{_{_{N 3 -, CH 3 CO 2}}}} -, CN -, Br -, Cl -, I -, F -, SCN -, ClO 4 -, NO 3 -, CO 3 2 -, SO 4 2 -, PO 4 3 ^{_{_{^{-, H 2 PO- 4 2-,}}}} PdCl 6 2 -, Na -, Cs -, citrate ion ^{_{^{(citrate 3-), SiF 5 -}}} , SiF 6 2 -, GeF 6 2 - and BF ₄ ^- from the group consisting of It is an anion of choice.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the photoactive layer and the charge transport layer are provided in contact with each other. What is provided in contact does not limit physical bonding or chemical bonding.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport layer is provided on one surface close to the first electrode of the photoactive layer. In another embodiment, the charge transport layer is provided on one surface close to the second electrode of the photoactive layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport layer serves as a buffer layer. The charge transport layer may play a role of smoothing electron transfer between the photoactive layer and the charge transport layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the thickness of the charge transport layer is 1 nm to 70 nm. In one embodiment, it is 1 nm to 20 nm. When the thickness of the charge transport layer is within the above range, there is an effect of increasing the charge mobility and increasing the recombination.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the thickness of the photoactive layer is 30 nm to 600 nm. In another embodiment, it is 80 nm to 500 nm.

In another embodiment, the solar cell has a normal structure in which the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode, and the charge transport layer is provided between the photoactive layer and the second electrode.

The normal structure may mean that an anode is formed on a substrate. Specifically, according to one embodiment of the present specification, when the solar cell has a normal structure, the first electrode formed on the substrate may be an anode.

1 illustrates an example of a solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, Figure 1 shows a solar cell of a normal structure. 1 includes ITO as an anode on a substrate and a buffer layer on the anode. In addition, a photoactive layer was provided on the buffer layer, and a charge transport layer including the crown type charge transport material was formed on the photoactive layer. In addition, a cathode was formed using Al.

However, the solar cell according to the exemplary embodiment of the present specification is not limited to the structure and the material of FIG. 1, an additional layer may be provided, and each layer may be configured using various materials.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell has an inverted structure in which the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode, and the charge transport layer is provided between the photoactive layer and the first electrode.

The inverted structure may mean that a cathode is formed on a substrate. Specifically, according to one embodiment of the present specification, when the solar cell is an inverted structure, the first electrode formed on the substrate may be a cathode.

2 illustrates an example of a solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, Figure 2 shows a solar cell of the inverted structure. FIG. 2 is provided with ITO as a cathode on a substrate, and a charge transport layer including the aforementioned crown-type charge transport material is formed on the cathode. Further, a photoactive layer was provided on the charge transport layer, a buffer layer was provided on the photoactive layer, and MoO ₃ / Al was formed as an anode.

In addition, the crown-type charge transport material and the ionic group of the cation or anion may be further included on the cathode.

However, the solar cell according to the exemplary embodiment of the present specification is not limited to the structure and the material of FIG. 2, and additional layers may be provided, and each layer may be configured using various materials.

The buffer layer herein may be a cathode buffer layer or an anode buffer layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport layer further includes one or two materials selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, carbon compounds, metal carbide dielectric materials, and quantum dot compounds. .

In one embodiment of the present specification, a second charge transport layer including one or two materials selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, carbon compounds, metal carbide dielectric materials, and quantum dot compounds Include.

In the present specification, the metal oxide includes, but is not limited to, titanium oxide (TiO _x ), zinc oxide (ZnO), vanadium oxide (V ₂ O ₅ ), nickel oxide (NiO _x ), or ruthenium oxide (RuO _x ). .

In the present specification, the carbon compound includes graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNT), but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the dielectric material may be polyethyleneimine (PEI), ethoxylated polyethyleneimine (PEIE), PFN {Poly [(9,9-bis (3'-dimethylamino) propyl) -2,7-fluorene) -alt-2 , 7- (9,9-diotylfluorene)]), and the like.

In the present specification, the metal carbide includes cesium carbonate and the like, but is not limited thereto.

In the present specification, the quantum dot compound may include Cds, Pds, CdTe, or a mixture thereof, but is not limited thereto.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 is doped in the second charge transport layer.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the concentration of the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 is one selected from the group consisting of the metal oxide, carbon compound, metal carbide dielectric material, and quantum dot compound Or 0.1 wt% to 10 wt% with respect to the mass of the two materials (the second charge transport material). Preferably, the doping concentration of the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 is 0.1wt% to 1wt% based on the mass of the second charge transport material.

When the doping concentration of the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 exceeds 10 wt%, clusters are formed on the surface or inside of the second charge transport layer including metal oxide and / or metal carbide to serve as trap sites for charge. Done. Therefore, it becomes a cause of the fall of a current density and a fill factor. Therefore, there is an effect of preventing the formation of clusters on the surface and / or the inside of the second charge transport layer within the above range.

3 illustrates an example of a solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, Figure 1 shows a solar cell of the inverted structure. 1 shows ITO as a cathode on a substrate, and a second charge transport layer on the cathode. In addition, a first charge transport layer including a charge transport material represented by Formula 1 was formed on the second charge transport layer. In addition, a photoactive layer was formed on the first charge transport layer, and MoO ₃ / Al was formed as an anode.

In one embodiment of the present specification, specifically, the second charge transport layer may include ZnO. In another exemplary embodiment, the second charge transport layer may include a dielectric material. The dielectric material is a conjugated polymer electrolyte, PFN {Poly ((9,9-bis (3'-dimethylamino) propyl) -2,7-fluorene) -alt-2,7- (9,9-diotylfluorene)]) It may include, and as a non-conjugated polymer electrolyte, may include PEI (polyethyleneimine) and / or PEIE (ethoxylated polyethyleneimine).

4 illustrates an example of a solar cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification. Specifically, Figure 4 shows a solar cell of the inverted structure. FIG. 4 is provided with ITO as a cathode on a substrate, and a second charge transport layer doped with a charge transport material represented by Formula 1 is formed on the cathode. Further, a photoactive layer was provided on the charge transport layer, and MoO ₃ / Al was formed on the photoactive layer.

In one exemplary embodiment, the solar cell includes a first charge transport layer including a charge transport material represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a metal oxide, a carbon compound, a metal carbide dielectric material, and a quantum dot compound. And a second charge transport layer comprising one or two materials selected from the group.

In another embodiment, the first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer are provided in contact with each other. Specifically, the first charge transport layer including the charge transport material represented by Formula 1 is provided between the photoactive layer and the second charge transport layer.

In this specification, the charge transport layer means a layer for transporting “holes” or “electrons”, and may be an electron transport layer or a hole transport layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the charge transport layer is an electron transport layer. The electron transport layer of the present specification may be a cathode buffer layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the first electrode may be a cathode. In another embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the second electrode may be an anode. In another embodiment, the first electrode may be a cathode.

The first electrode of the present specification may be a cathode electrode, and may be a transparent conductive oxide layer or a metal electrode.

When the first electrode is a transparent electrode, the first electrode may be a conductive oxide such as tin indium oxide (ITO) or zinc indium oxide (IZO). Furthermore, the first electrode may be a translucent electrode. When the first electrode is a translucent electrode, it may be made of a translucent metal such as Ag, Au, Mg, Ca or an alloy thereof. When the translucent metal is used as the first electrode, the solar cell may have a microcavity structure.

When the electrode of the present specification is a transparent conductive oxide layer, the electrode may be made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polypropylene (PP), polyimide (PI), PC (polycarbornate), PS ( conductive on flexible and transparent materials such as polystylene, POM (polyoxymethylene), AS resin (acrylonitrile styrene copolymer), ABS resin (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer) and plastics including TAC (Triacetyl cellulose), PAR (polyarylate), etc. Doped materials may be used. Specifically, indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), ZnO-Ga ₂ O ₃ , ZnO-Al ₂ O ₃ and antimony tin oxide (ATO), and the like, and more specifically ITO.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the second electrode may be an anode, and the second electrode may be a metal electrode. Specifically, the metal electrode includes silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), platinum (Pt), tungsten (W), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), gold (Au), nickel (Ni), and palladium (Pd). It may include one or two or more selected from the group consisting of. More specifically, the metal electrode may be silver (Ag).

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the forming of the first electrode and / or the second electrode may be performed by sequentially cleaning the patterned ITO substrate with a detergent, acetone, and isopropanol (IPA), and then removing the 100 from the heating plate to remove moisture. After drying for 1 minute to 30 minutes at 250 ° C., specifically for 10 minutes at 250 ° C., the substrate surface may be hydrophilically modified when the substrate is thoroughly cleaned. Pretreatment techniques for this are a) surface oxidation using parallel planar discharge, b) oxidation of the surface through ozone generated using UV ultraviolet light in a vacuum state, and c) oxygen radicals generated by plasma. To oxidize. Through the surface modification as described above, the bonding surface potential can be maintained at a level suitable for the surface potential of the hole injection layer, the formation of the polymer thin film on the ITO substrate can be facilitated, and the quality of the thin film can be improved. One of the above methods is selected according to the state of the substrate. In any of these methods, the effective effect of pretreatment can be expected by preventing oxygen escape from the surface of the substrate and restraining the remaining of moisture and organic matter as much as possible.

In the examples described below, a method of oxidizing a surface through ozone generated by using UV was used, and after ultrasonic cleaning, the patterned ITO substrate was baked on a hot plate and dried well. It is then put into a chamber and a UV lamp is activated to clean the ITO substrate patterned by ozone generated by oxygen gas reacting with UV light. However, the surface modification method of the patterned ITO substrate in this invention does not need to specifically limit, Any method may be used as long as it is a method of oxidizing a substrate.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell includes one or more organic material layers selected from the group consisting of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole blocking layer, a charge generating layer, an electron blocking layer, an electron injection layer, and an electron transport layer. It includes more.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell has an inverted structure in which the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode, and a cathode buffer layer is provided between the first electrode and the photoactive layer. An anode buffer layer is provided between the second electrode and the photoactive layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, in addition to the anode buffer layer and the cathode buffer layer may further include another organic material layer. In another embodiment, only one of the anode buffer layer and the cathode buffer layer may be included, and may not include the buffer layer.

In another embodiment, in the exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell has a normal structure in which the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode, and between the first electrode and the photoactive layer. An anode buffer layer is provided, and a cathode buffer layer is provided between the second electrode and the photoactive layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the cathode buffer layer may be an electron transport layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the anode buffer layer may be a hole transport layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell is an organic solar cell or an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the organic solar cell or the organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell may select the material of the photoactive layer according to the needs of those skilled in the art.

Specifically, the photoactive layer in the organic solar cell includes an electron donor material and an electron acceptor material as a photoactive material. In the present specification, the photoactive material may mean the electron donor material and the electron acceptor material.

According to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification, the electron donor material is at least one electron donor; Or a polymer of at least one kind of electron acceptor and at least one kind of electron donor. The electron donor may include at least one kind of electron donor. In addition, the electron donor includes a polymer of at least one kind of electron acceptor and at least one kind of electron donor.

Specifically, the electron donor material is thiophene-based, fluorene-based, carbazole-based, etc. starting with MEH-PPV (poly [2-methoxy-5- (2′-ethyl-hexyloxy) -1,4-phenylene vinylene]) It can be a variety of high molecular and monomolecular materials.

Specifically, the monomolecular substance is copper (II) phthalocyanine, zinc phthalocyanine, tris [4- (5-dicynomethylidemethyl-2-thienyl) phenyl] Amine (tris [4- (5-dicyanomethylidenemethyl-2-thienyl) phenyl] amine), 2,4-bis [4- (N, N-dibenzylamino) -2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squalane (2,4-bis [4- (N, N-dibenzylamino) -2,6-dihydroxyphenyl] squaraine), benz [b] anthracene, and pentacene It may include one or more materials.

Specifically, the polymer material is poly 3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT: poly 3-hexyl thiophene), PCDTBT (poly [N-9'-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5- (4'-) 7'-di-2-thienyl-2 ', 1', 3'-benzothiadiazole)]), PCPDTBT (poly [2,6- (4,4-bis- (2-ethylhexyl) -4H-cyclopenta [2, 1-b; 3,4-b '] dithiophene) -alt-4,7- (2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]), PFO-DBT (poly [2,7- (9,9-dioctyl-fluorene) ) -alt-5,5- (4,7-di 2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]), PTB7 (Poly [[4,8-bis [(2-ethylhexyl) oxy] benzo [1 , 2-b: 4,5-b '] dithiophene-2,6-diyl] [3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl] thieno [3,4-b] thiophenediyl]]), PSiF- 1 selected from the group consisting of DBT (Poly [2,7- (9,9-dioctyl-dibenzosilole) -alt-4,7-bis (thiophen-2-yl) benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole]) It may include more than one species.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the electron acceptor material may be a fullerene derivative or a nonfullerene derivative.

The fullerene derivative may be a C ₆₀ to C ₁₂₀ fullerene derivative and can be selected by those skilled in the art as needed. The fullerene derivative may be substituted or unsubstituted by selecting from the above-described substituents as necessary.

The fullerene derivative has an ability to separate electron-hole pairs (exciton, electron-hole pair) and charge mobility compared to the non-fullerene derivative, which is advantageous for efficiency characteristics.

In addition, in one embodiment of the present specification, the photoactive layer may be a bulk heterojunction structure or a double layer junction structure. The bulk heterojunction structure may be a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) junction type, and the bilayer junction structure may be a bi-layer junction type.

The photoactive materials are dissolved in an organic solvent and then the solution is introduced into the photoactive layer in a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 280 nm by spin coating or the like. In this case, the photoactive layer may be applied to a method such as dip coating, screen printing, spray coating, doctor blade, brush painting.

In another embodiment, the photoactive layer in the organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell is a quantum dot solar cell using a quantum dot (quantum dot), a silicon solar cell using a silicon layer or a perovskite using a compound of the perovskite structure Photoactive layer materials, such as a skytight solar cell, can be selected according to the needs of those skilled in the art.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, the conductive oxide of the electron transport layer may be electron-extracting metal oxides, specifically, titanium oxide (TiO _x ); Zinc oxide (ZnO); And cesium carbonate (Cs ₂ CO ₃ ) It may include one or more selected from the group consisting of.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, the metal may include a core shell including metal oxides such as silver nanoparticles (Ag nanoparticles), gold nanoparticles (Au nanoparticles), Ag-SiO ₂ , Ag-TiO ₂ , Au-TiO _2, and the like. core shell) material. The core shell material includes a metal as a core, and includes metal oxides such as Ag-SiO ₂ , Ag-TiO ₂ , Au-TiO ₂ , as shells.

The electron transport layer may be formed by being applied to one surface of the first electrode or coated in a film form using sputtering, E-Beam, thermal deposition, spin coating, screen printing, inkjet printing, doctor blade or gravure printing.

The hole transport layer may be introduced on top of the pretreated photoactive layer by spin coating, dip coating, inkjet printing, gravure printing, spray coating, doctor blade, bar coating, gravure coating, brush painting, thermal deposition, and the like. . In this case, poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (4-styrenesulfonate) [PEDOT: PSS] is mainly used as a conductive polymer solution, and is used as a hole-extracting metal oxides material. Molybdenum oxide (MoO _x ), vanadium oxide (V ₂ O ₅ ), nickel oxide (NiO), tungsten oxide (WO _x ) and the like can be used. According to one embodiment of the present specification, the hole transport layer may be formed to a thickness of 5 nm ~ 10 nm through the MoO ₃ thermal deposition system.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell may further include a substrate. Specifically, the substrate may be provided under the first electrode.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, the substrate may use a substrate having excellent transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and waterproofness. Specifically, a glass substrate, a thin film glass substrate, or a transparent plastic substrate may be used. The plastic substrate may include a film such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), and polyimide (PI) in the form of a single layer or a multilayer. However, the substrate is not limited thereto, and a substrate commonly used in solar cells may be used.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell may have a wound structure. Specifically, the solar cell can be manufactured in the form of a flexible film, it can be rolled into a cylindrical shape can be made into a hollow solar cell structure. When the solar cell is a wound structure, it can be installed by placing it on the ground. In this case, while the sun at the position where the solar cell is installed is moved from east to west, it is possible to secure a portion where the incident angle of light is maximum. Therefore, there is an advantage to increase the efficiency by absorbing as much light as possible while the sun is floating.

In addition, the present specification comprises the steps of preparing a substrate; Forming a first electrode on the substrate; Forming at least two organic material layers including at least two organic material layers including a photoactive layer and a charge transport layer on the first electrode; And forming a second electrode on the organic material layer.

In the present specification, a method of manufacturing the solar cell may use a method generally used except for including the aforementioned charge transport layer.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, the forming of the first electrode may include modifying the surface to be hydrophilic after cleaning.

According to one embodiment of the present specification, the manufacturing of the single layer solar cell may further include forming a hole transport layer and forming an electron transport layer.

In one embodiment of the present specification, the solar cell further includes the step of heat treatment or UV treatment after forming the organic material layer.

The charge transport material according to an exemplary embodiment of the present specification includes a charge transport material in which an ionic group is inserted in the middle of a crown compound represented by Chemical Formula 1. In the case of further comprising the step of heat treatment or UV treatment as described above, the compounds represented by Formula 1 may be bonded to each other to form a single chemically bonded fullerene layer. In this case, there is an effect of increasing the thermal stability.

In the present specification, the substrate, the first electrode, the photoactive layer, the charge transport layer and the second electrode are the same as described above.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples. However, embodiments according to the present disclosure may be modified in various other forms, and the scope of the present disclosure is not interpreted to be limited to the embodiments described below. The embodiments of the present specification are provided to more fully describe the present specification to those skilled in the art.

실험예Experimental Example 1. One.

A film was formed after heat treatment after spin coating a charge transport layer containing 0.1 wt% of a crown derivative having the following crosslinkable substituent in a solution of 1: 1 mixing ethyl acetate and methanol on an ITO glass as a first electrode. . A photoactive layer was formed on the charge transport layer with P3HT: PC ₆₀ BM. After forming a buffer layer using MoO ₃ on the photoactive layer, a second electrode was formed of Ag on the buffer layer to prepare an organic solar cell having an inverted structure.

ITO / Cross linkable [18-crown-6] / P3HT: PC ₆₀ BM / MoO ₃ / Ag

Cross linkable [18-crown-6]

실험예Experimental Example 2. 2.

An organic solar cell was manufactured by the same method as Experimental Example 1, except for using a material including potassium ions (K ⁺ ) in the center of 18-crown-6 in Experimental Example 1.

Cross linkable [18-crown-6] K +

비교예Comparative example 1. One.

An organic solar cell was manufactured by the same method as Experimental Example 1, except that ZnO instead of cross linkable [18-crown-6] as the charge transport layer in Experimental Example 1.

비교예Comparative example 2. 2.

An organic solar cell was manufactured by the same method as Experimental Example 1, except that the following crown derivative was used in Experimental Example 1.

[18-crown-6]

비교예Comparative example 3. 3.

ITO / [18-crown-6] K + / P3HT: PC ₆₀ BM / MoO ₃ / Ag

[18-crown-6] K +

비교예Comparative example 4. 4.

An organic solar cell was manufactured by the same method as Experimental Example 3, except that Hexacyclen was used in Experimental Example 1.

ITO / Hexacyclen / P3HT: PC ₆₀ BM / MoO ₃ / Ag

Hexacyclen

Photoelectric conversion properties of the organic solar cells prepared according to the Experimental and Comparative Examples are shown in Table 1 below.

	전자 수송층Electron transport layer	V_OC(V)V _OC (V)	J_SC(mA/cm²)J _SC (mA / cm ² )	FFFF	PCE(%)PCE (%)
실험예 1Experimental Example 1	Cross linkable [18-crown-6]Cross linkable [18-crown-6]	0.4420.442	9.999.99	0.5300.530	2.342.34
실험예 2Experimental Example 2	Cross linkable [18-crown-6] K+Cross linkable [18-crown-6] K +	0.5820.582	10.88210.882	0.5450.545	3.453.45
비교예 1Comparative Example 1	ZnOZnO	0.6100.610	10.92810.928	0.5970.597	3.983.98
비교예 2Comparative Example 2	18-crown-618-crown-6	0.4390.439	9.8309.830	0.4600.460	1.981.98
비교예 3Comparative Example 3	18-crown-6 K+18-crown-6 K +	0.5710.571	10.43610.436	0.5260.526	3.133.13
비교예 4Comparative Example 4	HexacyclenHexacyclen	0.5520.552	10.01810.018	0.5460.546	3.023.02

When the heat treatment is performed at 80 ℃ temperature is shown in Figure 5 the device efficiency change of each organic solar cell. The low melting point of 18-crown-6 in the absence of cross linking decreases the efficiency of the device faster than in the case of ZnO, but the thermal stability of the device increases significantly when cross-linking. It can be observed that the performance of the device is maintained at 96% or more even after the heat treatment of time. (ZnO: 86%, 18-crown-6: 78%)

Hexacyclen showed better thermal stability than ZnO even without cross linking due to its high dielectric constant and melting point, and higher open voltage, current density and charge compared to 18-crown-6. As a result, more than 50% efficiency was obtained.

Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the specific technology is provided to inform the scope of the invention, and thus the scope of the invention is not limited. Thus, the substantial scope of the present invention will be defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

A first electrode;

A second electrode provided to face the first electrode;

A photoactive layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; And

A solar cell comprising a charge transport layer comprising a charge transport material represented by Formula 1 between the photoactive layer and the first electrode or the second electrode:

[Formula 1]

In Chemical Formula 1,

n is the number of repeats of the structure in parentheses 1 to 3,

when n is 2 or more, the structures in the two or more parentheses are the same or different from each other,

X1 to X4 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently O, S or NR,

R and R1 to R16 are the same as or different from each other, and each independently hydrogen; Halogen group; Carboxylic acid groups; Nitro group; Nitrile group; Imide group; Amide group; Imine group; Thioimide; Anhydride group; Hydroxyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted ester group; Substituted or unsubstituted thioester group; Substituted or unsubstituted thioester group; Substituted or unsubstituted carbonyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted thio group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; A substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryloxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkylthioxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted arylthioxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkyl sulfoxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl sulfoxy group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted silyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted boron group; Substituted or unsubstituted alkylamine group; A substituted or unsubstituted aralkylamine group; Substituted or unsubstituted arylamine group; Substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylamine group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; Or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroring group, or adjacent substituents are bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring; Or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocycle,

R1 to R16; And when adjacent substituents are bonded to each other to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon ring, at least one of the substituents of the formed hydrocarbon ring is a crosslinking substituent.
The method according to claim 1,

The crosslinkable substituent is a substituted or unsubstituted vinyl group; Substituted or unsubstituted aryl group; Substituted or unsubstituted acrylate group; Hydroxyl group; Or an isocyanate group.
The method according to claim 1,

The charge transport material further comprises an ionic group,

The ionic group is provided with an intercalation (intercalation) in the central portion of the charge transport material represented by the formula (1).
The method according to claim 1,

The charge transport layer is a solar cell provided in contact with the photoactive layer.
The method according to claim 1,

The solar cell has an inverted structure in which the first electrode is a cathode and the second electrode is an anode.

The charge transport layer is a solar cell provided between the photoactive layer and the first electrode.
The method according to claim 1,

The solar cell has a normal structure in which the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode.

The charge transport layer is a solar cell provided between the photoactive layer and the second electrode.
The method according to claim 1,

The charge transport layer further comprises one or two materials selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, carbon compounds, metal carbide dielectric materials and quantum dot compounds.
The method according to claim 7,

The concentration of the charge transport material represented by Chemical Formula 1 is 0.1 to the mass of one or two materials selected from the group consisting of the metal oxide, carbon compound, metal carbide dielectric material and quantum dot compound. The solar cell is wt% to 10 wt%.
The method according to claim 1,

The solar cell includes a first charge transport layer comprising a charge transport material represented by Formula 1 and

A solar cell comprising a second charge transport layer comprising one or two materials selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, carbon compounds, metal carbide dielectric materials, and quantum dot compounds.
The method according to claim 9,

The first charge transport layer and the second charge transport layer is provided in contact with each other solar cells.
The method according to claim 9,

The first charge transport layer comprising a charge transport material represented by Formula 1 is provided between the photoactive layer and the second charge transport layer.
The method according to claim 1,

The charge transport layer is an organic solar cell that is an electron transport layer.
The method according to claim 1,

The solar cell further comprises one or more organic material layers selected from the group consisting of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole blocking layer, a charge generating layer, an electron blocking layer, an electron injection layer and an electron transport layer.
The method according to claim 1,

The solar cell is an organic solar cell, or an organic-inorganic hybrid solar cell.
Preparing a substrate;

Forming a first electrode on the substrate;

Forming at least two organic material layers including at least two organic material layers including a photoactive layer and a charge transport layer on the first electrode; And

The method of manufacturing a solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, including forming a second electrode on the organic material layer.