Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
  • C10G67/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only
  • C10G67/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only including solvent extraction as the refining step in the absence of hydrogen
  • C10G67/0409—Extraction of unsaturated hydrocarbons
  • C10G67/0445—The hydrotreatment being a hydrocracking
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
  • C10G69/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only
  • C10G69/06—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one step of thermal cracking in the absence of hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G69/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process
  • C10G69/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only
  • C10G69/12—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one polymerisation or alkylation step
  • C10G69/123—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one other conversion process plural serial stages only including at least one polymerisation or alkylation step alkylation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
  • C10G2300/1037—Hydrocarbon fractions
  • C10G2300/1048—Middle distillates
  • C10G2300/1051—Kerosene having a boiling range of about 180 - 230 °C
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/20—C2-C4 olefins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/28—Propane and butane
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/30—Aromatics

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for upgrading refinery heavy hydrocarbons to petrochemicals.
• EP 1 779 929 relates to a process for the conversion of sulphur containing hydrocarbon feedstocks into a form suitable for use in automotive diesel.
• US patent application No 2012/000819 relates to a method for producing an alkyl benzene with a high added value, and a catalyst used therefor, wherein the method allows a minimum naphthene ring-opening reaction to occur by causing an appropriate hydrocracking reaction without causing unnecessary nuclear hydrogenation.
• US Patent No 4,943,366 relates to the production of high octane gasoline by hydrocracking highly aromatic fractions obtained from catalytic cracking operations, wherein a gas oil or resid feed is cracked in an FCC unit and the cracking products are fractionated in the cracker fractionator and in a distillation tower. The lower boiling fraction is then passed to hydrotreater which forms the first stage of the hydrocracking unit. The hydrotreated cycle oil then passes to another hydrocracker which forms the second stage of the unit in which the saturation of the aromatics continues and ring opening and cracking take place to form a hydrocracked product. After hydrogen separation in a separator, the hydrocracker effluent is fractionated in a distillation tower to form the products including dry gas, gasoline, middle distillate and a bottoms fraction.
• WO2007/055488 relates to a method of preparing aromatic hydrocarbons and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a hydrocarbon mixture, comprising the following steps of: (a) introducing a hydrocarbon feedstock mixture and hydrogen into at least one reaction zone; (b) converting the hydrocarbon feedstock mixture in the presence of a catalyst to (i) a non-aromatic hydrocarbon compound through hydrocracking and to (ii) an aromatic hydrocarbon compound which is abundant in benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) through dealkylation/transalkylation within the reaction zone; and (c) recovering the LPG and aromatic hydrocarbon compound, respectively from the reaction products of step (b) through gas-liquid separation and distillation.
• LPG liquefied petroleum gas
• W099/22577 relates to a low pressure hydrocracking, the process comprising the following steps: (a) mixing a liquid feed with hydrogen gas, (b) hydrocracking said mixture in a fixed bed hydrocracker which possesses at least two beds of packed catalyst particles, producing a lighter fraction and a heavier fraction , c) passing a portion of the heavier fraction through an extinction recycle process comprising the following steps:(1 ) passing the material to be recycled to a hydrocracker and (2) recycling the heavier fraction of the effluent.
• US patent application No 2012/205285 relates to a process for hydroprocessing a hydrocarbon feed, which comprises (a) contacting the feed with (i) a diluent and (ii) hydrogen, to produce a liquid feed; (b) contacting the liquid feed with a first catalyst in a first treatment zone, to produce a first product effluent; (c) contacting the first product effluent with a second catalyst in a second treatment zone, to produce a second product effluent; and (d) recycling a portion of the second product effluent as a recycle product stream for use in the diluent in step (a), wherein the first treatment zone comprises at least two stages, wherein the first catalysts is a hydrotreating catalyst and the second catalyst is a ring opening catalyst, the first and second treatment zones are liquid-full reaction zones.
• US patent application No 2012/083639 relates to process for maximizing high-value aromatics production utilizing stabilized crude benzene withdrawal, the process comprising the steps of: separating aromatic reactor effluent comprising a C5- fraction and a C6 to C10 fraction into a benzene-rich stream and at least one liquid stream and at least one vapor stream depleted in benzene, one of the liquid streams depleted in benzene comprising a benzene-depleted C6- fraction; and removing at least a portion of the C5- fraction from the benzene-rich stream.
• US patent application No. 2006/287561 relates to a process for increasing the production of C2-C4 light olefin hydrocarbons by integrating a process for producing an aromatic hydrocarbon mixture and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) from a hydrocarbon mixture and a process for producing a hydrocarbon feedstock which is capable of being used as a feedstock in the former process.
• LPG liquefied petroleum gas
• US patent application No 2007/062848 relates to a process for hydrocracking a feed comprising not less than 20 weight % of one or more aromatic compounds containing at least two fused aromatic rings which compounds are unsubstituted or substituted by up to two C1 -4 alkyl radicals to produce a product stream comprising not less than 35 weight % of a mixture of C2-4 alkanes.
• bitumen from the oil sands is fed to a conventional distillation unit, and a naphtha stream from the distillation unit is fed to a naphtha hydrotreater unit.
• the overhead gas stream is a light gas/light paraffin stream and fed to hydrocarbon cracker.
• a diesel stream from the distillation unit is fed to a diesel hydrotreater unit, and the gas oil stream from the distillation unit is fed to a vacuum distillation unit, wherein a vacuum gas oil stream from the vacuum distillation unit is fed to a gas oil hydrotreater.
• a light gas stream from the gas oil hydrotreater is fed to hydrocarbon cracker.
• the hydrotreated vacuum gas oil from the vacuum gas oil hydrotreater is fed to a catalytic cracker unit.
• the bottom stream from the vacuum distillation unit is a vacuum (heavy) residue and is sent to a delayed coker producing a number of streams, such as a naphtha stream being sent to a naphtha hydrotreater unit, a diesel stream is sent to diesel hydrotreater unit to produce hydrotreated diesel, and a gas oil stream is fed to a vacuum gas oil hydrotreater unit resulting in a hydrotreated gas oil stream which is fed to a catalytic cracker unit.
• crude oil is processed, via distillation, into a number of cuts such as naphtha, gas oils and residua.
• cuts such as naphtha, gas oils and residua.
• Each of these cuts has a number of potential uses such as for producing transportation fuels such as gasoline, diesel and kerosene or as feeds to some petrochemicals and other processing units.
• Light crude oil cuts such as naphthas and some gas oils can be used for producing light olefins and single ring aromatic compounds via processes such as steam cracking in which the hydrocarbon feed stream is evaporated and diluted with steam and then exposed to a very high temperature (750°C to 900°C) in short residence time ( ⁇ 1 second) furnace (reactor) tubes.
• the hydrocarbon molecules in the feed are transformed into (on average) shorter molecules and molecules with lower hydrogen to carbon ratios (such as olefins) when compared to the feed molecules.
• This process also generates hydrogen as a useful by-product and significant quantities of lower value co-products such as methane and C9+ Aromatics and condensed aromatic species (containing more aromatic rings which share edges).
• the heavier (or higher boiling point) aromatic species such as residua are further processed in a crude oil refinery to maximize the yields of lighter (distillable) products from the crude oil.
• This processing can be carried out by processes such as hydro-cracking (whereby the hydro-cracker feed is exposed to a suitable catalyst under conditions which result in some fraction of the feed molecules being broken into shorter hydrocarbon molecules with the simultaneous addition of hydrogen).
• Heavy refinery stream hydrocracking is typically carried out at high pressures and temperatures and thus has a high capital cost.
• Heavier crude oil cuts are relatively rich in substituted aromatic species and especially substituted condensed aromatic species (containing two or more aromatic rings which share edges) and under steam cracking conditions these materials yield substantial quantities of heavy by products such as C9+ aromatics and condensed aromatics.
• a consequence of the conventional combination of crude oil distillation and steam cracking is that a substantial fraction of the crude oil is preferably not processed via the steam cracker as the cracking yield of valuable products from heavier cuts is not considered to be sufficiently high, compared to the alternative refinery fuel value.
• hydrocracking plants have high capital costs and, as with most petrochemicals processes, the capital cost of these units typically scales with throughput raised to the power of 0.6 or 0.7. Consequently, the capital costs of a small scale hydro-cracking unit are normally considered to be too high to justify such an investment to process steam cracker heavy by-products.
• Another aspect of the conventional hydrocracking of heavy refinery streams such as residua is that these are typically carried out under compromise conditions chosen to achieve the desired overall conversion.
• the feed streams contain a mixture of species with a range of ease of cracking this result in some fraction of the distillable products formed by hydrocracking of relatively easily hydrocracked species being further converted under the conditions necessary to hydrocrack species more difficult to hydrocrack.
• This increases the hydrogen consumption and heat management difficulties associated with the process and also increase the yield of light molecules such as methane at the expense of more valuable species.
• a result of such a combination of crude oil distillation and steam cracking of the lighter distillation cuts is that steam cracking furnaces are typically unsuitable for the processing of cuts which contain significant quantities of material with a boiling point greater than ⁇ 350°C as it is difficult to ensure complete evaporation of these cuts prior to exposing the mixed hydrocarbon and steam stream to the high temperatures required to promote thermal cracking. If droplets of liquid hydrocarbon are present in the hot sections of cracking tubes coke is rapidly deposited on the tube surface which reduces heat transfer and increases pressure drop and ultimately curtails the operation of the cracking tube necessitating a shutdown of the furnace to allow for decoking. Due to this difficulty a significant portion of the original crude oil cannot be processed into light olefins and aromatic species via a steam cracker.
• US2009/173665 relates to a catalyst and process for increasing the monoaromatics content of hydrocarbon feedstocks that include polynuclear aromatics, wherein the increase in monoaromatics can be achieved with an increase in gasoline/diesel yields and while reducing unwanted compounds thereby providing a route for upgrading hydrocarbons that include significant quantities of polynuclear aromatics.
• the LCO Unicracking or LCO-X process of UOP as disclosed in WO2009/008878 uses partial conversion hydrocracking to produce high quality gasoline and diesel stocks in a simple once-through flow scheme.
• the feedstock is processed over a pre-treatment catalyst and then hydrocracked in the same stage.
• the products are subsequently separated without the need for liquid recycle.
• the LCO Unicracking process can be designed for lower pressure operation meaning that the pressure requirement will be somewhat higher than high severity hydrotreating but significantly lower than a conventional partial conversion and full conversion hydrocracking unit design.
• the upgraded middle distillate product makes a suitable ultra-low sulphur diesel (ULSD) blending component.
• ULSD ultra-low sulphur diesel
• the naphtha product from low-pressure hydrocracking of LCO-X has ultra-low sulphur and high octane and can be directly blended into the ultra-low sulphur gasoline (ULSG) pool.
• US 7,513,988 relates to a process to treat compounds comprising two or more fused aromatic rings to saturate at least one ring and then cleave the resulting saturated ring from the aromatic portion of the compound to produce a C2- C4 alkane stream and an aromatic stream.
• Such a process may be integrated with a hydrocarbon (e.g.
• ethylene (steam) cracker so that hydrogen from the cracker may be used to saturate and cleave the compounds comprising two or more aromatic rings and the C2-C4 alkane stream may be fed to the hydrocarbon cracker, or may be integrated with a hydrocarbon cracker (e.g. steam cracker) and an ethyl benzene unit, that is to treat the heavy residues from processing oil sands, tar sands, shale oils or any oil having a high content of fused ring aromatic compounds to produce a stream suitable for petrochemical production.
• a hydrocarbon cracker e.g. steam cracker
• an ethyl benzene unit that is to treat the heavy residues from processing oil sands, tar sands, shale oils or any oil having a high content of fused ring aromatic compounds to produce a stream suitable for petrochemical production.
• US2005/0101814 relates to a process for improving the paraffin content of a feedstock to a steam cracking unit, comprising: passing a feedstream comprising C5 through C9 hydrocarbons including C5 through C9 normal paraffins into a ring opening reactor, the ring opening reactor comprising a catalyst operated at conditions to convert aromatic hydrocarbons to naphtenes and a catalyst operated at conditions to convert naphtenes to paraffins, and producing a second feedstream; and passing at least a portion of the second feedstream to a steam cracking unit.
• US 7,067,448 relates to a process for the manufacture of n-alkanes from mineral oil fractions and fractions from thermal or catalytic conversion plants containing cyclic alkanes, alkenes, cyclic alkenes and/or aromatic compounds. More in detail, this publication refers to a process for processing mineral oil fractions rich in aromatic compounds, in which the cyclic alkanes obtained after the hydrogenation of the aromatic compounds are converted to n-alkanes of a chain length which as far as possible is less than that of the charged carbons.
• the LCO-process as discussed above relates to full conversion hydrocracking of LCO to naphtha, in which LCO is a mono-aromatics and di- aromatics containing stream.
• a consequence of the full conversion hydrocracking is that a highly naphthenic, low octane naphtha is obtained that must be reformed to produce the octane required for product blending.
• WO2006/122275 relates to a process for upgrading a heavy hydrocarbon crude oil feedstock into an oil that is less dense or lighter and contains lower sulphur than the original heavy hydrocarbon crude oil feedstock while making value added materials such as olefins and aromatics, which process comprises, inter alia, the steps of: combining a portion of the heavy hydrocarbon crude oil with an oil soluble catalyst to form a reactant mixture, reacting the pre-treated feedstock under relatively low hydrogen pressure to form a product stream, wherein a first portion of the product stream includes a light oil and a second portion of the product stream includes a heavy crude oil residue, and a third portion of the product stream includes a light hydrocarbon gas, and injecting a portion of the light hydrocarbon gas stream in a cracking unit to produce streams containing hydrogen and at least one olefin.
• WO201 1005476 relates to a process for the treatment of heavy oils, including crude oils, vacuum residue, tar sands, bitumen and vacuum gas oils using a catalytic hydrotreating pre-treatment process, specifically the use of hydrodemetallization (HDM) and hydrodesulphurization (H DS) catalysts in series in order to improve the efficiency of a subsequent coker refinery.
• HDM hydrodemetallization
• H DS hydrodesulphurization
• US2008/194900 relates to an olefins process for steam cracking an aromatics-containing naphtha stream comprising: recovering olefins and pyrolysis gasoline streams from a steam cracking furnace effluent, hydrogenating the pyrolysis gasoline stream and recovering a C6-C8 stream therefrom, hydrotreating an aromatics-containing naphtha stream to obtain a naphtha feed, dearomatizing the C6-C8 stream with the naphtha feed stream in a common aromatics extraction unit to obtain a raffinate stream; and feeding the raffinate stream to the steam cracking furnace.
• WO2008/092232 relates to a process for extraction of chemical components from a feedstock, such as a petroleum, natural gas condensate, or petrochemical feedstock, such as a whole range naphtha feedstock comprising the steps of: subjecting the whole range naphtha feedstock to a desulphurizing process, separating from the desulphurized whole range naphtha feedstock a C6 to C1 1 hydrocarbon fraction, recovering from the C6 to C1 1 hydrocarbon fraction an aromatics fraction, an aromatics precursors fraction and a raffinate fraction in an aromatics extraction unit, converting aromatics precursors in the aromatics precursors fraction to aromatics, and recovering aromatics from step in the aromatics extraction unit.
• a feedstock such as a petroleum, natural gas condensate, or petrochemical feedstock, such as a whole range naphtha feedstock
• a feedstock such as a petroleum, natural gas condensate, or petrochemical feedstock, such as a whole range naphth
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a process for upgrading of a crude oil feedstock to petrochemicals with a high carbon efficiency and hydrogen integration.
• the present invention relates thus to a process for upgrading refinery heavy hydrocarbons to petrochemicals, comprising the following steps of:
• step (d) separating reaction products of said hydrocracking unit of step (c) into an overhead gas stream, comprising light boiling hydrocarbons, and a BTX (a mixture of benzene, toluene and xylenes) comprising bottom stream,
• step (e) feeding the overhead gas stream from the hydrocracking unit of step (d) and the gaseous stream from the separation unit of step (b) to a steam cracking unit and at least one or more units chosen from the group of propane dehydrogenation unit, butane dehydrogenation and combined propane-butane dehydrogenation unit, preferably after separating a hydrogen containing stream from said gas streams.
• the present inventors assume that by combining a ring-opening process with a hydrocracking unit, i.e. a so called gasoline hydrocracking unit/feed hydrocracking unit ("GHC/FHC") the overall process no longer produces fuels in addition to LPG and BTXE but only LPG and BTXE. The latter may also obtained directly as a purified stream as all co-boilers of BTXE are cracked.
• the LPG can be used in steam cracking and/or PDH/BDH .
• the hydrogen produced there can be used to feed these hydro processing steps. If needed hydrodesulphurization (HDS), hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) can be applied according to the catalyst/process requirements.
• HDS hydrodesulphurization
• HDN hydrodenitrogenation
• hydrocracking is used herein in its generally accepted sense and thus may be defined as catalytic cracking process assisted by the presence of an elevated partial pressure of hydrogen; see e.g. Alfke et al. (2007).
• the products of this process are saturated hydrocarbons and, depending on the reaction conditions such as temperature, pressure and space velocity and catalyst activity, aromatic hydrocarbons including BTX.
• LPG refers to the well-established acronym for the term "liquefied petroleum gas”. LPG generally consists of a blend of C3-C4 hydrocarbons i.e. a mixture of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons.
• the one of the petrochemical products produced in the process of the present invention is BTX.
• BTX as used herein relates to a mixture of benzene, toluene and xylenes.
• the product produced in the process of the present invention comprises further useful aromatic hydrocarbons such as ethyl benzene.
• the present invention preferably provides a process for producing a mixture of benzene, toluene xylenes and ethyl benzene (“BTXE").
• the product as produced may be a physical mixture of the different aromatic hydrocarbons or may be directly subjected to further separation, e.g. by distillation, to provide different purified product streams.
• Such purified product stream may include a benzene product stream, a toluene product stream, a xylene product stream and/or an ethyl benzene product stream.
• naphthenic hydrocarbons or “naphthenes” or “cycloalkanes” is used herein having its established meaning and accordingly relates types of alkanes that have one or more rings of carbon atoms in the chemical structure of their molecules.
• the liquid effluent or even the full reactor effluent from the ring opening process is fed to the hydrocracking unit ("GHC/FHC").
• GHC/FHC hydrocracking unit
• the liquid effluent is vaporized before entering the hydrocracking unit.
• the feed to the hydrocracking unit can be liquid phase, vapour phase or mixed vapour-liquid phase.
• the hydrogen loop can be applied around both units, i.e. the ring opening reaction area and the hydrocracking unit (“GHC/FHC”), with multiple addition and injection points of hydrogen.
• the naphtha stream or a portion thereof is sent to the FHC/GHC reaction section and possibly all heavier material is recycled to be further converted thus simplifying the flowchart.
• the present process further comprises separating reaction products of said hydrocracking unit of step (c) into an overhead gas stream, comprising light boiling hydrocarbons and a BTX comprising bottom stream.
• the hydrogen containing gaseous stream may be separated from the overhead gas stream comprising light boiling hydrocarbons.
• the present process further preferably comprises feeding the overhead gas stream from the hydrocracking unit of step (d) and the gaseous stream from the separation unit of step (b) to another separation unit and feeding the thus separated streams to said steam cracking unit and said dehydrogenation unit(s).
• the dehydrogenation process is a catalytic process and the steam cracking process is a thermal cracking process.
• the process further comprises feeding the overhead stream from the hydrocracking unit and the gaseous stream from the separation unit to a steam cracking unit and one or more units chosen from the group of propane dehydrogenation unit, butane dehydrogenation and combined propane-butane dehydrogenation unit, preferably after separating a hydrogen containing stream from the gas streams.
• the present process further comprises pre-treating the hydrocarbon feedstock in a splitter unit, from which splitter unit the naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons are fed directly into the hydrocracking unit and its heavier fraction is fed into the ring opening reaction area.
• the present process further comprises preferably pre-treating the hydrocarbon feedstock in an aromatics extraction unit, from which aromatics extraction unit its aromatic rich stream is fed into the reaction area for ringopening, wherein the aromatics extraction unit is chosen from the group of the type of a distillation unit, the molecular sieve type and the type of a solvent extraction unit.
• aromatics extraction unit is chosen from the group of the type of a distillation unit, the molecular sieve type and the type of a solvent extraction unit.
• Such a preferred process can produce a highly naphthenic and aromatic naphtha range material based on the type of feed material that can be processed in the FHC/GHC section to produce a maximum BTX as again even more naphthenics are converted to BTX when compared to feeding directly into a ring-opening process.
• the hydrogen loop for the three reaction sections can be optimized with respect to purity, cascading, pressure levels. Heavy unconverted material at the outlet of the ring-opening reactor can be recycled to either the ring-opening process or to the first hydrocracking step.
• the present process further comprises preferably pre-treating the hydrocarbon feedstock in a pre-hydrocracking unit, from which pre-hydrocracking unit the gaseous stream comprising LPG is fed to a steam cracking unit and at least one or more units chosen from the group of propane dehydrogenation unit, butane dehydrogenation unit and combined propane-butane dehydrogenation unit, its heavier hydrocarbon fraction is fed to the ring opening reaction area and a stream comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons is fed directly to the hydrocracking unit.
• the first pre-hydrocracking step can be replaced by a hydrodealkylation/reforming process, resulting in a high purity BTXE stream.
• BTX can be produced compared to the embodiment of the pre-hydrocracking step because of the 'active' additional aromatics production in the reforming type of first reactor, which means that not only naphtenes are aromatized but also some additional ring formation must occur.
• the present process further comprises preferably pre-treating the hydrocarbon feedstock in a hydrodealkylation/reforming type unit, from which hydrodealkylation/reforming type unit a BTXE stream is obtained, the gaseous stream comprising LPG is fed to one or more units chosen from the group of steam cracking unit, propane dehydrogenation unit, butane dehydrogenation unit and combined propane-butane dehydrogenation unit, and its heavier hydrocarbon fraction is fed into the ring opening reaction area.
• the present process further comprises preferably feeding a bottom stream, e.g. the BTX rich stream of the hydrocracking unit to a transalkylation unit.
• the present process further comprises preferably feeding the liquid stream comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons from the separation unit to an aromatics saturation unit.
• the present process further comprises preferably feeding at least one of the gaseous stream from the separation unit, the gaseous stream from the hydrodealkylation/reforming type unit and the gaseous stream from the pre- hydrocracking unit to the hydrocracking unit.
• at least one of a stream from the hydrodealkylation/reforming type unit and a stream from the pre-hydrocracking unit is sent to the reaction area for ringopening.
• Such a stream can be a gaseous stream.
• the overhead stream from the hydrocracking unit, the gaseous stream from the separation unit, and possibly the gaseous streams from the pre- hydrocracking unit and the hydrodealkylation/reforming type unit can be separated into individual streams, each stream predominantly comprising C2 paraffins, C3 paraffins and C4 paraffins, respectively, and feeding each individual stream to a specific furnace section of the steam cracker unit, wherein a hydrogen containing stream is sent to one or more hydrogen consuming process units, such as the hydrocracking unit and the reaction area for ring opening.
• the gaseous stream, sent to the steam cracker unit is partly sent to a dehydrogenation unit, wherein it is preferred to send only the C3-C4 fraction to the dehydrogenation unit, especially as separate C3 and C4 streams, more preferably as a combined C3 + C4 stream.
• the present method comprises the combination of a steam cracker unit and at least one unit chosen from the group of a butanes dehydrogenation unit, a propane dehydrogenation unit, a combined propane-butanes dehydrogenation unit, or a combination of units thereof to produce a mixed product stream.
• This combination of units provides a high yield of the desired products, namely olefinic and aromatic petrochemicals, wherein the portion of the crude oil converted to LPG is increased significantly.
• the gaseous streams are separated into one or more streams, wherein the stream comprising hydrogen is preferably used as a hydrogen source for hydrocracking purpose, the stream comprising methane is preferably used as a fuel source, the stream comprising ethane is preferably used as a feed for the steam cracking unit, the stream comprising propane is preferably used as a feed for a propane dehydrogenation unit, a stream comprising butanes is preferably used as a feed for a butane dehydrogenation unit, a stream comprising C1 -minus is preferably used as a fuel source and/or as a hydrogen source, a stream comprising C3-minus is preferably used as a feed for a propane dehydrogenation unit but, according to another embodiment, also as a feed for the steam cracking unit, a stream comprising C2-C3 is preferably used as a feed
• the present process further comprises recovering hydrogen from the reaction products of one or more units chosen from the group of steam cracking unit, propane dehydrogenation unit, butane dehydrogenation unit and combined propane-butane dehydrogenation unit, and feeding the hydrogen thus recovered to the hydrocracking unit and the reaction area for ring opening, especially further comprising recovering hydrogen from the dehydrogenation unit and feeding the hydrogen thus recovered to any hydrogen consuming unit, such as the hydrocracking unit and the reaction area for ring opening.
• the process conditions prevailing in the reaction area for ring opening include preferably a temperature from 100[deg.] C. to 500[deg.] C. and a pressure from 2 to 10 MPa together with from 50 to 300 kg of hydrogen per 1 ,000 kg of feedstock over an aromatic hydrogenation catalyst and passing the resulting stream to a ring cleavage unit at a temperature from 200[deg.] C. to 600[deg.] C. and a pressure from 1 to 12 MPa together with from 50 to 200 kg of hydrogen per 1 ,000 kg of the resulting stream over a ring cleavage catalyst.
• (aromatic) ring opening unit refers to a refinery unit for performing a hydrocracking process suitable for converting a feed that is relatively rich in aromatic hydrocarbon having a boiling point in the kerosene and gasoil boiling point range to produce LPG and, depending on the process conditions, a light- distillate (ARO-derived gasoline).
• ARO process is for instance described in US 7,513,988.
• the ARO process may comprise aromatic ring saturation at a temperature of 300-500 °C, a pressure of 2-10 MPa together with 10-30 wt-% of hydrogen (in relation to the hydrocarbon feedstock) in the presence of an aromatic hydrogenation catalyst and ring cleavage at a temperature of 200-600 °C, a pressure of 1 -12 MPa together with 5-20 wt-% of hydrogen (in relation to the hydrocarbon feedstock) in the presence of an ring cleavage catalyst, wherein said aromatic ring saturation and ring cleavage may be performed in one reactor or in two consecutive reactors.
• the aromatic hydrogenation catalyst may be a conventional hydrogenation/hydrotreating catalyst such as a catalyst comprising a mixture of Ni, W and Mo on a refractory support, typically alumina.
• the ring cleavage catalyst comprises a metallic component and a support, preferably one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Pd, Rh, Ru, Ir, Os, Cu, Co, Ni, Pt, Fe, Zn, Ga, In, Mo, W and V.
• the process can be steered towards full saturation and subsequent cleavage of all rings (relatively long residence time under aromatic ring saturation conditions) or towards keeping one aromatic ring unsaturated and subsequently cleavage of all but one ring (relatively short residence time under aromatic ring saturation conditions).
• the ARO process produces a light-distillate ("ARO-gasoline") which is relatively rich in hydrocarbon compounds having one aromatic ring.
• the process conditions prevailing in the separation unit include preferably a temperature from 149[deg.]C to 288[deg.]C and a pressure from 1 MPa to 17.3 Mpa.
• the process conditions prevailing in the hydrocracking unit include preferably a reaction temperature of 300-580 °C, preferable of 450-580 °C, more preferable of 470-550 °C, a pressure of 0.3-5 MPa gauge, preferably at a pressure of 0.6-3 MPa gauge, particularly preferable at a pressure of 1000-2000 kPa gauge most preferable at a pressure of 1 -2 MPa gauge, most preferable at a pressure of 1 .2-1 ,6 Mpa gauge, a Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) of 0.1 -10 h-1 , preferable of 0.2- 6 h-1 , more preferable of 0.4-2 h-1 .
• WHSV Weight Hourly Space Velocity
• the process conditions prevailing in the steam cracking unit include preferably are a reaction temperature around 750-900 °C, residence times of 50- 1000 milliseconds and a pressure selected of atmospheric up to 175 kPa gauge.
• steam cracking relates to a petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons such as ethylene and propylene.
• gaseous hydrocarbon feeds like ethane, propane and butanes, or mixtures thereof
• liquid hydrocarbon feeds like naphtha or gasoil (liquid cracking)
• the reaction temperature is very high, at around 850°C, but the reaction is only allowed to take place very briefly, usually with residence times of 50- 500 milliseconds.
• the hydrocarbon compounds ethane, propane and butanes are separately cracked in accordingly specialized furnaces to ensure cracking at optimal conditions.
• the gas is quickly quenched to stop the reaction in a transfer line heat exchanger or inside a quenching header using quench oil.
• Steam cracking results in the slow deposition of coke, a form of carbon, on the reactor walls. Decoking requires the furnace to be isolated from the process and then a flow of steam or a steam/air mixture is passed through the furnace coils. This converts the hard solid carbon layer to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Once this reaction is complete, the furnace is returned to service.
• the products produced by steam cracking depend on the composition of the feed, the hydrocarbon to steam ratio and on the cracking temperature and furnace residence time.
• Light hydrocarbon feeds such as ethane, propane, butanes or light naphtha give product streams rich in the lighter polymer grade olefins, including ethylene, propylene, and butadiene.
• Heavier hydrocarbon full range and heavy naphtha and gas oil fractions also give products rich in aromatic hydrocarbons.
• fractionation unit To separate the different hydrocarbon compounds produced by steam cracking the cracked gas is subjected to fractionation unit.
• fractionation units are well known in the art and may comprise a so-called gasoline fractionator where the heavy-distillate ("carbon black oil”) and the middle-distillate (“cracked distillate”) are separated from the light-distillate and the gases.
• pyrolysis gasoline or "pygas”
• the gases may be subjected to multiple compression stages wherein the remainder of the light distillate may be separated from the gases between the compression stages.
• acid gases C02 and H2S may be removed between compression stages.
• the gases produced by pyrolysis may be partially condensed over stages of a cascade refrigeration system to about where only the hydrogen remains in the gaseous phase.
• the different hydrocarbon compounds may subsequently be separated by simple distillation, wherein the ethylene, propylene and C4 olefins are the most important high-value chemicals produced by steam cracking.
• the methane produced by steam cracking is generally used as fuel gas, the hydrogen may be separated and recycled to processes that consume hydrogen, such as hydrocracking processes.
• the acetylene produced by steam cracking preferably is selectively hydrogenated to ethylene.
• the alkanes comprised in the cracked gas may be recycled to the process for converting alkanes to olefins.
• propane dehydrogenation unit as used herein relates to a petrochemical process unit wherein a propane feedstream is converted into a product comprising propylene and hydrogen.
• butane dehydrogenation unit relates to a process unit for converting a butane feedstream into C4 olefins.
• processes for the dehydrogenation of lower alkanes such as propane and butanes are described as lower alkane dehydrogenation process.
• Processes for the dehydrogenation of lower alkanes are well-known in the art and include oxidative hydrogenation processes and non-oxidative dehydrogenation processes.
• the process heat is provided by partial oxidation of the lower alkane(s) in the feed.
• the process heat for the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction is provided by external heat sources such as hot flue gases obtained by burning of fuel gas or steam.
• the UOP Oleflex process allows for the dehydrogenation of propane to form propylene and of (iso)butane to form (iso)butylene (or mixtures thereof) in the presence of a catalyst containing platinum supported on alumina in a moving bed reactor; see e.g. US 4,827,072.
• the Uhde STAR process allows for the dehydrogenation of propane to form propylene or of butane to form butylene in the presence of a promoted platinum catalyst supported on a zinc-alumina spinel; see e.g. US 4,926,005.
• the STAR process has been recently improved by applying the principle of oxydehydrogenation. In a secondary adiabatic zone in the reactor part of the hydrogen from the intermediate product is selectively converted with added oxygen to form water. This shifts the thermodynamic equilibrium to higher conversion and achieve higher yield. Also the external heat required for the endothermic dehydrogenation reaction is partly supplied by the exothermic hydrogen conversion.
• the Lummus Catofin process employs a number of fixed bed reactors operating on a cyclical basis.
• the catalyst is activated alumina impregnated with 18-20 wt-% chromium; see e.g. EP 0 192 059 A1 and GB 2 162 082 A.
• the Catofin process is reported to be robust and capable of handling impurities which would poison a platinum catalyst.
• the products produced by a butane dehydrogenation process depends on the nature of the butane feed and the butane dehydrogenation process used. Also the Catofin process allows for the dehydrogenation of butane to form butylene; see e.g. US 7,622,623.
• the hydrocarbon feedstock of step (a) is chosen form the group of shale oil, crude oil, kerosene, diesel, atmospheric gas oil (AGO), gas condensates, waxes, crude contaminated naphtha, vacuum gas oil (VGO), vacuum residue, atmospheric residue, naphtha and pre-treated naphtha, or a combination thereof.
• Other preferred feed stocks are light cycle oil/heavy cycle oil (LCO/HCO), coker naphtha and diesel, FCC naphtha and diesel and even slurry oil.
• Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment of the process of the invention.
• Figure 2 is another embodiment of the process of the invention.
• Figure 3 is another embodiment of the process of the invention.
• Figure 4 is another embodiment of the process of the invention.
• FIG. 5 is another embodiment of the process of the invention.
• Figure 6 is another embodiment of the process of the invention .
• a process 101 for upgrading refinery heavy hydrocarbons to petrochemicals Hydrocarbon feedstock 5 is sent to a ring opening reaction area 1 and its effluent 17 is sent to a separation unit 2 producing a gaseous stream 4 comprising LPG, liquid stream 18 comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons and a liquid stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons.
• Stream 15, comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons is preferably recycled to the inlet of ringopening reaction area 1 .
• Stream 18 comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons is sent to a hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BTX.
• Stream 4 and stream 9 are combined as stream 10 and further processed in a steam cracker unit and a dehydrogenation unit, chosen from the group of a propane dehydrogenation unit, a butane dehydrogenation unit and a combined propane/butane dehydrogenation unit.
• gaseous stream 10 is first separated in a separation unit 20 into individual streams 24, 25, 26.
• the number of streams is not limited.
• the light hydrocarbons fraction 24 is sent to a gas steam cracker unit 22 and its effluent is sent to a further separation section 23, which section 23 may comprise several separation units.
• Streams 25, 26 are processed in a dehydrogenation section 21 , this section 21 may comprise several dehydrogenation units, such as a propane dehydrogenation unit, a butane dehydrogenation unit and a combined propane/butane dehydrogenation unit.
• the dehydrogenated effluent 28 is sent to separation unit 23 and separated into individual streams 29, 30, for example olefins comprising streams.
• the number of streams is not limited.
• stream 4 can be (partly) sent to hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BTX.
• a hydrocarbon feedstock 5 is pre-treated in a splitter unit 5 producing stream 16, comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons.
• Stream 16 is directly sent to hydrocracking unit 3.
• the effluent of splitter unit 5, comprising heavy hydrocarbons, is sent to a ringopening reaction area 1 .
• Ringopening reaction area 1 produces an effluent stream 17.
• Stream 17 is sent to a separation unit 2 producing a gaseous stream 4 comprising LPG, liquid stream 18 comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons and a stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons.
• Stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons is preferably recycled to the inlet of ringopening reaction area 1 .
• Stream 18 is further converted in hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG and a bottom stream 1 1 comprising BTX.
• Stream 4 and stream 9 are combined as stream 10 and can be further processed as mentioned in the discussion of Figure 1 above.
• stream 4 can be (partly) sent to hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BTX.
• BTX yields towards BTX can be further improved by providing a pre-hydrocracking unit 6.
• hydrocarbon feedstock 5 is pre- hydrocracked in pre-hydrocracking unit 6 producing a gaseous stream 13 and a bottom stream 8, comprising naphtha.
• Stream 8 is sent directly to hydrocracking unit 3.
• the heavy fraction coming from the pre-hydrocracking unit 6 is sent to a ringopening reaction area 1 .
• ringopening reaction area 1 the hydrocarbons coming from preheat hydrocracking unit 6 are converted in effluent 17.
• Effluent 17 is sent to a separation unit 2 producing a gaseous stream 4 comprising LPG, liquid stream 18 comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons and a stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons.
• Stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons is recycled to the inlet of pre-hydrocracking unit 6.
• Stream 18 is fed to a hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising BTX.
• Gaseous streams 4 and 9 are combined as stream 10, which stream 10 can be further processed as discussed above in Figure 1 .
• stream 4 and stream 13 can be (partly) sent to hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BTX.
• stream 13 can be (partly) sent to ringopening reaction area 1 .
• the first hydrocracking step as discussed above in Figure 3 can be replaced by a hydrodealkylation unit 7, from which unit 7 a BTXE stream 12 is obtained and a gaseous stream 14 comprising LPG.
• the heavier fraction coming from unit 7 is sent to a ringopening reaction area 1 and results in an effluent 17.
• Effluent 17 coming from ringopening reaction area 1 is sent to a separation unit 2 producing a gaseous stream 4 comprising LPG, liquid stream 1 8 comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons and a stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons.
• Stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons is recycled to the inlet of hydrodealkylation unit 7.
• Stream 18 is sent to a hydrocracking unit 3, producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising BTX.
• the BTXE rich stream produced in unit 7 can be further treated in hydrocracking unit 3.
• the gaseous streams 14, 4 and 9 are combined as stream 10, which stream can be further processed as discussed in Figure 1 above.
• stream 4 and stream 14 can be (partly) sent to hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BTX.
• stream 14 can be (partly) sent to ringopening reaction area 1 .
• a hydrocarbon feedstock 5 is sent to a ring opening reaction area 1 and its effluent 17 is sent to a separation unit 2 producing a gaseous stream 4 comprising LPG, a liquid stream 18 comprising naphtha boiling range hydrocarbons and a liquid stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons.
• Stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons can be (partly) recycled to the inlet of ringopening reaction area 1 .
• Figure 5 also shows that stream 15 comprising diesel boiling range hydrocarbons is sent as stream 49 to an aromatics saturation unit 50 producing stream 51 .
• stream 4 can be (partly) sent to hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BTX.
• At least a portion of the benzene and toluene, and the 9 and 10 carbon number aromatic compounds are introduced into a transalkylation zone.
• stream 1 1 is introduced into a transalkylation zone 60 to enhance the production of xylene compounds resulting in a stream 62.
• a once through hydrogen-rich gaseous stream 61 is also introduced into the transalkylation zone 60.
• This gaseous stream 61 can be obtained from other hydrogen producing units, such as hydrogen recovered from the reaction products of steam cracking unit and dehydrogenation unit.
• transalkylation zone Operating conditions preferably employed in the transalkylation zone include a temperature from 177[deg.]C to 525 ⁇ 0>C and a liquid hourly space velocity in the range from 0.2 to 10 hr.
• Any suitable transalkylation catalyst may be utilized in the transalkylation zone.
• Preferred transalkylation catalysts contain a molecular sieve, a refractory inorganic oxide and a reduced non- framework weak metal.
• the preferred molecular sieves are zeolitic aluminosilicates, such as MFI types of zeolites, which may be any of those which have a silica to alumina ratio greater than 10 and a pore diameter of 5 to 8 angstroms.
• stream 4 can be (partly) sent to hydrocracking unit 3 producing an overhead gas stream 9, comprising LPG, and a bottom stream 1 1 , comprising aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BTX.
• a hydrocarbon feedstock 5 is fed into a reaction area for ring opening 1 and its reaction products 17, which are generated from the reaction area, are separated by unit 2 into an overhead stream 4, a side stream 18 and a bottom stream 15.
• the side stream 18 is fed into a gasoline hydrocracker (GHC) unit 3, wherein the reaction products of the GHC unit 3 are separated into an overhead gas stream 9, comprising light components such C2-C4 paraffins, hydrogen and methane, and a stream 1 1 comprising predominantly aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and non-aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.
• the overhead gas stream 9 from the gasoline hydrocracker (GHC) unit 3 is combined with stream 4 originating from unit 2.
• kerosene as feedstock is sent to a reaction area for ring opening and the side stream thereof is sent to a gasoline hydrocracker (GHC) unit, the LPG fraction is separated from the overhead of unit 2.
• GHC gasoline hydrocracker
• LVGO light vacuum gasoil
• GHC gasoline hydrocracker
• Table 1 The characteristics of kerosene and LVGO can be found in Table 1 .
• Table 2 shows the distribution of monoaromatics and aromatic molecules with more than one ring (Di+ aromatics) in the feeds.
• Table 3 shows the battery limit product slate (wt. % of feedstock).
• Table 1 characteristics of kerosene and LVGO
• Table 2 Classification of aromatic molecules as function of number of aromatic rings in kerosene and LVGO

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