Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/08—Measuring devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
  • A61B5/082—Evaluation by breath analysis, e.g. determination of the chemical composition of exhaled breath
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/08—Measuring devices for evaluating the respiratory organs
  • A61B5/097—Devices for facilitating collection of breath or for directing breath into or through measuring devices
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
  • A61B5/7271—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis
  • A61B5/7275—Determining trends in physiological measurement data; Predicting development of a medical condition based on physiological measurements, e.g. determining a risk factor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/72—Signal processing specially adapted for physiological signals or for diagnostic purposes
  • A61B5/7271—Specific aspects of physiological measurement analysis
  • A61B5/7282—Event detection, e.g. detecting unique waveforms indicative of a medical condition
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/74—Details of notification to user or communication with user or patient; User input means
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/021—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes operated by electrical means
  • A61M16/022—Control means therefor
  • A61M16/024—Control means therefor including calculation means, e.g. using a processor
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/04—Tracheal tubes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/06—Respiratory or anaesthetic masks
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/08—Bellows; Connecting tubes ; Water traps; Patient circuits
  • A61M16/0816—Joints or connectors
  • A61M16/0841—Joints or connectors for sampling
  • A61M16/085—Gas sampling
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/08—Bellows; Connecting tubes ; Water traps; Patient circuits
  • A61M16/0875—Connecting tubes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/10—Preparation of respiratory gases or vapours
  • A61M16/1045—Devices for humidifying or heating the inspired gas by using recovered moisture or heat from the expired gas
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
  • G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
  • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
  • G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
  • G01N33/497—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath
  • G01N33/4975—Physical analysis of biological material of gaseous biological material, e.g. breath other than oxygen, carbon dioxide or alcohol, e.g. organic vapours
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B2505/00—Evaluating, monitoring or diagnosing in the context of a particular type of medical care
  • A61B2505/03—Intensive care
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M16/00—Devices for influencing the respiratory system of patients by gas treatment, e.g. ventilators; Tracheal tubes
  • A61M16/0003—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure
  • A61M2016/003—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure with a flowmeter
  • A61M2016/0033—Accessories therefor, e.g. sensors, vibrators, negative pressure with a flowmeter electrical
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2230/00—Measuring parameters of the user
  • A61M2230/40—Respiratory characteristics
  • A61M2230/43—Composition of exhalation
  • A61M2230/437—Composition of exhalation the anaesthetic agent concentration

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to a method to determine if a patient has or is developing ARDS.
• the invention is also directed to a system for detecting acute respiratory distress syndrome, also referred to as ARDS.
• VAP ventilator-acquired pneumonia
• VALI ventilator-associated lung injury
• ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
• ARDS A valid and reliable definition for ARDS is furthermore considered important for clinical management and to facilitate enrolment of consistent patient phenotypes into clinical trials.
• Berlin criteria are empirically selected clinical, radiological and physiological variables. This definition is highly suitable for epidemiological studies but show a moderate correlation with post-mortem pathological findings. ARDS can still be mistaken for pneumonia or cardiogenic pulmonary edema (CPE), and vice versa.
• CPE cardiogenic pulmonary edema
• the invention is directed to method and systems which could provide adequate and timely detections of ARDS which could lead to prompt treatment initiation and targeted therapeutic interventions.
• a method comprising sampling part of the exhaled breath of a patient to obtain a gas sample, measuring the content of n-octane in the gas sample and determining if the patient has ARDS or may develop ARDS using the measured content of n-octane in the gas sample.
• n-octane is a suited breath biomarker for assessing if a patient has developed ARDS. This method thus enhances timely detection of ARDS. The method is further found to be not influenced by severity of the ARDS illness, ventilator settings or comorbidities.
• the invention is also directed to
• a system for providing an ARDS indication of a patient comprising a sampling device for obtaining a gas sample of the exhaled breath of a patient,
• a measuring unit for measuring a content of n-octane in the exhaled breath of a patient
• a controller which is able to distinguish if the patient has or may develop ARDS based on the content of n-octane in the exhaled breath of a patient resulting in a
• ARDS indication of the patient and provided with a protocol for providing output regarding the ARDS indication of the patient, and
• a user interface for indicating the ARDS indication to a user.
• the method is used for mechanically ventilated patients, invasively, for example via intubation, or non- invasively, for example using a mask.
• the method may be performed at home, in service flats, nursing homes and in hospitals.
• the method is especially suited for patients treated in an intensive care unit of a hospital.
• the determining if the patient may develop ARDS and more especially if the patient has ARDS by using the measured content of n-octane in the gas sample may be performed by determining if the measured content is above a predetermined threshold value which has been found to be predictive for ARDS. It may also be envisaged that the sensitivity of the prediction for some values of the n-octane content is not sufficient for practical use and that additional validation is required. Possible additional measurements and data for such validation will be discussed below.
• the rate of increase in n-octane content in the patients exhaled breath as the rate of increase in n-octane content in the patients exhaled breath as the
• the determination if a patient has ARDS or may develop ARDS may be communicated to a user by means of a user interface as will be further described below.
• Applicants further found that lower acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane contents are also indicative for ARDS when compared to the content of acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane in exhaled breath of patients not having ARDS.
• the measured content of either one or both of these compounds is used to determine if the patient has ARDS or may develop ARDS. More preferably the measured content of either one or both of these compounds is used to validate the relevancy of the measured content of n-octane when determining if the patient has ARDS or may develop ARDS.
• the sensitivity of the method may also be improved using other patient parameters.
• patient parameters is meant any information regarding the patient not being the above described content of n-octane, acetaldehyde and/or 3- methylheptane in the exhaled breath of the patient.
• Such other patient parameters may be for example the ventilator settings and/or parameters, the patient monitoring data, such as for example heart rate, oxygenation, body temperature, and patient history data, such as for example pneumonia, heart failure, sepsis, and pancreatitis.
• LIPS lung injury prediction score
• the lung injury prediction score (LIPS) is well known and described by Gaijc O., et al in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011 Feb 15; 183(4):462-70.
• the method comprises sampling part of the exhaled breath of a patient to obtain a gas sample and subsequent measurement of the gas sample as to its n-octane and optionally also to its acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane content.
• Breath may be sampled and measured off-line or online.
• the sampling device of a system for use in such an off-line method suitably comprises a sorbent tube and/or an air bag.
• An example of an off-line performed method is the following, wherein a patient breathes into an air bag, for example a Tedlar bag, for a certain amount of time. This results in that the bag is filled with the exhaled breath of the patient. The contents of the air bag may be measured directly.
• a pump and a mass flow controller may be connected to the bag and the collected air is pushed or pulled with a fixed flow for a fixed amount of time through a sorbent tube.
• Mechanically ventilated patients, which are unable to breathe in a bag, may be sampled off-line by means of a small pump at the bed side which pulls breath samples directly through a sorbent tube.
• the thus obtained sorbent tube will contain a representative amount of the compounds present in the exhaled breath of the patient.
• the content of n-octane and optionally acetaldehyde and/or 3- methylheptane as present in the sampling device may be measured by means of analytical techniques.
• a spectroscopy technique for example Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MS), infra-red spectroscopy and Ion Mobility Spectrometry (IMS) and preferably Gas Chromatography Mass- Spectrometry (GC-MS).
• TOF-MS Time Of Flight Mass Spectrometry
• IMS Ion Mobility Spectrometry
• GC-MS Gas Chromatography Mass- Spectrometry
• Sampling part of the exhaled breath may thus be performed using a sorbent tube and measuring the content is performed by means of gas-chromatography and mass- spectrometry (GC-MS).
• GC-MS gas-chromatography and mass- spectrometry
• the method is preferably performed on-line.
• the breath of a patient is passively or actively transported to a sensor or array of sensors.
• the breath analyzer can be embedded in the device that samples breath from the ventilator hoses, for example by using a pump.
• the on-line measurement of the content of n-octane and the optional acetaldehyde and/or 3- methylheptane in the breath samples may be performed by for example so-called Electronic Noses (eNoses) or miniaturized spectroscopy units as for example miniaturized GC
• a breath analyzer is adapted to measure n- octane and optionally acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane specifically.
• An eNose consists of an array of non-specific gas chemical sensors combined with a chemometric processing tool. Different techniques exist for the precise type of chemical sensor and chemometric processing method. The choice of sensor and processing method will be based upon n-octane and optionally also acetaldehyde and/or 3- methylheptane. A possible measuring method may be based on molecular imprinting or optical techniques using infrared lighting. A skilled person will know that by adjusting the threshold while balancing sensitivity and specificity, an optimal setting can be found for such a device.
• a more preferred on-line method is wherein a breath analyzer is embedded in the ventilator system or embedded in the patient monitor. This prevents the need for an additional device at the patient's bedside, and allows continuous monitoring of breath.
• eNose type of techniques can be used, or a dedicated n-octane, acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane sensor as for example the miniaturized spectroscopy units described above.
• the invention is also directed to n-octane for use in in- vivo diagnosis of ARDS and to acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane for use in in-vivo diagnosis of ARDS.
• the invention is also directed to a system described above.
• a system for providing an ARDS indication of a patient comprises a sampling device for obtaining a gas sample of the exhaled breath of a patient.
• the system further comprises a measuring unit for measuring a content of n-octane and optionally acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane in the exhaled breath of a patient.
• the system also comprises a controller which is able to
• the controller may suitably use the logic for determination if a patient has ARDS or may develop ARDS as described above for the method according to the invention.
• the system also comprises a user interface for indicating the ARDS indication to a user. Such a user interface may be present at the point of care, may be part of the monitor of a mechanical ventilator unit or may even be mobile interface which can be used in combination with more than one system according to the invention.
• the measuring unit is a unit for measuring a content of n-octane and the controller is preferably able to distinguish if the patient has or may develop ARDS based on the content of n-octane in the exhaled breath of a patient and more especially according to the method described above.
• the sampling device may be suited for off-line measurement of the content of the specific compounds in the exhaled breath.
• the sampling device comprises a sorbent tube and or an air bag and the measuring unit is a spectroscopy measuring unit as described for the above method.
• the sampling device and measuring unit enable an on-line measurement of the exhaled breath.
• a sampling device suitably is a device which samples breath from a ventilator hose which is part of a system to mechanically ventilate a patient.
• the measuring unit of such an on-line system is suitably the afore mentioned Electronic Nose, miniaturized spectroscopy units as for example miniaturized forms of GC (microGC) and/or Mass Spectrometry, Ion Mobility Spectroscopy (IMS) and/or FAIMS (High-Field Waveform IMS), wherein such measuring unit is specifically adapted to measure n-octane and optionally acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic set up for an off-line system wherein air from a mechanically ventilated patient 4 is sampled using a so-called side stream approach.
• the exterior part of an intubation tube 5 is shown which is connected to a ventilator unit 7 via conduit 6 and a heat and humidity exchanger (HME) 3.
• Ventilator unit 7 may comprise of a flow sensor, a controller and a gas flow generator.
• the air is collected via side stream conduit 8 using pump and flow controller 1.
• Pump and flow controller 1 enable a controlled flow of exhaled breath to pass sorbent tube 2 using a small mechanical pump.
• An on-line system may be as in Figure 1 wherein a sorbent tube is not incorporated.
• the pump and flow controller 1 also comprises of a measurement unit for measuring the content of n-octane and optionally acetaldehyde and/or 3-methylheptane.
• a side stream approach is integrated in the ventilator device, avoiding extra devices at the bedside, and avoiding abrupt pressure changes in the ventilator systems, which may harm the vulnerable lungs. Examples
• Figure 3 shows a so-called receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.
• Figure 3 shows three curves:
• a dashed line which represents the performance of a classifier based on n- octane (C8) on distinguishing ARDS patients (AUC: 0.80 (95%-CI: 0.71-0.88).
• a dotted line represents the performance of a classifier based on LIPS on distinguishing ARDS patients (AUC: 0.78 (95%-CI: 0.70-0.87).
• a solid line represents the performance of a classifier based on n-octane (C8) and validated by LIPS on distinguishing ARDS patients (AUC: 0.91 (95%-CI: 0.85-0.97).

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• 2015
  • 2015-02-11 MX MX2016010765A patent/MX376600B/es active IP Right Grant
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  • 2015-02-11 WO PCT/EP2015/052806 patent/WO2015124468A1/en not_active Ceased
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