WO2015117261A1 - 一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构及其控制方法 - Google Patents

一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构及其控制方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015117261A1
WO2015117261A1 PCT/CN2014/001175 CN2014001175W WO2015117261A1 WO 2015117261 A1 WO2015117261 A1 WO 2015117261A1 CN 2014001175 W CN2014001175 W CN 2014001175W WO 2015117261 A1 WO2015117261 A1 WO 2015117261A1
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switch
charging
vanadium battery
circuit
discharging
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English (en)
French (fr)
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赵杨阳
毕大强
柴建云
孙旭东
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Tsinghua University
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Tsinghua University
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from AC mains by converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from AC mains by converters
    • H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Details of circuit arrangements for charging or discharging batteries or supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the field of energy storage system control, and particularly relates to a charge and discharge circuit structure for a vanadium battery and a control method thereof.
  • the flow battery is also called a redox flow battery, and the positive and negative active material electrolytes are independently stored.
  • vanadium flow battery is abbreviated as vanadium battery. It has the advantages of independent design, fast response, long life and low maintenance cost. It has extremely broad application prospects in the fields of wind power, photovoltaic power generation and power grid peak shaving. Since the vanadium battery energy storage system not only needs to control the charging and discharging of the battery stack, but also needs to supply power to the controller, the system has many power supply circuits. Also, the low voltage DC system of the vanadium battery needs to be electrically isolated from the high voltage AC grid. At the same time, since the vanadium battery is usually used for electric power stabilization, in order to meet the grid demand, the battery charging and discharging conditions are complicated, the switching is frequent, and the energy storage system is difficult to control.
  • the stack and controller of most vanadium battery energy storage systems are connected in parallel to the charger from the same port.
  • the charger first uses constant voltage charging to supply power to the controller.
  • the vanadium battery automatically closes after self-test.
  • the gate is then incorporated into the charger port and charged and discharged by the charger control.
  • this kind of power supply makes the controller power supply susceptible to the power reactor.
  • the control circuit may also lose power, resulting in an uncontrolled phenomenon of the stack.
  • the initial voltage of the battery stack is usually not equal to the constant voltage supply value of the controller, a large inrush current is generated to the battery when the main gate is closed.
  • the low-voltage DC system of the vanadium battery can be electrically isolated from the grid AC system, ensuring that the AC side fault will not be directly transmitted to the battery through the electrical connection line, thereby ensuring the safety of the vanadium battery.
  • the unit power of the power frequency transformer has a large volume and weight, and the loss is also large, and it is not easy to improve the charging and discharging efficiency of the vanadium battery system.
  • the vanadium battery can be realized by improving the circuit structure of the vanadium battery system and its control method.
  • the charge and discharge circuit of the stack is independently controlled by the control circuit, which improves the system efficiency during the charging and discharging process of the grid, and realizes stable operation under different modes of the vanadium battery and smooth switching between different working states to meet the power demand of the grid side.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a circuit structure for charging and discharging a vanadium battery and a control method thereof, characterized in that the main circuit of the charge and discharge of the vanadium battery stack is connected in series by the grid, the charger and the main stack of the vanadium battery, and the main circuit power Up to megawatt level, mainly realizes the external charge and discharge function of vanadium battery; the electrolyte circulation control circuit is connected by the controller to the pump at the positive and negative ends of the vanadium battery, and the pump is driven to drive the electrolyte circulation.
  • the controller is powered by a 48V regulated power supply.
  • the auxiliary electric power of the electrolyte circulating circuit is 600W, which mainly realizes the internal self-test and electrolyte circulation function of the battery; wherein the charger consists of interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit, high-frequency isolated full-bridge DC/DC, three-phase full-bridge DC/AC and power grid.
  • the interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit comprises capacitors C1 and C2, inductors L1 and L2, switches S1 to S4, diodes D1 to D4;
  • the high-frequency isolated full-bridge DC/DC circuit is at the primary end of the high-frequency transformer T1 Connecting the switch tubes Sa1 to Sa4 with the inverted diodes connected to the bridge structure, the secondary ends are connected to the switch tubes Sb1 to Sb4 with the bridge structure and the reverse-parallel diodes;
  • the three-phase full-bridge DC/AC Anti-carrying path comprises a diode switch and Sc1 to Sc6.
  • the staggered parallel BuckBoost circuit is composed of one end of C1 connected to the common node of L1 and L2 and the positive electrode of vanadium battery; L1 is connected to the source of S4 switch tube and the drain of S2 switch tube, L2 is connected to the source of S3 switch tube and S1
  • the drain of the switch tube, one end of C2 is connected to the drain of the S4 switch tube and the drain of the S3 switch tube, the other end of C2 and the other end of C1, the source of the S1 switch tube, the source of the S2 switch tube, and the Sa2 switch
  • the source of the tube is connected to the source of the Sa4 switch, the source of the Sa1 switch is connected to the drain of the Sa2 switch, and is connected to the primary end of the T1; the source of the Sa3 switch is connected to the drain of the Sa4 switch. And connected to the other end of the T1 primary; the drain of the Sa1 switch and the drain of the Sa2 switch are connected to one end of C2;
  • the S1 switch tube, the S2 switch tube, the S3 switch tube to the S4 switch tube are respectively connected in parallel with the D1 diode, the D2 diode, the D3 diode and the D4 diode;
  • the three-phase full-bridge DC/AC circuit has one end of C3 connected to the drains of the Sc1 switch tube, the Sc2 switch tube and the Sc3 switch tube, and the other end of the C3 is connected to the sources of the Sc4 switch tube, the Sc5 switch tube and the Sc6 switch tube, The sources of the Sc1 switch, the Sc2 switch, and the Sc3 switch are respectively connected to the drains of the Sc4 switch, the Sc5 switch, and the Sc6 switch.
  • the three nodes are respectively connected to the LC filter to form a three-phase full-bridge DC/AC.
  • the circuit wherein the two ends of the C3 are respectively connected to the source of the Sb4 switch tube and the drain of the Sb3 switch tube; the three-phase LC filter is connected to the A, B, and C phase lines of the AC power source through the switch.
  • a method for controlling charge and discharge of a vanadium battery characterized in that the charge and discharge control of the main stack of the vanadium battery is performed by a preset control software of the charger, and the components of the charger are operated under the corresponding working conditions.
  • the charge and discharge function of the vanadium battery stack is realized by closed-loop voltage and current control; the control of the electrolyte circulation circuit is driven by the controller and the pump body preset in the vanadium battery to drive the electrolytic material to circulate continuously to complete the oxidation and reduction reaction.
  • the electrolyte is sent back to the liquid storage tank, thus completing the electrolyte circulation control; thereby achieving constant current limiting voltage charging, constant voltage current limiting charging, constant power charging, constant current limiting voltage discharge, constant power of the vanadium battery.
  • Discharge constant current limiting voltage charging and discharging is often used for charging and discharging a battery according to a certain current value.
  • Constant voltage current limiting charging is often used for floating charging when the battery is near full charge state.
  • Constant power charging and discharging is often used to stabilize power fluctuation and compensation. Grid power and other conditions.
  • the vanadium battery is smoothly switched between the above charging and discharging states by the switching instruction of the preset control software of the charging and discharging system, and the control of the charging and discharging circuit further includes overvoltage and undervoltage protection for the vanadium battery main stack voltage, and Over-current protection of charge and discharge current, and optimal control of voltage ripple and current ripple in various charging and discharging states of vanadium batteries, and control of power supply of controllers and pumps of vanadium batteries;
  • the invention has the beneficial effects of providing power supply for the vanadium battery stack and the controller by adopting mutually independent circuit structures, solving the problem that the mutual interaction between the two charging and discharging system interfaces is caused, and the inrush current is generated when the main gate of the stack is closed.
  • the charging and discharging system adopts a high-frequency isolation transformer structure, which not only realizes the requirement of electrical isolation between the vanadium battery and the power grid, but also improves the system working efficiency and reduces the system power volume and weight.
  • the control method provided by the invention realizes smooth switching under various charging and discharging states, protects the use safety of the vanadium battery, and optimizes voltage and current ripple during charging and discharging of the vanadium battery.
  • Figure 1 is a block diagram of the vanadium battery energy storage system.
  • Figure 2 is a circuit topology diagram of a vanadium battery charge and discharge system.
  • the invention provides a circuit structure for charging and discharging a vanadium battery and a control method thereof.
  • a specific embodiment, a control method and a working principle of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
  • FIG. 1 is a structural block diagram of a vanadium battery energy storage system according to the present invention, wherein the vanadium battery is connected to a charge and discharge system in a positive and negative electrode of a vanadium battery stack, and the stack is composed of a positive and negative electrode and an ion exchange membrane.
  • the stack is connected to the positive and negative electrolyte reservoirs and pumps by positive and negative ends; the controller is connected to two pumps, and the regulated power supply provides stable power for the vanadium battery controller.
  • the pump feeds the electrolyte into the stack from the liquid storage tank, and completes the oxidation and reduction reaction under the control of the external charging and discharging system.
  • the electrolyte is sent back to the liquid storage tank, so that the active material continuously circulates and completes.
  • Charge and discharge the main circuit of charge and discharge of vanadium battery stack is connected by power grid, charge and discharge system and vanadium battery in series.
  • the controller is connected with the positive and negative pumps of vanadium battery stack energy storage system, and the controller is connected with 48V regulated power supply;
  • the charging and discharging system is composed of an interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit, a high-frequency isolated full-bridge DC/DC, a three-phase full-bridge DC/AC, and a power grid connected in series;
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit topology diagram of a vanadium battery charger according to the present invention, a vanadium battery and an interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit, a high-frequency isolated full-bridge DC/DC circuit, and a three-phase full-bridge DC/AC circuit; wherein
  • the interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit includes capacitors C1 and C2, inductors L1 and L2, switches S1 to S4, and diodes D1 to D4.
  • the high-frequency isolated full-bridge DC/DC circuit is connected to the bridge at the primary end of the high-frequency transformer T1.
  • the switching tubes Sa1 to Sa4 with their own anti-parallel diodes are connected to the switching transistors Sb1 to Sb4 of the bridge structure with inverted diodes;
  • the three-phase full-bridge DC/AC circuit includes a self-contained anti-parallel diode Switching tubes Sc1 to Sc6;
  • the staggered parallel BuckBoost circuit is composed of one end of C1 connected to the common node of L1 and L2 and the positive electrode of vanadium battery; L1 is connected to the source of S4 switch tube and the drain of S2 switch tube, L2 is connected to the source of S3 switch tube and S1
  • the drain of the switch tube, one end of C2 is connected to the drain of the S4 switch tube and the drain of the S3 switch tube, the other end of C2 and the other end of C1, the source of the S1 switch tube, the source of the S2 switch tube, and the Sa2 switch
  • the source of the tube is connected to the source of the Sa4 switch, the source of the Sa1 switch is connected to the drain of the Sa2 switch, and is connected to the primary end of the T1; the source of the Sa3 switch is connected to the drain of the Sa4 switch. And connected to the other end of the T1 primary; the drain of the Sa1 switch and the drain of the Sa2 switch are connected to one end of C2;
  • the three-phase full-bridge DC/AC circuit has one end of C3 connected to the drains of the Sc1 switch tube, the Sc2 switch tube and the Sc3 switch tube, and the other end of the C3 is connected to the sources of the Sc4 switch tube, the Sc5 switch tube and the Sc6 switch tube, The sources of the Sc1 switch, the Sc2 switch, and the Sc3 switch are respectively connected to the drains of the Sc4 switch, the Sc5 switch, and the Sc6 switch.
  • the three nodes are respectively connected to the LC filter to form a three-phase full-bridge DC/AC.
  • the circuit wherein the two ends of the C3 are respectively connected to the source of the Sb4 switch tube and the drain of the Sb3 switch tube; the three-phase LC filter is connected to the A, B, and C phase lines of the AC power source through the switch.
  • the interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit not only reduces the requirement of the rated current value of each switch tube, but also increases the control degree of freedom, and provides a topology basis for realizing steady state and dynamic optimization control.
  • the vanadium battery system needs to be isolated and connected to the grid. This function is realized by the high-frequency isolated full-bridge DC/DC circuit; Crystal material, and the operating frequency is much higher than the power frequency transformer, which can reduce the volume and weight of the system unit power and improve the system working efficiency.
  • the three-phase full-bridge DC/AC circuit is a commonly used AC/DC converter circuit, which operates in series with the above-mentioned high-frequency full-bridge DC/DC and interleaved BuckBoost, so that the low-voltage high-current DC system on the vanadium battery side and the AC system on the three-phase grid side Reasonable connection not only ensures the energy conversion efficiency between the vanadium battery and the grid, but also provides a reliable circuit topology for the charger to control the charging and discharging of the vanadium battery.
  • a method for controlling charge and discharge of a vanadium battery using the circuit structure shown in FIG. 2 is as follows:
  • Constant current limiting voltage discharge mode control S1 and S2 switching tube control capacitor C2 voltage of interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit is 150V; high frequency isolated DC/DC low voltage side full bridge four switching tubes Sa1 to Sa4 control vanadium battery discharge current is constant The current discharge current value is given; when the error between the port voltage and the battery discharge protection voltage value is within 0.2V, the voltage closed loop control acts to ensure that the vanadium battery port voltage is within the limited voltage value.
  • DC/AC full bridge six switch tubes Sc1 to Sc6 control capacitor C3 voltage is 750V, while controlling the AC side voltage, current phase difference to meet the current set power factor requirements, the default setting power factor is 1, that is, voltage, current in phase , only the active power is sent to the grid.
  • S1, S2 switching tube control capacitors of interleaved parallel BuckBoost circuit The C2 voltage is 150V; the high-frequency isolated DC/DC low-voltage side full-bridge four switch tubes Sa1 to Sa4 control the discharge current to a given value, which is obtained by dividing the given power value of the constant power discharge by the current battery terminal voltage; /AC full bridge six switch tubes Sc1 to Sc6 control capacitor C3 voltage is 750V, while controlling the AC side voltage, current phase difference to meet the current set power factor requirements, the default setting power factor is 1.
  • Constant voltage current limiting charging mode control DC/AC full bridge six switching tubes Sc1 to Sc6 control capacitor C3 voltage is 800V, while controlling the AC side voltage, current phase difference meets the set power factor requirements, the default power factor is 1 High-frequency isolated DC/DC high-voltage side full-bridge four switch tubes Sb1 to Sb4 first control the charging current to gradually increase in the form of step wave.
  • the voltage closed-loop control It works to ensure that the vanadium battery port voltage is within the limit voltage value;
  • BuckBoost switch tubes S3 and S4 are controlled by 50% duty cycle, which minimizes the charging current ripple.
  • Constant current limiting voltage charging mode control DC/AC full bridge six switching tubes Sc1 to Sc6 control capacitor C3 voltage is 800V, while controlling the AC side voltage, current phase difference meets the set power factor requirements, the default power factor is 1 High-frequency isolated DC/DC high-voltage side full-bridge four switch tubes Sb1 to Sb4 control the charging current as constant current charging current value; when the port voltage and battery charging protection voltage value error is within 0.2V, the voltage closed-loop control works Ensure that the vanadium battery port voltage is within the defined voltage.
  • the BuckBoost switch S3 and S4 are controlled at 50% duty cycle to minimize the charging current ripple.
  • Constant power charging mode control DC/AC full bridge six switch tubes Sc1 to Sc6 control capacitor C3 voltage is 800V, while controlling the AC side voltage, current phase difference meets the set power factor requirements, the default power factor is 1; high Frequency isolation DC/DC high voltage side full bridge four switch tubes Sb1 to Sb4 control the charging current to a given value.
  • the current reference value is obtained by dividing the currently set constant power value by the current battery terminal voltage; BuckBoost switch tubes S3, S4 Controlled by 50% duty cycle, the charging current ripple is minimized.
  • Control of each state switching in charging mode or discharging mode keep the voltage value of the voltage of the control capacitor C3 of the six switching tubes Sc1 to Sc6 of the DC/AC full bridge unchanged; keep the control mode of the interleaved BuckBoost circuit unchanged; isolated DC/ The duty cycle of the four switching tubes of the four full-bridge DC switches Sa1 to Sa4 or Sb1 to Sb4 is gradually changed from the current reserved value to the new value obtained after the comparison calculation, and the switching process is smoothed.
  • Switching the charging mode to the discharge mode firstly reduce the BuckBoost switch S3, S4 quickly The duty cycle is 0, while gradually reducing the high-frequency isolated DC/DC switching transistors Sb1 to Sb4; then adjusting the DC/AC full-bridge six switching transistors Sc1 to Sc6 to control the capacitance C3 voltage from 800V to 750V; then turning on BuckBoost
  • the S1 and S2 switch tubes of the circuit control the voltage across the capacitor C2 to be 150V, and the high-frequency isolated DC/DC switch tubes Sa1 to Sa4 control the discharge current or power to a given value; during the above control, the high-frequency isolated DC/DC switch
  • the tube duty cycle changes in the form of a ramp function, making the switching process relatively smooth.
  • the discharge mode is switched to the control of the charging mode: firstly, the duty ratio of the BuckBoost switch tubes S1 and S2 is rapidly reduced to 0, and the high-frequency isolated DC/DC switch tubes Sa1 to Sa4 are gradually reduced; then the DC/AC full bridge is adjusted.
  • the switching tubes Sc1 to Sc6 control the voltage of the capacitor C3 from 7500V to 800V; then turn on the S3 and S4 switches of the BuckBoost circuit, the duty ratio is set to 50%, and the high-frequency isolated DC/DC switching tubes Sb1 to Sb4 control charging.
  • the current or power is a given value; during the above control period, the duty cycle of the high-frequency isolated DC/DC switching transistor changes in the form of a ramp function, so that the power variation during the state switching is relatively smooth.
  • Control of overvoltage, undervoltage protection and overcurrent protection of vanadium batteries The system presets the voltage and current hardware protection values and software protection values. When the sensor detects that the voltage and current exceed the software protection value, it sends a fault status code to the system. The system blocks all the driving pulses of the light-emitting tube through software instructions. When the sensor detects that the voltage and current exceed the hardware protection value, it directly passes through the hardware circuit. Block the drive pulses of all switching tubes.
  • the two-way power supply mode ensures the independent and reliable operation of the vanadium battery controller, eliminating the inrush current when the main gate is closed.
  • the high-frequency transformer is used to realize the electrical isolation between the vanadium battery and the power grid, which reduces the system's
  • the unit power volume and weight improve the system efficiency; realize the smooth switching of various charging and discharging states of the vanadium battery through control, and respond to the demand of the power and reactive power of the grid in time; at the same time, protect the safety of the vanadium battery and optimize it.
  • the charge and discharge voltage and current ripple of the vanadium battery is used to realize the electrical isolation between the vanadium battery and the power grid, which reduces the system's
  • the unit power volume and weight improve the system efficiency; realize the smooth switching of various charging and discharging states of the vanadium battery through control, and respond to the demand of the power and reactive power of the grid in time; at the same time, protect the safety of the vanadium battery and optimize it.
  • vanadium batteries are often used to stabilize power fluctuations and respond to grid power requirements, their long-term work In the constant power or constant current charge and discharge state, and may switch frequently between states. Considering that the vanadium battery has strict requirements on the voltage value of the stack, if only the over-voltage protection is passed, the charge-discharge current is still large when the battery is under-voltage, and the protection response time is not timely, which will cause great harm to the battery. Therefore, the constant current limiting voltage charging and discharging state is added to the control scheme. When the battery voltage is close to the voltage limit value, the controller preferentially satisfies the battery voltage requirement.
  • control of the charging circuit includes constant current limiting voltage charging, constant voltage current limiting charging, and constant power charging;
  • control of the discharging circuit includes constant current limiting voltage discharge and constant power discharging.
  • control method further includes smooth switching between the above various charging and discharging states, and voltage overvoltage, undervoltage protection and overcurrent protection.

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Abstract

一种用于钒电池的充放电电路结构及其控制方法。钒电池电堆充放电主电路由电网、充电机与钒电池主电堆串联连接，其中充电机由交错并联BuckBoost电路、高频隔离全桥DC/DC、三相全桥DC/AC和电网串联构成，电解液循环控制电路由控制器与钒电池正负极端部的泵连接，控制泵驱动电解液循环，通过充电机的上位控制软件下发充放电指令，充电机各组成电路工作在相应工况下，并通过电压、电流闭环控制实现钒电池电堆的充放电功能。该电路结构及其控制方法不仅实现钒电池与电网电气隔离的要求，还提升了系统工作效率，实现了各种充放电状态平滑切换，保证钒电池使用安全。

Description

一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构及其控制方法 技术领域
本发明属于储能系统控制领域，特别涉及一种用于钒电池的充放电电路结构及其控制方法。
背景技术
液流电池又称为氧化还原液流电池，其正负极活性物质电解液是独立存放的，充放电的时候，电解液通过泵流入电池内部进行电化学反应。钒液流电池简称钒电池，具备功率和容量可独立设计、响应快、寿命长、维护成本低等优点，使其在风电、光伏发电、电网调峰等领域有着极其广阔的应用前景。由于钒电池储能系统不仅需要控制电池电堆充放电，还需要为控制器供电，系统供电回路多。并且，钒电池的低压直流系统需要与高压交流电网电气隔离。同时，由于钒电池通常用于电功率平抑，为满足电网需求，电池充放电工况复杂，切换频繁，储能系统控制难度高。
针对上述问题，现有以下电路结构和控制方法实现钒电池的充放电。
目前大部分钒电池储能系统的电堆与控制器从同一端口并联接入充电机，电池启动过程中，充电机首先采用恒压充电方式为控制器供电，钒电池自检完成后自动闭合主闸，然后电池电堆并入充电机端口，通过充电机控制实现充放电。但这种供电方式使得控制器供电易受电堆影响，当电堆充放电回路出现故障时，控制电路也可能失电，造成电堆不受控现象出现。同时，由于电池电堆初始电压通常与控制器恒压供电值不相等，在主闸闭合时会对电池产生较大的冲击电流。
目前通过工频变压器并网的钒电池系统，可以实现钒电池低压直流系统与电网交流系统电气隔离，保证交流侧故障不会通过电气连接线直接传导至电池，保障钒电池的使用安全。但工频变压器单位功率的体积和重量都较大，损耗也较大，不易于提高钒电池系统的充放电效率。
因此，期望通过改进钒电池系统的电路结构及其控制方法，不仅实现钒电池 电堆的充放电回路与控制电回路独立受控，提高并网充放电过程中的系统效率，而且实现钒电池不同模式下稳定运行、不同工作状态间平滑切换，满足电网侧功率需求。
发明内容
本发明的目的提出一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构及其控制方法，其特征在于，钒电池电堆充放电主电路由电网、充电机与钒电池主电堆串联连接，主电路功率可达兆瓦级，主要实现钒电池对外的充放电功能；电解液循环控制电路由控制器与钒电池正负极端部的泵连接，控制泵驱动电解液循环，控制器由48V稳压电源供电，电解液循环电路的辅助电功率为600W，主要实现电池内部自检和电解液循环功能；其中充电机由交错并联BuckBoost电路、高频隔离全桥DC/DC、三相全桥DC/AC和电网串联连构成；其中，交错并联BuckBoost电路包含电容C1和C2、电感L1和L2、开关管S1至S4、二极管D1至D4；高频隔离全桥DC/DC电路为在高频变压器T1的初级端连接接成桥式结构的自带反并二极管的开关管Sa1至Sa4，次级端连接接成桥式结构的自带反并二极管的开关管Sb1至Sb4；三相全桥DC/AC电路包含自带反并二极管的开关管Sc1至Sc6。
所述交错并联BuckBoost电路组成为C1的一端与L1和L2的公共节点和钒电池正极连接；L1连接S4开关管的源极和S2开关管的漏极，L2连接S3开关管的源极和S1开关管的漏极，C2的一端连接S4开关管的漏极和S3开关管的漏极，C2的另一端与C1的另一端、S1开关管的源极、S2开关管的源极、Sa2开关管的源极和Sa4开关管的源极连接一起，Sa1开关管的源极和Sa2开关管的漏极连接，并和T1初级一端连接；Sa3开关管的源极和Sa4开关管的漏极连接，并和T1初级的另一端连接；Sa1开关管的漏极和Sa2开关管的漏极与C2的一端连接；
所述S1开关管、S2开关管、S3开关管至S4开关管分别与D1二极管、D2二极管、D3二极管和D4二极管反并连；
所述三相全桥DC/AC电路为C3的一端连接Sc1开关管、Sc2开关管和Sc3开关管的漏极，C3的另一端连接Sc4开关管、Sc5开关管和Sc6开关管的源极， Sc1开关管、Sc2开关管和Sc3开关管的源极分别和Sc4开关管、Sc5开关管和Sc6开关管的漏极连接，该三个节点分别连接LC滤波器，组成三相全桥DC/AC电路，其中，C3的两端分别连接Sb4开关管的源极和Sb3开关管的的漏极；三相LC滤波器通过开关连接交流电源的A、B、C相线上。
一种钒电池充放电的控制方法，其特征在于，钒电池主电堆的充放电控制，通过充电机的预置控制软件下发充放电指令，充电机各组成电路工作在相应工况下，并通过电压、电流闭环控制实现钒电池电堆的充放电功能；电解液循环电路的控制由预置在钒电池内控制器驱动电机及泵体，带动电解物质不断循环流动，完成氧化和还原反应，反应完成后电解液又被送回储液罐，如此完成电解液循环控制；从而实现钒电池的恒流限压充电、恒压限流充电、恒功率充电、恒流限压放电、恒功率放电；其中恒流限压充放电常用于电池按某电流值充放电的情况，恒压限流充电常用于电池接近满充状态时的浮充情况，恒功率充放电常用于平抑功率波动、补偿电网功率等情况。通过充放电系统的预置控制软件的切换指令实现钒电池在上述各充放电状态间的平滑切换，充放电回路的控制还包括对钒电池主电堆电压的过压、欠压保护，和其充放电电流的过流保护，以及钒电池在各种充放电工作状态下，电压纹波和电流纹波的优化控制，和钒电池的控制器、泵的供电电源的控制；
本发明的有益效果是通过采用相互独立的电路结构为钒电池电堆和控制器提供电源，解决了两者共用同一充放电系统接口造成相互影响，以及电堆主闸闭合时产生冲击电流的问题。同时，充放电系统采用高频隔离变压器结构，不仅实现钒电池与电网电气隔离的要求，还提升了系统工作效率，减小了系统功率体积和重量。本发明提供的控制方法，实现了各种充放电状态下平滑切换，保护了钒电池的使用安全，优化了钒电池充放电时的电压、电流纹波。
附图说明
图1钒电池储能系统结构框图。
图2钒电池充放电系统的电路拓扑结构图。
具体实施方式
本发明提出一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构及其控制方法，下面根据附图对本发明的具体实施方式、控制方法及工作原理予以说明。
如图1所示为本发明提出的钒电池储能系统结构框图，其中，所述钒电池为在钒电池电堆正负极分别连接充放电系统，电堆由正负电极、离子交换膜组成；电堆由正负两端分别连接正负极电解液储液罐和泵；控制器分别连接两个泵，稳压电源为钒电池控制器提供稳定电源。泵从储液罐中将电解液送入电堆内，在外部充放电系统的控制下完成氧化和还原反应，反应完成后电解液又被送回储液罐，如此活性物质不断循环流动，完成充放电；钒电池电堆充放电主电路由电网、充放电系统和钒电池串联连接，控制器与钒电池电堆储能系统的正负极泵连接，控制器与48V稳压电源连接构成；其中充放电系统由交错并联BuckBoost电路、高频隔离全桥DC/DC、三相全桥DC/AC和电网串联连构成；
如图2所示为本发明提出的钒电池充电机的电路拓扑结构图，钒电池与交错并联BuckBoost电路、高频隔离全桥DC/DC电路、三相全桥DC/AC电路接；其中，交错并联BuckBoost电路包含电容C1和C2、电感L1和L2、开关管S1至S4、二极管D1至D4；高频隔离全桥DC/DC电路为在高频变压器T1的初级端连接接成桥式结构的自带反并二极管的开关管Sa1至Sa4，次级端连接接成桥式结构的自带反并二极管的开关管Sb1至Sb4；三相全桥DC/AC电路包含自带反并二极管的开关管Sc1至Sc6；
所述交错并联BuckBoost电路组成为C1的一端与L1和L2的公共节点和钒电池正极连接；L1连接S4开关管的源极和S2开关管的漏极，L2连接S3开关管的源极和S1开关管的漏极，C2的一端连接S4开关管的漏极和S3开关管的漏极，C2的另一端与C1的另一端、S1开关管的源极、S2开关管的源极、Sa2开关管的源极和Sa4开关管的源极连接一起，Sa1开关管的源极和Sa2开关管的漏极连接，并和T1初级一端连接；Sa3开关管的源极和Sa4开关管的漏极连接，并和T1初级的另一端连接；Sa1开关管的漏极和Sa2开关管的漏极与C2的一端连接；
所述S1开关管、S2开关管、S3开关管至S4开关管分别与D1二极管、D2 二极管、D3二极管和D4二极管反并连；
所述三相全桥DC/AC电路为C3的一端连接Sc1开关管、Sc2开关管和Sc3开关管的漏极，C3的另一端连接Sc4开关管、Sc5开关管和Sc6开关管的源极，Sc1开关管、Sc2开关管和Sc3开关管的源极分别和Sc4开关管、Sc5开关管和Sc6开关管的漏极连接，该三个节点分别连接LC滤波器，组成三相全桥DC/AC电路，其中，C3的两端分别连接Sb4开关管的源极和Sb3开关管的的漏极；三相LC滤波器通过开关连接交流电源的A、B、C相线上。
具体实施方式如下：针对大功率低电压直流系统，交错并联BuckBoost电路不仅降低了对每路开关管额定电流值的要求，同时增加了控制自由度，为实现稳态及动态优化控制提供拓扑基础。为了保证交流高压侧故障不通过电气连接线直接传导至低压直流钒电池侧，钒电池系统需要隔离并网，该功能通过高频隔离全桥DC/DC电路实现；同时，高频变压器由于采用非晶材料，且工作频率远高于工频变压器，从而可减小系统单位功率的体积和重量，提高系统工作效率。三相全桥DC/AC电路是常用的交直流变换电路，与上述的高频全桥DC/DC以及交错并联BuckBoost串联运行，使得钒电池侧的低电压大电流直流系统与三相电网侧的交流系统合理连接，不仅保证了钒电池与电网间的能量转换效率，同时为充电机控制钒电池充放电提供了可靠的电路拓扑结构。
利用图2所示的电路结构的一种钒电池充放电的控制方法，具体实现方式如下：
恒流限压放电模式的控制：交错并联BuckBoost电路的S1、S2开关管控制电容C2电压为150V；高频隔离DC/DC低压侧全桥四个开关管Sa1至Sa4控制钒电池放电电流为恒流放电给定电流值；当端口电压与电池放电保护电压值误差在0.2V之内时，电压闭环控制起作用，保证钒电池端口电压在限定电压值之内。DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压为750V，同时控制交流侧电压、电流相位差满足当前设定的功率因数要求，默认设置功率因数为1，即电压、电流同相位，仅向电网送入有功功率。
恒功率放电模式的控制：交错并联BuckBoost电路的S1、S2开关管控制电容 C2电压为150V；高频隔离DC/DC低压侧全桥四个开关管Sa1至Sa4控制放电电流为给定值，该电流由恒功率放电的给定功率值除以当前电池端电压得到；DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压为750V，同时控制交流侧电压、电流相位差满足当前设定的功率因数要求，默认设置功率因数为1。
恒压限流充电模式的控制：DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压为800V，同时控制交流侧电压、电流相位差满足设定功率因数的要求，默认功率因数为1；高频隔离DC/DC高压侧全桥四个开关管Sb1至Sb4首先控制充电电流以阶梯波形式逐渐增大，当电池电压与给定恒压值误差在0.2V之内时，电压闭环控制起作用，保证钒电池端口电压在限定电压值之内；BuckBoost开关管S3、S4按50％占空比控制，使得充电电流纹波最小。
恒流限压充电模式的控制：DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压为800V，同时控制交流侧电压、电流相位差满足设定功率因数的要求，默认功率因数为1；高频隔离DC/DC高压侧全桥四个开关管Sb1至Sb4控制充电电流为恒流充电电流值；当端口电压与电池充电保护电压值误差在0.2V之内时，电压闭环控制起作用，保证钒电池端口电压在限定电压值之内。BuckBoost开关管S3、S4按50％占空比控制，使得充电电流纹波最小。
恒功率充电模式的控制：DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压为800V，同时控制交流侧电压、电流相位差满足设定功率因数的要求，默认功率因数为1；高频隔离DC/DC高压侧全桥四个开关管Sb1至Sb4控制充电电流为给定值该电流给定值由当前设定的恒功率值除以当前电池端电压得到；BuckBoost开关管S3、S4按50％占空比控制，使得充电电流纹波最小。
充电模式或放电模式内部各状态切换的控制：保持DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压的电压值不变；保持交错并联BuckBoost电路的控制方式不变；隔离型DC/DC全桥四个开关管Sa1至Sa4或Sb1至Sb4四个开关管的占空比由当前保留值按斜坡函数变化形式逐渐变化至比较计算后得出的新值，平滑切换过程。
充电模式切换为放电模式的控制：首先迅速减小BuckBoost开关管S3、S4 的占空比至0，同时逐渐减小高频隔离DC/DC开关管Sb1至Sb4；然后调节DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压由800V变为750V；然后打开BuckBoost电路的S1、S2开关管控制电容C2两端电压为150V，同时高频隔离DC/DC开关管Sa1至Sa4控制放电电流或功率为给定值；上述控制期间，高频隔离DC/DC的开关管占空比按斜坡函数形式变化，使得切换过程相对平滑。
放电模式切换为充电模式的控制：首先迅速减小BuckBoost开关管S1、S2的占空比至0，同时逐渐减小高频隔离DC/DC开关管Sa1至Sa4；然后调节DC/AC全桥六个开关管Sc1至Sc6控制电容C3电压由7500V变为800V；然后打开BuckBoost电路的S3、S4开关管，占空比设定为50％，同时高频隔离DC/DC开关管Sb1至Sb4控制充电电流或功率为给定值；上述控制期间，高频隔离DC/DC的开关管占空比按斜坡函数形式变化，使得状态切换过程中的功率变化相对平滑。
钒电池的过压、欠压保护和过流保护的控制：系统预先设定出电压、电流硬件保护值和软件保护值。当传感器检测到电压、电流超过软件保护值后，向系统发送故障状态代码，系统通过软件指令封锁所有开光管的驱动脉冲；当传感器检测到电压、电流超过硬件保护值后，直接通过硬件电路快速封锁所有开关管的驱动脉冲。
综合上各具体实施方法可知，双路供电模式保证了钒电池控制器独立可靠运行，消除了主闸闭合时的冲击电流；采用高频变压器实现钒电池与电网的电气隔离，减小了系统的单位功率体积和重量，提高了系统效率；通过控制实现钒电池各种充放电状态的平滑切换，并及时响应电网对有功功率和无功功率的需求；同时，保护了钒电池的使用安全，优化了钒电池的充放电电压、电流纹波。
以上对本发明的具体描述旨在说明具体实施方案的实现方式，不能理解为是对本发明的限制。本领域普通技术人员在本发明的教导下，可以在详述的实施方案的基础上做出各种变体，这些变体均应包含在本发明的构思之内。本发明所要求保护的范围仅由所述的权利要求书进行限制。
由于钒电池常用于平抑功率波动，响应电网功率需求的场合，所以其长期工 作在恒功率或恒流充放电状态下，并可能在各状态间频繁切换。考虑到钒电池对电堆电压值的要求十分严格，若仅通过过欠压保护，当电池过欠压时的充放电电流仍较大，保护响应时间不及时会对电池造成较大危害。所以在控制方案中加入恒流限压充放电状态，当电池电压接近电压限定值后，控制器优先满足电池电压要求。综上所述，充电回路的控制包含恒流限压充电、恒压限流充电、恒功率充电；放电回路的控制包含恒流限压放电、恒功率放电。同时，控制方法还包括上述各充放电状态间的平滑切换，以及电压的过压、欠压保护和过流保护。

Claims (5)

  1. 一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构，其特征在于，钒电池电堆充放电主电路由电网、充电机与钒电池主电堆串联连接，主电路功率可达兆瓦级，主要实现钒电池对外的充放电功能；电解液循环控制电路由控制器与钒电池正负极端部的泵连接，控制泵驱动电解液循环，控制器由48V稳压电源供电，电解液循环电路的辅助电功率为600W，主要实现电池内部自检和电解液循环功能；其中充电机由交错并联BuckBoost电路、高频隔离全桥DC/DC、三相全桥DC/AC和电网串联连构成；其中，交错并联BuckBoost电路包含电容C1和C2、电感L1和L2、开关管S1至S4、二极管D1至D4；高频隔离全桥DC/DC电路为在高频变压器T1的初级端连接接成桥式结构的自带反并二极管的开关管Sa1至Sa4，次级端连接接成桥式结构的自带反并二极管的开关管Sb1至Sb4；三相全桥DC/AC电路包含自带反并二极管的开关管Sc1至Sc6。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构，其特征在于，所述交错并联BuckBoost电路组成为C1的一端与L1和L2的公共节点和钒电池正极连接；L1连接S4开关管的源极和S2开关管的漏极，L2连接S3开关管的源极和S1开关管的漏极，C2的一端连接S4开关管的漏极和S3开关管的漏极，C2的另一端与C1的另一端、S1开关管的源极、S2开关管的源极、Sa2开关管的源极和Sa4开关管的源极连接一起，Sa1开关管的源极和Sa2开关管的漏极连接，并和T1初级一端连接；Sa3开关管的源极和Sa4开关管的漏极连接，并和T1初级的另一端连接；Sa1开关管的漏极和Sa2开关管的漏极与C2的一端连接。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构，其特征在于，所述S1开关管、S2开关管、S3开关管至S4开关管分别与D1二极管、D2二极管、D3二极管和D4二极管反并连。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述一种用于钒电池充放电的电路结构，其特征在于，所述三相全桥DC/AC电路为C3的一端连接Sc1开关管、Sc2开关管和Sc3开关管的漏极，C3的另一端连接Sc4开关管、Sc5开关管和Sc6开关管的源极，Sc1开 关管、Sc2开关管和Sc3开关管的源极分别和Sc4开关管、Sc5开关管和Sc6开关管的漏极连接，该三个节点分别连接LC滤波器，组成三相全桥DC/AC电路，其中，C3的两端分别连接Sb4开关管的源极和Sb3开关管的的漏极；三相LC滤波器通过开关连接交流电源的A、B、C相线上。
  5. 一种钒电池充放电的控制方法，其特征在于，钒电池主电堆的充放电控制，通过充电机的预置控制软件下发充放电指令，充电机各组成电路工作在相应工况下，并通过电压、电流闭环控制实现钒电池电堆的充放电功能；电解液循环电路的控制由预置在钒电池内控制器驱动电机及泵体，带动电解物质不断循环流动，完成氧化和还原反应，反应完成后电解液又被送回储液罐，如此完成电解液循环控制；从而实现钒电池的恒流限压充电、恒压限流充电、恒功率充电、恒流限压放电、恒功率放电；其中恒流限压充放电常用于电池按某电流值充放电的情况，恒压限流充电常用于电池接近满充状态时的浮充情况，恒功率充放电常用于平抑功率波动、补偿电网功率等情况；通过充放电系统的预置控制软件的切换指令实现钒电池在上述各充放电状态间的平滑切换，充放电回路的控制还包括对钒电池主电堆电压的过压、欠压保护，和其充放电电流的过流保护，以及钒电池在各种充放电工作状态下，电压纹波和电流纹波的优化控制，和钒电池的控制器、泵的供电电源的控制。
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