Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
  • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
  • H04B5/72—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for local intradevice communication
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
  • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
  • H04B5/20—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems characterised by the transmission technique; characterised by the transmission medium
  • H04B5/24—Inductive coupling
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
  • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
  • H04B5/77—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for interrogation
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
  • H04L69/08—Protocols for interworking; Protocol conversion
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
  • H04W4/00—Services specially adapted for wireless communication networks; Facilities therefor
  • H04W4/80—Services using short range communication, e.g. near-field communication [NFC], radio-frequency identification [RFID] or low energy communication

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to the behaviors and mechanisms for implementing an RF interface stack partition within the NFC Forum Controller Interface (NCI).
• NCI NFC Forum Controller Interface
• wireless computing devices such as portable wireless telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and paging devices that are each small, lightweight and can be easily carried by users.
• the portable wireless telephones for example, further include cellular telephones that communicate voice and data packets over wireless networks.
• Many such cellular telephones are being manufactured with relatively large increases in computing capabilities and as such, are becoming tantamount to small personal computers and hand-held PDAs.
• such devices are being manufactured to enable communications using a variety of frequencies and applicable coverage areas such as cellular communications, wireless local area network (WLAN) communications, near field communication (NFC), etc.
• WLAN wireless local area network
• NFC near field communication
• an NFC enabled device may initially detect an NFC tag and/or target device. Thereafter, communications between NFC devices may use an NFC data exchange protocol (DEP).
• DEP NFC data exchange protocol
• the present NFC Forum specifications provide for communications between devices using a number of stack partitions (known as RF Interfaces). Benefits may be realized by providing a set of behaviors and a mechanism for implementing one particular RF interface referred to as the NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) radio frequency (RF) Interface.
• NDEF NFC Data Exchange Format
• a method includes enabling and configuring poll mode for a near field communication (NFC) data exchange format (NDEF) radio frequency (RF) interface configuration.
• the method also includes determining that a remote NFC endpoint includes an NFC forum tag once an NFC controller (NFCC) has successfully completed protocol activation.
• the method further includes performing activation operations based on an RF protocol of the NFC forum tag.
• a device host may send an RF_DISCOVER_CMD message to the NFCC to enable poll mode for the NDEF RF interface.
• the RF_DISCOVER_CMD message may include configurations with RF technology and mode values of at least one of NFC_A_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE, NFC_B_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE, and NFC_F_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE.
• performing activation operations may include identifying the NFC forum tag as an NFC forum type 1 tag. Version treatment may be performed. The presence of an NDEF message in the NFC forum tag may also be confirmed.
• performing activation operations may include performing version treatment.
• An NDEF detection procedure may also be performed.
• performing activation operations may include performing version treatment. NDEF detection may also be performed.
• performing activation operations may include performing version treatment.
• An NDEF detection procedure may also be performed.
• the method may also include detecting the presence of an NDEF message on the remote NFC endpoint.
• An RF_INTF_ACTIVATED_NTF message may be sent to a device host (DH) with activation parameters.
• a current state of the NFC forum tag may be determined based on the NDEF message length and the NFC forum tag attributes when the DH receives the RF_INTF_ACTIVATED_NTF message.
• the method may also include retrieving a complete NDEF message from an NFC forum tag based on an NDEF get command.
• the method may further include storing a complete NDEF message on an NFC forum tag based on an NDEF put command.
• the method may additionally include changing read access for an NDEF message on the remote NFC endpoint based on an NDEF read access command.
• the method may also include changing write access for an NDEF message on the remote NFC endpoint based on an NDEF write access command.
• the method may further include refraining from using the NDEF RF interface when the presence of an NDEF message is not detected on the remote NFC endpoint.
• the DH may elect to use one of an ISO-DEP RF interface, an aggregated frame RF interface and a frame RF interface.
• the method may also include sending an NFC forum controller interface (NCI) data message with a descriptor field set to the value of NDEF_OPERATION_INVALID and no parameters when the NFCC receives an NCI data message that does not conform to format requirements.
• NCI NFC forum controller interface
• the method may also include sending an NCI data message with a descriptor field set to the value of NDEF_OPERATION_DISALLOWED and no parameters when an NDEF operation fails and the NFCC is able to determine that the failure is because the NDEF operation is not allowed given the current state of the NFC forum tag.
• the method may also include sending an NCI data message with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_OVERFLOW and no parameters when an NDEF put operation fails and the NFCC is able to determine that the failure is due to not enough space on the NFC forum tag.
• the method may also include sending an NCI data message with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_FAILED and no parameters when an NDEF operation fails and the NFCC is unable to determine a reason for the failure.
• the NFCC may retransmit the last command subject to a configured retry limit.
• the method may also include instructing the NFCC to read an existing NDEF message from the NFC forum tag.
• the method may further include instructing the NFCC to write a new NDEF message to the NFC forum tag.
• the method may be performed by an electronic device comprising NFC functionality.
• the electronic device may include a device host (DH).
• the DH may recognize at least one of an NFC target device and an NFC tag when within range of a coverage area for NFC communication.
• the NDEF RF interface may define linkage of operations to the NFC forum type 1-4 tag operation specifications to perform transfers.
• the NDEF RF interface may also define mechanisms by which access control for an NDEF message on the remote NFC endpoint can be changed.
• the NDEF RF interface may further define a number of error scenarios and responses to these error scenarios.
• the apparatus includes a processor, memory in electronic communication with the processor and instructions stored in the memory.
• the instructions are executable by the processor to enable and configure poll mode for an NDEF RF interface configuration.
• the instructions are also executable to determine that a remote NFC endpoint includes an NFC forum tag once an NFCC has successfully completed protocol activation.
• the instructions are further executable to perform activation operations based on an RF protocol of the NFC forum tag.
• the electronic device includes means for enabling and configuring poll mode for an NDEF RF interface configuration.
• the electronic device also includes means for determining that a remote NFC endpoint includes an NFC forum tag once an NFCC has successfully completed protocol activation.
• the electronic device further includes means for performing activation operations based on an RF protocol of the NFC forum tag.
• a computer-program product includes a non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium having instructions thereon.
• the instructions include code for causing an electronic device to enable and configure poll mode for an NDEF RF interface configuration.
• the instructions also include code for causing the electronic device to determine that a remote NFC endpoint includes an NFC forum tag once an NFCC has successfully completed protocol activation.
• the instructions further include code for causing the electronic device to perform activation operations based on an RF protocol of the NFC forum tag.
• Figure 1 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of a communication network
• Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method for performing NDEF RF interface operations
• Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of inductive communication in a wireless communication system
• Figure 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of a near-field wireless communication system
• Figure 5 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method for performing an NDEF get operation
• Figure 6 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method for performing an NDEF put operation
• Figure 7 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method for performing an NDEF read access operation
• Figure 8 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method for performing an NDEF write access operation
• Figure 9 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method for performing error handling for an NDEF operation
• Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating another configuration of a method for performing error handling for an NDEF operation.
• Figure 11 illustrates certain components that may be included within an electronic device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• some communication devices may communicate wirelessly and/or may communicate using a wired connection or link.
• some communication devices may communicate with other devices using an Ethernet protocol.
• the systems and methods disclosed herein may be applied to communication devices that communicate wirelessly and/or that communicate using a wired connection or link.
• the systems and methods disclosed herein may be applied to a communication device that communicates with another device using near-field communication (NFC).
• NFC near-field communication
• an electronic device may recognize an NFC target device and/or tag when within range of the coverage area of the NFC device and/or tag.
• the term "NFC tag” or "NFC Forum tag” refers to an integrated circuit that provides NFC functionality. After an NFC target device and/or tag have been located, the device may obtain sufficient information to establish communications.
• One form of communications that may be established is a communication link to a tag that supports one of the NFC Forum-defined tag platforms, and in particular, that includes at least one NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) message. Communications between the devices may be enabled over a variety of NFC RF technologies, such as but not limited to, NFC- A, NFC-B, NFC-F, etc.
• a device host may be operable in an environment that is not substantially limited by memory constraints while also potentially operating with comparatively higher power consumption.
• an NFC controller may be operable in a memory-limited environment while consuming comparatively less power.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of a communication network 100.
• the communication network 100 may include one or more electronic devices 102.
• An electronic device 102 may be in communication with a remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the electronic device 102 may communicate with the remote NFC endpoint 104 using inductive communication.
• the antenna 120 of electronic device 102 may produce a radiated field (e.g., a magnetic field) that is received by the antenna 122 of the remote NFC endpoint.
• the electronic device 102 may use one or more NFC technologies (e.g., NFC-A, NFC-B and NFC-F) to communicate with the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• NFC technologies e.g., NFC-A, NFC-B and NFC-F
• the remote NFC endpoint 104 may be operable to communicate using NFC through various interfaces, such as a frame RF interface, ISO- DEP RF interface and NFC-DEP RF interface.
• the electronic device 102 and remote NFC endpoint 104 may establish an NFC-DEP RF protocol based communication link with link layer connections defined through a logical link control protocol (LLCP).
• LLCP logical link control protocol
• the electronic device 102 may be operable to be connected to an access network and/or core network (e.g., a CDMA network, a GPRS network, a UMTS network, and other types of wireline and wireless communication networks).
• the electronic device 102 that is the reader/writer may use a relevant tag operation protocol to talk to a remote NFC endpoint 104 that implements a given tag platform.
• a relevant tag operation protocol to talk to a remote NFC endpoint 104 that implements a given tag platform.
• NFC Forum tag types There are at present four distinct NFC Forum tag types. "Type 1/2/3/4 Tag Operation” describes operations in the reader/writer. "Type 1/2/3/4 Tag Platform" describes operations in the remote device.
• the term "NFC Forum Tag” refers to a device that implements at least one of the four defined tag platforms.
• One key aspect of the systems and methods described herein is the linkage provided between the NFC controller interface (NCI) 110 specification and the four tag operation specifications.
• NCI NFC controller interface
• the electronic device 102 may include an NFC controller (NFCC) 108, an NCI 110 and a device host (DH) 106.
• the device host (DH) 106 may generally perform operations on the electronic device 102.
• One example of the device host (DH) 106 includes a processor and memory, where the processor runs an operating system (OS) 114. Examples of operating systems 114 that may be run by the device host (DH) 106 include Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Windows RT and Blackberry.
• the device host (DH) 106 may be operable to obtain, through the NCI 110 and the NFC controller (NFCC) 108, information from the remote NFC endpoint 104. During communication using one of the four defined tag operation protocols, the device host (DH) 106 may operate using the NDEF RF interface 112.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 defines procedures for activation and deactivation of the NFC protocol, as well as message payload formats to enable read and write access to the NDEF on a remote NFC Forum tag.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 also defines the linkage of these operations to the NFC Forum Type 1-4 tag operation specifications to perform transfers.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 defines mechanisms by which the access control for the NDEF message 118 on the remote tag (e.g., the remote NFC endpoint 104) can be changed.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 defines a number of possible error scenarios and responses to these errors.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 may provide for interaction between an NFC Forum device and an NFC Forum tag.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 may enable the DH 106 to read and write a complete NDEF message 118 in byte form.
• a discovery process may provide the DH 106 with sufficient information to determine the current life cycle of the tag. If allowed, the DH 106 may instruct the NFCC 108 to read an existing NDEF message 118 from the tag or to write a new NDEF message 118 to the tag.
• the DH 106 may also change the state of the tag by updating the read and write access.
• the NFCC 108 may use the procedures defined in Type 1 tag operation (T1TOP) or Type 2 tag operation (T2TOP) technical specifications from the NFC Forum to interact with capability container bytes and an NDEF message 118 type-length-value (TLV) on the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• T1TOP Type 1 tag operation
• T2TOP Type 2 tag operation
• T3TOP Type 3 tag operation
• the NFCC 108 may use the procedures defined in the Type 4 tag operation (T4TOP) specifications to interact with the capability container file and the NDEF file on the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• T4TOP Type 4 tag operation
• the NDEF RF interface 112 may not be applicable to the listen side (and is thus only applicable to the poll side).
• the following RF protocols can be mapped to the NDEF RF interface 112 in poll mode: PROTOCOL_TlT, PROTOCOL_T2T, PROTOCOL_T3T and
• PROTOCOL_ISO_DEP When the NDEF RF interface 112 is used, data messages exchanged over the static RF connection may be used to manage tag operations and to provide the resultant information and status.
• the payload of a data message may include a descriptor field, a length field and an information field. Table 1 below provides additional information on the data message payload format.
• Table 2 provides the NDEF access command values and Table 3 provides the NDEF access status values.
• the NDEF get command may be used to retrieve a complete NDEF message 118 from an NFC forum tag.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF get command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current stage of the tag.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_GET and with no parameters.
• the NFCC 108 may use the procedures defined in the appropriate tag operation specification to read the NDEF message 118 TLV, block or file. For example, if the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a type 1 tag, the NFCC 108 may read the NDEF message 118 (as defined in [T1TOP]). If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a type 2 tag, the NFCC 108 may perform an NDEF read procedure as defined in [T2TOP]. If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a type 3 tag, the NFCC 108 may read the NDEF message 118 (as defined in [T3TOP]). If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a type 4 tag, the NFCC 108 may perform an NDEF read procedure as defined in [T4TOP].)
• the NFCC 108 may not need to check that the NDEF message 118 from the tag is well-formed.
• "well-formed" means compliant to the NDEF Message as defined in the NDEF technical specification from the NFC Forum. Instead, it may be the responsibility of the DH 106 to check and interpret the NDEF message 118. If the NDEF get procedure completes successfully, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value of NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED, followed by a single parameter that represents the complete NDEF message 118 from the tag as a sequence of bytes.
• the NDEF put command may be used to store a complete NDEF message 118 on an NFC forum tag.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF Put command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current state of the tag.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_PUT, followed by a single parameter that represents the complete NDEF message 118 as a sequence of bytes.
• the NFCC 108 may not need to check that the NDEF message 118 from the DH 106 is well-formed. Instead, it is the responsibility of the DH 106 to ensure that the NDEF message 118 is valid.
• the NFCC 108 may use the procedures defined in the appropriate tag operation specification to update the NDEF message 118 TLV, block or file. For example, if the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 1 tag, the NFCC 108 may perform the NDEF storage operations as defined in [T1TOP]. If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 2 tag, then the NFCC 108 may perform the NDEF write procedure operations as defined in [T2TOP]. If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 3 tag, then the NFCC 108 may perform the write NDEF message 118 operations as defined in [T3TOP]. If the Remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 4 tag, then the NFCC 108 may perform the NDEF update procedure operations as defined in [T4TOP] .
• the NFCC 108 may leave all other TLVs, blocks or files on the NFC Forum tag unchanged. For a Type 1 tag or Type 2 tag, the NFCC 108 may refrain from changing the order of any of the TLVs. If the NDEF Put command completes successfully, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED and no parameters. On receiving this data message, the DH 106 may determine the current state of the tag, if the tag has changed.
• the NDEF read access procedure may be used to change the read access for the NDEF message 118 on the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF read access command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current state of the tag.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPER ATION_RE AD_ACCES S , followed by a single one-byte parameter that includes the new read access capability.
• the NFCC 108 does not need to check the new read access capability from the DH 106. Instead, it is the responsibility of the DH 106 to ensure that it is valid.
• the NFCC 108 may use Type 1 tag commands to replace the most significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T1TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte. If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 2 Tag, then the NFCC 108 may use Type 2 tag commands to replace the most significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T2TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte. If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 3 tag, NDEF read access may not be allowed.
• the NFCC 108 may use Type 4 tag commands to replace an NDEF file read access condition byte of the NDEF file control TLV, as defined in [T4TOP], with the value of the parameter byte.
• the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED, and no parameters.
• the DH 106 may determine the current state of the tag, if it has changed.
• the NDEF write access procedure may be used to change the write access for the NDEF message 118 on the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF write access command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current state of the tag.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPER ATION_WRrfE_ACCES S , followed by a single one-byte parameter that includes the new write access capability.
• the NFCC 108 does not need to check the new write access capability from the DH 106. Instead, it is the responsibility of the DH 106 to ensure that it is valid.
• the NFCC 108 may use Type 1 tag commands to replace the least significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T1TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte. If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 2 tag, then the NFCC 108 may use Type 2 tag commands to replace the least significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T2TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte. If the remote NFC endpoint 104 is a Type 3 tag, then NDEF write access is not allowed.
• the NFCC 108 may use Type 4 tag commands to replace the NDEF File write access condition byte of the NDEF file control TLV, as defined in [T4TOP], with the value of the parameter byte.
• the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED, and no parameters.
• the DH 106 may determine the current state of the tag, if it has changed.
• the DH 106 can control certain aspects of the NDEF RF interface 112 using the configuration parameter NDEF_INTF_CONFIG.
• the configuration parameter NDEF_INTF_CONFIG is defined below in Table 4 and values for NDEF_INTF_CONFIG are given in Table 5.
• the retry count applies to each RF Frame associated with a protocol-specific command or response. If the retry count is equal to 0, the NFCC 108 may refrain from trying to retransmit any RF frames for which the NFCC 108 detects an error. Otherwise, the NFCC 108 may attempt to retry up to a certain number of times (as indicated by a retry count, for example).
• Another NDEF RF interface 112 specific control message is NDEF abort.
• the DH 106 may only send the NDEF abort command RF_NDEF_AB ORT_CMD in when the NDEF RF interface 112 is in the state RFST_POLL_ACTIVE.
• the parameters for an NDEF abort command are given below in Table 6.
• the NFCC 108 may refrain from sending any further commands to the remote NFC endpoint 104. Instead, the NFCC 108 may wait for a response to the current command, if already sent. The NFCC 108 may discard any data read from the tag before sending the RF_NDEF_ABORT_RSP. To maintain the NCI 110 flow control mechanism, if used, the NFCC 108 may give credits to the DH 106 for any packets it discards without transmission and for which it had not yet sent a credit to the DH 106.
• the electronic device 102 may perform NDEF RF interface 112 management.
• the Poll- side NDEF RF interface 112 may be used when the electronic device 102 operates as a reader/writer and the remote NFC endpoint 104 is an NFC Forum tag.
• NDEF RF interface 112 management operations may include discovery configuration; discovery and interface activation; and interface deactivation.
• Discovery configuration parameters may be relevant, depending on the NFC technology used in discovery (NFC- A, NFC-B, or NFC-F as set by RF technology and mode in RF_DISCOVER_CMD). These parameters may be changed from defaults by using the CORE_SET_CONFIG_CMD command before moving to the state RFST_DISCOVERY.
• Table 24 includes the discovery configuration parameters for Poll A
• Table 25 includes the discovery configuration parameters for Poll B
• Table 27 includes the discovery configuration parameters for Poll F
• Table 28 includes the discovery configuration parameters for Poll ISO-DEP.
• the DH 106 may send the RF_DISCOVER_CMD message to the NFCC 108.
• the RF_DISCOVER_CMD message may include configurations with RF technology and mode values of NFC_A_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE, NFC_B_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE and/or NFC_F_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE.
• the NFCC 108 may determine whether the remote NFC endpoint 104 is an NFC Forum tag. In one configuration, the NFCC 108 may determine that the remote NFC endpoint 104 is an NFC Forum tag if the remote NFC endpoint 104 at least follows the format and supports the commands as defined in the relevant tag operation specification. In this context, the remote NFC endpoint 104 may contain an NDEF message (which may be empty).
• the NFCC 108 may perform the following operations as defined in [T1TOP]: identification as NFC Forum Type 1 tag, version treatment and confirmation of presence of NDEF message 118 in Type 1 tag.
• the NFCC 108 may perform the following operations as defined in [T2TOP] : version treatment and NDEF detection procedure.
• the NFCC 108 may perform the following operations as defined in [T3TOP]: version treatment and the NDEF detection procedure.
• the NFCC 108 may perform the following operations as defined in [T4TOP]: version treatment and the NDEF detection procedure.
• the NFCC 108 may send an RF_INTF_ACTIVATED_NTF message to the DH 106 with the activation parameters defined as shown below in Table 7. Parameter Length Description
• NFC Forum Tag Attributes n Octets Attributes of the NFC Forum Tag.
• n SHALL 3
• n SHALL 3
• NDEF message 118 2 Octets Number of bytes in the NDEF message 118 Length on the tag, expressed as a number in the
• the DH 106 may determine the current state of the tag based on the NDEF message 118 length and the DH 106 may determine the NFC Forum Tag attributes. If the NFCC 108 does not detect the presence of an NDEF message 118 on the remote NFC endpoint 104, the NFCC 108 may refrain from using the NDEF RF interface 112. Depending on the capabilities and the configuration of the NFCC 108, the NFCC 108 may instead use the ISO-DEP RF interface, the aggregated frame RF interface or the frame RF interface.
• the deactivation cases for the Poll-side NDEF RF interface 112 are as described in Section 5.2 of the NCI version 1.1 for RFST_POLL_ACTIVE.
• the normal deactivation process is for the DH 106 to send an RF_DEACTIVATE_CMD to the NFCC 108, which then shuts down the tag gracefully.
• the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_IN VALID, and no parameters. If an operation fails, and the NFCC 108 is able to determine that it is because the operation is not allowed given the current state of the tag, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_DISALLOWED, and no parameters.
• the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_OVERFLOW, and no parameters. If an operation fails, and the NFCC 108 is unable to determine the reason, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_F AILED, and no parameters. If the NFCC 108 detects a transmission error, protocol error or timeout error, the NFCC 108 may retransmit the last command subject to the configured retry limit.
• FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 200 for performing NDEF RF interface 112 operations.
• the method 200 may be performed by an electronic device 102 that includes an NDEF RF interface 112.
• the electronic device 102 may interact with a remote NFC endpoint 104 using inductive communication.
• the inductive communication may be NFC.
• the electronic device 102 may be an NFC forum device and the remote NFC endpoint 104 may be an NFC forum tag.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 may provide for interaction between the NFC forum device and the NFC forum tag.
• the poll-side NDEF RF interface 112 may be used when the electronic device 102 operates as a reader/writer and the remote NFC endpoint 104 is an NFC forum tag.
• the NDEF RF interface 112 may enable a device host (DH) 106 to read and write a complete NDEF message 118 in byte form.
• DH device host
• the electronic device 102 may enable 202 and configure poll mode for an NDEF RF interface 112 configuration.
• the DH 106 may send an RF_DISCOVER_CMD message to the NFCC 108.
• the RF_DISCOVER_CMD message may include configurations with RF technology and mode values of NFC_A_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE, NFC_B_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE and/or NFC_F_PASSIVE_POLL_MODE.
• the NFCC 108 may determine whether the remote NFC endpoint 104 is an NFC Forum tag.
• the electronic device 102 may determine 204 that a remote near field communication (NFC) endpoint 104 comprises an NFC forum tag once an NFC controller (NFCC) 108 has successfully completed protocol activation.
• NFC near field communication
• NFCC NFC controller
• the NFCC 108 may determine whether the remote NFC endpoint 104 is an NFC Forum tag.
• the electronic device 102 may perform 206 activation operations based on an RF protocol of the NFC forum tag. For example, if the RF protocol is PROTOCOL_TlT, then the NFCC 108 may perform identification as NFC Forum Type 1 tag, version treatment and confirmation of presence of NDEF message 118 in Type 1 tag. If the RF protocol is PROTOCOL_T2T, then the NFCC 108 may perform version treatment and an NDEF detection procedure. If the RF protocol is PROTOCOL_T3T, then the NFCC 108 may perform version treatment and the NDEF detection procedure. If the RF protocol is PROTOCOL_ISO_DEP, then the NFCC 108 may perform version treatment and the NDEF detection procedure.
• FIG 3 is a block diagram illustrating one configuration of inductive communication in a wireless communication system 300.
• the inductive communication may be near-field communication (NFC).
• NFC near-field communication
• Input power 324 is provided to a transmitter 326 for generating a radiated field 328 for providing energy transfer.
• a receiver 330 couples to the radiated field 328 and generates an output power 332 for storing or consumption by a device (not shown) coupled to the output power 332. Both the transmitter 326 and the receiver 330 are separated by a distance 334.
• the transmitter 326 and receiver 330 are configured according to a mutual resonant relationship, such that when the resonant frequency of the receiver 330 and the resonant frequency of transmitter 326 are very close, transmission losses between the transmitter 326 and the receiver 330 are minimal when the receiver 330 is located in the "near- field" of the radiated field 328.
• the transmitter 326 further includes a transmit antenna 320 for providing a means for energy transmission and the receiver 330 further includes a receive antenna 322 for providing a means for energy reception.
• An efficient energy transfer may occur by coupling a large portion of the energy in the near-field of the transmitting antenna 320 to a receiving antenna 322 rather than propagating most of the energy in an electromagnetic wave to the far field.
• a coupling mode may be developed between the transmit antenna 320 and the receive antenna 322.
• the area around the transmit antenna 320 and the receive antenna 322 where this near-field coupling may occur is referred to as a coupling-mode region.
• FIG 4 is a simplified schematic diagram of a near-field wireless communication system 400.
• the transmitter 426 includes an oscillator 436, a power amplifier 440 and a filter and matching circuit 444.
• the oscillator 436 is configured to generate a signal at a desired frequency, which may be adjusted in response to an adjustment signal 438.
• the oscillator 436 signal may be amplified by the power amplifier 440 with an amplification amount responsive to a control signal 442.
• the filter and matching circuit 444 may be included to filter out harmonics or other unwanted frequencies and match the impedance of the transmitter 426 to the transmit antenna 420.
• the transmit antenna may transmit a radiated field 428.
• the receiver 430 may include a matching circuit 446 and a rectifier and switching circuit 448 to generate a DC power output 452 to charge a battery or power a device coupled to the receiver (not shown).
• the matching circuit 446 may be included to match the impedance of the receiver 430 to the receive antenna 422.
• the rectifier switching circuit 448 may be adjusted by a control signal 450.
• the receiver 430 and transmitter 426 may communicate on a separate communication channel 454 (e.g., Bluetooth, zigbee, cellular, etc.).
• FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 500 for performing an NDEF get operation.
• the method 500 may be performed by an NFC controller (NFCC) 108 of an electronic device 102.
• the NFCC 108 may interact with a device host (DH) 106 using an NDEF RF interface 112.
• the electronic device 102 may interact with a remote NFC endpoint 104 using NFC.
• the NDEF get operation may be used to retrieve a complete NDEF message 118 from the remote NFC device 104.
• the NFCC 108 may receive 502 an NDEF get command.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF get command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current state of the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_GET and with no parameters.
• the NFCC 108 may read 506 the NDEF message 118. This may be accomplished as defined in [T1TOP].
• the NFCC 108 may perform 510 an NDEF read procedure. This may be accomplished as defined in [T2TOP] .
• the NFCC 108 may read 514 the NDEF message 118. This may be accomplished as defined in [T3TOP] .
• the NFCC 108 may perform 518 an NDEF read procedure. This may be accomplished as defined in [T4TOP] .
• the NFCC 108 may determine 520 whether the NDEF get operation was successful. If the NDEF get operation was successful, then the NFCC 108 may send 522 an NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED message. In one configuration, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value of NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED, followed by a single parameter that represents the complete NDEF message 118 from the tag as a sequence of bytes.
• the NFCC 108 may send 524 an error message to the device host 106. This may be accomplished as described in connection with Figure 10.
• FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 600 for performing an NDEF put operation.
• the method 600 may be performed by an NFC controller (NFCC) 108 of an electronic device 102.
• the NFCC 108 may interact with a device host (DH) 106 using an NDEF RF interface 112.
• the electronic device 102 may interact with a remote NFC endpoint 104 using NFC.
• the NDEF put command may be used to store a complete NDEF message 118 on the remote NFC device 104.
• the NFCC 108 may receive 602 an NDEF put command.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF put command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current state of the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_PUT followed by a single parameter that represents the complete NDEF message 118 as a sequence of bytes.
• the NFCC 108 may perform 606 NDEF storage operations. This may be accomplished as defined in [T1TOP].
• the NFCC 108 may perform 610 NDEF write procedure operations. This may be accomplished as defined in [T2TOP] .
• the NFCC 108 may perform 614 write NDEF message 118 operations. This may be accomplished as defined in [T3TOP] .
• the NFCC 108 may perform 618 NDEF update procedure operations. This may be accomplished as defined in [T4TOP] .
• the NFCC 108 may determine 620 whether the NDEF put operation was successful. If the NDEF put operation was successful, then the NFCC 108 may send 622 an NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED message. In one configuration, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value of NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED and no parameters. On receiving this NCI data message 116b, the device host 106 may determine the current state of the tag, if the tag has changed.
• the NFCC 108 may send 624 an error message to the device host 106. This may be accomplished as described in connection with Figure 10.
• FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 700 for performing an NDEF read access operation.
• the method 700 may be performed by an NFC controller (NFCC) 108 of an electronic device 102.
• the NFCC 108 may interact with a device host (DH) 106 using an NDEF RF interface 112.
• the electronic device 102 may interact with a remote NFC endpoint 104 using NFC.
• the NDEF read access procedure may be used to change the read access for the NDEF message 118 on the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the NFCC 108 may receive 702 an NDEF read access command.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF read access command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current state of the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPER ATION_RE AD_ACCES S , followed by a single one-byte parameter that includes the new read access capability.
• the NFCC 108 may update 706 the read access of the remote NFC endpoint 104 based on the parameter byte value. For example, the NFCC 108 may use Type 1 tag commands to replace the most significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T1TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte.
• the NFCC 108 may update 710 the read access of the remote NFC endpoint 104 based on the parameter byte value. For example, the NFCC 108 may use Type 2 tag commands to replace the most significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T2TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte.
• NDEF read access is not allowed 714.
• the NFCC 108 may update 718 the read access of the remote NFC endpoint 104 based on the parameter byte value. For example, the NFCC 108 may use Type 4 tag commands to replace an NDEF file read access condition byte of the NDEF file control TLV, as defined in [T4TOP], with the value of the parameter byte.
• the NFCC 108 may determine 720 whether the NDEF read access operation was successful. If the NDEF read access operation was successful, then the NFCC 108 may send 722 an NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED message. In one configuration, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value of NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED and no parameters. On receiving this NCI data message 116b, the device host 106 may determine the current state of the tag, if the tag has changed.
• the NFCC 108 may send 724 an error message to the device host 106. This may be accomplished as described in connection with Figure 10.
• FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 800 for performing an NDEF write access operation.
• the method 800 may be performed by an NFC controller (NFCC) 108 of an electronic device 102.
• the NFCC 108 may interact with a device host (DH) 106 using an NDEF RF interface 112.
• the electronic device 102 may interact with a remote NFC endpoint 104 using NFC.
• the NDEF write access procedure may be used to change the write access for the NDEF message 118 on the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the NFCC 108 may receive 802 an NDEF write access command.
• the DH 106 may send an NDEF write access command if it is determined that the operation is allowed by the current state of the remote NFC endpoint 104.
• the DH 106 may send an NCI data message 116a with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPER ATION_WRrfE_ACCES S , followed by a single one-byte parameter that contains the new write access capability.
• the NFCC 108 may update 806 the write access of the remote NFC endpoint 104 based on the parameter byte value. For example, the NFCC 108 may use Type 1 tag commands to replace the least significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T1TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte.
• the NFCC 108 may update 810 the write access of the remote NFC endpoint 104 based on the parameter byte value. For example, the NFCC 108 may use Type 2 tag commands to replace the least significant nibble of byte 3 of the capability container, as defined in [T2TOP], with the 4 least significant bits of the value of the parameter byte.
• NDEF write access is not allowed 814.
• the NFCC 108 may update 818 the write access of the remote NFC endpoint 104 based on the parameter byte value. For example, the NFCC 108 may use Type 4 tag commands to replace the NDEF file write access condition byte of the NDEF file control TLV, as defined in [T4TOP], with the value of the parameter byte.
• the NFCC 108 may determine 820 whether the NDEF write access operation was successful. If the NDEF write access operation was successful, then the NFCC 108 may send 822 an NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED message. In one configuration, the NFCC 108 may send an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value of NDEF_OPERATION_SUCCEEDED and no parameters. On receiving this NCI data message 116b, the device host 106 may determine the current state of the tag, if the tag has changed.
• the NFCC 108 may send 824 an error message to the device host 106. This may be accomplished as described in connection with Figure 10.
• Figure 9 is a flow diagram illustrating one configuration of a method 900 for performing error handling for an NDEF operation.
• the method 900 may be performed by an NFC controller (NFCC) 108 of an electronic device 102.
• the NFCC 108 may interact with a device host (DH) 106 using an NDEF RF interface 112.
• NFCC NFC controller
• DH device host
• the NFCC 108 may receive 902 an NCI data message 116a.
• the NFCC 108 may receive 902 the NCI data message 116a from the DH 106 as part of an NDEF operation (e.g., get, put, read access, write access, etc.).
• the NFCC 108 may determine 904 that the NCI data message 116a does not conform to formatting requirements. For example, the NFCC 108 may determine 904 that the NCI data message 116a does not conform to the NCI data message formatting described in connection with Tables 1-3 above.
• the NFCC 108 may send 906 an NCI data message 116b with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_IN VALID, and no parameters.
• the NFCC 108 may send 906 the NCI data message 116b to the DH 106.
• Figure 10 is a flow diagram illustrating another configuration of a method 1000 for performing error handling for an NDEF operation.
• the method 1000 may be performed by an NFC controller (NFCC) 108 of an electronic device 102.
• the NFCC 108 may interact with a device host (DH) 106 using an NDEF RF interface 112.
• the NFCC 108 may determine 1002 that an NDEF operation (e.g., get, put, read access, write access, etc.) fails.
• NDEF operation e.g., get, put, read access, write access, etc.
• the NFCC 108 may determine 1004 whether the NDEF operation is allowed for the current state of the tag (e.g., the remote NFC endpoint 104). If the NFCC 108 is able to determine 1004 that the NDEF operation is not allowed given the current state of the tag, the NFCC 108 may send 1006 an NCI data message 116b to the DH 106 with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_DISALLOWED, and no parameters.
• the NFCC 108 may send 1006 an NCI data message 116b to the DH 106 with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_DISALLOWED, and no parameters.
• the NFCC 108 may determine 1008 whether an NDEF put operation fails because there is not enough space on the tag. If this is the reason for the NDEF operation failure, the NFCC 108 may send 1010 an NCI data message 116b to the DH 106 with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_OVERFLOW, and no parameters.
• the NFCC 108 may send 1012 an NCI data message 116b to the DH 106 with the descriptor field set to the value NDEF_OPERATION_F AILED, and no parameters.
• Figure 11 illustrates certain components that may be included within an electronic device 1102.
• the electronic device 1102 may be an access terminal, a mobile station, a user equipment (UE), etc.
• the electronic device 1102 may be the electronic device 102 of Figure 1.
• the electronic device 1102 includes a processor 1103.
• the processor 1103 may be a general purpose single- or multi-chip microprocessor (e.g., an Advanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) Machine (ARM)), a special purpose microprocessor (e.g., a digital signal processor (DSP)), a microcontroller, a programmable gate array, etc.
• the processor 1103 may be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU). Although just a single processor 1103 is shown in the electronic device 1102 of Figure 11, in an alternative configuration, a combination of processors (e.g., an ARM and DSP) could be used.
• the electronic device 1102 also includes memory 1105 in electronic communication with the processor (i.e., the processor can read information from and/or write information to the memory).
• the memory 1105 may be any electronic component capable of storing electronic information.
• the memory 1105 may be configured as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices in RAM, on-board memory included with the processor, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers and so forth, including combinations thereof.
• Data 1107a and instructions 1109a may be stored in the memory 1105.
• the instructions may include one or more programs, routines, sub-routines, functions, procedures, code, etc.
• the instructions may include a single computer-readable statement or many computer-readable statements.
• the instructions 1109a may be executable by the processor 1103 to implement the methods disclosed herein. Executing the instructions 1109a may involve the use of the data 1107a that is stored in the memory 1105.
• various portions of the instructions 1109b may be loaded onto the processor 1103, and various pieces of data 1107b may be loaded onto the processor 1103.
• the electronic device 1102 may also include a transmitter 1111 and a receiver 1113 to allow transmission and reception of signals to and from the electronic device 1102 via an antenna 1117.
• the transmitter 1111 and receiver 1113 may be collectively referred to as a transceiver 1115.
• the electronic device 1102 may also include (not shown) multiple transmitters, multiple antennas, multiple receivers and/or multiple transceivers.
• the electronic device 1102 may include a digital signal processor (DSP) 1121.
• the electronic device 1102 may also include a communications interface 1123.
• the communications interface 1123 may allow a user to interact with the electronic device 1102.
• the various components of the electronic device 1102 may be coupled together by one or more buses, which may include a power bus, a control signal bus, a status signal bus, a data bus, etc.
• buses may include a power bus, a control signal bus, a status signal bus, a data bus, etc.
• the various buses are illustrated in Figure 11 as a bus system 1119.
• determining encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
• processor should be interpreted broadly to encompass a general purpose processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a controller, a microcontroller, a state machine, and so forth. Under some circumstances, a “processor” may refer to an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• PLD programmable logic device
• FPGA field programmable gate array
• processor may refer to a combination of processing devices, e.g., a combination of a digital signal processor (DSP) and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a digital signal processor (DSP) core, or any other such configuration.
• memory should be interpreted broadly to encompass any electronic component capable of storing electronic information.
• the term memory may refer to various types of processor-readable media such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical data storage, registers, etc.
• RAM random access memory
• ROM read-only memory
• NVRAM non-volatile random access memory
• PROM programmable read-only memory
• EPROM erasable programmable read-only memory
• EEPROM electrically erasable PROM
• flash memory magnetic or optical data storage, registers, etc.
• instructions and “code” should be interpreted broadly to include any type of computer-readable statement(s).
• the terms “instructions” and “code” may refer to one or more programs, routines, sub-routines, functions, procedures, etc.
• “Instructions” and “code” may comprise a single computer-readable statement or many computer-readable statements.
• the functions described herein may be implemented in software or firmware being executed by hardware.
• the functions may be stored as one or more instructions on a computer-readable medium.
• computer-readable medium or “computer- program product” refers to any tangible storage medium that can be accessed by a computer or a processor.
• a computer-readable medium may include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
• Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray® disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.
• a computer-readable medium may be tangible and non-transitory.
• the term "computer-program product” refers to a computing device or processor in combination with code or instructions (e.g., a "program”) that may be executed, processed or computed by the computing device or processor.
• code may refer to software, instructions, code or data that is/are executable by a computing device or processor.
• Software or instructions may also be transmitted over a transmission medium.
• a transmission medium For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of transmission medium.
• DSL digital subscriber line
• the methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method.
• the method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims.
• the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.
• modules and/or other appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a device.
• a device may be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of means for performing the methods described herein.
• various methods described herein can be provided via a storage means (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), a physical storage medium such as a compact disc (CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a device may obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing the storage means to the device.
• RAM random access memory
• ROM read only memory
• CD compact disc
• floppy disk floppy disk

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• 2014
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• 2015
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