WO2015115931A1 - Активная зона реактора на быстрых нейтронах со свинцовым теплоносителем - Google Patents
Активная зона реактора на быстрых нейтронах со свинцовым теплоносителем Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015115931A1 WO2015115931A1 PCT/RU2014/000897 RU2014000897W WO2015115931A1 WO 2015115931 A1 WO2015115931 A1 WO 2015115931A1 RU 2014000897 W RU2014000897 W RU 2014000897W WO 2015115931 A1 WO2015115931 A1 WO 2015115931A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- active zone
- core
- height
- assemblies
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/02—Fuel elements
- G21C3/04—Constructional details
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/02—Fast fission reactors, i.e. reactors not using a moderator ; Metal cooled reactors; Fast breeders
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/42—Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel
- G21C3/58—Solid reactor fuel Pellets made of fissile material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C5/00—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator
- G21C5/14—Moderator or core structure; Selection of materials for use as moderator characterised by shape
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C1/00—Reactor types
- G21C1/02—Fast fission reactors, i.e. reactors not using a moderator ; Metal cooled reactors; Fast breeders
- G21C1/022—Fast fission reactors, i.e. reactors not using a moderator ; Metal cooled reactors; Fast breeders characterised by the design or properties of the core
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
- G21C3/02—Fuel elements
- G21C3/04—Constructional details
- G21C3/045—Pellets
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the invention relates to nuclear engineering and is intended for use in fast neutron reactors with a liquid metal coolant, mainly in the form of molten lead and its alloys.
- the design of the BN-800 reactor is known, the core of which is composed of hexagonal shaped fuel assemblies (FAs), in the middle part of which uranium-plutonium fuel is placed, and in the end zones there are upper and lower reproducing screens (Bagdasarov Yu.E., Kochetkov L. A. et al. BN-800 Reactor — A New Stage in the Development of Fast Neutron Reactors (IAEA-SM, 4 ° 284/41, vol. 2, p 209-216, 1985).
- Rod fuel elements fuel elements
- the disadvantage of the BN-800 reactor from the standpoint of nuclear safety is the high value of the sodium void reactivity effect. This significantly reduces the nuclear safety of the reactor in emergency situations leading to boiling of sodium or to drain the core.
- the active zone of a large fast neutron reactor with a central cavity is known, which is capable of suppressing the sodium void effect of reactivity to a minimum value and guarantee safety in transients without emergency shutdown of the reactor (Ru 2126558).
- the active zone in accordance with this invention is made in the form of fuel assemblies, which are installed in a ring and form a central cavity of significant dimensions, a system of control rods, as well as devices and materials that can enter the cavity for emergency shutdown of the reactor.
- the invention allows to reduce the void effect of reactivity by increasing the leakage of neutrons through a cavity of a significant size in the Central part of the active zone under conditions of loss or boiling of sodium coolant.
- the use of an active zone of such a configuration leads to an increase in the dimensions of the reactor and a decrease in the economic indicators of reactor facilities.
- a modified construction of a fast sodium reactor with uranium-plutonium fuel is known (Ru 2029397).
- the active zone of this reactor as well as the BN-600 reactor is composed of hexagonal fuel assemblies, in the middle part of which uranium-plutonium fuel is placed, and in the end zones there are upper and lower reproducing screens.
- a through cavity with a diameter of 0.3 + 0.8 from the effective diameter of the fuel assembly is made to the height of the active zone and reproducing screens.
- the rest of the fuel rods are located inside the fuel assembly housing, and in the inter-fuel space, the coolant - molten sodium - passes from bottom to top.
- This design of the fuel assembly provides an increase in neutron leakage from the reactor core to the end reflectors in emergency situations, due to which a decrease in the sodium void reactivity effect is achieved.
- a decrease in reactivity and an increase in neutron leakage through the through cavity in a fuel assembly is achieved only by removing a significant amount of fuel elements from the central part of the fuel assembly.
- the use of such a solution leads to a decrease in reactor power or to the need to increase the enrichment of nuclear fuel or increase the size of the core.
- Known fast reactor with a lead coolant which includes an active zone with a zonal distribution of uranium-plutonium nitride nuclear fuel over its radius (Ru 2173484).
- Nuclear fuel is located in the cladding of the fuel elements, the gap between the fuel and the cladding is filled with a material with high thermal conductivity, for example, lead.
- the fuel rods are assembled in fuel assemblies, which are cooled by lead coolant.
- the mass ratio of uranium and plutonium in the fuel is selected in the range from 5.7 to 7.3 and the same throughout the active zone.
- the active zone is made with radial zoning of the fuel and contains at least two subzones: central and peripheral.
- the peripheral subzone has more fuel and less coolant than the central subzone.
- the distribution of the content of nuclear fuel and coolant in the subzones is carried out by changing the step between the fuel rods and / or use fuel rods with different diameters in the center and on the periphery.
- the invention allows to ensure uniformity of fuel burnup rates and plutonium reproduction rates in the central part and on the periphery of the core, to reduce the temperature difference of the fuel rods and coolant along the radius, and also to increase the nuclear safety of the reactor in case of emergencies, for example, associated with loss of coolant.
- the design of the reactor, core, fuel assemblies, and fuel elements described in detail in this invention allows one to obtain other technical results, in particular, to reduce the reactivity margin of the reactor to the optimum level, improve heat transfer from fuel to the fuel cladding, reduce the thermomechanical interaction of the fuel with the fuel cladding, and reduce pressure inside the fuel rods.
- Zone profiling of the content of uranium-plutonium nitride fuel and coolant along the radius of the active zone in the invention according to the patent Ru 2173484 is carried out either by using fuel rods with different diameters in the central and peripheral fuel assemblies and / or using different densities of their layout. So, in particular, the ratio of the diameters of the fuel rods of the fuel assemblies of the peripheral subzone and the fuel rods of the fuel assemblies of the central subzone is chosen to be 1.12, and the ratio of the steps between the fuel rods of the fuel assemblies of the central subzone and between the fuel rods of the fuel rods in the peripheral subzone is chosen to be 1.18.
- the practical use of this invention is associated with the need to organize the production of nuclear fuel, fuel rods and fuel assemblies of several sizes, which leads to an increase in the cost of producing nuclear fuel.
- the objective of the invention is to create a design of the active zone of a fast neutron reactor with a lead coolant of high power with a negative or near-zero void reactivity effect and with effective equalization of energy release along the radius of the active zone.
- an active high-power reactor core fast neutron lead coolant comprises homogeneous uranium-plutonium nitride fuel mass fraction of which (f r) is greater than 0.305, wherein the fuel is taken in a geometrically identical shells cylindrical fuel rods, the fuel rods are arranged in fuel assemblies that form the central, intermediate, and peripheral parts of the core, and fuel rods of the central, intermediate, and peripheral parts of the core are made with different heights of the fuel column, and the radial distribution of fuel over the volume of the active zone is characterized by a stepped shape in its longitudinal axial section.
- the diameter of the central part of the core is from 0.4 to 0.5 of the effective diameter of the core
- the height of the fuel column in the fuel rods of the fuel assemblies of the central part of the core is from 0.5 to 0.8 of the height of the fuel column in the fuel rods located in the fuel assemblies of the peripheral part of the active zone
- the heights of the fuel poles in the fuel rods of the fuel assemblies forming a stepped intermediate part and located within the diameters from 0.5 to 0.85 of the effective diameter of the active zone are selected in the range from 0.55 to 0.9 from height oplivnogo column in the fuel rods, fuel assemblies housed in the peripheral part of the core.
- the essence of the invention consists in the design of the core, the central part of which has a significant impact on the safety characteristics of a fast neutron reactor.
- the proposed distribution of fuel in the core which is characterized by a stepped shape in its longitudinal axial section with a strongly flattened central part, which increases neutron leakage and allows for this part to achieve a negative or near-zero positive value of the void effect at certain values of the mass fraction of fuel.
- This effect combined with the influence of side and end reflectors, as well as The neutron absorber installed in the upper part of the fuel rods ensures the achievement of a negative value of the void effect for the entire reactor.
- the increase in excess neutron generation in the reactor core is the main "tool" for reducing the void effects of reactivity.
- Such an increase in excess neutron generation in the reactor core contributes to a radical decrease in the positive void effects for large active zones and even the achievement of negative void effects for all reactor zones.
- the geometric dimensions of the core largely determine the level of leakage and the magnitude of the void effects.
- hard neutron spectra increased fuel fractions in the core and, therefore, high levels of excess neutron generation in the reactor core and economical consumption of neutrons, leak maximization in order to suppress void effects is reduced to essentially two types of geometric arrangements:
- Achieving a critical load with decreasing fuel height in the central part of the core is achieved by increasing the height of the fuel columns in the direction from the center to the peripheral part of the core.
- equalization of energy release is achieved by placing fuel in the form of steps formed by fuel assemblies with different heights of fuel posts (fuel mass) in the fuel rods.
- a feature of the proposed solution is the implementation of a stepwise radial distribution of fuel in the central, intermediate and peripheral parts of the core by using in these parts of the core the fuel with a uniform fuel composition and fuel rods and fuel assemblies with identical geometric parameters.
- FIG. 1 shows the longitudinal sections of the fuel rods designed to form the fuel assemblies of the peripheral, intermediate and central parts of the reactor core, made in accordance with the proposed solution.
- FIG. Figure 2 shows the layout of nuclear uranium-plutonium fuel in the reactor core in accordance with the proposed solution, which is characterized by a stepped shape in the longitudinal axial section.
- a fuel rod for the formation of the peripheral part of the active zone (Fig. 1a) consists of a tubular cladding 1 with end parts 2 and 3; inside the cladding 1, uranium-plutonium fuel 4 is placed in the form of a column with a height N.
- a cavity 5 is formed in the upper part of the fuel rod, filled with an inert gas.
- a means for absorbing neutrons for example, a rod 6 of tungsten carbide 5 cm high, as well as a structural element for fixing fuel, made, for example, in the form of a spring 7.
- a fuel rod for forming a central part of the core and an intermediate part, which in a longitudinal section is characterized by a stepped form of fuel distribution (Fig. Lb) consists of a tubular shell 1 with end parts 2 and 3, inside the shell 1 there is a uranium-plutonium fuel 4 in the form of a column fuel pills h.
- the height h is set in the range from 0.5 to 0.8 N for the central part and from 0.55 to 0.9 N for the intermediate.
- a cavity 5 filled with an inert gas is formed in the upper part of the fuel rod.
- means for absorbing neutrons are placed in the cavity 5, for example, a rod 6 of tungsten carbide 5 cm high, as well as a structural element for fixing fuel, made, for example, in the form of a spring 7.
- FIG. Figure 2 shows the layout of uranium-plutonium fuel in the core, which is characterized by a stepped shape in the axial cross section.
- the intermediate part of the core within the diameter from dl to d2 forms a step and contains fuel elements, the scheme of which is shown in FIG. lb.
- the diameter of the central part of the core dl is selected from 0.4 to 0.5 of its effective diameter D.
- the FA group of the intermediate part is located within the diameter d2, which is selected in the range from 0.5 to 0.85 of the effective diameter of the core D and contains fuel rods with a fuel column height h.
- fuel assemblies and fuel rods of the core form a stepped distribution form.
- the applicant has not found technical solutions containing signs associated with the formation of a patentable distribution of fuel in the core, which is characterized in a longitudinal axial section by a stepped shape.
- This solution in terms of simplicity and means used, is fundamentally different from the implementation of the zonal distribution of fuel by changing the diameter of the fuel rods and the step of their placement along the radius of the core.
- a decrease in the height of the fuel in the central part of the core leads to a spatial-energy redistribution of the neutron flux, an increase in neutron leakage from the central part of the core, and, consequently, to a decrease in the positive component of the void reactivity effect.
- an active zone can be realized with four or more steps formed by fuel assemblies with different fuel heights in fuel rods.
- the choice of fuel height in fuel rods of a fuel assembly in the central part of the core affects the distribution of power along its radius.
- the calculation results show that the stepped form of fuel distribution in the core leads to a more uniform distribution of power over the radius of the core.
- Different fuel heights in fuel rods of the rod type of a fuel assembly which stepwise increases from the center of the core to its periphery, it makes it possible to reduce the uneven distribution of power along the radius of the core, which allows to increase the average energy intensity and optimize the fuel loading of the core.
- the reactor core of the BR-1200 reactor with a lead coolant with a thermal power of 2800 MW and an effective diameter of 576 cm is composed of 692 sheathed fuel assemblies, each of which contains 169 fuel elements with uranium-plutonium nitride fuel (with a Pu content of about 14.3%) so that the mass fraction of fuel in the active zone (e t) is not less than 0.305.
- Heating of the coolant in the core is 120 ° C, and the maximum velocity of the coolant is about 2 m / s.
- the first stage of the central part of the active zone contains 127 fuel assemblies, each of which is formed by fuel rods with a fuel column height of 68 cm.
- the second stage of the central part of the active zone contains 270 fuel assemblies, each of which is formed by fuel rods with a fuel column height of 78 cm.
- the peripheral part of the active zone contains 295 FAs, each of which is formed by fuel rods with a fuel column height of 88 cm. All fuel rods of the central, intermediate and peripheral parts of the core are made with an outer diameter of 10.0 mm and are located in a triangular th grid with a pitch of 13 mm.
- the ratio of the diameter of the central part of the core to its effective diameter is 0.404, and the ratio of the heights of the fuel in the fuel rods of the first and second steps of the central part of the core to the height of the fuel in its peripheral part is, respectively, 0.77 and 0, 89.
- the active zone consists of case-type fuel assemblies, which uses the principle of stepwise profiling of the fuel load along the radius of the active zone with the height of the fuel column when using fuel rods with geometrically identical cladding, and the energy release field is aligned with the unevenness coefficient along a radius not exceeding 1, 27 and a negative void effect for the entire reactor.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Monitoring And Testing Of Nuclear Reactors (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2937670A CA2937670C (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-11-27 | Active zone of a lead-cooled fast reactor |
CN201480074067.8A CN106133843B (zh) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-11-27 | 铅冷快速反应堆的活性区域 |
US15/112,578 US9685244B2 (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-11-27 | Active zone of lead-cooled fast reactor |
EP14881368.6A EP3101657B1 (en) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-11-27 | Active zone of a lead-cooled fast reactor |
JP2016548234A JP6695804B2 (ja) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-11-27 | 鉛冷却形式の高速原子炉の炉心 |
KR1020167020329A KR101823439B1 (ko) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-11-27 | 납-냉각 고속 원자로의 활성 영역 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
RU2014103266/07A RU2549829C1 (ru) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-01-31 | Активная зона реактора на быстрых нейтронах со свинцовым теплоносителем, твэл и тепловыделяющая сборка для ее создания |
RU2014103266 | 2014-01-31 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2015115931A1 true WO2015115931A1 (ru) | 2015-08-06 |
WO2015115931A8 WO2015115931A8 (ru) | 2015-10-08 |
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PCT/RU2014/000897 WO2015115931A1 (ru) | 2014-01-31 | 2014-11-27 | Активная зона реактора на быстрых нейтронах со свинцовым теплоносителем |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US9685244B2 (ru) |
EP (1) | EP3101657B1 (ru) |
JP (1) | JP6695804B2 (ru) |
KR (1) | KR101823439B1 (ru) |
CN (1) | CN106133843B (ru) |
CA (1) | CA2937670C (ru) |
RU (1) | RU2549829C1 (ru) |
WO (1) | WO2015115931A1 (ru) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN108597625B (zh) * | 2018-05-08 | 2019-04-09 | 西安交通大学 | 一种研究铅基反应堆棒束通道内熔融物迁徙行为的实验装置 |
RU2691628C1 (ru) * | 2018-09-03 | 2019-06-17 | Акционерное общество "Высокотехнологический научно-исследовательский институт неорганических материалов имени академика А.А. Бочвара" | Твэл ядерного реактора |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3367837A (en) * | 1965-10-24 | 1968-02-06 | Atomic Power Dev Ass Inc | Minimizing the positive sodium void coefficient in liquid metal-cooled fast reactor systems |
RU2142169C1 (ru) * | 1993-10-21 | 1999-11-27 | Фраматом | Ядерный реактор на быстрых нейтронах |
RU2173484C1 (ru) * | 2000-02-14 | 2001-09-10 | Государственное унитарное предприятие "Научно-исследовательский и конструкторский институт энерготехники" | Быстрый реактор с тяжелым жидкометаллическим теплоносителем |
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US3575803A (en) * | 1968-08-08 | 1971-04-20 | Atomic Energy Commission | Reactor fueling method |
GB1285464A (en) * | 1969-08-08 | 1972-08-16 | Atomic Energy Authority Uk | Improvements in or relating to nuclear reactors |
GB1299768A (en) * | 1969-09-27 | 1972-12-13 | Siemens Ag | Nuclear reactor installations |
US3943036A (en) * | 1969-09-27 | 1976-03-09 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Fast breeder reactor |
BE804246A (fr) * | 1973-08-30 | 1974-02-28 | Iljunin Vladimir G | Reacteur nucleaire a neutrons rapides |
JPS5050595A (ru) * | 1973-09-04 | 1975-05-07 | ||
JPS61196195A (ja) * | 1985-02-27 | 1986-08-30 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 高速増殖炉 |
FR2620438B1 (fr) * | 1987-09-11 | 1989-12-01 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de preparation de nitrure d'uranium et/ou de plutonium utilisable comme combustible nucleaire |
US5143690A (en) * | 1990-07-10 | 1992-09-01 | General Electric Company | Fuel-assembly inversion for dual-phase nuclear reactors |
US5162097A (en) * | 1990-07-10 | 1992-11-10 | General Electric Company | Steam cooled nuclear reactor with bi-level core |
JP3067291B2 (ja) * | 1991-07-25 | 2000-07-17 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 原子炉燃料集合体 |
JP2551892B2 (ja) * | 1992-01-18 | 1996-11-06 | 動力炉・核燃料開発事業団 | 高速炉の中空炉心 |
JPH07120580A (ja) * | 1993-10-22 | 1995-05-12 | Japan Atom Energy Res Inst | 核燃料サイクル |
JP3524884B2 (ja) * | 2001-03-02 | 2004-05-10 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 高速増殖炉 |
JP4746911B2 (ja) * | 2005-04-27 | 2011-08-10 | 財団法人電力中央研究所 | 高速炉および高速炉施設の建設方法 |
CN101299351B (zh) * | 2008-06-27 | 2011-09-07 | 张育曼 | 水冷双区增殖核反应堆堆芯及采用该堆芯的核反应堆 |
JP2012220325A (ja) * | 2011-04-07 | 2012-11-12 | Toshiba Corp | 高速炉 |
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2014
- 2014-01-31 RU RU2014103266/07A patent/RU2549829C1/ru active
- 2014-11-27 WO PCT/RU2014/000897 patent/WO2015115931A1/ru active Application Filing
- 2014-11-27 CA CA2937670A patent/CA2937670C/en active Active
- 2014-11-27 JP JP2016548234A patent/JP6695804B2/ja active Active
- 2014-11-27 KR KR1020167020329A patent/KR101823439B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2014-11-27 US US15/112,578 patent/US9685244B2/en active Active
- 2014-11-27 CN CN201480074067.8A patent/CN106133843B/zh active Active
- 2014-11-27 EP EP14881368.6A patent/EP3101657B1/en not_active Not-in-force
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3367837A (en) * | 1965-10-24 | 1968-02-06 | Atomic Power Dev Ass Inc | Minimizing the positive sodium void coefficient in liquid metal-cooled fast reactor systems |
RU2142169C1 (ru) * | 1993-10-21 | 1999-11-27 | Фраматом | Ядерный реактор на быстрых нейтронах |
RU2173484C1 (ru) * | 2000-02-14 | 2001-09-10 | Государственное унитарное предприятие "Научно-исследовательский и конструкторский институт энерготехники" | Быстрый реактор с тяжелым жидкометаллическим теплоносителем |
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EMELIANOV I.IA. ET AL.: "Konstruirovaniya yadernykh reaktorov.", ENERGOIZDAT, 1982, MOSCOW, pages 150, XP008184534 * |
See also references of EP3101657A4 |
YU.E. BAGDASAROV; L.A. KOCHETKOV ET AL.: "The BN-800 reactor - a new step in fast reactor development.", IAEA-SM, NS 284/41, vol. 2, 1985, pages 209 - 216 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3101657A4 (en) | 2017-08-30 |
EP3101657A1 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
JP2017504034A (ja) | 2017-02-02 |
US20160351278A1 (en) | 2016-12-01 |
WO2015115931A8 (ru) | 2015-10-08 |
EP3101657B1 (en) | 2019-04-24 |
CA2937670C (en) | 2017-01-24 |
CN106133843B (zh) | 2018-09-07 |
CN106133843A (zh) | 2016-11-16 |
CA2937670A1 (en) | 2015-08-06 |
KR101823439B1 (ko) | 2018-01-30 |
JP6695804B2 (ja) | 2020-05-20 |
KR20160142277A (ko) | 2016-12-12 |
US9685244B2 (en) | 2017-06-20 |
RU2549829C1 (ru) | 2015-04-27 |
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