Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
  • A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
  • A61J1/14—Details; Accessories therefor
  • A61J1/20—Arrangements for transferring or mixing fluids, e.g. from vial to syringe
  • A61J1/2003—Accessories used in combination with means for transfer or mixing of fluids, e.g. for activating fluid flow, separating fluids, filtering fluid or venting
  • A61J1/2068—Venting means
  • A61J1/2075—Venting means for external venting
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
  • A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
  • A61J1/05—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes for collecting, storing or administering blood, plasma or medical fluids ; Infusion or perfusion containers
  • A61J1/10—Bag-type containers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
  • A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
  • A61J1/14—Details; Accessories therefor
  • A61J1/1412—Containers with closing means, e.g. caps
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
  • A61J1/00—Containers specially adapted for medical or pharmaceutical purposes
  • A61J1/14—Details; Accessories therefor
  • A61J1/1468—Containers characterised by specific material properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
  • B32B15/085—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
  • B32B15/088—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin comprising polyamides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/04—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B15/08—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
  • B32B15/09—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising metal as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/20—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising aluminium or copper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2439/00—Containers; Receptacles
  • B32B2439/40—Closed containers
  • B32B2439/46—Bags
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2439/00—Containers; Receptacles
  • B32B2439/80—Medical packaging

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a laminated bag containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient, a method for packaging an active pharmaceutical ingredient and the use of a laminated bag for packaging an active pharmaceutical ingredient.
• US 1 ,538,277 describes a package for food and commodities from a laminated sheet.
• the sheet comprises an inner layer of metal foil, such as tin foil, attached with a layer of paraffin wax to a middle wax impregnated sheet of paper and an outer paper wrapper coated with a waxy material.
• Said package hermetically seals the contents of the package.
• US 2,400,390 describes a vacuum packaging sheet material formed by adhesively laminating aluminum or tin foil to a chlorinated rubber film. The edges of the chlorinated rubber film are heat sealed under vacuum to form a moisture, light and air resistant package.
• US 3,560,223 a food product cooked in situ in a multilayer casing is described.
• the tubular casing is formed by laminating layers of thermoplastic film to both sides of a metal foil.
• the sealed tube formed therefrom is relatively impervious to moisture and oxygen transmission.
• US 4,096,309 describes a self-sealing packaging laminate of high strength and capacity.
• the laminate is composed of an outer sheet of non-woven spun- bonded polymeric filament such as polyethylene or polyester, a second layer of flexible metal foil, preferably aluminum, and an inner layer of heat sealable polyolefin.
• a face ply of smooth non-porous material such as Kraft paper is bonded to the outer spun- bonded polymeric filament layer.
• a multilayer packaging material for snack food comprises an outer layer of polypropylene, a low density polyethylene laminator and an inner layer which is a co-extrusion.
• the inner co- extruded layer comprises a first layer of high density polyethylene, a second layer of polypropylene and a third layer of ethylene methyl acrylate.
• the ethylene methyl acrylate surface is coated with an emulsion of polyvinylidene chloride, which seals the inner layers together upon application of heat.
• a flexible container for storing food having a pad of liquid absorbing material disposed proximate the open end for absorbing liquid while the flexible container is evacuated prior to heat sealing the open end.
• the laminated bags described above are designed for packaging foods and commodities.
• innovative concepts for packaging pharmaceuticals are focused at formulated products such as tablets, such as for example the biodegradable films for blister packages as described in WO 2013/076734.
• Conventional packaging for bulk pharmaceutical use generally comprise a box- type non-flexible body.
• Active pharmaceutical ingredients are stored and shipped in HDPE drums or corrugated boxes.
• One problem associated with such packaging is that these consume a significant amount of plastic and paper which have adverse impact on the environment, with millions of sea birds and mammals dying each year due to plastic ingestion or entanglement.
• plastic and paper it is becoming difficult to dispose of non-biodegradable waste.
• the prior art box-type non-flexible containers have another major disadvantage in that the amount of space occupied by the filled container is much higher than the space occupied by the pharmaceutical product itself. This is a problem in transport and storage where occupancy of minimal space is key.
• the conventional packaging containers such as boxes and drums are usually well-equipped to withstand external moisture from reaching the often sensitive pharmaceutical products and are also resilient to mechanical damage.
• the technical aim of the present invention is to produce a packaging structure for pharmaceutical use that overcomes the aforesaid technical problems, i.e. bringing flexible packaging economics whilst having sufficient resilience to penetration of moisture and mechanical damage.
• the present invention describes laminate bags filled with active pharmaceutical ingredients.
• Laminate bags are known for packaging of plastic granules.
• plastic granules are highly stable compounds requiring no particular temperature, moisture or other controls and precisely the contrary is required in the field of the present invention, namely bulk active pharmaceutical ingredients.
• bags comprising four layers of polyester, metal (such as tin or aluminum), nylon and polyethylene give protection to active pharmaceutical ingredient from external moisture during storing and transportation. Quality and stability surprisingly was found to be equal or even better when compared to existing packaging.
• bag refers to a non-rigid container.
• laminated refers to the result of lamination which is the technique of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance or other properties from the use of differing materials.
• a laminate is usually permanently assembled by heat, pressure, welding, or adhesives.
• amoxicillin refers to the compound (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-amino(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1 - azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid and is also meant to include salts and hydrates thereof, notably the sodium salt and the trihydrate.
• amicillin refers to the compound (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[(2R)-aminophenylacetyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4- thia-1 -azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid and is also meant to include salts and hydrates thereof, notably the sodium salt, the monohydrate, trihydrate and sesquihydrate.
• agentvastatin refers to the compound (3R,5R)-2-(4- fluorophenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-5-(1 -methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1 /-/- pyrrole-1 -heptanoic acid and lactones, hydrates and salts thereof, notably the calcium salt, the calcium salt trihydrate, the lactone and the sodium salt.
• cefaclor refers to the compound (6R,7R)-7-[[(2R)-aminophenylacetyl]amino]-3-chloro-8-oxo-5- thia-1 -azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid and is also meant to include salts and hydrates thereof, notably the monohydrate.
• cefadroxil refers to the compound (6R,7R)-7-[[(2R)-amino-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5- thia-1 -azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, notably the monohydrate.
• cephalexin refers to the compound (6R,7R)-7- [[(2/?)-aminophenylacetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1 -azabicyclo[4.2 ]oct-2- ⁇ carboxylic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, notably the monohydrate, the monohydrochloride monohydrate and the sodium salt.
• cephradine refers to the compound (6R,7/?)-7-[[(2/?)-amino-1 ,4-cyclohexadien-1 -ylacetyl]amino]-3-methyl-8- oxo-5-thia-1 -azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid and is also meant to include salts and hydrates thereof, notably the dihydrate and the monohydrate.
• cloxacillin refers to the compound (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-iso- xazolyl]carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1 -azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-car- boxylic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, notably the benzathine salt, the sodium salt and the sodium salt monohydrate.
• dicloxacillin refers to the compound (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[[3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl]carbonyl]amino]-3,3-dime- thyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1 -azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, notably the sodium salt monohydrate.
• flucloxacillin refers to the compound (2S,5R,6R)-6-[[[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl]carbonyl]- amino]-3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1 -azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, notably the sodium salt monohydrate.
• oxacillin refers to the compound (2S,5R,6R)-3,3-dimethyl-6-[[(5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolyl)carbonyl]- amino]-7-oxo-4-thia-1 -azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane-2-carboxylic acid and salts and hydrates thereof, notably the sodium salt monohydrate.
• rosuvastatin refers to the compound (3R,5S,6£)-7-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-6-(1 -methylethyl)-2-[methyl- (methylsulfonyl)amino]-5-pyrimidinyl]-3,5-dihydroxy-6-heptenoic acid and lactones, hydrates and salts thereof, notably the calcium salt.
• the present invention provides a laminated bag containing an active pharmaceutical ingredient characterized in that said laminated bag comprises an inner polyethylene layer completely embracing said active pharmaceutical ingredient and a metal layer completely embracing said inner polyethylene layer.
• the metal may be aluminum or tin.
• the laminated bag further comprises a layer of a aliphatic polyamide such as nylon like nylon-6,6; nylon-6; nylon-6,9; nylon-6,10; nylon-6,12; nylon-1 1 ; nylon-12 and nylon-4,6.
• a layer of aliphatic polyamide completely embraces the inner polyethylene layer.
• the nylon layer is positioned between said polyethylene layer and said aluminum layer.
• the laminated bag further comprises a layer of polyester completely embracing said inner polyethylene layer.
• polyesters are polybutylene succinate (PBS), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene adipate (PEA), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyglycolic acid (PGA), polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polylactic acid (PLA) and polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT).
• PBS polybutylene succinate
• PBT polybutylene terephthalate
• PCL polycaprolactone
• PET polyethylene adipate
• PEN polyethylene naphthalate
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PGA polyglycolic acid
• PHA polyhydroxyalkanoate
• PBB polyhydroxybutyrate
• PBV poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
• PTA polyt
• the thickness of the layers is from 3 to 3000 ⁇ , preferably from 5 to 2000 ⁇ , more preferably from 10 to 1000 ⁇ , most preferably from 12 to 750 ⁇ .
• the thickness of the polyethylene layer is from 50 to 300 ⁇ , more preferably from 100 to 200 ⁇ .
• the thickness of the nylon layer is from 10 to 50 ⁇ , more preferably from 12 to 25 ⁇ .
• the thickness of the metal layer is from 300 to 1000 ⁇ , more preferably from 500 to 750 ⁇ .
• the thickness of the polyester layer is from 10 to 50 ⁇ , more preferably from 10 to 25 ⁇ .
• the layers of the laminated bag comprise an adhesive in between two layers.
• Suitable adhesives are those known to the skilled person such as, for example, double component polyurethane adhesives.
• a one way valve is connected to the laminated bag.
• One way valves are used to create a unidirectional flow in a device such as the laminated bag of the present invention.
• a one way valve may be an elastomeric sealing element that allows forward flow and prevent backward flow of gases.
• the one way valve is connected such that gas can flow from the inside of the laminated bag to the outside.
• a preferred one way valve is a duckbill valve.
• an umbrella valve is preferred.
• valves mentioned above are commercially available and can be made from various materials, usually but not necessarily polymers. Assembly of the valves mentioned above to the laminated bag of the present invention can be done according to procedures known to the skilled person.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient is an antibiotic chosen from the list consisting of amoxicillin, ampicillin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefprozil, cephalexin, cephradine, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin and oxacillin or a statin chosen from the list consisting of atorvastatin, lovastatin, nystatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin.
• the antibiotic is amoxicillin, most preferably in the form of amoxicillin trihydrate.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient is packaged in one or two separate bags prior to packaging in the laminated bag of the present invention.
• the active pharmaceutical ingredient is packaged in a polyethylene bag.
• the resulting active pharmaceutical ingredient packaged in a polyethylene bag is packaged in a second bag.
• Said second bag may be polyethylene or metal film, depending on specific needs as usually dictated by customers. Suitable metal films are aluminum and tin, preferably aluminum.
• the present invention provides a method for packaging an active pharmaceutical ingredient comprising bringing said active pharmaceutical ingredient into a laminated bag as described in the first aspect of the invention. Insertion of the active pharmaceutical ingredient may be done using automated bag- filling equipment as known to the skilled person.
• the present invention provides the use of a laminated bag as described in the first aspect of the invention for packaging active pharmaceutical ingredients such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, atorvastatin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefprozil, cephalexin, cephradine, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, lovastatin, nystatin, oxacillin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin.
• active pharmaceutical ingredients such as amoxicillin, ampicillin, atorvastatin, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cefprozil, cephalexin, cephradine, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, flucloxacillin, lovastatin, nystatin, oxacillin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin and simvastatin.
• Figure 1 a schematic representation of a one way valve (top, A): A1 represents the exterior wherein gas flow cannot pass the one way valve and A2 represent the interior from where the gas flow can pass the one way vale.
• B bottom
• B1 pressure
• a laminated bag comprising an inner polyethylene (linear low-density polyethylene, LLDPE) layer having a thickness of 135 ⁇ , followed by a nylon (oriented polyamide, OPA) layer having a thickness of 15 ⁇ , followed by an aluminum layer having a thickness of 635 ⁇ and finally a polyester (PET) layer having a thickness of 12 ⁇ were determined.
• Adhesive was present in between two layers: 3 ⁇ of adhesive between polyethylene and nylon, 3 ⁇ of adhesive between nylon and aluminum and 4 ⁇ of adhesive between aluminum and polyester.
• Adhesive layer between polyethylene and nylon 3 g.m "2
• Nylon (oriented polyamide, OPA) layer 17 g.m "2
• Adhesive layer between nylon and aluminum 3 g.m "2
• Adhesive layer between aluminum and polyester 4 g.m "2
• Oxygen permeability (23°C and 0% rel. humidity): ⁇ 0.1 cc.m "2 /24 h
• Batches of amoxicillin trihydrate were stored for 6 months at 40 ⁇ 2°C and a relative humidity (RH) of 75 ⁇ 5%. Samples were analyzed after 0, 1 , 2, 3 and 6 months.
• Batches A1 and A2 represent existing packaging (25 kg batches of amoxicillin in a primary bag of polyethylene, a secondary bag of aluminum or polyethylene and a tertiary bag which is a corrugated box or HDPE drum) and batches B1 and B2 represent packaging according to the present invention (25 kg batches of amoxicillin in a primary bag of polyethylene, a secondary bag of polyethylene and a tertiary bag which is a laminated bag as described in Example 1 ). The laminate bag was further equipped with a one way valve. Storage and analysis was according to ICH and EU Guidelines on stability studies. Specification of amoxicillin trihydrate are as follows:

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Packages (AREA)
• Wrappers (AREA)
• Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
• Bag Frames (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Medicinal Preparation (AREA)

Priority Applications (5)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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Citations (3)

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• 2015
  • 2015-01-12 EP EP15701485.3A patent/EP3094492B1/en active Active
  • 2015-01-12 HK HK16114170.5A patent/HK1225698A1/zh unknown
  • 2015-01-12 IN IN111DE2014 patent/IN2014DE00111A/en unknown
  • 2015-01-12 ES ES15701485T patent/ES2742103T3/es active Active
  • 2015-01-12 WO PCT/EP2015/050392 patent/WO2015107016A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2015-01-12 CN CN201580004472.7A patent/CN105916680A/zh active Pending
  • 2015-01-12 PL PL15701485T patent/PL3094492T3/pl unknown
  • 2015-01-12 US US15/111,262 patent/US20160331638A1/en not_active Abandoned

Patent Citations (3)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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