WO2015100074A1 - High-strength high-thermal-conductivity wrought nickel alloy - Google Patents

High-strength high-thermal-conductivity wrought nickel alloy Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015100074A1
WO2015100074A1 PCT/US2014/070646 US2014070646W WO2015100074A1 WO 2015100074 A1 WO2015100074 A1 WO 2015100074A1 US 2014070646 W US2014070646 W US 2014070646W WO 2015100074 A1 WO2015100074 A1 WO 2015100074A1
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Prior art keywords
nickel
powder
alloying process
alloy
metal
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/070646
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Herbert A. CHIN
Paul L. Reynolds
Stephen P. MURON
Kevin W. Schlichting
Raymond C. Benn
Original Assignee
Chin Herbert A
Reynolds Paul L
Muron Stephen P
Schlichting Kevin W
Benn Raymond C
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Chin Herbert A, Reynolds Paul L, Muron Stephen P, Schlichting Kevin W, Benn Raymond C filed Critical Chin Herbert A
Priority to EP24152983.3A priority Critical patent/EP4353856A3/de
Priority to EP14873424.7A priority patent/EP3087210B1/de
Priority to US15/108,476 priority patent/US20160325357A1/en
Priority to EP24152972.6A priority patent/EP4332259A3/de
Publication of WO2015100074A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015100074A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/03—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt based on nickel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/12—Metallic powder containing non-metallic particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/0433—Nickel- or cobalt-based alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
    • C22C1/051—Making hard metals based on borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides or silicides; Preparation of the powder mixture used as the starting material therefor
    • C22C1/053—Making hard metals based on borides, carbides, nitrides, oxides or silicides; Preparation of the powder mixture used as the starting material therefor with in situ formation of hard compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/05—Mixtures of metal powder with non-metallic powder
    • C22C1/059—Making alloys comprising less than 5% by weight of dispersed reinforcing phases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/10—Alloys containing non-metals
    • C22C1/1084—Alloys containing non-metals by mechanical alloying (blending, milling)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C19/00—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt
    • C22C19/007—Alloys based on nickel or cobalt with a light metal (alkali metal Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs; earth alkali metal Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al Ga, Ge, Ti) or B, Si, Zr, Hf, Sc, Y, lanthanides, actinides, as the next major constituent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
    • B22F2003/208—Warm or hot extruding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • B22F2009/041—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by mechanical alloying, e.g. blending, milling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
    • B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
    • B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
    • B22F2009/043—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by ball milling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2301/15—Nickel or cobalt
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/10—Carbide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/20—Nitride
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/25—Oxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/25—Oxide
    • B22F2302/253—Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/25—Oxide
    • B22F2302/256—Silicium oxide (SiO2)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2302/00—Metal Compound, non-Metallic compound or non-metal composition of the powder or its coating
    • B22F2302/35—Complex boride, carbide, carbonitride, nitride, oxide or oxynitride
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates generally to alloying metals, and, more particularly, to method for producing a nickel alloy with increased thermal conductivity combined with high temperature strength capability.
  • TMS Thermal Management System
  • a key component in the TMS is a heat exchanger for hot section air-to-air exchanges.
  • the heat exchanger requires strength, temperature capability and high thermal conductivity along with manufacturability and cost.
  • Conventional hot section heat exchanger materials are typically made of a nickel alloy for their high temperature capability and ease of fabrication.
  • nickel alloys have significantly lower thermal conductivity as compared to pure nickel metal.
  • the conventional nickel alloys have thermal conductivities 1/lOth to l/25th of that of pure nickel. But the relatively low strength of pure nickel makes it undesirable as an engineering or structural material. As such, what is desired is one or more materials with high thermal conductivity and significant strength characteristics.
  • a nickel alloying process which includes providing a metal powder containing substantially unalloyed nickel, forming a nickel alloy from the metal powder, removing air and absorbed water from the nickel alloy, and hot extruding the nickel alloy.
  • the metal powder is produced by blending a substantially unalloyed nickel powder with an incoherent particle powder.
  • the metal powder is produced by blending a nickel oxide powder proportionally with a nickel-aluminum alloy powder.
  • the nickel alloy is formed by a ball milling process.
  • the metal powder is a nickel-vanadium-carbon powder, and the nickel alloy is formed by a melting and rapid solidifying process.
  • Fig. 1 is a plot diagram illustrating a weight fraction of phases, vanadium carbide (VC) and nickel metal as a function of temperature according one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Fig. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a process for producing a nickel alloy according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Figs. 3A-3C are flow charts illustrating details of the processes shown in Fig. 2 according to embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • One aspect of the disclosure relates to processes of manufacturing high strength and high thermal conductivity wrought nickel alloy. Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described hereinafter with reference to the attached drawings.
  • a process for forming a nickel alloy is based on dispersion strengthening of a nickel metal, in which a uniform ultra- fine dispersion of thermo-dynamically stable incoherent particles or precipitates is distributed in the nickel metal and produces increased strength by significantly inhibiting dislocation motion in the nickel.
  • Orowan Strengthening conditions are sought.
  • the strength increase is generally proportional to the volume fraction (Vf) of the particles present in the nickel metal up to an appropriate limit.
  • Key to dispersion strengthening is the size, distribution and Vf of the incoherent precipitates.
  • a particle radius of about 10-20 nm, an interparticle spacing of about 100 nm or at least two times the particle size in a Vf of about 0.05 are conducive to Orowan Strengthening.
  • Incoherent particles or precipitates covered in this disclosure include metal oxides, metal nitrides and metal carbides.
  • thermodynamic stability up to the melting point of the nickel metal and resistance to coarsening over the thermo-mechanical processing range of the nickel metal during component fabrication and operation. Thermo-dynamic stability is reflected in high negative Gibbs free energy of formation, -AG.
  • Fig. 1 is a plot diagram illustrating a weight fraction of phases, vanadium carbide (VC) and nickel metal as a function of temperature according one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Line 110 represents pure Nickel
  • line 120 represents VC
  • line 130 represents a liquid phase of the VC.
  • the VC forms during the solidification from liquid to solid, and is stable from solidification to room temperature.
  • Strength of the VC dispersion strengthened nickel metal can be adjusted according to the weight fraction of the VC dispersion in the nickel metal.
  • Ni- 2.15V-0.5C is an exemplary lower level VC weight fraction composition.
  • -3V-0.7C is an exemplary higher level VC weight fraction.
  • alloy design involves compositions whereby there is a one-to-one ratio of vanadium to carbon as is accomplished by atomic percent and not by weight percent.
  • Fig. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a process for producing a nickel alloy according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the process begins with providing a metal powder containing substantially unalloyed nickel powder in step 210.
  • the substantially unalloyed nickel powder is to ensure a base metal with high thermal conductivity.
  • a nickel alloy is formed in step 220 from the metal powder.
  • the nickel alloy is formed by a ball milling process under a specific atmosphere.
  • the specific atmosphere can be gaseous and/or cryo-liquid, to promote repetitive cold-welding, deformation and fracturing of powder particles.
  • the ball milling process can be replaced by an attrition process for a similar result, as an attritor is a high energy ball mill.
  • the nickel alloy formed in step 220 is a composite powder in which average dispersoid interparticle spacing is approximately the same as welding interspace, i.e., a uniform
  • the nickel alloy is then placed in a suitable metal container and evacuated to remove air and absorbed water in step 230. Stainless steel can be used to make such metal container. Finally the resulting nickel alloy is hot extruded to full density in step 240. In order to control recrystallized grain size and shape of the nickel alloy, a subsequent thermomechanical processing may be employed.
  • the nickel alloy produced according to the embodiment of the present disclosure possesses a desired microstructural condition for strength and high thermal conductivity.
  • Figs. 3A-3C are flow charts illustrating details of the processes shown in Fig. 2 according to embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • the process of providing the metal powder of Fig. 2 begins with providing an unalloyed nickel powder in step 310.
  • a selected incoherent particle powder is provided in step 320.
  • the incoherent particle can be selected from metal oxides, metal nitrides and metal carbides.
  • the metal oxides include but not limited to calcia, magnesia, alumina, ceria, silica, chromia, yttria and thoria and certain mixed oxides in forms of garnates, etc.
  • the metal nitrides include but not limited to TiN, CrN, A1N, etc.
  • the metal carbides include but not limited to vanadium carbide (VC), TiC, TaC, WC, HfC, etc.
  • the unalloyed nickel powder and the selected incoherent particle powder are physically blended in step 330.
  • the blended powder will then be ready for subsequent processing steps as shown in Fig. 2.
  • the unalloyed nickel powder used in step 310 can be replaced with a limited conventionally alloyed nickel.
  • a conventionally mechanically alloy nickel alloy INCONEL MA 6000 is the product of the process shown in Fig. 2.
  • the process of providing the metal powder of Fig. 2 begins with providing a nickel oxide powder with ultra-fine oxide dispersion in step 340.
  • a nickel and aluminum alloy powder is provided in step 350.
  • the nickel and aluminum alloy powder can be made by conventional powder metallurgy methods, rotary atomization, or gas atomization.
  • the nickel oxide powder is proportionally blended with a nickel and aluminum alloy powder in step 360. The proportion is determined by a need for the nickel oxide powder to react with the nickel-aluminum alloy powder to form nickel metal and aluminum oxide. Such reaction can be expressed as ((Ni + Al alloy powder) + (NiO oxide) reaction) -> Ni metal + A1203 oxide dispersion. Referring to Fig.
  • the metal powder in step 210 of Fig. 2 is a nickel-vanadium-carbon powder provided in step 370.
  • the nickel-vanadium-carbon powder can be formulated with a certain level of VC dispersion in the nickel powder for a desired nickel alloy strength.
  • Other nickel-refractory metal-carbon or metal-nitrogen powder can also be used.
  • Such metal-carbon or metal-nitrogen powder can be formulated to subsequently form a dispersion of MC carbides (e.g. tungsten carbide or titanium carbide), metal nitrides, etc.
  • MC carbides e.g. tungsten carbide or titanium carbide
  • metal nitrides etc.
  • carbides that can be formed in metal alloys including Ni and Steels. Type depends on the alloying additions and their ratios.
  • MC carbides the letter M represents metal and can be one or a mixture of metal alloying additions. Examples include but not limited to: WC, VC, TiC, HfC; Cr7C3. (Cr, Mo, Fe)7C3 and others; (Cr, Mo)23C6; Mo2C and others; and Fe3C. Their thermo-dynamic stabilities are in the order of (highest to lowest): MC, M7C3, M23C6, M2C, M3C. In embodiments of the present disclosure, MC carbides are preferred for their high thermo-dynamic stability to maintain dispersion strengthening to very high
  • the nickel-vanadium-carbon powder is melted in step 380, and then rapidly solidified in step 390.
  • the rapidly solidification may be implemented by rotary atomization using high specific heat inert quench gases like Helium, Hydrogen, or mixtures of these gases with more economical Argon or Nitrogen. Quench rate of 10 5 degree Celsius/second or higher should be used to control the nucleation and precipitation of the uniform ultra- fine dispersion necessary for the strength of the resulting nickel alloy. For producing fine rapidly cooled powder high rotational speeds is preferred.
  • the rapidly solidified powder should also be made to -240 mesh powder size fraction or finer to ensure that a desired rapid solidification rate can be obtained for a desired dispersion.
  • the methodology of the present disclosure for retaining good thermal conductivity of Ni, while increasing the high temperature strength can be applied to situations where other physical properties of the metal base are retained and utilized at high temperatures.
  • the electrical resistivity of pure Ni is about 1/10th of such Ni-based alloys.
  • high temperature strength DS Ni in electrical/power applications has better electrical conductivity than Ni-base alloys, and may be used to improve related performance.
  • Other physical properties like Coefficient of Thermal Expansion and Specific Heat stay approximately the same between Ni and most of its alloys (excluding certain Fe-Ni-base low CTE compositions), i.e., these properties do not adversely influence the present disclosure.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
PCT/US2014/070646 2013-12-27 2014-12-16 High-strength high-thermal-conductivity wrought nickel alloy WO2015100074A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP24152983.3A EP4353856A3 (de) 2014-12-16 Hochfeste nickelknetlegierung mit hoher wärmeleitfähigkeit
EP14873424.7A EP3087210B1 (de) 2013-12-27 2014-12-16 Hochfeste nickelknetlegierung mit hoher wärmeleitfähigkeit
US15/108,476 US20160325357A1 (en) 2013-12-27 2014-12-16 High-strength high-thermal-conductivity wrought nickel alloy
EP24152972.6A EP4332259A3 (de) 2013-12-27 2014-12-16 Hochfeste nickelknetlegierung mit hoher wärmeleitfähigkeit

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201361921380P 2013-12-27 2013-12-27
US61/921,380 2013-12-27

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EP (2) EP4332259A3 (de)
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US10507638B2 (en) 2015-03-17 2019-12-17 Elementum 3D, Inc. Reactive additive manufacturing
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WO2019156658A1 (en) * 2018-02-06 2019-08-15 Sinter Print, Inc. Additive manufacturing of metal alloys and metal alloy matrix composites
CN114749660A (zh) * 2022-04-20 2022-07-15 西安工业大学 一种提高Inconel 718激光沉积层高温强度的方法

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