WO2015095387A1 - Pilule extrudée à libération prolongée, utilisée pour lutter contre la consommation de substances à mauvais escient - Google Patents

Pilule extrudée à libération prolongée, utilisée pour lutter contre la consommation de substances à mauvais escient Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015095387A1
WO2015095387A1 PCT/US2014/070942 US2014070942W WO2015095387A1 WO 2015095387 A1 WO2015095387 A1 WO 2015095387A1 US 2014070942 W US2014070942 W US 2014070942W WO 2015095387 A1 WO2015095387 A1 WO 2015095387A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
extended release
formulation
oral
abuse deterrent
abuse
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/070942
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Edwin R. THOMPSON
Eric R. THOMPSON
Nicholas R. MYSLINSKI
Steven F. KEMENY
Original Assignee
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Research Services, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US14/457,714 external-priority patent/US10195153B2/en
Application filed by Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Research Services, Inc. filed Critical Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Research Services, Inc.
Priority to JP2016540580A priority Critical patent/JP6403780B2/ja
Priority to CA2934078A priority patent/CA2934078C/fr
Priority to EP14871095.7A priority patent/EP3082775A4/fr
Priority to AU2014364800A priority patent/AU2014364800A1/en
Publication of WO2015095387A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015095387A1/fr
Priority to AU2018253567A priority patent/AU2018253567B2/en
Priority to AU2019216710A priority patent/AU2019216710A1/en

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
    • A61K31/485—Morphinan derivatives, e.g. morphine, codeine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2027—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/2031—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, poloxamers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
    • A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
    • A61K9/2095—Tabletting processes; Dosage units made by direct compression of powders or specially processed granules, by eliminating solvents, by melt-extrusion, by injection molding, by 3D printing
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • A61P25/36—Opioid-abuse

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to an abuse deterrent pill prepared using, e.g., a hot melt extrusion process and a forming unit.
  • the pill exhibits an extended release profile of the active substance, and contains at least one abuse deterrent mechanism to reduce abuse by non- oral administration routes, e.g. intranasal and/or intravenous.
  • the extrusion process and forming unit are designed to efficiently prepare the abuse deterrent pill under conditions that reduce, or substantially eliminate, degradation of the active substance.
  • FDA-approved drugs are provided in many different forms based on the type of active substance, the indication treated and the preferred route of administration. These forms include enteral formulations (e.g., tablets, capsules or pills), parenteral formulations (e.g., injectable formulations such as intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraarticular), liquid formulations (e.g., elixirs), lyophilized formulations and topical formulations.
  • enteral formulations e.g., tablets, capsules or pills
  • parenteral formulations e.g., injectable formulations such as intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular and intraarticular
  • liquid formulations e.g., elixirs
  • lyophilized formulations e.g., lyophilized formulations and topical formulations.
  • a majority of the FDA-approved drugs are currently available in enteral form, as either a tablet or capsule.
  • U.S. 7,776,314 (assigned to Grunenthal, GmbH) is directed to abuse deterrent dosage systems. These systems contain only viscosity increasing agents to protect against abuse and do not teach specific combinations of matrix agents and controlled release agents.
  • U.S. 8,101 ,630 (assigned to Acura Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) is directed to extended release opioid abuse deterrent compositions. The compositions contain high molecular weight gel forming polymers.
  • U.S. 8,337,888 (assigned to Purdue Pharma L.P.) is directed to a
  • the formulations teaching polyethylene oxide (PEO) based matrix agents are osmotic dosage forms comprising a bilayer core, a delivery layer and semipermeable wall.
  • PEO polyethylene oxide
  • U.S. 2012/065220 (assigned to Grunenthal, GmbH) is directed to a tamper resistant dosage form having an anionic polymer.
  • the dosage form requires the use of an ethylenically unsaturated monomer bearing an anionic functional group to improve the mechanical properties of the dosage form.
  • the present disclosure relates to an abuse deterrent pill prepared, e.g., using a hot melt extrusion process and a forming unit.
  • the formulation contains an active substance susceptible to abuse and at least one abuse deterrent mechanism to reduce abuse by non-oral administration routes (e.g., intranasal and/or intravenous).
  • the abuse deterrent pill is designed for extended release of the active substance upon oral administration.
  • the method of preparing the pill utilizes a hot melt extrusion process coupled with an in-line forming unit which eliminates the need for traditional extrusion processing steps, such as chopping the extrudate and molding the cut extrudate into a final form.
  • the hot melt extrusion process and forming unit are operated under conditions that reduce, or substantially eliminate degradation of the active substance.
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage formulation having an active substance susceptible to abuse; a matrix agent, wherein the matrix agent has an average molecular weight between about 5 OK Daltons and 1M Daltons; a controlled release agent; and optionally, a plasticizer, a dye, or both, wherein the active substance susceptible to abuse has an extended release profile, and wherein the formulation includes a physical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • the matrix agent is PEO and the average molecular weight may range from about 50K Daltons to about 1M Daltons, or from about 50K Daltons to about 350K Daltons, or from about 250K Daltons to about 350K Daltons, or from about 550K Daltons to about 650 Daltons.
  • the formulation can contain a controlled release agent.
  • the controlled release agent is polyvinyl acetate (PVAc), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP),
  • HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of the extruder (14) and forming unit (60).
  • the extruder has multiple temperature zones (e.g., 20-30) and pressure zones (e.g., 20, 40-43) to control the formation of a uniform extrudate under conditions that reduce, or substantially eliminate, degradation of the active substance.
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment of a chain forming unit.
  • the chain forming unit includes an upper and lower chain system (1 10 and 1 12) and tooling (100) to form the incoming extrudate (56) into formed pills (19).
  • FIG 3 shows an embodiment of an extrudate sizing apparatus (e.g., rope sizer).
  • the rope sizer includes consecutive rollers (90-96) rotating at consecutively faster speeds for accepting an incoming extrudate (52) and expelling a faster moving, re-sized (smaller diameter) extrudate (54).
  • Figure 4 shows the dissolution profiles for exemplary formulations containing different wt% amounts of PVAc/PVP (e.g., 30 - 60 wt %).
  • Figure 5 shows the dissolution profiles for exemplary formulations containing different wt% amounts of 100K Dalton PEO and wt% amounts of PVAc/PVP.
  • Figure 6 shows the dissolution profiles for exemplary formulations containing different wt% amounts of 300K Dalton PEO (e.g., 50 - 80 wt %).
  • Figure 7 shows the dissolution profiles for exemplary formulations containing different wt% amounts of HPMC (e.g., 30 - 66 wt %).
  • Figures 8-10 show exemplary formulations containing either 100K Dalton or 300K Dalton PEO.
  • Figure 1 1 shows exemplary formulations related to the present disclosure and their dissolution profiles and abuse deterrent properties.
  • Figure 12 shows equipment capable of executing traditional "tablet breaking force” analysis.
  • Figures 13-15 show equipment capable of executing a "cutting force” analysis including a fracture wedge set attachment used to mimic common kitchen scissors ( Figures 13 and 14 showing different views) and a razor blade attachment ( Figure 15).
  • Figure 16 shows cutting force data tables for the razor blade and the fracture wedge attachments.
  • Figure 17 shows post grinding particle size analysis results for exemplary formulations and commercially available products.
  • Figure 18 shows a representation of particle size results (% >500 ⁇ ) when comparing the tested Extended Release (ER) CII narcotic drug products between
  • Figure 19 shows the percent purity of 4 dosage different forms following alcohol extraction.
  • Physical/Chemical barriers can prevent chewing, pulverizing, cutting, grating, or grinding.
  • Chemical barriers can resist extraction of the opioid using common solvents like water, alcohol, or other organic solvents.
  • Physical and chemical barriers can change the physical form of an oral drug rendering it less amenable to abuse.
  • An opioid antagonist can be added to interfere with, reduce, or defeat the euphoria associated with abuse.
  • the antagonist can be sequestered and released only upon manipulation of the product.
  • a drug product may be formulated such that the substance that acts as an antagonist is not clinically active when the product is swallowed but becomes active if the product is crushed and injected or snorted.
  • Aversion - Substances can be combined to produce an unpleasant effect if the dosage form is manipulated prior to ingestion or a higher dosage than directed is used.
  • Delivery System including depot injectable formulations and implants
  • Certain drug release designs or the method of drug delivery can offer resistance to abuse.
  • a sustained-release depot injectable formulation that is administered intramuscularly or a subcutaneous implant can be more difficult to manipulate.
  • Prodrug - A prodrug that lacks opioid activity until transformed in the gastrointestinal tract can be unattractive for intravenous injection or intranasal routes of abuse.
  • Combination - Two or more of the above methods can be combined to deter abuse.
  • An opioid analgesic submitted for abuse deterrent formulation (ADF) labeling must show conformance to one or more of these categories.
  • the present disclosure relates to an abuse deterrent pill for oral administration, which provides extended release of an active
  • the abuse deterrent formulation of the present disclosure conforms to at least one of the six FDA categories. In another embodiment, the abuse deterrent formulation of the present disclosure conforms to at least two of the six FDA categories. In another embodiment, the abuse deterrent formulation of the present disclosure conforms to at least three of the six FDA categories. In another embodiment, the abuse deterrent formulation of the present disclosure conforms to at least four of the six FDA categories. In another embodiment, the abuse deterrent formulation of the present disclosure conforms to at least five of the six FDA categories.
  • an abuse deterrent pill of the present disclosure can reduce abuse by the incoiporation of at least one physical barrier.
  • the physical barrier is designed to prevent abuse based on chewing, pulverizing, cutting, grating or grinding.
  • the physical barrier prevents or reduces the effectiveness of these methods.
  • the phrase "abuse deterrent" means that the active substance cannot readily be separated from the formulation in a form suitable for abuse by such means as, for example, grinding.
  • the abuse deterrent pill of the present disclosure cannot be easily ground, extracted from, or both. Abuse deterrent measures render it difficult to transform the pill into a powder or extract for non-oral administration, such as intranasal or intravenous.
  • the present disclosure relates to a directly-formed, extruded oral, extended release, abuse deterrent pill.
  • the pill includes an active substance susceptible to abuse, a matrix agent having an average molecular weight between about 50K Daltons and 350K Daltons, a controlled release agent and optionally a plasticizer, a dye, or both.
  • the pill exhibits an extended release profile of the active substance and includes a physical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • the extrudate is directly formed into the pill without further processing, such as the use of a cutting step.
  • the term "active substance” or "active substance susceptible to abuse” means an opioid or opioid related compound subject to potential abuse.
  • the active substance may include, without limitation, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, amphetamine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, cyclazocine, desomorphine, dextroamphetamine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene, fentanyl, heroin, hydroco
  • the active substance is oxycodone HCl, hydrocodone bitartrate, hydromorphone HCl, morphine sulfate, or methadone HCl.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure excludes oxymorphone.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure contains at least one active substance susceptible to abuse, provided the active substance is not oxymorphone.
  • the amount of active substance in the formulation may vary depending on the active substance, stability, release profile and bioavailability.
  • the amount of active substance in the formulation may range from about 1.0 wt% to about 50 wt%. Particularly, the amount of active substance in the formulation may range from about 4 wt% to about 40 wt%.
  • the formulation may be a 200 mg pill having between about 8 mg and about 80 mg of active substance (e.g., oxycodone HCl).
  • the formulation may be a 500mg pill having between 15mg and about 200mg of active substance (e.g., morphine sulfate)
  • the dosage form of the present disclosure can be rendered abuse deterrent by incorporating at least one matrix agent in the formulation to increase the strength of the tablet beyond that of conventional dosage forms.
  • the matrix agent increases the dosage form's resistance to physical or mechanical forces, such as pulverizing or grinding.
  • the strength characteristics of the dosage form can be manipulated in a way to create a wide array of abuse deterrent pills have extended release profiles.
  • the matrix agent may also render the dosage form abuse deterrent by acting as a gelling or viscosity increasing agent.
  • a solvent e.g., aqueous or semi- aqueous solution
  • the dosage form Upon contact with a solvent (e.g., aqueous or semi- aqueous solution), the dosage form is capable of absorbing the solvent and swelling to form a viscous or semi-viscous substance.
  • the formation of a viscous or semi-viscous substance significantly reduces and/or minimizes the amount of free solvent which can contain an amount of active substance, and which can be drawn into a syringe.
  • the matrix agent can also reduce the overall amount of active substance extractable with the solvent by entrapping the active substance in a gel matrix.
  • Typical matrix agents include pharmaceutically acceptable polymers, typically hydrophilic polymers, such as those that form hydrogels. These properties allow for an oral drug delivery system that satisfies at least one of the categories in the FDA guidance (e.g., "physical and chemical barriers can change the physical form of an oral drug rendering it less amenable to abuse”).
  • the matrix agent may exhibit a high degree of viscosity upon contact with a suitable solvent.
  • the high viscosity can enhance the formation of highly viscous gels when attempts are made to crush and dissolve the contents of a formulation in an aqueous or ' semi-aqueous vehicle and inject it intravenously.
  • a viscous or semi-viscous gel is formed.
  • the increase in the viscosity of the solution discourages the abuser from injecting the gel intravenously or intramuscularly.
  • the matrix agent prevents extraction of the active ingredient susceptible to abuse.
  • a formulation of the present disclosure when introduced to a small volume of aqueous or semi-aqueous solution, the matrix agent forms a viscous solution and/or hydrogel in a relatively short amount of time such that appreciable amounts of active substance are unable to be separated from the dosage form in a solution that can be abused.
  • the formulation can be intact or can be adulterated, e.g, ground or broken up in to pieces.
  • the small volume of water can be 0.1 mL to 100 mL, particularly 1 mL to 10 mL.
  • the concentration of the formulation in the small volume solution can be 10 mg/mL to 200 mg/mL, particularly 5 mg/mL to 80 mg/mL.
  • the small volume solution is agitated. In other
  • the small volume solution is not agitated. Under both agitated and unagitated conditions, the matrix agent prevents extraction of the active ingredient susceptible to abuse by . forming a viscous solution and/or hydrogel.
  • the difference in the molecular weight of the matrix agent affects the ability to abuse the dosage form.
  • the inclusion of low MW PEO e.g., 50K Daltons to 500K, 600K, 700K, 800K, 900K, or 1 M Daltons forms a hydrogel quickly and binds up the API when not agitated.
  • the inclusion of higher MW PEO takes longer to form a hydrogel.
  • the API is more water soluble than the high MW PEO because the API is a much smaller molecule and hydrates much faster than the PEO.
  • Suitable matrix agents are natural or synthetic polymers capable of providing increased resistance to pulverizing or grinding.
  • the matrix agent may be selected from the group consisting of agar, alamic acid, alginic acid, carmellose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, chitosan, copovidone, dextrin, gelatin, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose derivatives, microcrystalline cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polyalkalene oxide (e.g., polymethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide), polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, propylene glycol alginate,
  • the matrix agent is a polyethylene oxide.
  • Polyethylene oxide is a non-ionic, water soluble polymer that is readily available in a wide range of molecular weight grades.
  • the matrix agent should be capable of ensuring the formation of a solid dosage form by extrusion or by other processes which utilizes force and heat; capable of aiding with extended release of the active substance, and/or capable of preventing abuse via pulverization or small volume extraction.
  • the matrix agent can have a molecular weight of about 50K, 75K, 100K, 125K, 150K, 175K, 200K, 250K, 300K, 350K, 400K, 450K, 500K, 550K, 600K, 650 , 700K, 750K, 800K, 850K, 900K, 950K or 1000K Daltons. These values can also be used to define a range, such as about 75K Daltons to about 175K Daltons. In some embodiments, the
  • formulation of the present disclosure can accomplish these capabilities by using a matrix agent having an appropriate molecular weight (or appropriate average molecular weight), such as between about 50K Daltons and about 650K Daltons.
  • the matrix agent has a molecular weight between about 50K and about 150K Daltons, or about 100K Daltons.
  • the matrix agent has a molecular weight between about 250K and about 350K Daltons, or about 300K Daltons.
  • the matrix agent has a molecular weight between about 550K and about 650K Daltons, or about 600K Daltons.
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage formulation having an active substance susceptible to abuse; and a matrix agent, wherein the matrix agent has an average molecular weight between about 50K Daltons and 150K Daltons; wherein the active substance susceptible to abuse has an extended release profile, and wherein the formulation includes a physical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage formulation
  • an active substance susceptible to abuse comprising an active substance susceptible to abuse; and a matrix agent, wherein the matrix agent has an average molecular weight between about 250K Daltons and 350K Daltons; wherein the active substance susceptible to abuse has an extended release profile, and wherein the formulation includes a physical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage formulation
  • an active substance susceptible to abuse comprising an active substance susceptible to abuse; and a matrix agent, wherein the matrix agent has an average molecular weight between about 550K Daltons and 650K Daltons; wherein the active substance susceptible to abuse has an extended release profile, and wherein the formulation includes a physical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • the performance of the matrix agent and the formulation is also dependent on the amount of matrix agent present in the formulation.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78 or 80 wt% matrix agent.
  • These values may also be used to define a range of matrix agent in the formulation, such as about 8 wt% to about 12 wt%, or about 15 wt% to about 40 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 37 wt%, or about 23 wt% to about 30 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 27 wt%, or any combination of values, such as about 23 wt% to about 27 wt% or about 37 wt% to 40 wt%.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 8 wt% to about 40 wt% matrix agent, or about 8 wt% to about 12 wt%, or about 15 wt% to about 35 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 30 wt%, or about 23 wt% to about 27 wt%, or any combination thereof.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 15 wt% to about 40 wt% matrix agent, or about 20 wt% to about 37 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, or any combination of values.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 15 wt% to about 40 wt% matrix agent, or about 20 wt% to about 37 wt%, or about 25 wt% to about 30 wt%, or any combination of values.
  • the dosage form of the present disclosure can also contain at least one plasticizer in the formulation. Incorporation of a plasticizer, in some embodiments, is optional.
  • the plasticizer may increase the abuse deterrent properties by providing added waxiness upon exposure to physical or mechanical forces, such as pulverizing or grinding.
  • the plasticizer may also improve the manufacture or processing of the formulation by decreasing the melt temperature and viscosity of the formulation in the extruder. Additionally, the plasticizer may aide in extraction prevention by decreasing extract purity and subsequent reconstitution to a pure crystalline form.
  • Suitable plasticizers may be selected from the group consisting of polyalkalene glycols (e.g., polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether), acetyltributyl citrate, acetyltriethyl citrate, castor oil, diacetylated monoglycerides, dibutyl sebacate, diethyl phthalate, glycerin, propylene glycol, pullulan, sorbitol sorbitan solution, triacetin, tributyl citrate and triethyl citrate.
  • the plasticizer is polyethylene glycol.
  • the performance of the plasticizer is dependent on the size and the amount of plasticizer present in the formulation.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure may include a plasticizer having a molecular weight between about IK Daltons and about 15K Daltons.
  • the molecular weight is between about IK Daltons and about 10K, about 3K and about 9K Daltons.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain between about 0 wt% and about 40 wt%, or about 1 wt% and about 35 wt%, or about 2 wt% and about 35 wt%, or about 3 wt% and about 30 wt%, or about 5 wt% and about 30 wt%, or about 10 wt% and about 20 wt%, or about 10 wt% and about 15 wt% plasticizer, or any combination of values, such as about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 0 wt% to about 30 wt% plasticizer, or about 1 wt% to about 25 wt%, or about 2 wt% to about 22 wt%, or about 3 wt% to about 18 wt%, or about 10 wt% to about 15 wt%, or any combination of values.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 0 wt% to about 40 wt% plasticizer, or about 5 wt% to about 35 wt%, or about 10 wt% to about 32 wt%, or about 24 wt% to about 31 wt%, or about 27 wt% to about 30 wt%, or any combination of values.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 0 wt% to about 40 wt% plasticizer, or about 5 wt% to about 35 wt%, or about 10 wt% to about 32 wt%, or about 24 wt% to about 31 wt%, or about 27 wt% to about 30 wt%, or any combination of values.
  • the dosage form of the present disclosure may also contain a controlled release agent.
  • the controlled release agent provides for time-dependent drug release from the formulation after administration over an extended period of time.
  • the controlled release agent may be selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose ethers, cellulose esters, acrylic resins, and derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the controlled release agent may be selected from ethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, poly(meth)acrylic acid and derivatives thereof, such as the salts, amides or esters, and combinations thereof.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain between about 8 wt% and about 62 wt% of controlled release agent, or about 10 wt% and about 60 wt%, or about 15 wt% and about 58 wt%, or about 20 wt % and about 50 wt%, or about 30 wt% and about 45 wt%, or about 32 wt% and about 43 wt%, or about 35 wt% and about 40 wt%, or any combination of lower and higher limits, such as about 58 wt% to about 62 wt%.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 8 wt% to about 60 wt% controlled release agent, or about 20 wt% to about 60 wt%, or about 30 wt% to about 55 wt%.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 10 wt% to about 50 wt% controlled release agent, or about 15 wt% to about 45 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%.
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain about 10 wt% to about 50 wt% controlled release agent, or about 15 wt% to about 45 wt%, or about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%.
  • the wt% of the controlled release agent is the total of all controlled release agents in the formulation. In other embodiments, the wt% of the controlled release agent refers to only one component of the formulation.
  • the controlled release agent should be capable of both increasing viscosity of a solution by forming a gel and allowing extended release of the active substance.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure may accomplish both capabilities by using a controlled release agent having an appropriate viscosity, such as between about lk mPa*s and about 200k mPa » s.
  • the viscosity is between about 3k mPa » s and about 150k mPa » s, or about 4k mPa*s and about 100k mPa » s.
  • the matrix agent can be formulated with a specific controlled release agent that enhances the matrix agent's performance.
  • a formulation having a PEO matrix agent having a molecular weight between about 50K Daltons and about 350K Daltons, or about 50K to about 650K can be combined with a controlled release agent containing PVAc and PVP.
  • the amount of PVAc and PVP is about 29 wt% to about 60 wt%, or about 40 wt% to about 50 wt%.
  • the formulation contains about 24 wt% to about 48 wt% of PVAc and about 5 wt% to about 12 wt% of PVP as the combined controlled release agent.
  • a formulation having a PEO matrix agent having a molecular weight between about 50K Daltons and about 650 Daltons, or about 250K Daltons and about 350K Daltons, or about 100K Daltons or about 300 K Daltons, , or about 600K Daltons can be combined with a controlled release agent containing HPMC.
  • the amount of HPMC is about 20 wt% to about 40 wt%.
  • the controlled release agent e.g., HPMC
  • HPMC hydroxycellulose
  • the controlled release agent is believed to provide swelling/gelling of the pill matrix upon contact with an aqueous medium.
  • the swelling/gelling of the matrix allows for time dependent drug release due to surface erosion of the pill over an extended period.
  • the differential aqueous solubility of the controlled release agent allows for time dependent drug release by diffusion over an extended period.
  • the controlled release agent can be a combination of PVAc and PVP.
  • the PVAc can melt during extrusion to form a homogenous matrix, while the PVP does not melt.
  • the present disclosure comprises a controlled release agent having a first component (e.g., PVAc) that can melt during extrusion to form a homogenous matrix and is substantially non-soluble under aqueous conditions, such as while the active substance is being released after administration, and a second component (e.g., PVP) that is water soluble under such conditions and which can form pores or passageways for the active substance to diffuse out of.
  • a first component e.g., PVAc
  • PVP a second component
  • the formulation includes a dye.
  • a dye is useful in deterring abuse by discouraging the abuser from intravenous injection. For example, extraction of the dye along with the active ingredient would result in a colored solution that would discourage the abuser from intravenous injection. Thus, in certain embodiments, the dye reduces abuse by extracting and injecting.
  • the dye may be selected from known dyes suitable for use in pharmaceutical formulations or approved by the FDA for such use.
  • the dye may be FD&C Yellow No. 5 or a 50/50 wt% solution of FD&C Yellow No. 5 in polyethylene glycol.
  • the dye may be a green dye comprising FD&C Yellow No. 5 and FD&C Blue No. 2.
  • the dye may be in a 50% PEG 3350 blend.
  • the dye may be a violet dye comprising FD&C Red No. 40 and FD&C Blue No. 1.
  • the dye may be in a 50% PEG 3350 blend.
  • 4 mg of dye blend is used in each pill or about 2 mg of concentrated dye.
  • a dye is used since it is visually deterring and non- transparent.
  • the dosage form may comprise about 0.10 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.30 wt%, 0.40 wt%, 0.50 wt%, 1 wt%, 2 wt%, 3 wt%, 4 wt%, 5 wf%, 6 wf%, 7 wt%, 8 wt%, 9 wt%, 10 wt%, 1 1 wt%, 12 wt%, 13 wf%, 14 wt%, 15 wt%, 16 wt%, 17 wt%, 18 wt%, 19 wt%, or 20 wt% dye. Any of these values may be used to define a range for the wt% of the dye.
  • the dosage form may contain between about 0.10 wt% and about 15 wt% dye.
  • the dosage form may contain between about 0.20 wt% and about 1.5 wt% dye, about 0.50 wt% and about 1.0 wt% dye , or about 7 to about 14 wt% dye.
  • the dosage form may comprise about 1 mg, 1.4 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 6 mg, 7 mg, 8 mg, 9 mg, 10 mg, 1 1 mg, 12 mg, 13 mg, 14 mg, 15 mg, 16 mg, 17 mg, 18 mg, 19 mg, 20 mg, 21 mg, 22 mg, 23 mg, 24 mg, 25 mg, 26 mg, 27 mg, 28 mg, 29 mg or 30 mg of dye.
  • the dosage form of the present disclosure excludes a dye.
  • the formulation can include a preservative or antioxidant.
  • the preservative or antioxidant reduces or limits the degradation or deterioration of the abuse deterrent dosage form.
  • the components of the oral drug delivery system e.g., active substances, matrix agents
  • may undergo degradation e.g., oxidative reduction, chain cleavage
  • preventing degradation is essential to maintaining an active substance concentration as well as intended abuse deterrent properties.
  • the molecular weight of PEO in the formulation affects the resistance to pulverization and viscosity upon introduction to an aqueous medium.
  • a preservative or antioxidant in the formulation that reduces or eliminates the degradation of the molecular chain lengths of PEO is useful to maintain the abuse deterrent properties of the dosage form (e.g., butylated hydroxytoluene). Additionally, the inclusion of an antioxidant may prevent the oxidation of the active substance and therefore preserve the integrity of the product (e.g., citric acid).
  • the preservative or antioxidant may be selected from preservatives or antioxidants known to one skilled in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations, such as silica, sodium laurel sulfate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), erythorbic acid, hypophosphorous acid, lactobionic acid, monothioglycerol, potassium metabisulfite, propyl gallate, racemethionine, sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, stannous chloride, sulfur dioxide and tocopherols.
  • preservatives or antioxidants known to one skilled in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations, such as silica, sodium laurel sulfate, citric acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyani
  • the formulation, or final dosage form may contain between about 0.1 wt% and about 3.0 wt%, or about 0.25 wt% and about 1.5 wt% of preservative or antioxidant.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure excludes a preservative or antioxidant.
  • the formulation may additionally include at least one additive independently selected from surfactants, fillers, bulking agents, lubricants, colorants, flavorings or combination thereof.
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage formulation having oxycodone present at about 5 to about 40 wt%, PEO having an average molecular weight of about 50K to about 150K Daltons and present between about 8 wt% and 35 wt%; PVAc, PVP, or a combination thereof present between about 8 wt% and 60 wt%; polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of about 8K Daltons and present between about 0 wt% and 30 wt%; and optionally a dye blend having a ratio of FD&C dye to polyethylene glycol present between about 0% and 15%.
  • PEO having an average molecular weight of about 50K to about 150K Daltons and present between about 8 wt% and 35 wt%
  • PVAc, PVP, or a combination thereof present between about 8 wt% and 60 wt%
  • polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of about 8K Daltons and present between about 0 wt
  • the formulation also has an extended release profile of the active substance which passes the criteria for extended release oxycodone according to the USP monograph or the matching reference listed drug for extended release oxycodone and has at least 50 wt% of participles sized greater than 0.5 mm following physical or mechanical manipulation of the formulation.
  • the formulation may also have PEO present between about 20 wt% and 70 wt%, PVAc, PVP, or a combination thereof present between about 20 wt% and 60 wt%, and polyethylene glycol present between about 2 wt% and 20 wt%.
  • the formulation may also have PEO present between about 23 wt% and 40 wt%, PVAc, PVP, or a combination thereof present between about 30 wt% and 55 wt%, and polyethylene glycol present between about 2 wt% and 15 wt%.
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage formulation having oxycodone present at about 5 to about 40 wt%, PEO having an average molecular weight of about 250K to about 350K Daltons and present between about 15 wt% and 70 wt%; HPMC present between about 10 wt% and 50 wt%; polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of about 8 Daltons and present between about 0 wt% and 40 wt%; and optionally a dye blend having a ratio of FD&C dye to polyethylene glycol present between about 0% and 15%.
  • the formulation also has an extended release profile of the active substance which passes the criteria for extended release oxycodone according to the USP monograph or the matching reference listed drug for extended release oxycodone and has at least 50 wt% of participles sized greater than 0.5 mm following physical or mechanical manipulation of the formulation.
  • the formulation may also have PEO present between about 20 wt% and 40 wt%, HPMC present between about 15 wt% and 45 wt%, and polyethylene glycol present between about 5 wt% and 40 wt%.
  • the formulation may also have PEO present between about 25 wt% and 30 wt%, HPMC present between about 20 wt% and 40 wt%, and polyethylene glycol present between about 10 wt% and 35 wt%.
  • the present disclosure relates to an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage formulation having oxycodone present at about 5 to about 40 wt%, PEO having an average molecular weight of about 55 OK to about 65 OK Daltons and present between about 15 wt% and 70 wt%; HPMC present between about 10 wt% and 50 wt%; polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of about 8K Daltons and present between about 0 wt% and 40 wt%; and optionally a dye blend having a ratio of FD&C dye to polyethylene glycol present between about 0% and 15%.
  • the formulation also has an extended release profile of the active s bstance which passes the criteria for extended release oxycodone according to the USP monograph or the matching reference listed drug for extended release oxycodone and has at least 50 wt% of participles sized greater than 0.5 mm following physical or mechanical manipulation of the formulation.
  • the formulation may also have PEO present between about 20 wt% and 40 wt%, HPMC present between about 15 wt% and 45 wt%, and polyethylene glycol present between about 5 wt% and 40 wt%.
  • the formulation may also have PEO present between about 25 wt% and 30 wt%, HPMC present between about 20 wt% and 40 wt%, and polyethylene glycol present between about 10 wt% and 35 wt%.
  • the abuse deterrent pill of the present disclosure is capable of extended release of the active substance.
  • the dosage form may be manufactured to provide a composition exhibiting an extended release profile of at least one active substance.
  • extended release refers to a dosage form that releases the active substance or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, into the gastrointestinal tract of the user over an extended period, e.g., 6-8 hours, 8-12 hours. Particularly, the active substance is released substantially continuously the period, e.g., 6- 8 or 8-12 hours.
  • the amount of active substance released from the dosage form, e.g. oxycodone HC1, by exposure to simulated gastric fluid within 8-12 hours is about 85%.
  • the amount of active substance released from the dosage form e.g. oxycodone HC1 by exposure to simulated gastric fluid within 6-8 hours is about 80%.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure exhibits an extended release profile that passes the criteria for the USP monograph or for the matching reference listed drug (RLD) for extended release ' active substance.
  • the amount of active substance released from the dosage form by exposure to simulated gastric fluid is shown in Tables 1 -4.
  • the values in Tables 1-4 represent acceptable USP criterion and may differ from values associated with the RLD specifications.
  • Table 1 Exemplary Release Profile (e.g. 10 mg, 20mg, 40mg active)
  • Table 4a Exemplary Release Profile (e.g. 80 mg active)
  • Table 4b Exemplary Release Profile (e.g. 80 mg active)
  • the formulation, or abuse deterrent pill may also include at least one physical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • the physical barrier may be the inability of the pill to be abused by pulverizing and snorting, pulverizing and injecting, or combinations thereof.
  • the abuse deterrent pill of the present disclosure may be incapable of being significantly pulverized by physical or mechanical force.
  • the dosage form of the present disclosure can inhibit manipulation by grinding or pulverizing using common equipment, such as a coffee grinder.
  • the formulation deters abuse by limiting the particle size to which the formulation may be ground.
  • the formulation prevents the pill, or at least substantial portions of the pill, from being ground in particles having a particle size of about 0.5 mm or less that may pass through the membrane of the nasal cavity to cause rapid delivery of the active substance to the bloodstream.
  • the dosage form can also significantly limit the extraction of the active substance by common solvents (e.g., cold water, hot water (small volume) or high proof ethanol) from the formulation.
  • common solvents e.g., cold water, hot water (small volume) or high proof ethanol
  • the formulation deters abuse by limiting the ability to extract the active substance from the formulation (either intentionally or unintentionally), such that the active substance cannot easily be concentrated for parenteral administration.
  • the abuse deterrent formulation may also include, but does not require, the incorporation of other deterrents such as antagonists or irritants.
  • the abuse deterrent pill of the present disclosure may be incapable of being crushed by grinding into a form that may be abused.
  • a typical coffee grinder analysis e.g., grinding in a coffee grinder at about 20,000+ rpm and for about 30-60 seconds
  • the coffee grinder analysis may be performed using a commercial coffee grinder, or equivalent, capable of grinding abuse deterrent pills.
  • the pills tested using the coffee grinder analysis have a substantial portion of the resulting particles with a particle size which is not able to be abused, i.e. intranasal administration.
  • Abuse deterrent pills having a substantial amount of such particles reduce the incentive or cost- effectiveness to abuse the formulations. For example, a potential abuser who can only access for intranasal administration less than about 50% of the active substance will be deterred from abusing the formulation.
  • the abuse deterrent pill may be grinded into particles wherein at least about 50 wt% of the grinded particles have a particle size greater than about 0.5 mm.
  • the abuse deterrent pill may be grinded into particles wherein at least about 55 wt% of the grinded particles, 60 wt% of the grinded particles, 65 wt% of the grinded particles, 70 wt% of the grinded particles, 75 wt% of the grinded particles, 80 wt% of the grinded particles, 85 wt% of the grinded particles, 90 wt% of the grinded particles, or 95 wt% of the grinded particles have a particle size greater than about 0.5 mm.
  • the abuse deterrent pill of the present disclosure may be capable of forming a hydrogel upon exposure to an aqueous or semi-aqueous solution.
  • the formation of the hydrogel deters abuse by limiting the ability of persons to extract the active substance from the formulation, such that the active substance cannot easily be concentrated for parenteral administration.
  • the formulation, or abuse deterrent pill may also include at least one chemical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • a common means of abusing opioids is using commonly available solvents to extract the active substance into a solution of a very high purity.
  • oxycodone is soluble in ethanol whereas many other excipients are only partially soluble or completely insoluble. This allows abusers to pull the active substance out of the dosage form, eliminate the extended release features of the dosage form, and return the active substance to a crystalline form to render it for abuse.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure contains excipients which are also soluble in many of the same solvents as the active substance so that the purity of the final solution is about 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, or about 20% pure. The inclusion of these additional excipients prevents an abuser from returning the active substance to a pure crystalline form by forming a waxy, colored residue when attempted to be extracted.
  • the dosage form does not include a chemical barrier to reduce abuse.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the production of an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent pill containing at least one active substance susceptible to abuse comprising processing a uniform blend of the at least one active substance susceptible to abuse, a matrix agent, a controlled release agent, a plasticizer, and a dye by hot melt extrusion to produce an extrudate.
  • the extrudate may therein be formed into a pill using a forming unit.
  • the directly-formed oral, extended release, abuse deterrent dosage form can have an active substance susceptible to abuse, a matrix agent, a controlled release agent, a plasticizer, and a dye and be formed directly from an extrusion process having a forming unit.
  • the forming unit can be a calendar, a rotary, or chain forming machine.
  • Hot melt extrusion is a processing technique used to make the formulations and compositions of the present disclosure because it allows for the creation of homogeneous polymer matrices with specific abuse deterrent properties. For example, by varying the formulation and the processing parameters specific properties such as dissolution profile, crush resistance, material processability, and stability can be selectively modified.
  • Formulations that include polymer matrix agents e.g., PEO
  • PEO polymer matrix agents
  • process analytic data can be provided in real time. The process may also be adapted for continuous process manufacturing procedure as opposed to traditional batch to batch processing.
  • the abuse deterrent pill of the present disclosure may be formed by hot melt extrusion using commercially available extruders, such as a twin screw extruder.
  • the heat associated with the extrusion process may be added preceding, simultaneous, or subsequent to the manufacturing process.
  • Several factors of the extrusion process may affect the final extrudate including: screw design (sheer rating), screw speed, temperature profile, feed rate, dwell time, die pressure and die size. These factors may be varied to obtain an extrudate with desired processing capabilities such that the extrudate is uniform, maintains its shape, and is capable of being formed into pills by a forming unit.
  • the extruder (14) includes a hopper or feeding unit (12) wherein a uniform blend of the formulation is made or transferred to.
  • the uniform blend is fed into the inlet (16) of the extruder (14) by starve feeding via a gravimetric or volumetric dosing unit.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure is preferably uniformly blended prior to introduction to the extrusion process.
  • Insufficient blending of the components may produce a non-uniform extrudate and non-uniform abuse deterrent pills having inconsistent amounts of active substance. Over-blending may produce a poorly performing formulation. The blending process may be monitored using a process analytical technique to determine when a uniform blend is achieved. In one
  • the mixing bin or hopper (12) may be equipped with a near-infrared (NIR) monitoring system for in-line, continuous monitoring of the blend.
  • NIR near-infrared
  • monitoring of the blending process by NIR involves preparing a NIR standard spectrum for each formulation.
  • the NIR standard spectra may be prepared empirically by monitoring the blending of different batches of the formulation.
  • the blending conditions and/or the extrusion process may be correlated with NIR spectra to determine a NIR standard spectrum. Once the optimum NIR monitoring spectra and conditions are determined, the formulation is blended until the NIR standard is achieved.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art armed with the present disclosure can implement a near-infrared monitoring system for in-line, continuous monitoring of the blend.
  • the extruder (14) then processes the blend into a melt and passes the extrudate (50) out of the extruder (14) through a die section (30) and through a die outlet (18).
  • the extruder (14) may have temperature zones (20-30) and pressure zone (40-43). These zones may include components to heat and pressurize the extruder (14) or may include sensors to measure the temperature or pressure of each particular zone.
  • melt temperature refers to the temperature at which an excipient changes from solid to liquid state.
  • softening temperature refers to the temperature at which an excipient changes from solid form into a malleable, dynamic solid.
  • the temperature profile of the extruder (14) is important to obtain a uniform extrudate (50) with little to no degradation products. Heat may be applied to soften, and in some embodiments to melt, the excipients (e.g., matrix agent, controlled release agent, plasticizer) to form a homogenous matrix to encapsulate the active substance.
  • the extruder temperature profile, or the temperatures in the extruder zones (20-30) is preferably kept below the melting point, and often the degradation point, of the active substance.
  • the melting temperature of PEO is about 67 °C and of polyethylene glycol is about 63 °C.
  • Common active substances begin to melt at temperatures much higher than this.
  • the melt temperature of oxycodone HC1 is about 219 °C.
  • the temperature of one or more of the zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients.
  • the temperature of one or more of the zones (20- 30) is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, 1 10 °C, 100 °C, 90 °C, 80 °C, 75 °C, 70 °C, 65 °C, or 60 °C.
  • the temperature of at least one of the extruder zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Particularly, the temperature of at least one of the zones is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 100 °C, about 90 °C, about 80 °C, about 75 °C, about 70 °C, about 65 °C, or about 60 °C.
  • the temperature of at least two of the extruder zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Particularly, the temperature of at least two of the zones is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 100 °C, about 90 °C, about 80 °C, about 75 °C, about 70 °C, about 65 °C, or about 60 °C.
  • the temperature of at least three of the extruder zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Particularly, the temperature of at least three of the zones is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 100 °C, about 90 °C, about 80 °C, about 75 °C, about 70 °C, about 65 °C, or about 60 °C.
  • the temperature of at least four of the extruder zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Particularly, the temperature of at least four of the zones is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 100 °C, about 90 °C, about 80 °C, about 75 °C, about 70 °C, about 65 °C, or about 60 °C.
  • the temperature of at least five of the extruder zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Particularly, the temperature of at least five of the zones is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 100 °C, about 90 °C, about 80 °C, about 75 °C, about 70 °C, about 65 °C, or about 60 °C.
  • the temperature of at least six of the extruder zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients. Particularly, the temperature of at least six of the zones is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 100 °C, about 90 °C, about 80 °C, about 75 °C, about 70 °C, about 65 °C, or about 60 °C.
  • the temperature of all of the extruder zones (20-30) is kept at or below the melting point of the active pharmaceutical ingredients, with the optional exception of the die zone.
  • the temperature of all of the zones is kept below about 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, about 1 10 °C, about 100 °C, about 90 °C, about 80 °C, about 75 °C, about 70 °C, about 65 °C, or about 60 °C, with the optional exception of the die zone.
  • the temperature of the die ( 18, 30) may be maintained at a slightly higher
  • the die temperature (18, 30) is held at or slightly above the melting point of the extrudate to ensure a uniform extrudate (50) exiting the die outlet (18).
  • the extruder (14) also has a pressure profile. Pressure is important to melt the excipients to make mixing more efficient and to force the extrudate (50) through the die outlet (18) to exit the extruder (14) in a consistent manner. Particularly, the pressures in the zones and also the pressure at the die outlet (18), is kept at or above about 30 bar, about 40 bar, about 50 bar, about 60 bar, about 70 bar, about 80 bar, about 90 bar, about 100 bar, about 1 10 bar, about 120 bar, about 130 bar, about 140 bar or about 150 bar.
  • the pressure of one or more of the pressure zones (40-43) in the extruder (14) is kept at a high enough pressure to achieve melting, compression, and mixing of the matrix agent, controlled release agent and plasticizier with non-melting excipients (e.g., active substance, preservative/antioxidant, etc.) while the temperature of one or more of the temperature zones (20-30) is at or slightly below the melting point at standard pressure of one or more of these agents.
  • the increased pressure allows for more efficient mixing due to
  • the pressure produced on the die (43) of the extruder (14) is kept sufficiently high enough to reduce pulsating flow and ensure a uniform extrudate (50) is delivered though the die outlet (18). A sufficiently high pressure assists in compacting the homogenous melt into a processable strand of desired diameter.
  • the pressure of at least one of the pressure zones (40-43) is kept at a high enough pressure to achieve melting, compression, and mixing of the matrix and plasticizing agents with the active substance and any non-melting excipients.
  • the pressure of at least one of the zones is kept at or above about 30 bar, about 40 bar, about 50 bar, about 60 bar, about 70 bar, about 80 bar, about 90 bar, about 100 bar, about 1 10 bar, about 120 bar, about 130 bar, about 140 bar or about 150 bar.
  • the pressure of at least two of the pressure zones (40-43) is kept at a high enough pressure to achieve melting, compression, and mixing of the matrix and plasticizing agents with the active substance and any non-melting excipients.
  • the pressure of at least two of the zones is kept at or above about 30 bar, about 40 bar, about 50 bar, about 60 bar, about 70 bar, about 80 bar, about 90 bar, about 100 bar, about 1 10 bar, about 120 bar, about 130 bar, about 140 bar or about 150 bar.
  • the pressure of at least three of the pressure zones (40-43) is kept at a high enough pressure to achieve melting, compression, and mixing of the matrix and plasticizing agents with the active substance and any non-melting excipients.
  • the pressure of at least three of the zones is kept at or above about 30 bar, about 40 bar, about 50 bar, about 60 bar, about 70 bar, about 80 bar, about 90 bar, about 100 bar, about 1 10 bar, about 120 bar, about 130 bar, about 140 bar or about 150 bar.
  • the pressure of all of the pressure zones (40-43) is kept at a high enough pressure to achieve melting, compression, and mixing of the matrix and plasticizing agents with the active substance and any non-melting excipients.
  • the pressure of all of the zones is kept at or above about 30 bar, about 40 bar, about 50 bar, about 60 bar, about 70 bar, about 80 bar, about 90 bar, about 100 bar, about 1 10 bar, about 120 bar, about 130 bar, about 140 bar or about 150 bar.
  • the pressure parameter is not critical to the formation of the formulation.
  • the pressure of all of the pressure zones (40-43) can be run at about 5 to about 20 bar, in particular from about 10 to about 15 bar.
  • the melt extrudate may be optionally analyzed within the extruder (14) using near- infrared technology. NIR spectroscopy can be used as a non-invasive alternative to high performance liquid chromatography techniques. A NIR probe (80) may be included within the extruder (14). The wavelengths and intensities at which raw organic materials of the melt extrudate absorb light energy can be plotted to produce spectra to compare against a standard. With the spectrum of the API known, it can be used to determine and monitor the % wt of the active pharmaceutical ingredient present in the extrudate in real time.
  • the extrudate from an extruder is directly formed into a pill using a forming unit, provided that the size or shape of the extrudate may be adjusted prior to introduction to the forming unit (e.g., via a rope sizer).
  • the extrudate is directly formed into a dosage form without a further processing step, such as a cutting or milling step.
  • the forming unit may be a unit capable of forming the pill without cutting or milling the extrudate.
  • the forming unit may be a calendar, rotary, or a chain forming machine.
  • the extrudate (50) may be shaped into the abuse deterrent form (70) by a forming unit (60).
  • the extrudate (50) is shaped into the abuse deterrent form (70) by a calendaring process.
  • the forming unit (60) may comprise two rotating components each having molds (62) inset in the rotating components and aligned such that the molds (62) overlap with each other as the rotating components interface.
  • the offset and aligned molds (62) or cavities
  • a sufficient amount of extrudate is guided between and supplied to the rotating components.
  • the forming unit may also comprise of a rotating set of punch dies with accompanying pinching ring, e.g. a chain die forming unit.
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment of a chain forming unit.
  • the chain forming unit includes an upper and lower chain system (1 10 and 1 12) and tooling (100) to form an incoming extrudate (56) into formed pills (19).
  • the ring tooling (100) pinches the extrudate (56) to the exact weight of the finished pill and simultaneously presses it into a final form by the punches via a cam track.
  • the centripetal forces produced by the rotation of the machine aid in the ejection of the final pill form (19).
  • the extruder / forming unit system (10) may also be equipped with an additional component or transfer unit to assist the transfer of the extrudate (50) from the extruder (14) to the forming unit (60).
  • the transfer unit may be capable of controlling the temperature, pressure, environment and/or shape of the extrudate.
  • the transfer unit may include heated/cooled sizing rollers which process the extrudate (50) into a consistent size (e.g., diameter) before entering the forming unit.
  • the transfer unit may also be capable of guiding the extrudate into and between the rotating components of the forming unit (60).
  • the extrudate may be adjusted by an apparatus that re-sizes the extrudate, re-shapes the extrudate, or both.
  • Figure 3 shows an embodiment of an extrudate sizing apparatus (e.g., rope sizer).
  • the rope sizer includes a number of consecutive rollers (90-96) to re-size or re-shape an incoming extrudate (52), either from the extruder (14) or from another step.
  • the number, shape and orientation of the rollers (90-96) may vary depending on the degree of re-sizing and/or re-shaping desired.
  • the extrudate will be re-sized into a smaller diameter extrudate. In these embodiments, the rotating rollers will rotate at
  • the re-sized and/or re-shaped extrudate having a smaller diameter will be moving at a faster speed exiting the rope sizer.
  • the size and shape of the extrudate (50) may be designed to efficiently interact with different shaped molds (62). For example, an oval shaped extrudate may be formed to interact with a wide and shallow set of molds (62). Also, the speed and mass (or volume) of the extrudate (50) may be designed to efficiently interact with the size and speed of the forming unit. The speed and mass (or volume) of the extrudate (50) guided between the rotating components of the forming unit (60) should be sufficient to fill each set of molds completely with no voids.
  • the size and shape, and the speed and mass (or volume) of the extrudate (50) as well as size and shape of the molds (62) and the speed of the forming unit may be matched to reduce the amount of excess extrudate that is not formed into the dosage form (e.g., reduce waste).
  • the two processes may be synchronized by attaching both to the same drive system.
  • the forming unit is capable of forming abuse deterrent pills from the extrudate wherein more than about 90% of the extrudate is utilized (e.g., formed into the dosage form). More preferably, the forming unit utilizes more than about 95% of the extrudate. Even more preferably, the forming unit utilizes more than about 99% of the extrudate.
  • the molds (62) may optionally be formed with a non-uniform bottom or lower surface to allow for easy removal of the pill after formation.
  • the molds (62) may also have markings in the bottom or lower surface to provide marking on the abuse deterrent pills upon formation.
  • the quality, volume and weight of each pill may be determined using an automated optical inspection technique.
  • the optional inspection technique combines a weight determination step and a visual inspection step into a single step.
  • the visualization step may include taking multiple pictures of each pill. From these pictures, an estimated volume is determined. The estimated volume and the pre-determined density of the composition of the formulation may provide an estimated weight for each pill. Those pills that satisfy certain quality, volume and weight criteria will pass the optical inspection.
  • the present disclosure relates to a process for the production of an oral, extended release, abuse deterrent pill containing at least one active substance susceptible to abuse comprising combining the at least one active substance susceptible to abuse, a matrix agent, a controlled release agent, a plasticizer, and a dye in a hopper to form a mixture; blending the mixture in the hopper until a uniform blend is achieved; monitoring the mixture during blending using a process analytical technique to determine when a uniform blend is achieved; feeding the uniform blend into an extruder; processing the uniform blend by hot melt extrusion to produce an extrudate; optionally monitoring of the extrudate at the die head via PAT NIR probe; transferring the extrudate to a forming unit using a transfer line capable of controlling the temperature, pressure, environment, and/or shape of the extrudate; forming the extrudate using the forming unit into the pill; and determining the quality, volume and weight of the pill using an optical inspection technique.
  • the extended release, abuse deterrent pill containing at least one active substance susceptible of the present disclosure is prepared using a process combining direct tableting and preceding, simultaneous, or subsequent heat to cure the dosage form.
  • the process involves blending the excipients to a homogenous blend, directly compressing using a tablet press, and adding preceding, simultaneous, or subsequent heat to form a hard shell around the dosage form to deter crushing.
  • this process may be carried out utilizing an oven or coating pan. The process temperature of this step is kept at a point that does not significantly melt or deform the pill.
  • the process temperature is kept at or below 150 °C, 140 °C, 130 °C, 120 °C, 1 10 °C, 100 °C, 90 °C, 80 °C, 70 °C, 60 °C, 50 °C, or 40 °C.
  • this process may be carried out utilizing tablet press tooling which is heated prior to and/or during compression.
  • the present disclosure relates to a method of treating pain comprising administering to an individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a dosage form as described herein.
  • the dosage form provides analgesia for the treatment of moderate to severe pain over a period of about 12 hours.
  • Extrusion was performed by means of a twin screw extruder of type Steer Omega 20. To achieve a uniform extrudate with good processing capabilities a medium sheer screw design was used at a relatively slow screw speed (150RPM). The temperature profile was designed to immediately melt the melting excipients (e.g., PEO, polyethylene glycol, and/or PVAc). Thereafter, the temperature was adjusted to be at or above the melting temperature of the melting excipients of the formulation at standard pressure to achieve mixing, decrease viscosity, and limit high torque forces on the extruder. Adequate mixing was achieved by maintaining high pressures in the extruder.
  • the melting excipients e.g., PEO, polyethylene glycol, and/or PVAc
  • a Carver Press was used to form the extrudate into a pill form.
  • the Carver Press is a manual hydraulic press, utilizing a free standing set of Natoli upper and lower punches that meet at a die. Dedicated tooling was made for the experiment in order to produce 200-400 mg pills.
  • the extrudate was hand cut, based on weight (200-400 mg).
  • the die was placed on top of the bottom punch, the cut extrudate was placed in the die cavity, and the top punch placed through the top section of the die.
  • the cut extrudate was formed into a pill at around 1 +/- 0.5 metric tons of force, using the Carver Press and Natoli die set.
  • HPLC conditions were modified from the USP monograph in order to observe the release of acetaminophen or oxycodone HC1.
  • the HPLC conditions were as follows: Injection Volume: 20 (acetaminophen), 30 ⁇ ,
  • HPLC conditions were modified from the USP monograph in order to observe the release of oxycodone HC1.
  • the HPLC conditions were as follows: Injection
  • Figure 4 shows the dissolution for four formulations having a different wt% of PVAc/PVP (30-60 wt. %).
  • the abuse deterrent pills were tested for resistance to pulverizing/grinding using a coffee grinder analysis.
  • the tested formulations contained materials mentioned in Tables 5 and 6.
  • Three (3) pills for each specific wt% of PEO were selected and placed in a commercially available coffee grinder (Mr. Coffee®, model number IDS55). The coffee grinder was run for about 30 seconds with occasional pulsing.
  • the grinded pills were submitted to a particle size analysis using an ATM L3P sonic sifter separator (screen size 35 Mesh) for 2 minutes. The 35 Mesh corresponds to a sieve size of 500 ⁇ .
  • the wt% of particles above 500 ⁇ was used as a metric for measuring abuse deterrence against pulverization and grinding for subsequent insufflation.
  • Example 1 Due to Example 1 having low abuse deterrence from pulverization, a separate matrix agent was needed which could act to prevent pulverization of the pill while not having a large effect on dissolution profile. PEO was selected for its ability to prevent pulverization due to entanglement of polymer chain lengths. Extended release abuse deterrent pills were
  • Table 8 Exemplary Extended Release Abuse Deterrent Pill Formulation Ranges
  • the abuse deterrent pills were tested for resistance to pulverizing / grinding using a coffee grinder analysis.
  • the tested formulations contained materials mentioned in Tables 8 and 9. The tests were performed in the same manner as described in Example 1 and the same 500 ⁇ particle size was used as a metric for measuring abuse deterrence against pulverization and grinding for subsequent insufflation. .
  • the percentage of the active ingredient in the formulation was also tested to see if there would be any reduction in the pulverization of the pills with increased level of active ingredient.
  • the test fonnulation contained 15 wt%> 100K Dalton PEO and either 5 wt%>, 20 wt% or 40 wt%o active ingredient.
  • the PVAc/PVP and plasticizer were used to complete the rest of the formulation.
  • the effect of the dosing percentage on the pulverization level is shown in Table 12. As shown in Table 12, the percentage of the active ingredient did not affect the ADF properties of the formulation when the PEO percentage was held constant. Table 12 - Effect of Dosing Percentage on the Pulverization Levels
  • Testing was also performed using abuse deterrent formulations containing HPMC as a controlled release rate modifying agent.
  • Acetaminophen was utilized as a tracer in place of oxycodone HCl for these experiments due to its availability, similar dissolution/solubility profile and cost-effectiveness.
  • Extended release abuse deterrent pills containing acetaminophen in place of oxycodone HCl were manufactured according to the following formulation as provided in Tables 13 and 14. These were produced using the same manufacturing and dissolution method described in Example 1.
  • the abuse deterrent pills were tested for resistance to pulverizing / grinding using a coffee grinder analysis in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the tested formulations contained materials mentioned in Tables 13 and 14.
  • the same 500 ⁇ metric was used as a marker for abuse deterrence against pulverization and grinding for insufflation..
  • HPMC HPMC
  • Formulations of 29% and 60% 300K Dalton PEO were used as constants while the HPMC levels were varied.
  • the plasticizer was used to fill the percentages of the formulations to maintain the same pill weight. It was found that the wf% of HPMC had no effect on the pulverization results.
  • the wt% of HPMC was varied from 5%-66%> the wt% of particles greater than 500 ⁇ following the coffee grinder analysis was 92% or higher. The results are outlined in Table 16.
  • Pills containing > 29 - 60 wt% 300K Dalton PEO and 5 - 66 wt% HPMC as the extended release agent are difficult to pulverize or grind into a form that could be insufflated.
  • Formulations using oxycodone HC1 as an active substance were manufactured according to Tables 13 and 14 in a similar method described in Example 1 with a theoretical dosage of 10 mg. Three pills listed as percent active dissolved at a given time point are shown in Table 17. Table 17: 10 mg Oxycodone HCl Dissolution Data
  • the abuse deterrent pills were tested for resistance to pulverizing / grinding using a coffee grinder assay in the same manner as described in Example 1.
  • the tested formulations contained materials mentioned in the rest of this example containing oxycodone HCl as the active substance.
  • the same 500 ⁇ particle size was used as a metric for measuring abuse deterrence against pulverization and grinding for subsequent insufflation
  • Figures 8-1 Exemplary oxycodone HC1 formulations are provided in Figures 8-1 1.
  • Figure 8 shows exemplary formulations having 10 mg to 80 mg active substance and 100K Dalton PEO.
  • the wt % values for PEO, PVAc/PVP (combined and separate) and PEG listed in Figure 8 may be varied up to +/- 1% and +/- 3% within each formulation.
  • the 10 mg dosage form may contain about 23 wt% to about 27 wt% PEO, about 53 wt% to about 57 wt%
  • FIG. 9 shows exemplary formulations having 5 mg to 40 mg active substance and 100K Dalton PEO.
  • the wt % values for PEO, PVAc/PVP (combined and separate) and PEG listed in Figure 9 may also be varied up to +/- 1% and +/- 3% within each formulation.
  • Figure 10 shows exemplary formulations having 5 mg to 80 mg active substance and 300K Dalton PEO.
  • the wt % values for PEO, HPMC and PEG listed in Figure 10 may be varied up to +/- 1% and +/- 3% within each formulation.
  • Additional oxycodone HC1 formulations having 10 mg and 80 mg active substance were prepared having varying amounts of excipients as provided in Figure 1 1.
  • the formulations were evaluated for dissolution profile and abuse deterrent properties, as described above.
  • Formulations exhibiting an acceptable dissolution profile and abuse deterrent property are identified (e.g., experiments 5, 9, 1 1 , 20 and 23) in Figure 1 1.
  • Formulations comprising PEO, PVAc/PVP or HPMC, and PEG which vary up to +/- 1% and +/- 3% within each formulation are contemplated by the present disclosure.
  • an 80 mg dosage form may contain about 27 wt% to about 31 wt% 300K Dalton PEO, about 35 wt% to about 39 wt% HPMC and about 27 wt% to about 31 wt% PEG.
  • Example 5 Active substance dose dumping of extended release dosage forms in ethanol is another way drug products can be abused. With regards to dose dumping in alcohol, to be classified as abuse deterrent a drug product should be able to resist dumping the active substance in a media containing alcohol. Dose dumping is commonly defined as the "unintended, rapid drug release in a short period of time of the entire amount or a significant fraction of the drug contained in a modified release dosage form.” To test a real life scenario, a media was created which consisted of 90% simulated gastric fluid (the oxycodone HC1 dissolution media) and 10% ethanol or 810 mL Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) and 90 mL ethanol (EtOH).
  • SGF Simulated Gastric Fluid
  • results for the PEO and PVAc/PVP matrix tablets show a negligible difference in dissolution in alcoholic environments. Reference Table 20 for results. The largest increase in dissolution is only 1.82%. The formulations containing PEO and HPMC show only a slightly reduced amount of dissolved active substance at the 60 minute time point. These results suggest the presence of alcohol may actually decrease the release rate of active substance.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure is not subject to alcohol dose dumping.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure exhibits less than about a 50% increase, or about a 40%) increase, or about a 30% increase, or about a 20%o increase, or about a 10% increase, or about a 5% increase of active substance released in a simulated alcoholic gastric fluid environment.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure is also not subject to ineffective release in alcoholic environments.
  • the inclusion of one or more dyes in a drug formulation is one method to render a formulation abuse deterrent.
  • Significant discoloration of an extraction product from a formulation subject to abuse can discourage a potential abuser from using (e.g., injecting or ingesting) the extraction product.
  • Color is one identifying characteristic of commercial drug products. Color can be applied to the dosage form in two ways: dye or coating.
  • High potency alcohol i.e., >190 proof (95%)
  • Dyes or coatings can potentially be used to alter the physical appearance of the extracted solution of drug product (i.e., turn the resulting solution a noticeable color).
  • the amount of active substance in the formulation can range from about 0.50 Wt% to about 40 Wt%. Particularly, the amount of active substance in the formulation may range from about 1.0 Wt% to about 35 Wt%, or from about 5.0 Wt% to about 33 Wt%. In additional embodiments of the present disclosure, the amount of plasticizer (e.g., PEG) can range from about 0.25 Wt% and about 20 Wt% plasticizer.
  • both whole and cut dosage units were tested.
  • whole dosage units two (2) whole dosage units were placed in a 25mL Erlenmeyer flask containing 1 OmL of EtOH.
  • cut dosage units all cut pieces of the dosage unit were placed in similar flasks. Cut dosage units were cut into about 8 pieces using diagonal pliers. Each flask was sealed with parafilm and shaken on a platform shaker for at least 10 hours at about 150rpm. The resulting solution was filtered through a coffee filter to remove any particulate matter. The filtered solution was collected in a 50mL Nessler color comparison tube.
  • Each resulting solution was then assigned a number according to a scale of 0-5, with 0 (zero) representing a sample with no color and 5 representing a sample with a dark, significant color, (0 - no color; 1 - faint; 2 - light; 3 - medium; 4 - brilliant; and 5 - dark).
  • Samples with at least light color, including dark coloration can deter potential abusers from injecting or ingesting the filtered extract (e.g., colors 2 and above, 3 and above, 4 and above, or 5).
  • the table below shows the color number assignments for the syringe filtered cut dosage unit solutions.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure incorporates the dye throughout the entire dosage unit as opposed to incorporating the dye only in a coating.
  • the dye can be water soluble, alcohol soluble or both.
  • the dye can have a solubility in water, alcohol or both that is greater than about 0.01 g/100 mL, about O. l g/100 mL, about l g/100 mL or about l Og/100 mL.
  • Traditional drug formulation dyes are not soluble, or significantly soluble, in water, alcohol or both. They are often formulated into the coatings of the drug formulations.
  • the dyes are water soluble, alcohol soluble or both, and are dyes that are approved for, or considered acceptable, for oral administration.
  • solubility of the dye in alcohol is important because of the potential for compounding effects of, and interactions associated with, consuming both alcohol and the extracted API.
  • the following table lists the relative solubility of exemplary components of a formulation. A number of different dyes are listed along with their solubility information taken from the various literature sources and tested experimentally (200 proof ethanol and filtered through a 0.22 micrometer PTFE filter).
  • samples 8-1 1 The sediment observed at the bottom of the comparison tubes of the OxyContin® batches (samples 8-1 1 ) is indicative of a suspension rather than a solution.
  • suspensions can be centrifuged or filtered to obtain a more clear solution (and in some cases, a colorless solution).
  • solutions cannot be further centrifuged or filtered using a common household coffee filter or a readily available syringe filter to obtain a more clear solution because the dye is completely dissolved in the solution.
  • Dyed formulations can provide an additional mechanism of abuse deterrence than coated formulations.
  • the amount of dye present in the formulation can be an amount that produces an extract or a filtered extract using water, alcohol or a combination of both with a color that is greater than 0, or greater than 1 , or greater than 2, or greater than 3 or greater than 4 on the visual scale disclosed, or similar scale.
  • the amount of dye can vary depending on the formulation and components present.
  • the formulation can contain at least 0.1% dye, at least 0.2% dye, at least 0.3% dye, at least 0.4% dye, at least 0.5% dye, at least 0.6% dye, at least 0.7% dye, at least 0.8% dye, at least 0.9% dye, at least 1.0% dye, at least 1.5% dye, at least 2.0%, or any range of these values (e.g., between about 0.1% and about 1.0% dye).
  • tablette breaking force As the force required to cause tablets to fail (i.e., break) in a specific plane.
  • the USP describes the test as follows "[t]he tablets are generally placed between two platens, one of which moves to apply sufficient force to the tablet to cause fracture. The platens should be parallel. Their faces should be polished smooth and precision-ground perpendicularly to the direction of movement. Perpendicularity must be preserved during platen movement, and the mechanism should be free of any bending or torsion displacements as the load is applied.
  • Figure 12 shows equipment capable of executing traditional “tablet breaking force” analysis. [00181 ] The USP further explains the applications of tablet breaking force and why it is utilized in the industry. "Tablets must be able to withstand the rigors of handling and
  • the parameter "tablet breaking force” does not apply.
  • the long molecular chain lengths of the PEO e.g., 100,000 Daltons - 7,000,000 Daltons
  • the drug product e.g., drug product (relative to other traditional drug products) to be flattened, but never actually “fail” (i.e., break) when applying "tablet breaking force” in the traditional sense.
  • the traditional application of "tablet breaking force” needs to be modified to evaluate formulations containing malleable excipients (such as PEO) for the "cutting force" of the dosage form, specifically dosage forms which are intended to deter abuse.
  • Texture analysis is the mechanical testing of pharmaceutical products in order to measure their physical properties.
  • a Texture Analyzer XT2i can perform testing of numerous physical properties of pharmaceutical products, including cutting force.
  • the cutting force needed to cut several different formulations of CII narcotic drug products utilizing different attachments on a Texture Analyzer (TE37) was investigated. Multiple tools were utilized to cut drug products with the intent of abuse including two attachments which mimic readily available tools used for abuse (e.g., a razor blade and kitchen scissors). The cutting force for all evaluated drug products was evaluated with each attachment.
  • the samples tested include those samples listed in Table 21.
  • the formulations of the samples of the present disclosure tested are listed in Tables 13 and 14.
  • the cutting force results of the CII narcotic drug products utilizing both cutting attachments (razor blade and fracture wedge set) were determined.
  • Figure 16 shows the cutting force data tables for the razor blade and the fracture wedge set.
  • the individual maximum cutting force needed to cut any tested CII narcotic drug products utilizing the razor blade was 142 Newtons (N) (sample 7).
  • the highest average cutting force needed to cut any tested CII narcotic drug products utilizing the razor blade was 13 IN (sample 7).
  • the individual maximum cutting force needed to cut any tested CII narcotic drug products utilizing the fracture wedge set was 163N (sample 6).
  • the highest average cutting force needed to cut any tested CII narcotic drug products utilizing the fracture wedge set was 156N (sample 6).
  • the formulation of the present invention exhibits a cutting strength (i.e., force needed to cut the formulation) of greater than about 40 N, about 50 N, about 60 N, about 70 N, about 80 N, about 90 N, about 100 N, about H O N, about 120 N, or about 130 N, or any range of these values (e.g., between about 40 N and about 120 N), as tested by either the Cutting Force - Razor Blade test or by the Cutting Force - Fracture Wedge Set test, or both.
  • Samples 4 and 5 of the present disclosure exhibit improved cutting strength compared to the compress-and-cure samples (i.e., samples 8-1 1). Samples prepared via a compress-and- cure procedure undergo dry mixing of the components only.
  • the dosage formulations of the present invention are prepared by extrusion and, therefore, possess significant homogeneity as a result of the extrudate mixing within the extruder under melt flow conditions.
  • the extrudate experiences high shear forces that produce the mechanical energy needed to ensure the required hardness and strength are achieved.
  • the high shear forces can act on select components, for example PEO, to transform them into matrices that exhibit increased strength and stability.
  • the memepose of this study was to perform and summarize the grinding potential of different formulations of CII narcotic drug products.
  • the Retsch Knife Mill GRINDOMIX GM200 was utilized to mimic a commercially available coffee grinder (Mr. Coffee) in order to grind CII drug products into a particle size that is suitable for intranasal abuse (insufflation).
  • a commercially available coffee grinder was also evaluated for comparison purposes.
  • Particle size analysis was conducted utilizing an ATM L3P Sonic Sifter, utilizing a 500 micrometer ( ⁇ ) particle size sieve (35 mesh). For the purposes of this study, any particles less than 500 ⁇ in diameter were considered suitable for intranasal abuse. It is generally accepted as an industry standard that any particle greater than 500 ⁇ in diameter cannot be sufficiently absorbed by the blood vessels in the nasal passages.
  • the Retsch Knife Mill GRINDOMIX GM200 utilizes a circular blade attachment to mimic commercially available coffee grinders.
  • the GM200 has a top speed of 10,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), while commercially available coffee grinders have a top speed of approximately 20,000rpm (an approximate two-fold increase in speed when comparing the GM200 to a Mr. Coffee grinder).
  • the approximate two-fold increase in blade diameter (1 18mm vs. 60mm, when comparing the GM200 to a Mr. Coffee grinder, respectively) compensates for the approximate twofold decrease in top speed via the inversely proportional relationship of the two variables.
  • the torque provided by the GM200 is significantly higher than the torque provided by a Mr.
  • Coffee grinder (0.860Nm (Newton meters) of the GM200 vs. 0.062Nm of the Mr. Coffee grinder, respectively), which additionally illustrates the ability (or lack thereof) of the Mr. Coffee grinder to modify the drug products into a particle size suitable for intranasal abuse.
  • the samples tested include those samples listed in Table 21.
  • the formulations of the samples of the present disclosure tested are listed in Table 13 and 14.
  • the following test equipment was used: Retsch Knife Mill GRINDOMIX GM200, Coffee Grinder (Mr. Coffee), ATM L3P Sonic Sifter, 500 ⁇ sieve (35 mesh) and a Shimpo Instruments Tachometer.
  • the following testing conditions were used: Analysis speed: 10,000rpm (GM200), 20,000rpm (Mr. Coffee); Analysis time: 30 seconds; Sieve Size: 500 ⁇ (35 mesh); Analysis time: 2 minutes (no pulse).
  • FIG. 17 is a representation of particle size results (% >500 ⁇ ) when comparing the tested Extended Release (ER) CII narcotic drug products between manufacturers.
  • results were combined per manufacturer, i.e. the present disclosure, Opana® ER batch results, and OxyContin® results, and analyzed as groups.
  • the combined Opana® batches provide statistically similar amounts of particles >500 ⁇ as the combined formulations of the present disclosure (e.g., ER samples) following grinding and particle size analysis.
  • Twin Screw extrusion can be described as mixing a blended formulation by using shear forces.
  • the co-rotating screws create shear/frictional forces through material contact between the two screws and between the screws and barrel wall.
  • the shear forces work on the material based on its viscosity (inter-particulate friction) to create a homogenous polymer melt.
  • the heated barrels control the melt by maintaining constant temperatures in the various zones of the extruder as well as add additional heat to maintain energy in the process. This happens in a simultaneous continuous process while the material is transferred through the extruder.
  • the polymer melt can then be pushed through a die to form a uniform extrudate.
  • the formulation of the present disclosure is formed by an extrusion process under sufficient shear stresses to impart strength and stability to the formulation.
  • the formulation can be prepared using an extruder wherein shear forces, pressure, and heating are applied together or separately in different zones of the extruder.
  • the formulation is prepared by reaching a melt flow
  • the formulation is prepared using a compress- and-cure process utilizing preceding, simultaneous, or subsequent heat.
  • Cutting the dosage form can be performed in order to increase the surface area of the product prior to ingesting it in an effort to increase the rate of dissolution into the digestive tract. Cutting can also be used to increase the efficiency of grinding or extraction. Cutting alone, however, is not sufficient to render a formulation abuseable. Readily available tools used for cutting are razor blades and common kitchen scissors. Grinding the dosage form is performed in order to decrease the particle size of the product in an effort to insufflate (snort) for immediate release into the blood vessels of the nasal passages. Additional abuse pathways exist which follow the grinding of the product.
  • a readily available tool used for grinding is a commercially available coffee grinder. Extraction is performed in order to dissolve the active substance of the dosage form into a liquid which can be filtered and subsequently swallowed, injected, or otherwise abused.
  • a readily available tool used for extraction is high potency alcohol (i.e., >190 proof (95%)).
  • Figure 19 shows the percent purity of each of the 4 dosage forms following alcohol extraction. While it is assumed each dosage had -100% of label claim in the alcohol solution, the ER formulations of the present disclosure have a roughly 2-3 fold decrease in purity of alcohol extract. This is significant due to the fact the alcohol cannot be directly intravenously injected; formulations of a lower purity following alcohol extraction are thought to deter abuse via intravenous injection.
  • OxyContin® 80mg provided oxycodone HCl content results which were 0.0% LC, 5.1 % LC, and 6.6% LC (absolute) higher, respectively, than the present disclosure ER 80mg formulations. While the present disclosure ER 80mg releases less oxycodone HCl when compared to OxyContin® 80mg ER, the difference at all three time points is small.
  • OxyContin® 80mg provided viscosity results not more than 3x that of Roxicodone® 30mg IR.
  • Roxicodone® IR dosage form is a traditional directly compressed tablet with no abuse deterrent features.
  • the Roxicodone® IR solution has no increased viscosity over a water only sample ( ⁇ 1 cSt).
  • Opana® ER 40mg provided viscosity results relatively similar to OxyContin® 80mg with viscosities not more than 3x higher than Roxicodone® 30mg IR.
  • present disclosure ER 80mg formulations provided an increase in viscosity of approximately 16x, 36x, and 33x, respectively, when compared to OxyContin® 80mg;
  • the present disclosure 80mg dosage form of the present disclosure exhibits similar and/or reduced concentration of oxycodone HC1 when compared to OxyContin® 80mg ER in small volume aqueous extraction and also provides a marked increase in viscosity over other extended release dosage forms at all three time points.
  • the dosage forms of the present disclosure exhibit a 1.5x, 2x, 3x, 4s, 5x, lOx, 15x, 20x, 25x, 30x, 40x, 50x, 60x, 70x, 80x, 90x, or l OOx increase in the small volume extraction viscosity as described herein over other dosage formulations that do not contain a low molecular weight matrix agents, e.g., about 50K to under 1 M Daltons PEO, at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% or about 60% HPMC (or equivalent), or both.
  • a low molecular weight matrix agents e.g., about 50K to under 1 M Daltons PEO, at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55% or about 60% HPMC (or equivalent), or both.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne une pilule orale à libération prolongée, pour lutter contre la consommation de substances à mauvais escient, qui contient au moins un ingrédient pharmaceutique actif susceptible d'être consommé à mauvais escient, qui est réparti de manière homogène dans l'ensemble d'une matrice utilisée pour lutter contre la consommation de substances à mauvais escient. Ladite pilule peut être préparée au moyen d'un procédé d'extrusion à l'état fondu à chaud et d'une unité de moulage. La pilule moulée satisfait à la réglementation en matière de formulations à libération prolongée et permet d'empêcher d'éventuelles consommations de substances à mauvais escient par administration parentérale, de par au moins la taille des particules, la viscosité ou les limites de pureté.
PCT/US2014/070942 2013-12-17 2014-12-17 Pilule extrudée à libération prolongée, utilisée pour lutter contre la consommation de substances à mauvais escient WO2015095387A1 (fr)

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EP14871095.7A EP3082775A4 (fr) 2013-12-17 2014-12-17 Pilule extrudée à libération prolongée, utilisée pour lutter contre la consommation de substances à mauvais escient
AU2014364800A AU2014364800A1 (en) 2013-12-17 2014-12-17 Extruded extended release abuse deterrent pill
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CA2934078C (fr) 2019-08-06
EP3082775A1 (fr) 2016-10-26
AU2019216710A1 (en) 2019-09-12
AU2014364800A1 (en) 2016-07-07
AU2018253567B2 (en) 2019-05-23
EP3082775A4 (fr) 2017-05-17
CA2934078A1 (fr) 2015-06-25
JP6403780B2 (ja) 2018-10-10
JP6678212B2 (ja) 2020-04-08
JP2019001816A (ja) 2019-01-10
JP2017503780A (ja) 2017-02-02
AU2018253567A1 (en) 2018-11-08

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