WO2015091476A1

WO2015091476A1 - Ground compaction and/or ground stabilisation method

Info

Publication number: WO2015091476A1
Application number: PCT/EP2014/077956
Authority: WO
Inventors: Ulf KÖHLER; Jörg GNAUERT
Original assignee: Köhler Ulf; Gnauert Jörg
Priority date: 2013-12-16
Filing date: 2014-12-16
Publication date: 2015-06-25
Also published as: DE102013226124A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a ground compaction and/or ground stabilisation method for sands and gravels, wherein, according to the invention, a compaction tool (16) is lowered into an area of ground to be compacted, and vibrations are generated in the compaction tool (16) by means of a vibration device (19) in order to compact the area of ground, wherein the compaction tool (16) is lowered to a predetermined desired insertion depth (TS) by means of a lowering force and the vibrational movements, then raised at least once by a predetermined raising height (H), and lowered again by the same distance by means of the lowering force and the vibrational movements, until a predetermined resistance acts against the repeated lowering action, wherein at least one breaking tool (8) arranged on a tool head (1) is swivelled sideways past a longitudinal carrier element (3) of the tool head (1) into a break-open position by means of the lifting motion of the compaction tool (16), said carrier element being arranged substantially on a longitudinal axis of the compaction tool (16), in which break-open position the breaking tool is arranged substantially perpendicular in relation to a direction parallel to the longitudinal axis of the carrier element (3), and extends beyond an outer periphery of the tool head (1), wherein, by means of the at least one breaking tool (8) and during the lifting of the compaction tool (16), a column-shaped channel wall (SPW) is broken up and ground material is removed from the column-shaped channel wall (SPW), and wherein the at least one breaking tool (8) is swivelled out of the break-open position by means of the lowering of the compaction tool (16).

Description

Method for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation

The invention relates to a method for soil compaction and / or

Soil consolidation according to the features of the preamble of claim 1.

From the prior art, the Rütteldruckverdichtung and Rüttelstopfverdichtung are known for soil compaction. In the case of vibrating pressure compaction, a torpedo vibrating electric deep vibrator oscillating in a horizontal plane is used, which can be extended by means of extension tubes in accordance with the compaction depth. To generate the horizontal vibration of the vibrator, there are an electric motor and an imbalance driven by this within the torpedo-shaped vibrator. To sink the vibrator, water is conveyed to the vibrator tip as a rinsing aid. During the subsequent compaction process, the inflow is reduced and filled on the surface rolling soil material in the forming hopper. Rütteldruckverdichtung is used in non-binding or mobile floors.

The Rüttelstopfverdichtung is at non-binding and cohesive, too

water-saturated soils. This procedure is about a

Reservoir that can be pressurized with compressed air, passing ballast to the vibrator tip of the deep vibrator. The compressed air serves as a rinse aid for the ballast. The reservoir with the filling and locking system is called a lock. Coarse-grained fillings from construction waste, slag or overburden are further areas of application of the vibrating tamping method.

In DE 10 2010 022 661 AI a method and apparatus for soil compaction are described. In the method, a columnar compacting tool is lowered vertically into a bottom area to be compacted and by means of a vibrating device vibrations are generated in the compacting tool to compact the bottom area. By the vibration device, which is placed on an upper end of the compaction s tool, vertical vibration movements of the compaction tool are generated. The compaction s tool is by its own weight and by the vibration movements to a predetermined - -

Lower set depth, then at least once raised by a predetermined lifting height and lowered by its own weight and the vibration movements again so far again, until the renewed lowering a predetermined resistance

counteracts.

The invention is based on the object to provide a comparison with the prior art improved method for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation.

The object is achieved by a method for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation with the features of claim 1.

Advantageous embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims.

In a method according to the invention for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation of sands and gravels, a column-shaped compacting tool is lowered vertically or obliquely downwards into a bottom area to be compacted and vibrations are generated in the compacting tool by means of a vibrating device in order to compact the bottom area. For this purpose, the vibration device is expediently placed on an upper end of the compression tool or in other embodiments, for example, along a longitudinal extent of the compression tool or in the region of a lower end of the compacting tool. The vibration movements are generated in the compression s tool by means of this vibrating device in the longitudinal direction of the compression s tool. The compression tool is lowered by a lowering force and by the vibration movements to a predetermined target depth and then raised at least once by a predetermined lift and lowered again by the lowering and vibrational movements again until the lowering again counters a predetermined resistance. Under the counteracting of a given resistance in the renewed lowering is to be understood that a predetermined lowering speed is exceeded or that within a predetermined period of time, a minimum value of a Absenkweges is no longer achieved. At least one ripping tool arranged on a tool head at a lower end of the compaction tool is achieved by lifting the compaction - -

Tool laterally pivoted on an elongated and arranged substantially on a longitudinal axis of the compression tool s support element of the tool head in a Aufreißposition in which it is aligned substantially perpendicular to a parallel to the longitudinal axis of the support element and a

Extending beyond the outer circumference of the tool head, wherein by means of the at least one rupture tool during the lifting of the compression s tool a

Tear column wall is torn open and soil material is dissolved out of the column gauge wall. By lowering the compaction tool, the at least one ripping tool is pivoted out of this Aufreißposition.

The carrier element is expediently arranged in the transverse direction of the tool head in the center of the tool head, i. H. on the longitudinal axis of the tool head, centered and thus extending through a center of the cross-section or expediently in a non-circular cross-section through a center of gravity of the cross section. The at least one ripping tool is arranged in the region between an upper and lower end of the carrier element on the tool head. In the tear-open position, a tear-off tip of the at least one tear-open tool projects beyond all of the parts of the tear-off tool arranged below and above the respective tear-open tool

Tool head, so that the tearing tip of the at least one tearing tool in the tearing position in the lateral direction of the tool head is free-standing. In a second position, in which the at least one ripping tool is pivoted out of the tear-open position, the at least one ripping tool does not project beyond the outer circumference of the tool head. Ie. that at least one

Tearing tool can be pivoted laterally past the carrier element between two positions, wherein the tearing tool is aligned substantially perpendicular to the parallels of the longitudinal axis of the carrier element and projects beyond the outer periphery of the tool head and in the deviating from this Aufreißposition second position does not exceed the outer circumference of the tool head , This lateral arrangement of the at least one ripping tool, ie the side of the support element allows in the tearing open a large distance between a bearing of the tearing tool, by means of which the tearing tool is pivotally mounted on the tool head, and a support of the tearing tool on the tool head, ie an area in which the ripping tool in the - -

Tearing position rests on another part of the tool head. As a result, any bearing forces are reduced.

In the tear-open position, the at least one ripping tool is thus not radially aligned with the tool head, but arranged outside the radial direction, namely tangentially or on a passante to the carrier element positioned substantially centrally in the transverse direction of the tool head. In the case of a non-round or non-round support element, for example an oval or polygonal support element, the terms used tangentially and / or passers expediently relate to an idealized circular shape of the cross section of the relevant support element, the circle expediently not exceeding the outer circumference of the support element at any point to the outside , so that the radius of the circle is at most as large as a smallest distance of all outer peripheral points of the cross section of the carrier element to the shearing point of the cross section of the carrier element. During the pivoting movement, rear regions of the at least one ripping tool facing away from the tearing tip move at least. H. Areas between the tear tip and a pivot axis, which are closer to the pivot axis than the tear tip, laterally past the support element. For example, the at least one ripping tool is arranged laterally pivotably on the carrier element or on a shaping of the carrier element, wherein the pivot axis of the at least one ripping tool is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis or to a parallel of the longitudinal axis of the carrier element.

At least in the tear-open position, therefore, the at least one ripping tool is arranged eccentrically on the tool head with its longitudinal extension, on a secant of the tool head, at least in the case of a round or essentially round tool head. In a non-round or non-round tool head, the term secant expediently refers to an idealized circular shape of the cross section of the tool head, wherein the circle expediently at areas of

Cross-section of the outer periphery of the tool head rests on the outside, but this does not exceed inwards, ie the radius of this circle is at least as large as a maximum distance of all outer peripheral points of the cross section of the tool head to the center of gravity of the cross section of the tool head. - -

From this Aufreißposition the at least one ripping tool is pivoted by lowering the compression tool so far up that it no longer surmounted the outer periphery of the tool head, d. H. it is pivoted out of the tearing position in a second position upwards, in which it is aligned obliquely to the parallels of the longitudinal axis of the support element, for example at an angle of approximately 45 °.

To pivot the at least one tearing tool in the tearing position and out of the tearing position out no drive unit is required, but the at least one tearing tool pivots solely by the respective Kraftein effect during raising or lowering of the compression s tool. During lowering the first touched in the tearing position, d. H.

unfolded, tearing tool the column track wall, so that acts by lowering the compaction s tool an upward force on the ripping tool. Since the pivoting movement is not blocked upwards, therefore, the tearing tool pivots upwards out of the tearing position so that it no longer protrudes laterally beyond the outer circumference of the tool head and compacting of the bottom by the tearing tool is not hindered.

During the lifting of the compaction s tool engages the at least one ripping tool in the column track wall, which due to the lifting of the

Compaction s tool is a downward force acting on the ripping tool. Since the pivoting back down into the tearing position is not blocked, therefore, the tearing tool pivots downward, d. H. it unfolds laterally outward until it has arrived in the tearing position and, for example, bears against a stop. It is now aligned substantially perpendicular to the parallels of the longitudinal axis of the carrier element, projects beyond the outer circumference of the

Tool head laterally outward and attacks while lifting the

A compacting tool with the tool head arranged at the lower end into the column gauge wall tears it open, thereby releasing soil material from the column gauge wall which falls downwards and at a subsequent level - -

Lowering of the compaction tool is to be compacted by this, more precisely by the tool head.

This rupture of the column track wall by means of the at least one ripping tool is particularly important because the column track wall is already solidified by the lowering of the tool head, so that would not solve enough soil material from the pillar track wall without such a mechanical tearing of the column wall track and dissolution of soil. There would then not enough soil material for a sufficient compaction available. By tearing the column gauge wall by means of at least one ripping tool thus a very high compaction of the soil is achieved.

Due to the arrangement of the at least one ripping tool on the tool head such that it pivots laterally on the carrier element in the tearing position and out of this, only a relatively small pivot angle is required to which the tearing tool is herauszuschwenken up from the tearing position, so that it Outer circumference of the tool head no longer surmounted. If the pivoting angle is too great, if the at least one ripping tool is oriented parallel to the carrier element, for example, it could no longer get caught in the column wall, but could slide along it during the lifting of the tool head so that it no longer pivots into the ripping position. This is avoided by the described design of the tool head.

Preferably, the at least one ripping tool strikes against an upper stop during the upward pivoting out of the tearing position in order to avoid excessive pivoting out of the tearing position. Since the ripping tool in the upwardly pivoted position is not vertical but oblique, not only the force due to the hooking in the column track on the at least one ripping tool acts to swing down into the tearing position during the lifting of the tool head, but also the force of gravity the at least one ripping tool tilts against the pillar track wall and thus the hooking in the pillar track wall for pivoting down into the rupture position during the lifting of the tool head is favored. Furthermore, a secure attachment to the carrier element is made possible by this positioning of the at least one ripping tool. For example, the support member on a tip of the Aufreiß tip of the tearing tool back facing away from a Befestigungsausformung on which the pivot axis of the tearing tool is arranged. A region of the pivot axis about which the tearing tool pivots is then positioned off-center on the tool head, so that the tearing tool is not aligned radially to the carrier element, but is out of radial, namely tangent or aligned on a passante to the support element and is located on a secant of the tool head. In another embodiment, the at least one ripping tool can also be arranged directly on the side of the carrier element, so that it also carries out its pivotal movements laterally of the carrier element and the carrier element and is positioned in the tear-open tangential or on a passante to the support element and on a secant of the tool head , In any case, at least away from the tear tip rear portions of the at least one ripping tool, ie areas between the tear tip and the pivot axis, which are closer to the pivot axis than the tear tip, move laterally on the support member during the pivotal movement of the tear tool.

In the case of a non-round or non-round support element, for example an oval or polygonal support element, the terms used tangentially and / or passers expediently relate to an idealized circular shape of the cross section of the relevant support element, the circle expediently not exceeding the outer circumference of the support element at any point to the outside , so that the radius of the circle is at most as large as a smallest distance of all outer peripheral points of the cross section of the carrier element. In a non-round or non-round tool head, in particular in a non-round or non-round tool tip, for example, a cross-sectionally oval or polygonal tool tip, the term secant expediently refers to an idealized circular shape of the cross section of the tool head, in particular the cross section of the tool tip, wherein the Circle expediently at areas of the outer periphery of the tool head, in particular the tool tip, outside abuts, but this not inward exceeds, that is, the radius of this circle is at least as large as a maximum distance of all outer circumferential points of the cross section of the tool head in particular the tool tip, the center of gravity of the cross section of the tool head, in particular the tool tip.

In addition, this arrangement of the at least one ripping tool allows optimal utilization of existing space on the tool head and thereby, for example, a training of tool heads with a relatively small diameter, and even with such a tool head, a relatively long ripping tool, which in the tearing open the outer circumference of the tool head projected far enough to penetrate deep into the column wall and to dissolve sufficient material from this.

Expediently, different variants of the at least one ripping tool are available, which differ in particular in their length. In this way, a soil-dependent selection of at least one ripping tool is possible. The at least one ripping tool is expediently attached replaceable on the tool head, so that in a simple manner a variant of

Tear tool to exchange for another variant is, for example, against a shorter or longer variant, according to current soil conditions.

Depending on the length of the ripping tool, more or less ground is released from the column wall track and falls into the space below the tool head. Therefore, the length of the tearing tool also depends on how much soil material is released and falls into the compression zone. Even an operation of the tool head without ripping tools is possible.

Appropriately, are, alternatively or additionally, different variants of the tool head available, which in particular have different diameters. In this way, the tool head according to the respective current soil conditions and / or according to a respective groundwater level is to be selected. - -

The at least one ripping tool is suitably pivotally mounted by means of a sliding bearing on the tool head. This ensures a simple, safe and cost-effective pivotable mounting of the ripping tool. If there is excessive wear of the sliding bearing, the sliding bearing or the entire ripping tool must be replaced together with the sliding bearing or at least together with the part of the sliding bearing arranged or formed on the ripping tool. Since the tearing tool is subject to wear due to the tearing of the column track wall, a replacement of the at least one tearing tool is required anyway, so that a more elaborate mounting, for example by means of a roller bearing, is possible but not absolutely necessary.

In an advantageous embodiment, the at least one ripping tool has an elastomer insert in the region of a pivot axis. This elastomer insert may also be a part of the sliding bearing, which on the on

Carrier element formed or arranged pivot axis slides. The

Elastomer insert also allows for damping too strong forces and impulses, which on the tearing tool, in particular during the tearing of the

Acting column purge, so that an undamped transmission of these forces and pulses are prevented on the support member and in particular on the pivot axis. This is a risk of damage, such as the risk of

Deformation of the pivot axis, reduced.

Conveniently, the elastomeric insert is formed as a spring element, in particular as a torsion spring. A torsion spring is resilient to rotation and generates a torque in a tensioned state. Thus, the pivoting movement of the at least one ripping tool is supported by the designed as a spring element, in particular as a torsion spring, elastomer layer or elastomer insert. In which pivoting direction this support acts depends on a respective orientation of the tearing tool in a relaxed or slightly tensioned state of the spring element preferably designed as a torsion spring. - -

If the tearing tool and the elastomer insert are arranged on the tool head in such a way that the spring element is relaxed or only slightly tensioned in the tearing position of the tearing tool, then the spring element is increasingly tensioned by pivoting out of the tearing position. As a result, a spring force of the spring element and thus a torque acts on the ripping tool when it is pivoted out of the tearing position, in particular when it is arranged in the second position. In this way, the pivoting of the tearing tool is supported back into the tearing position by the spring element.

If the tearing tool and the elastomer insert are arranged on the tool head in such a way that the spring element is relaxed or only slightly tensioned in the second position pivoted out of the tearing position, then the spring element is increasingly tensioned by pivoting into the tearing position. As a result, the spring force of the spring element and thus the torque acts on the ripping tool when it is pivoted into the tearing position. That's how it works

Pivoting the tearing tool from the tearing position out to the second position supported by the spring element.

Are the ripping tool and the elastomer insert disposed on the tool head such that the spring element in an intermediate position between the

Tear-open position and the second position pivoted out of the tear-open position is relaxed, so that the spring element is increasingly tensioned both into the tear-open position by pivoting out of this intermediate position and into the second position by pivoting out of this intermediate position. As a result, the spring force of the spring element and thus the torque acts on the

Tearing tool when it is pivoted to the tearing position or the second position. In this way, the pivoting of the tearing tool is supported out of the tearing position or out of the second position out into this intermediate position by the spring element.

The elastomer insert is expediently between the pivot axis of the

Tear tool or a fixedly connected to the pivot axis part and the tearing tool itself arranged. In a preferred embodiment, the - -

Elastomer insert firmly connected to both the pivot axis or a fixedly connected to the pivot axis part and with the ripping tool, for example, vulcanized. The pivot axis is expediently immovably fixed or formed on the support element. Preferably, this layer is made correspondingly thick, so that a resulting from the pivotal movement of the tearing tool angular offset is absorbed by the elastomeric insert. In this way, a bearing is formed by the deformation of the elastomer, the angular misalignment of the tearing tool, d. H. its pivotal movement, without sliding or rolling movement allows and therefore insensitive to the ingress of particles. In addition, the fixed in this way on the ripping tool and on the immovable pivot axis or at this immovable

Pivot axis firmly connected part adhering elastomeric layer, as described above, preferably as a torsion spring usable, so that the pivoting in the tearing position and / or the pivoting back from the tearing position by the spring force of

Torsion spring is supported.

Preferably, the tool head comprises a plurality of such ripping tools. In this case, each of the tear-open tools is expediently designed and arranged as described above. These ripping tools are expediently distributed uniformly around a circumference of the carrier element. In this way, a uniform tearing of the column track wall is achieved during the lifting of the tool head, so that an effective extraction of the soil material from the column track wall is made possible, which is to be compacted by a subsequent lowering of the tool head. For example, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more tearing tools can be arranged uniformly distributed over the circumference of the tool head over its circumference. The number of tearing tools may be dependent, for example, on a respective diameter of the tool head and / or on a floor to be compacted with the tool head.

Advantageously, the tear-open tools are arranged in at least two planes. As a result, use of the existing space for the tearing tools on the tool head is optimized and it is ensured that the tearing tools do not interfere with each other in their pivotal movements. For example, in one - -

lower, the tool tip nearest level two ripping tools arranged opposite each other and in an overlying two other ripping tools are arranged opposite each other, which are arranged offset to the other two ripping tools in the lower plane in the circumferential direction of the tool head by 90 ° on the tool head. In this way, the four ripping tools are evenly distributed around the circumference of the tool head, but do not hinder each other, since in the circumferential direction adjacent ripping tools are arranged in different planes on the tool head.

The method according to the invention is a full displacement method for a substrate improvement. This significantly increases the storage density of an existing subsoil. In this case, in contrast to known from the prior art VoUverdrängungs- and partial displacement method, preferably no ballast material is introduced into a forming during the process column trace.

The ground improvement is preferably achieved exclusively by a rearrangement and compaction of the upcoming subsoil. For this purpose, the compaction tool is sunk with upwardly flipped tear tool in the soil to be compacted, the soil is compacted by the lowering of the compaction tool and by the vibration movements. Subsequently, the compaction tool is raised again, wherein the at least one ripping tool is pivoted by raising the compaction s tool in the tearing position, in which projects beyond the diameter of the tool head radially. In this way, by means of the tearing tool, a column track wall is torn open during the lifting of the compacting tool, so that soil material separates from the column track wall and can be compacted in a subsequent lowering of the compacting tool, again with the tearing tool pivoted upwards. During the lowering of the compaction tool, the at least one ripping tool is in the upwardly pivoted position from the tearing position, wherein it does not project beyond the diameter of the tool head, but is shielded by it, so that the bottom compaction is not adversely affected by the ripping tool. - -

In this way, by repeatedly lowering and raising the compaction tool, a compacted column trace, i. H. created a subsoil, which improves the ground in the vicinity of the column track as a linear support member. When such densification points are generated close to each other by the method, i. H. in a plurality of such subsoil columns, for example linear or in a planar grid and for example at a distance of one meter from each other, a complete homogenization of the soil with a significantly increased density and higher shear strength and rigidity.

Depending on the storage density of the soil to be compacted and consolidated, it may be necessary to introduce soil material, for example sand, into the column track, so that a subsidence on the surface does not become too great, ie no excessive lowering funnel is formed. It is expediently used soil material which corresponds to the soil material of the area to be compacted. The addition may be at different times during the process. For example, when the compaction tool is placed on the compaction point on the surface, a portion of soil material is poured around the compaction tool. The compaction tool then takes the soil material into the column track. Alternatively or additionally, soil material can be filled into the column track when the compacting tool has arrived at the set depth of deflection or at the respective low point during the lowering. Also during compaction, d. H. during the lowering of the compaction tool, alternatively or additionally soil material can be refilled.

The addition of the soil material may be accompanied by the addition of at least one fluid

Medium, such as water or a hydraulic binder, can be combined, either through the compression tool or directly from above into the

Column track, for example by means of a hose.

Since the compacted soil foundations of the soil material produced by the process are full displacement columns, the process is preferably to be applied in water saturated loosely to moderately dense sands and gravels with subordinate fines. If the particular soil is suitable, but one - -

each water supply is too low, is preferably water in the

Compression zone added. This can be done under pressure or without pressure.

The vibration movements are generated by means of a vibrating device, which initiates rhythmic movements in the longitudinal direction of the compression s tool in the compression s tool. This vibrating device is expediently driven hydraulically. As a vibration device, for example, a ram can be used. In this case, the term ram is the generic term for various forms of vibration devices. As a vibration device thus comes, for example, a vibrator, also referred to as a vibrating hammer, a

Hydraulic ram, a diesel rammer or an explosion ram, a compressed air ram or a steam ram into consideration. In particular, a conventional

Attachment can be used as a vibration device, for example, a vibrator, a vibrator or a Schlagramme, for example, a shaker, a jacket vibrator a ring vibrator or a recessed vibrator or vibrator, which is arranged in the interior of the body. The vibration device can be arranged at the upper end, at the lower end or in between in or on the base body. These can be operated to perform the method in their respective frequency range. The method can be carried out with vibration frequencies from a very wide frequency range, so that in this respect there are no restrictions with regard to the vibration devices to be used and their respective vibration frequency. In particular, when using rams and a

Rammbewegung or a Rammeinwirkung or piles on the

Compaction s tool as vibration or vibrating motion to understand. A vibrator, sunk in an interior of the compacting tool, in the form of a motor and an unbalance driven by it, which produces horizontal vibrations as known in the art, is not used.

In addition, for example, the compacting tool or at least its tool head may also be rotated, for example by one or more partial rotations or complete rotations, respectively in the same or in opposite directions. Also oscillating rotational movements are possible. - -

In an advantageous embodiment, the vibration device is placed on the upper end of the compression tool, in particular on the upper end of the base body. In another embodiment, the vibration device is designed, for example, as a shell vibrator or shell vibrator (with or without gear) or as a ring vibrator and is arranged at a predetermined position along the longitudinal extent of the body at this, for example in the upper region, in the central region or in the lower Area directly above the tool head. In this embodiment, the vibration device encloses the

Basic body circumference, is arranged laterally on the base body or is arranged in the interior of the base body. In a further advantageous embodiment, the vibration device is arranged directly on the tool head, for example within the main body or in a housing, by which the vibration device is protected against dirt and water. This embodiment of the vibration device, which, like the other embodiments, is preferably driven hydraulically, may also be a component of the tool head or it is arranged between the tool head and the base body. Preferably, this embodiment of the vibration device is connected via an elastic coupling with the main body of the compression tool s. Since this embodiment of the vibration device is thus arranged and fixed on and / or in the tool head and the vibration device and the tool head are at least partially decoupled from the base body with respect to the vibration transmission by means of the elastic coupling, preferably completely or almost completely decoupled, the vibration device only transmits its vibrations the tool head. Ie. the vibratory device does not have to put the entire compaction tool in corresponding oscillatory movements, but only the tool head. In this way, a lower energy consumption of the vibrating device is required.

An extremely high ramming energy, for example of the vibration device placed on the compacting tool, for example a topping vibrator, causes the ground material, for example the gravel, to be pressed, rammed and pressed laterally into a soil matrix and thus to produce a soil

Compaction and compaction of the soil and a reduction of pore content - -

is effected. In vibratory ramming part of the energy is also transformed into horizontal vibrations, so that the compaction tool spreads the compaction energy very far in the ground, so that the compaction s effect occurs not only in the column track of the compaction tool, but also in a radius of several times the Diameter of the compaction tool is.

The lowering force, which is used in addition to the vibration movements for lowering the compression tool and for compacting the soil in the column track is generated by the weight of the columnar compression tool and the vibration device. In addition, a force is preferably applied by a holding device to the compression tool. For this purpose, so-called Mäklergeräte be used, such as fixed leader or telescopic leader. In this way, the lowering force is the self-weight of the columnar compression tool and the vibration device and this additional

Force by the holding device together. The compacting tool is connected via a holder, which is also referred to as a carriage, and a so-called leader connected to the holding device, for example with an excavator or a crane. The broker is arranged as at least one guide and / or mounting rail on the holding device. The holder is movably arranged on the broker. By means of the holding device is arranged on the holder compaction s tool to raise and lower, ie it is arranged vertically movable on the holding device. In this case, the holder is expediently connected to a drive of the holding device, via which it and thus the compression s tool to raise and in particular also driven to lower. Ie. trained as a slide bracket and with her the compaction s tool are guided by the broker, to which the holder is movably mounted, raise by means of the drive of the holding device and also driven to lower. In this way, by the drive of the holding device, ie, for example, by a corresponding lowering drive of the excavator or crane, a force to be transmitted to the holder and on this to the compression s tool. Ie. The compression tool is so lowered by means of the drive of the holding device and is lowered during the process such that by driving the holding device during lowering at least temporarily a force in Absenkrichtung - -

acts on the compaction tool. This force acts vertically downward on the compression tool.

In the extreme case acts in this way a part of the dead weight of the holding device together with the weight of the compression tool s and the vibrating device on the soil to be compacted. This can lead to the holding device being at least partially lifted off the ground during the lowering of the compression tool.

In this way, the compaction of the soil by means of the compacting tool s done not only by the vibrations of the vibrating device, but also by a high compressive force, namely by the lowering force with which the

Compression s tool is lowered. This additional compressive force, d. H. the

Lowering force, with which the compression s tool is lowered, can

for example, up to 20 tons or even up to 30 tons. The compaction of the soil takes place in this way by means of the device and the method by a full displacement, by the vibration movements and the resulting vibration pressure and by the additional high pressure force, from which a corresponding lowering pressure results.

The field of application of, for example, as a support bead formed holding devices with Mäklern are limited. Therefore, when reaching compaction depths of over 20 meters, for example, at compaction depths of up to 25 meters, 30 meters or 40 meters, the tool head is mounted on a very long ram tube, so that a correspondingly very long compression tool is formed. The vibration device is mounted on top of the compression tool, ie on the upper end of the main body forming ram tube. In this variant of the device for soil compaction and soil consolidation, the lowering force is composed of the own weight of the columnar compaction s tool, which comprises the ram tube, and the weight of the vibrating device together. The compacting tool comprising the ram tube and the vibrating device in this case hang on a rope. The vibration device can, as described above, also be arranged on or in the tool head, in which case the base body - -

is preferably connected via the elastic coupling with the tool head and / or the vibration device and is thereby at least partially decoupled from the vibration movements, with the advantages explained above.

As a holding device, also referred to as a supporting device, a cable excavator is used, for example. As soon as the compacting tool is placed on the ground, the vibrating device is started, so that the compacting tool is formed by the lowering pressure, formed by the self-weight of the compacting tool and the vibrating device, and by the vibrating pressure by the action of the vibrating device, i. H. retracted by the vibrations, vibrations and / or ramming by lowering the rope into the Sollversenktiefe in the ground, raised again and then lowered and raised again so often until the soil is compacted to the surface or close to the surface. In this case, the compaction tool due to the very long Rammrohres a very high weight, so that the lowering force, for example, corresponds to the achievable with the Mäklervorrichtung lowering force.

Conveniently, the tool head of the compaction tool has a substantially closed frusto-conical effective surface. The tool head is preferably formed of solid steel. The shape of the tool head is, for example, a blunt cone with an angle of a conical surface to a cone base of approximately 45 °. A columnar body of the

Compaction s tool may for example be formed of solid material, d. H. as a bar or, to achieve a greater sinking depth, a plurality of interconnected bars. Preferably, however, this base body is formed from a hollow tube or, in order to achieve the greater insertion depth, of a plurality of interconnected hollow tubes. The cross section of the body may be round, oval or polygonal, for example, four, five, hexagonal or more corners.

As such pipes, for example, so-called ram pipes can be used, which form a basic body of a compression s tool according to the prior art. The lower end of the tube or in the case of several tubes of the last tube is to be closed with the tool head, for example by welding or screwing - -

the tool head or by integrally forming the tool head and the tube. The screwing is to be preferred, since in this way the

Compacting tool is easy to assemble, disassemble and transport. Furthermore, the tool head is easily replaceable, for example, in the case of signs of wear, and the tool's compression is very quick and easy due to a replacement of the tool head

Requirements, for example, adaptable to a particular soil condition.

This also applies analogously to the embodiment of the columnar main body of the compression tool made of solid material, d. H. as a pole. Again, for example, the rod and the tool head are integrally formed or this is welded to the rod or preferably screwed, with the described advantages.

When using hollow pipes, such as ram pipes, as a columnar main body of the compression s tool lines for supplying water, suspension and / or air can be laid inside the tube. If rods or other profiles are used, for example H-sections, these lines, if a supply of water, suspension and / or air to the tool head is required, must be arranged on the outside of the columnar base body.

Due to the frustoconical active surface of the tool head and the vertical vibration movement of the compaction tool and expediently due to the above-described additional compressive force on the compaction s tool, a predominantly vertical force is introduced in the column tracks, so that extremely stiff ground columns can be produced, which have comparable properties as by methods and Prior art devices produced subsoil columns.

Furthermore, part of the introduction of force takes place through a lateral lateral surface of the frustoconical active surface of the tool head into side regions of the tool head

Columns track. Ie. a lateral expansion of the compaction energy and thus an increased radial expansion of subsoil columns produced by the compaction tool are achieved. - -

In order not to disturb the compaction effect of the effective surface of the tool head by the at least one ripping tool, the at least one ripping tool is arranged above the active surface on the tool head, so that it is shielded in the pivoted in the first position state by the effective surface.

Preferably, a plurality of tearing tools are arranged uniformly distributed over the circumference of the tool head, which are pivotable in the first position and in the second position in the manner described above and are aligned in the second position substantially radially to the compression tool and the diameter project radially beyond the tool head, d. H. project laterally beyond the effective surface of the tool head. In this way, a uniform

Rupturing the column gauge wall during the lifting of the compaction s tool is achieved, so that an effective extraction of the soil material from the column gauge wall is achieved, which is compacted by a subsequent lowering of the compaction tool. For example, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten or more tearing tools can be arranged uniformly distributed over the circumference of the tool head over its circumference. The number of tearing tools may be dependent, for example, on a respective diameter of the tool head and / or on a floor to be compacted with the compacting tool.

Preferably, the lifting of the compaction tool is repeated by the predetermined lifting height and the subsequent lowering alternately until the lowering of the predetermined resistance already counteracts when lowering, when the compaction tool is at a predetermined end position. Ie. There is a recurrent lifting, which can be carried out with or without vibration movements, ie with switched on or off vibrating device, and subsequent lowering with the vibrating device switched to compact the soil.

In particular, during the lifting of the compaction tool, which can be performed with the vibrator switched on or off, soil material breaks out of the lateral column track wall by the action of the at least one ripping tool pivoted into the second position - -

and falls under the tool head in a not yet filled with soil material cavity of the column track so that it is to compress during the subsequent renewed lowering of the compression tool s. As a result, the compression tool is no longer lowered to the original Sollversenktiefe, but due to the compression of other soil material counteracts the compression s tool before the given resistance, so that it is raised again by the predetermined lifting height and then lowered again.

By such an oscillating up and down movement is a steady material structure with compacted soil material in the cavity formed by the compaction tool of the column track, so that the cavity of the column track is gradually filled in the direction of a soil surface with extremely compacted soil material and thereby the extremely compacted filled column lane , d. H. forms the extremely compact subsoil.

A lowering funnel formed by soil compaction on a soil surface above the soil compaction can be filled with a densifiable material during and / or after compaction of the soil by means of the compaction tool.

In order to promote the breaking out of the soil material from the lateral column track wall, preferably after raising the compaction s tool by the predetermined lifting height and before the subsequent lowering of the compaction tool a predetermined period of time, for example a few seconds, remains in the raised position with activated vibrating device, so that

Lagging soil material and can get under the tool head.

A vertical lowering pressure due to the lowering force during the lowering of the compression tool and an additionally acting vertical vibration pressure generated by the vibrating device, by the flattened cone tip of the tool head, ie by the frusto-conical shaped active surface of the tool head, vertically and obliquely tool head surfaces of the conical surface there formed pairs of forces with horizontal and vertical direction of force - -

share both vertically and horizontally in the ground, d. H. in the too

initiated compacting soil. In this way, the soil compaction takes place both under the compaction s tool and laterally of the compaction tool, so that filled with compacted soil material column trace, d. H. the condensed

Subsoil a larger diameter than the compaction s tool or

having the tool head. As a rule, vibration devices are used, the frequency of which can be regulated, so that the construction-site-specific frequency with the greatest compression s effect can be selected.

By this method occurs in the ground a so-called displacement shaft, which, since the ground columns are produced with a mounted vibration device, already begins at the bottom surface. Depending on the storage density of the soil, compaction of the soil material as well as the slipping and compacting of this slipped soil material can lead to a formation of a funnel in the area of the soil surface above the soil.

If necessary, this is done by the soil compaction on the soil surface above the soil compaction forming lowering funnel conveniently during and / or after the means of compacting s tool

Bottom compaction filled with a compressible material, for example, with a good compactable mineral such as gravel in round grain mixture form or Brechkorngemischform. This is preferably already done during the

Process step by step, so that no too large lowering funnel, no cavities and no excessive loss of material at the soil surface arise. The material is added from the outside, d. H. from above into the resulting lowering funnel.

Conveniently, a squeezing pressure acting on the soil area to be compacted by the compacting tool is an acting one

Vibration pressure and a countersink depth of the compaction tool determined.

The lowering pressure acts only in full extent when the compression tool is completely discontinued. If the compression tool is raised, it only works - -

still a reduced pressure component due to a part of the dead weight of the

Compaction s tool or this share is no longer effective.

Through this preferably continuous determination of the lowering pressure, the vibration pressure and the sinking depth during the process, a continuous monitoring of the method is made possible, so that the compacting tool can be raised by the predetermined lifting height when the predefined set depth of deflection has been reached. Furthermore, this also makes it possible to determine if in the further soil compaction steps the compaction tool has the given resistance

counteracts, so that it does not decrease further by the pressure and must be raised again by the predetermined lifting height.

In addition, an evaluation of the quality assurance is made possible by the detection of the pressure and the depth of insertion. This makes it possible to assess whether the soil compacted in this way and the subsoil produced thereby meets the respective requirements, ie. H. For example, has a sufficient load capacity, strength and stability to perform planned construction on the ground, for example, to build a building or building on it.

Advantageously, at least one fluid medium is introduced into a column track and / or into a floor area adjoining the column track. The method and the device cause the homogenization and densification of sand and / or gravel. If the compaction of the soil alone is not sufficient or if it requires a respective subsoil layering, at least one hydraulic binder or binder mixture or at least one is suitably used

Binder suspension added, thereby achieving a solidification of the soil in the column trace. The carrying capacity of such columns produced is then significantly higher than in the case when only the soil is compacted. If bentonite or cement bentonite or other mixtures with bentonite are used as aggregate, the method achieves columns which have a very low permeability. Such a binder suspension is expediently added with pressure via outlet openings in the compression tool. - -

For this purpose, the compression tool in an advantageous embodiment has at least one outlet opening for at least one fluid medium. In this way, in the process, if necessary or advantageous, preferably at least one fluid medium can be introduced into a column track and / or into a floor area adjoining the column track. The term fluid medium means gaseous substances, liquid substances and suspensions, i. H. also liquids with solids contained therein. The at least one fluid medium is, for example, water, air or another gas or gas mixture, a hydraulic binder, for example bentonite or a bentonite cement suspension or cement, lime or mixtures of these substances. Also, the supply of a majority of these substances or mixtures of these substances, d. H. a plurality of fluid media simultaneously or sequentially during the process is possible. The introduction into the column track and / or in the adjoining floor area can be done under pressure or pressure. An introduction during the process temporarily under pressure and temporarily pressure-free is possible. In addition, at the same time or successively, different fluid media can be introduced, wherein one or more under pressure and one or more further pressure-free introduced. The introduction of the at least one fluid medium can take place via the compaction tool and / or directly via the opening of the column track on the ground surface. About the compression tool s, the at least one fluid medium is expediently introduced under pressure. Directly over the opening of the column track on the ground surface, the at least one medium is expediently introduced pressure-free.

By introducing at least one fluid medium designed as a binder, the soil is additionally solidified and / or impermeable. To improve the compression processes, it may be useful or necessary, as a fluid medium

Fill water into the column track. This can be done under pressure or without pressure. Alternatively or additionally, to improve the compression processes, it may be useful or necessary to press compressed air into the column track and / or an adjacent floor area as a fluid medium.

To improve the carrying capacity of the respective subsoil or for other structural purposes such as the change in the permeability of the soil can as - -

fluid medium mixtures of hydraulic binders are filled into the column track. Hydraulic binders may be e.g. Cements, limestones, bentonite and mixtures of these products, for example lime cement; Cement bentonite. The suspensions are prepared in separate aggregates. The addition can be done under pressure or without pressure.

The at least one outlet opening on the compression s tool for supplying the at least one fluid medium is arranged for example on the tool head or on the columnar base body. Appropriately, the compression tool has a plurality of outlet openings, which are arranged on the tool head and / or on the columnar base body. On the tool head, the one or more outlet openings can be arranged, for example, above the tearing tools, between the tearing tools and / or underneath the tearing tools. They can also be arranged, for example, in the frustoconical active surface of the tool head, for example in the conical surface and / or in the top surface. If the compacting tool has one or more such outlet openings, then the notion of the essentially closed lower end of the compression tool and / or the substantially closed frustoconical active surface means that the lower end of the compacting tool and / or the frustum-shaped effective surface are different the at least one outlet opening or the plurality of outlet openings are completely closed. These at least one outlet opening or the plurality of outlet openings are expediently to be closed and opened in each case by means of a valve, so that the lower end of the compression tool and / or the frusto-conical effective surface is completely closed when the valves are closed. The valves are designed, for example, as ball valves.

For supplying the at least one fluid medium to the at least one outlet opening or to the plurality of outlet openings are expediently one or more supply lines from the outlet opening or the outlet openings on the outside of the compaction s tool or advantageously in the hollow

Compaction s Tool moved upwards. If the supply lines are arranged in the compaction tool, then the columnar basic body expediently has - -

upper end portion on a side outlet opening, via which the supply lines can be guided to the outside.

In the case of a plurality of outlet openings, each outlet opening can be provided for a specific fluid medium or the outlet openings can serve, for example, for supplying a plurality of fluid media to the column track and / or to the adjacent floor area, for example both the supply of water and the supply of a hydraulic binder.

The outlet opening is designed, for example, as a flat jet nozzle or comprises such a flat jet nozzle. As already mentioned, the tool head can also have a plurality of such outlet openings. For example, the outlet openings are associated with the ripping tools. For example, in the case of a plurality of tearing tools, the tool head may have one or more such outlet openings in the region of each tearing tool. In this case, the respective tearing tool associated outlet openings, which are preferably designed as nozzles, for example as flat jet nozzles or have such, have the same or different orientations. Thus, for example, in the case of two outlet openings assigned to the respective tear-open tool, one is aligned substantially parallel to the tearing tool and the other in the

Essentially across the ripping tool. Expediently, the tool head has corresponding openings into which a nozzle, for example a flat jet nozzle, as a starting opening or a blind plug as a closure can be screwed. In this way, the number of outlet openings and expediently also a shape of the respective outlet opening by a selection of a suitable nozzle with a suitable cross-section and a suitable beam shape in a simple and cost-effective manner to meet respective requirements.

Alternatively or additionally, the compression tool can have at least one so-called vacuum lance, i. H. a arranged on the compression tool s pipe, which is coupled to a suction unit. In this way, a vacuum is to be generated in the column track. This is in the soil area to be compacted

To achieve pressure release in the groundwater. - -

Appropriately, the tool tip on a plate-shaped base element and / or a tip element. In this case, an outer edge of the plate-shaped base member forms the outer periphery of the tool head over which the at least one ripping tool laterally protrudes in the tearing position, d. H. of the

Tool head has the largest diameter on the plate-shaped base element. The plate-shaped base element may be formed, for example, round, oval or polygonal, for example quadrangular. The plate-shaped base element allows compression below the tool head over an entire extension of the base element. The tip element allows penetration into the bottom area and guidance of the tool head to ensure vertical lowering. The plate-shaped base member and the tip member are suitably cohesively, positively and / or non-positively connected to each other, for example, welded or screwed. It represents the

Welding a particularly stable connection safely while screwing, for example, allow replacement of the plate-shaped base member and / or the tip member independently, for example, due to wear or to adapt the tool head to respective requirements.

Preferably, the tool head at the lower end of a working surface forming tool tip. The tool tip may comprise, for example, a plate-shaped base element and a tip element. In this case, an outer edge of the plate-shaped base member forms the outer periphery of the tool head over which the at least one ripping tool laterally protrudes in the Aufreißposition, ie the tool head has the plate-shaped base member on its largest diameter. The plate-shaped base element may be formed, for example, round, oval or polygonal, for example quadrangular. The plate-shaped base element allows compression below the tool head over an entire extension of the base element. The tip element allows penetration into the bottom area and guidance of the tool head to ensure vertical lowering. The plate-shaped base member and the tip member are suitably cohesively, positively and / or non-positively connected to each other, for example, welded or screwed. It represents the - -

The tool tip and / or its base element and / or tip element on a substantially closed and substantially conical, frustoconical, pyramidal or truncated pyramidal effective surface. This design of the active surface allows an introduction of a compression energy not only down, but also laterally into the bottom area, so that a foundation column formed by the compression has a wider diameter than that

Tool head.

The tip element is formed for example of sheet steel or a tapered round steel. For this purpose, the round steel is milled off, for example, to form the shape of the tip element. The bevelled round steel is a particularly cost-effective solution. By means of the steel sheet, for example, a targeted formation of the tip element is made possible to achieve a particularly good guidance of the tool head, in particular a good lateral support, so that ensures a vertical lowering of the tool head and reduces the risk of lateral deviation formed by the tool head column track and ground is. To form the tip element of sheet steel, elements made of sheet steel, for example, are arranged in the form of a cross and welded.

Conveniently, the tool tip is positively secured to the carrier element, cohesively and / or non-positively. The positive attachment, for example by screwing, is particularly advantageous because the tool tip then, for example, wear or replace to adapt the tool head to the respective requirements. Alternatively, however, a cohesive fastening would be possible for example by welding. - -

Preferably, at the tool tip opposite end of

Carrier element an adapter element for attaching the tool head to a columnar base body of the device positively, materially and / or non-positively attached. Here, the positive fastening, for example by screwing, particularly advantageous because then the tool head is to be arranged by means of a correspondingly selected adapter element to different basic bodies. It is thus not necessary for various basic body training a separate tool head, but only the screwing of a corresponding adapter element on the tool head. The adapter element may for example also have a connection for feeding the at least one fluid medium to the at least one outlet opening of the tool head.

Conveniently, at least significant parts of the tool head, in particular the support element and / or the at least one ripping tool or the plurality of tearing tools and / or the tool tip and / or the

Adapter element each made of metal, in particular made of steel. If the tool tip has the base element and the tip element, then this applies

expediently for the base element and / or the tip element.

In an advantageous embodiment, at least one foundation element is rammed into a subsoil for producing a deep foundation, wherein a predetermined area of the subsoil before the ramming and / or after ramming of the foundation element by the use of the columnar compression s tool at several predetermined compression positions of the ground on the densified and / or solidified as described above.

In this way, for example, a mast foundation for a power line to produce, the respective mast foundation of a so-called

Mono-pile pipe pile is formed as a foundation element. These monolayers are merely driven into the ground. To this end, the masts are screwed over the flange connections as held by the respective foundation element element and then the assembly of the power lines can be done. This can only be used in subsoil conditions where up to greater depths - -

pending easily rammbare soils. These are usually structurally weak soils, which tend to large deformations. By compaction and / or solidification of the ground a stability of such Monopfähle is considerably increased.

Conveniently, the compression positions at which the

Compaction s tool is used, on at least one concentric circle, preferably on several concentric circles around the rammed into the ground foundation element or around a Einrammposition around where the foundation element is to be rammed, arranged. This subsurface improvement in concentric circles by the described method is preferred after pile driving, i. H. of the foundation element. As a result, an improved ground is formed, which has significantly better results in static calculations. When calculating the stability, the storage density of the soil plays a major role. Due to the additional improvement of the subsoil, the subsoil is considerably improved and can absorb larger ballast forces, so that more favorable results can be achieved in static calculations or the use of monolayers becomes possible. Thus, there is a technical and commercial interest in improving conditions for the establishment of a mono-pile. This is achieved by the method described. The monofilaments which can be used with the method as a foundation element are designed, for example, as a steel pipe with a diameter of from 70 cm to 180 cm. Also larger or smaller diameters are possible. Furthermore, other materials are possible, such as concrete, reinforced concrete or wood. Individual micropiles or groups of micropiles can also be used as a foundation element.

The compaction of the respective floor area at different compression positions can be carried out to different compaction depths.

For example, in compaction positions which are arranged at different distances to the foundation element driven into the ground or to the pier position at which the foundation element is to be driven, the compaction depth to which the compaction of the respective ground area is performed increases with increasing distance from in the - -

Building ground driven foundation element or from the Einrammposition, at which the foundation element is to be rammed, from or to.

The described method in its various embodiments can be carried out both on land and under water, i. H. For example, at the bottom of a stream, river, canal, pond, lake, sea or any other body of water. For subsoil improvement, for example, the procedure may be carried out from a ship or other vessel.

Embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to drawings.

Show:

FIG. 1 schematically shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of a tool head with all tear-open tools in a tear-open position,

Figure 2 schematically a side view of a first embodiment of a

Tool head with all tearing tools in a tearing position,

FIG. 3 is a top plan view of a first embodiment of a tool head with all the ripping tools in a tearing position;

FIG. 4 shows schematically a first cross-sectional view of a first embodiment of a tool head with all tear-open tools in a tear-open position,

FIG. 5 schematically shows a second cross-sectional illustration of a first embodiment of a tool head with all tear-open tools in a tear-open position, - -

FIG. 6 schematically shows a perspective illustration of a first embodiment of a tool head with two tear-open tools in a tear-open position and two tear-open tools in an upwardly pivoted position,

7 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a tool head, FIG.

FIG. 8 schematically shows a longitudinal section of a second embodiment of a tool head,

9 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a tool tip,

FIG. 10 schematically shows a side view of a first embodiment of a

Tool tip,

FIG. 11 schematically shows a perspective illustration of a third embodiment of a tool head without an adapter element with all tear-open tools in a tear-open position,

FIG. 12 schematically shows a perspective illustration of a third embodiment of a tool head with all tear-open tools in a tear-open position,

FIG. 13 schematically shows a perspective illustration of a third embodiment of a tool head with all the ripping tools in an upwardly pivoted position,

Figure 14 schematically shows a side view of a third embodiment of a

Tool head, - -

FIG. 15 schematically shows a partial sectional illustration of a third embodiment of a tool head,

FIG. 16 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a third embodiment of a tool head;

FIG. 17 schematically shows a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a tool head,

FIG. 18 schematically shows a device for soil compaction and / or soil compaction with a compaction tool in a first position,

FIG. 19 schematically shows a device for soil compaction and / or soil compaction with a compaction tool in a second position, FIG.

FIG. 20 schematically shows a device for soil compaction and / or soil compaction with a compaction tool in a third position,

FIG. 21 schematically shows a device for soil compaction and / or soil compaction with a compaction tool in a fourth position, FIG.

FIG. 22 schematically shows a device for soil compaction and / or soil compaction with a compaction tool in a fifth position,

FIG. 23 schematically shows a further embodiment of a device for soil compaction and / or soil solidification,

FIG. 24 schematically shows a diagram with a profile of a lowering pressure, a

Vibration pressure and a sink depth in the course of the process,

FIG. 25 schematically shows a deep foundation, and

FIG. 26 schematically shows a deep foundation in a plan view from above. - -

Corresponding parts are provided in all figures with the same reference numerals.

Figures 1 to 8 and 11 to 17 show various views of four exemplary embodiments of a tool head 1 for a compaction tool 16 of a device 17 for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation. Figures 9 and 10 show two views of an exemplary first embodiment of a tool tip 2 of the tool head 1. In Figures 18 to 22, a first embodiment and in Figure 23, a second embodiment of the device 17 for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation shown in the figures 18 to 22 based on the first embodiment of the device 17, a sequence of a method for soil compaction and / or soil solidification is shown schematically. FIG. 24 schematically shows a diagram with a profile of a lowering pressure PE, a vibration pressure PV and a sinking depth T in the course of this method. FIGS. 25 and 26 show an advantageous embodiment of this method, in which a deep foundation is made possible by means of the method.

The tool head 1 is attached to form the columnar compression tool s 16 on a columnar base body 18, which is for example formed from at least one rod or at least one tube, preferably to reach greater depths, of a plurality of rods or a plurality of tubes. This main body 18 may have a round, oval or polygonal cross section. For soil compaction and / or soil solidification becomes this columnar

Compression s tool 16 then preferably vertically lowered into a bottom area to be compacted and then raised again, the lowering and lifting is repeated several times, in order to compress and / or solidify the bottom area from a predetermined depth to the surface.

An energy introduction into the column-shaped compression tool 16 to lower this preferably vertically or obliquely downward in the bottom region to be compacted and thereby compress soil material under and next to the tool head 1 and / or solidify takes place, as described in more detail below . - -

via a vibration device 19, which is preferably on an upper end of the

Compaction s tool 16 is placed and their vibration movements in

Longitudinal direction of the compaction tool 16 on the compression s tool 16 transmits. Suitable vibration devices 16 are designed, for example, as a vibrator, vibrator or ram.

The tool head 1 illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 8 and 11 for such a compacting tool 16 comprises an elongate carrier element 3 made of metal, expediently made of steel, which during operation of the compacting tool 16, d. H. when lowering into the ground area and subsequent lifting, in

Is oriented substantially vertically, at least in the preferred vertical lowering of the compression s tool 16. In an oblique lowering of the

Compaction s tool 16, this support member 3 is also aligned obliquely, because the support member 3 is disposed on a longitudinal axis of the compaction tool 16 and thus aligned according to the longitudinal axis of the compaction tool 16.

About this support member 3 of the tool head 1 is connected to the columnar base body 18 of the compression tool 16, wherein the support member 3, as described, forms a straight extension of the columnar base body 18 and is arranged on the longitudinal axis of the compression tool 16 s. The support element 3 thus forms a longitudinal axis of the tool head 1. It is arranged in the transverse direction of the tool head 1 in the center of the tool head 1, so that the carrier element 3 by a center of the cross section of the tool head 1 or, in a non-round tool head 1, by a center of gravity the cross section of the tool head 1 extends.

To connect the tool head 1 with differently shaped columnar bases 18, it has expediently, as shown in Figures 1 to 3, 6 to 8, 12 to 15 and 17, an adapter element 4, by means of which the tool head 1 on the respective columnar Main body 18 of the device 17 is to be fastened. The adapter element 4, which is made of metal, suitably made of steel, is positively, non-positively and / or cohesively with the - -

columnar base 18 to connect. In this case, the positive connection, for example by screwing, to be preferred because it allows a secure and at the same time releasable attachment and thus a simple replacement of the tool head 1 or the columnar base body 18. In the examples shown here, the adapter element 4 has for this purpose fastening openings 5, for example for the implementation of fastening screws in order to screw the adapter element 4 to the columnar base body 18.

The adapter element 4 is connected to an upper end of the carrier element 3 of the tool head 1 in a form-fitting, non-positive and / or materially bonded manner. Thus, the support member 3 of the tool head 1 via the adapter element 4 with the columnar base body 18 of the compression tool 16 to connect or connected. Also, for fixing the adapter element 4 on the support member 3, the positive connection, for example by screwing, to be preferred because it allows a secure and re-releasable connection and thus replacement of the adapter element 4 to use the tool head 1 with differently shaped columnar bodies 18 can. For example, that is

Adapter element 4 connected by means of a plurality of screw elements 6 with the carrier element 3, as shown in Figure 8, or by means of a threaded connection, including, for example, the carrier element 3 in the region of its upper end an internal thread and the adapter element 4 has a corresponding external thread or vice versa, so that the adapter element 4 is screwed onto the carrier element 3.

At the other, d. H. facing away from the adapter element 4 lower end of the support element 3, the tool tip 2 is arranged. This tool tip 2 forms the operation of the compression tool 16 whose lower end, d. H. with this

Tool tip 2, the bottom area is compacted and / or solidified.

The tool tip 2 has in the examples shown here a plate-shaped base element 2.1 and a tip element 2.2. The plate-shaped base element 2.1 may for example be round, as shown in Figures 1 to 10, or substantially quadrangular, as shown in Figures 11 to 17, wherein it in the embodiment shown in Figures 11 to 17 slightly overhanging corner areas - -

has, d. H. over a square edge protruding formations. Furthermore, other shapes of the plate-shaped base element 2.1 are possible,

for example, oval or polygonal, d. H. with more or less than four corners.

The plate-shaped base element 2.1 allows compression below the tool head 1 over an entire extension of the base element 2.1. The tip element 2.2 allows a penetration into the bottom area and a guide of the tool head 1 to ensure a directed, preferably vertical or according to the predetermined orientation of the compaction tool 16 oblique lowering. The plate-shaped base element 2.1 and the tip element 2.2 are expediently cohesively, positively and / or non-positively connected to each other, for example, welded or screwed. In this case, the welding ensures a particularly stable connection while screwing, for example, an exchange of the plate-shaped base element 2.1 and / or the tip element 2.2 independently allow, for example due to wear or adaptation of the tool head 1 to respective requirements.

Preferably, the tool tip 2 and / or its base element 2.1 and / or tip element 2.2 has a substantially closed and substantially conical, frustoconical, pyramidal or truncated pyramidal effective surface. This design of the active surface allows an introduction of a compaction energy not only downwards, but also laterally into the bottom region, so that a foundation column BS formed by the compaction has a wider diameter than the tool head 1. In FIGS. 1 to 10, the plate-shaped basic element 2.1 Truncated cone-shaped, ie its active surface extends laterally obliquely and in the lower region on which the tip element 2.2 is arranged, flattened and thus horizontal or perpendicular to the carrier element 3 of the tool head 1. The outer shape of the plate-shaped base element 2.1 thus resembles an outer shape of a soup plate, ie a deep plate. The plate-shaped base 2.1 is formed of metal, suitably made of steel. - -

The tip element 2.2 is formed, for example, from sheet steel, as shown in Figures 1, 2, 6 and 9 to 15 and 17. By means of the steel sheet, for example, a targeted formation of the tip element 2.2 allows to achieve a particularly good guidance of the tool head 1, in particular a good lateral support, so that a directed, preferably vertical or oblique lowering of the tool head 1, according to the respective predetermined orientation of the compaction tool 16, and in particular the risk of a lateral deviation of the tool head 1 from an intended path and thus the risk of lateral deviation of the tool head 1 formed by the column track SP and foundation ground BS is reduced. To form the tip element 2.2 made of sheet steel, for example, four steel sheets are welded crosswise, as shown in the aforementioned figures. For this purpose, from the four steel sheets to form the four cross parts of the tip element 2.2, to arrange in the shape of the cross and to weld together.

Alternatively, the tip element 2.2, for example, a bevelled

Round steel formed as shown in Figures 7 and 8. For this purpose, the round steel is milled off, for example, to form the shape of the tip element 2.2. In the example shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, the tip element 2.2 has four bevelled surfaces which, together with a flattened and therefore vertical underside, form the effective surface of the tip element 2.2. Thus, the active surface of the tip element 2.2 is formed substantially frusto-conical or truncated pyramid. The bevelled round steel is a particularly cost-effective solution.

Conveniently, the tool tip 2 is positively secured to the support member 3, cohesively and / or non-positively. The positive fastening, for example by screwing, is particularly advantageous because the tool tip 2 then, for example, wear or replace to adapt the tool head 1 to respective requirements. Alternatively, however, a cohesive fastening would be possible for example by welding. For screwing the tool tip 2 on the support member 3 has, for example, as shown in Figures 5, 9 and 10, the tool tip 2 at an upper side of the plate-shaped - -

Basic element 2.1 a central fastening bolt 7 with an external thread, which is to be screwed into a corresponding internal thread of the support element 3.

The tool head 1 also has a plurality of ripping tools 8, in the examples shown here four ripping tools 8, but it is also a larger or smaller number of ripping tools 8 possible. The tearing tools 8, which are made of metal, preferably of steel, are laterally pivotable on the carrier element 3 into a tearing position and can also be pivoted out of this tearing position.

In the tear-open position, the tearing tools 8 are thus not aligned radially on the tool head 1, but are arranged outside the radial direction, namely tangentially or on a passante to the carrier element 3 positioned substantially centrally in the transverse direction of the tool head 1. At least in the Aufreißposition the tearing tools 8 are therefore arranged eccentrically with their Läng ser extension on the tool head 1, on a secant of the tool head, at least for a round or substantially round tool head 1. In a non-round or non-circular support member 3, for example, an oval or polygonal support element 3, the terms used tangentially and / or passers expediently relate to an idealized circular shape of the cross section of the respective support member 3, wherein the circle expediently does not exceed the outer circumference of the support member 3 at any point to the outside, d. H. The radius of the circle is at most as large as a maximum distance of all outer peripheral points.

In a non-round or non-round tool head 1, in particular in a non-round or non-round tool tip 2, particularly with respect to the

Basic element 2.1, for example, a cross-sectionally oval or polygonal

Tool tip 2, the term secant expediently refers to an idealized circular shape of the cross section of the tool head 1, in particular the cross section of the tool tip 2 in the region of the base element 2.1, wherein the circle expediently at areas of the outer periphery of the tool head 1, in particular the tool tip. 2 , outside, but not inside - -

exceeds, d. H. the radius of this circle is at least as large as a maximum distance of all outer peripheral points of the cross section of the tool head 1, in particular the tool tip 2 in the region of the base element 2.1, for

Center of gravity of the cross section of the tool head 1, in particular the

Tool tip 2 in the area of the basic element 2.1.

In the tear-open position, the respective ripping tool 8 is aligned substantially perpendicular to a parallel of the longitudinal axis of the carrier element 3 and projects beyond an outer circumference of the tool head 1, d. H. one of a pivot axis S remote tearing tip of each tear tool 8 projects beyond all under and above the respective tear tool 8 arranged parts of the tool head 1, so that the tearing tip of the respective tearing tool 8 is free-standing in the tearing position in the lateral direction of the tool head 1.

This outer circumference of the tool head 1 is formed by the tool tip 2, in particular by the plate-shaped base element 2.1 of the tool tip 2, more precisely by its outer edge in the region of the respective ripping tool 8, d. H. the outer edge of the plate-shaped base element 2.1 forms the

Outer circumference of the tool head 1 in the region of the respective tearing tool 8, beyond which the at least one tearing tool 8 protrudes in the tearing position. The tool head 1 has the plate-shaped base element 2.1 its largest diameter or at least in the region of the tearing tips of the tearing tools 8 its largest lateral extent, as shown in particular in Figures 3 to 5 and 16. In Figures 1 to 5, 11 and 12 and 16 and 17 are all four

Tearing tools 8 pivoted in this Aufreißposition. In FIGS. 6 to 8, only two of the tearing tools 8 are pivoted into this tearing position.

From this Aufreißposition the at least one ripping tool 8 can be pivoted so far upwards that it the outer periphery of the tool tip 2 and, since this forms the largest outer periphery of the tool head 1, and the outer circumference of the tool head 1 no longer surmounted, ie it is from the Tear-off position in a second position can be swung out upward, in which it is aligned obliquely to the parallels of the longitudinal axis of the support element 3, for example at an angle of - -

about 45 ° or at another angle between 0 ° and less than 90 ° to the parallels of the longitudinal axis of the support element 3. In Figure 13, all the ripping tools 8 are shown in the pivoted out upward from the tear position. In FIGS. 6 to 8, only two of the tearing tools 8 are shown in the position pivoted upwards out of the tearing position. In FIGS. 14 and 15, the pivoting movement or the two positions into which the tearing tools 8 are to be pivoted are illustrated. The tear-open tools 8 are shown in each case by means of solid lines in their tear-open position and by means of dashed lines in their position pivoted upwards from the tear-open position.

By lowering the tool head 1, the ripping tools 8, as shown in Figures 18, 20 and 23, from their Aufreißposition upwardly out, so that they do not project beyond the tool head 1, in particular its tool tip 2, and lowering the tool head 1 does not hinder. By raising the tool head 1, the tearing tools 8, as shown in FIGS. 19 and 21, pivot into their tearing position in which they are substantially perpendicular to the parallels of the longitudinal axis of the support element 3 and thus during the operation of the compacting tool 16, if this As a result, tear the tear tools 8 during lifting of the tool head 1 a Säulenspurwandung SPW of trained by the tool head 1 in the bottom area column track SP and solve soil material from the column track wall SPW, which falls as loose soil material LBM under the tool head 1 in the column track SP. This loose soil material LBM detached from the column track wall SPW is then to be compacted in a subsequent lowering operation of the tool head 1.

To pivot the tearing tools 8 in the tearing position and out of the tearing out no drive unit is required, but the tearing tools 8 pivot solely by the respective force during raising or lowering of the tool head 1. During the lowering touch the first in the tearing position, ie unfolded, tearing tools 8 the column track wall SPW, so that by lowering the tool head 1 a - -

upward force acts on the tearing tools 8. Since the pivoting movement is not blocked upwards, the tearing tools 8 therefore pivot upwards out of the tearing position so that they no longer protrude laterally beyond the outer circumference of the tool head 1, in particular its tool tip 2, and compact the bottom through the tearing tools 8 is not obstructed, as shown in Figures 18, 20 and 23.

In order to prevent too much pivoting of the tearing tools 8 upwards, the carrier element 3 for each tearing tool 8 is an upper one associated therewith

Stop 9 is arranged, which stops the pivotal movement of the respective ripping tool 8 upwards at a predetermined pivoting angle. These upper stops 9 are, as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 6 to 8, formed as moldings of metal, preferably steel, which are welded to the support member 3, or, as shown in Figures 11 to 15 and 17, formed as a formations of the support member 3, these formations of the support member 3 itself or screwed therein screws serve as the upper stop 9. The tearing tools 8 strike during their pivotal movement upwards with an upper side to an underside of the respective upper stop 9, so that a further pivotal movement is blocked upwards. This prevents the ripping tools 8 pivot so far up that they do not swing back by the force of gravity or by hooking on the column track wall during the lifting of the tool head 1 back into the tearing position.

During the lifting of the tool head 1, no force is applied to the top of the tearing tools 8, but it acts on gravity on the

Tearing tools 8 and also attack the tearing tools 8 in the Säulenspurwandung SPW, which takes place due to the lifting of the tool head 1 a force downward on the tearing tools 8. Since the pivoting back down into the tearing position is not blocked, the tearing tools 8 therefore pivot downwards, as shown in FIGS. 19 and 21, ie they fold out to the side until they have arrived in the tearing position and at a lower one Abut stop 10. In Figure 22, the compaction tool 16 is indeed already lowered again, but not so far that the tearing tools 8 which the - -

Touch column gauge wall SPW, so that the tearing tools 8 are here due to the previous lifting of the compression tool s 16 and due to gravity still in the tearing position.

The lower stop 10 is in the illustrated examples for two of the four

Tearing tools 8, namely for the two lower tear tools 8 formed by the plate-shaped base 2.1 of the tool tip 2. For the other two tear-open tools 8, this lower stop 10 is formed in each case as a shape which, as shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 6 to 8, is arranged on the carrier element 3 or, as shown in FIGS. 11 to 14 and 17, is arranged on an upper side of the plate-shaped base element 2.1. These formations are formed of metal, suitably made of steel, and for example with the

Carrier element 3 or welded to the plate-shaped base element 2.1.

In the tear-open position, the tear-open tools 8 are aligned substantially perpendicular to the parallels of the longitudinal axis of the carrier element 3, project beyond the outer circumference of the tool head 1, in particular the outer circumference of its tool tip 2, and engage in the column track wall SPW during the lifting of the tool head 1, tear them and thereby release soil material from the column track wall SPW, which falls down and is compressed by the tool head 1 during a subsequent lowering of the compaction tool 16.

This tearing open of the column gauge wall SPW by means of the tearing tools 8 is particularly important since the lowering of the tool head 1 also already solidifies the column gauge wall SPW, so that without such a mechanical tearing of the column gauge wall SPW and detachment of the floor material not enough soil material from the column gauge wall SPW would solve. There would then not enough soil material for a sufficient compaction available. By tearing the column wall SPW by means of the tearing tools 8 thus a very high compaction of the soil is achieved.

Due to the arrangement of the tearing tools 8 on the tool head 1 such that they pass laterally past the carrier element 3 into the tearing position and out of this position. - -

pivot, only a relatively small pivot angle is required by which the tearing tools 8 are herauszuschwenken up from the tearing so that they no longer dominate the outer periphery of the tool head 1, for example, a pivot angle of only about 45 ° or less, or only slightly more as 45 °. At too large a swivel angle, if the tear tools 8 are aligned, for example, parallel to the carrier element 3, they could, for example, no longer get caught in the column track wall SPW, but during the lifting of the tool head 1 slide along it, so that they no longer in the Pivot tear-open position. This is avoided by the described design of the tool head 1.

Furthermore, a secure attachment to the support element 3 is made possible by this positioning of the tearing tools 8. Thus, in the example shown in FIGS. 1 to 8, the support element 3 has a fastening formation 11 for the respective tear-open tool 8 on a rear side facing away from the tear-open tip of the respective tear-open tool 8, on which the pivot axis S of the respective tear-open tool 8 is arranged. This respective Befestigungsausformung 11 is formed as a welded, for example, to the support member 3 molding of metal, preferably made of steel. A region of the pivot axis S, about which the respective ripping tool 8 pivots, is then positioned off-center on the tool head 1, so that the ripping tool 8 is not aligned radially to the carrier element 3, but lies on a secant of the tool head 1, such as

in particular in Figures 3 to 5 and 16, because even in the other embodiments, the region of the pivot axis S, about which the respective ripping tool 8 pivots, positioned eccentrically on the tool head 1, although in an opening of the support member 3, but not radially in Carrier element 3, as shown in Figures 11 to 17. In addition, this arrangement allows the Aufreiß tools 8 optimal utilization of existing on the tool head 1 space and thereby, for example, a training of tool heads 1 with a relatively small diameter, and even with such a tool head 1 relatively long tearing tools 8, which in the tearing open the outer circumference of

Tool head 1 protrude far enough to penetrate deep into the column wall SPW and dissolve sufficient soil material from this. - -

Conveniently, various variants of the ripping tools 8 are available, which differ in particular in their length. In this way, a soil-dependent selection of the ripping tools 8 is possible. The tearing tools 8 are expediently replaceably attached to the tool head 1, so that in a simple manner a variant of the tearing tools 8 is exchanged for another variant, for example against a shorter or longer variant, according to current soil conditions. In the examples shown here, the pivot axes S are formed by bolts, which in the example shown in Figures 1 to 8 passed through the respective Befestigungsausformung 11 and secured with a nut screwed and in the examples shown in Figures 11 to 17 in the Carrier element 3 are screwed. Thus, the pivot axes S are to be solved in a simple manner to remove the respective ripping tool 8 and optionally replaced by another.

Depending on the length of the tearing tools 8 more or less soil is released from the Säulenspurwandung SPW and falls into the space below the tool head 1. Therefore, depends on the length of the tearing tools 8 also how much soil material is released and falls into the compression zone. An operation of the tool head 1 without tearing tools 8 is possible.

Appropriately, are, alternatively or additionally, different variants of the tool head 1 available, which in particular have different diameters. In this way, the tool head 1 is to be selected according to the respective current soil conditions and / or corresponding to a respective groundwater level. This is possible by means of the adapter element 4 described above in a particularly simple and fast manner.

The tear-open tools 8 are expediently fastened pivotably to the tool head 1 by means of a respective sliding bearing 12, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 16. About this sliding bearing 12 slide the ripping tools 8 on their respective pivot axis S. Here, the sliding bearing 12, for example, on the pivot axis S.

fixed immovably and the ripping tool 8 slides to pivot on the - -

Slide bearing 12 relative to the sliding bearing 12 and the pivot axis S, or the slide bearing 12 is immovably fixed, for example, on the ripping tool 8 and slides to

Pivoting the tearing tool 8 about the pivot axis S. By the sliding bearing 12 is a simple, safe and inexpensive pivotable mounting of the tearing tools 8 ensured. If there is too much wear of the respective sliding bearing 12, the sliding bearing 12 or the entire tear tool 8 is to be replaced together with the sliding bearing 12 or at least together with the arranged on the tear tool 8 or trained part of the sliding bearing 12. Since the tearing tools 8 are also subject to wear due to the tearing of the column track wall SPW, wear-related replacement of the tearing tools 8 is required anyway, so that a more elaborate mounting, for example by means of one rolling bearing, is possible, but not absolutely necessary.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 17, the tearing tools 8 have an elastomer insert 13 in the region of their pivot axis S, also referred to as an elastomer layer. This elastomer insert 13 can also be the slide bearing 12 or at least part of the slide bearing 12, which slides on the pivot axis S formed or arranged on the carrier element 3. Im here shown

Embodiment, these elastomeric inserts 13, however, are not formed as a sliding bearing 12, but the elastomeric inserts 13 are each arranged between a respective inner ring and the respective rupturing tool 8 not shown here and firmly connected by vulcanizing both with the inner ring and with the tearing tool 8. The inner rings are bolted to the respective pivot axis S and thus immovably arranged on the pivot axis S. The

Pivot axes S are each immovably formed or arranged on the carrier element 3. As a result, the pivoting movement of the respective rupturing tool 8 via a deformation of the elastomer of the respective elastomer insert 13. Since the respective pivot bearing formed in this way has no sliding surfaces and no gap, penetration of particles and associated wear are avoided. Furthermore, the respective elastomeric insert 13 makes it possible to bias the respective tear-open tool 8 in at least one direction, for example in the direction of the tear-open position, so that the pivotal movement of the tear-open tool 8 - -

supported in this direction. The elastomer inserts 13 thus each act as spring elements, in particular as torsion springs.

The elastomer inserts 13 also allow damping to strong forces and pulses which act on the particular ripping tool 8, in particular during the tearing of the column track wall, so that an undamped transmission of these forces and pulses to the support member 3 and in particular to the

Swivel axis S are prevented. As a result, a risk of damage, for example the risk of deformation of the pivot axis S, is reduced.

The tearing tools 8 are arranged uniformly distributed around a circumference of the carrier element 3 in the illustrated examples. This way is a

uniform tearing of the column track SPW during the lifting of the tool head 1 is achieved, so that an effective extraction of the soil material from the Säulenspurwandung SPW is made possible by a subsequent

Lowering the tool head 1 is compressed.

Furthermore, in the illustrated examples, the tearing tools 8 are arranged in two planes. As a result, use of the existing space for the ripping tools 8 is optimized on the tool head 1 and it is ensured that the ripping tools 8 do not interfere with each other in their pivotal movements. In the illustrated examples are in the lower, the tool tip 2 nearest level two ripping tools 8 are arranged opposite one another and in an overlying level two other ripping tools 8 are arranged opposite each other, which to the other two ripping tools 8 in the lower plane in the circumferential direction of the tool head 1 offset by 90 ° on the tool head 1 are arranged. In this way, the four ripping tools 8 are evenly distributed around the circumference of the tool head 1, but do not interfere with each other, since in the circumferential direction adjacent ripping tools 8 are arranged in different planes on the tool head 1.

Advantageously, the tool head 1, as shown in Figures 6 and 7, at least one outlet opening 14 for at least one fluid medium. These exit - -

Opening 14 is for example formed as a flat jet nozzle or another nozzle or comprises such a flat jet nozzle or other nozzle. For feeding the at least one fluid medium to the at least one outlet opening 14 of the tool head 1, for example, the adapter element 4 has, as shown in FIG. 8, a corresponding connection 15 to which, for example, a hose is to be connected.

The tool head 1 can, as in the examples shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, also have a plurality of such outlet openings 14. For example, the outlet openings 14 are associated with the tear tools 8. Thus, the tool head 1 shown in FIG. 6 has four outlet openings 14, one outlet opening 14 in the region of each rupturing tool 8, while the tool head 1 shown in FIG. 7 has eight outlet openings 14, two outlet openings 14 in the region of each ripping tool 8 the outlet openings 14 assigned to the respective ripping tool 8, which are preferably designed as nozzles or comprise nozzles, for example as flat jet nozzles, or which have the same or different orientations. Thus, for example, in the case of the two tear-out tools 8 assigned to the respective tear-open tool 8, one is aligned substantially parallel to the tear-open tool 8 and the other substantially transversely to the tear-open tool 8.

Expediently, the tool head 1 has corresponding openings, into which, as in FIGS. 6 and 7, a nozzle as exit opening 14 or a

Blind plug can be screwed in as a closure. In this way, the number of outlet openings 14 and expediently also a shape of the respective outlet opening 14 by a selection of a respective suitable nozzle with a suitable cross-section and a suitable beam shape in a simple and cost-effective manner to adapt to respective requirements.

If necessary or advantageous, preferably at least one fluid medium can be introduced through the outlet openings 14 into the column track SP and / or into the floor area adjoining the column track SP. The term fluid medium means gaseous substances, liquids and suspensions, ie - -

also liquids with solids contained therein. The at least one fluid medium is, for example, water, air or another gas or gas mixture, a hydraulic binder, for example bentonite or a bentonite cement suspension or cement, lime or mixtures of these substances. Also, the supply of a majority of these substances or mixtures of these substances, d. H. a plurality of fluid media simultaneously or sequentially, is possible. The introduction into the column track SP and / or into the adjoining floor area can take place under pressure or without pressure.

Figures 18 to 22 show the device 17 for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation during a procedure of the method. The device 17 has the columnar compaction tool 16 with the tool head 8 and the columnar base body 18. In Figure 23 is a further advantageous

Embodiment of the device 17 shown.

The columnar main body 18 of the compaction tool 16 may be formed, for example, of solid material, d. H. as a bar or, to achieve a greater sinking depth T, a plurality of interconnected bars. In this case, with increasingly lower insertion depth T, the number of rods used is increasingly reduced. Preferably, however, this base body 18 is formed from a hollow tube or, in order to achieve the greater insertion depth T, as shown in Figures 18 to 22, formed of a plurality of interconnected hollow tubes. In this case, with increasingly lower insertion depth T, the number of hollow tubes used is increasingly reduced. Thus, for the formation of the columnar base body 18, to which the tool head 8 is fastened, in FIG. 22, for example, still only a hollow tube is used at the end of the method, while in FIG. 18, at the beginning of the method, a plurality of hollow tubes for the columnar base 18 are required to achieve a correspondingly large depth of deposit T at the beginning of the process. The sinking depth T of the compression tool 16 is shown in FIG. 24 in a time course t of the method.

As such pipes, for example, so-called ram pipes can be used, which form a basic body of a compression s tool according to the prior art. - -

The lower end of the tube or in the case of several tubes of the last tube is to be closed with the tool head 8, for example by welding or preferably by screwing the tool head 8 by means of the adapter element 4. D. h. the lower end of the compression tool 16 is closed by the tool head 8, which is arranged at the lower end of the columnar base body 18.

In this case, the screwing, for example by means of the adapter element 4, to be preferred, since in this way the compression s tool 16 is easy to install, disassemble and transport. Furthermore, the tool head 8

For example, easily replaceable at wear and the

Compaction s tool 16 is very quickly and easily adapted to respective conditions and requirements, for example, to a particular soil condition by a replacement of the tool head 8.

This also applies analogously to the embodiment of the columnar main body 18 of the compression tool 16 made of solid material, d. H. as a rod or as another profile, for example H-profile or hollow box. Again, for example, the rod is welded to the tool head 8 or preferably screwed with the

described advantages.

As already mentioned, the vibrating device 3 is placed on the upper end of the compression tool 16, which rhythmic movements, preferably exclusively movements in the longitudinal direction of the compacting tool 16, with a constant or controllably variable frequency, for example between 5 Hz and 20 Hz the compression s tool 16 initiates. The vibrating device 19 may in particular be a conventional attachment device, for example a vibrator, a vibrator or a ram, for example also a vibrating hammer for sheet piling work. In this case, in particular when ramming is used, a pile-driving motion or a ramming action or ramming impact on the shaft is also possible

Compaction s tool 16 to understand vibration or vibration.

Furthermore, a holder 20 is arranged on the compression tool 16, which is connected to a holding device 21, for example with an excavator or with - -

a crane, as shown schematically in Figures 18 to 22. The holder 20 is also referred to as a carriage, which is arranged vertically movable on a broker. The broker is at least one guide and / or mounting rail, which is attached to the holding device 21. In this case, the vibrating device 19 is mounted on the bracket 20 formed as a carriage, which is mounted vertically movable on the broker. The broker is firmly connected to the holding device 21, for example a carrying bead. By means of the holding device 21, the compression tool 16 can be transported to a place where a soil compaction is to be performed. There it is held by means of the holding device 21 in a predetermined example vertical or oblique position, correspondingly lowered vertically or obliquely in the soil to be compacted and raised again, as shown in Figures 18 to 22 by a respective first arrow PI, which the respective in this Example vertical direction of movement of the compression s tool 16 shows.

FIG. 23 shows another embodiment of the device 1 for soil compaction and / or soil compaction. This device 1 has as a holding device 21 on a crawler, wherein the compression s tool 16 and the vibrating device 19 by means of the holder 20 hang on a rope of the cable excavator.

However, the method is not only feasible on land, but also under water to condense a particular riverbed, for example, a bottom area at the bottom of a stream, river, channel, pond, lake or sea or other water. In this case, the device 17 is arranged, for example, on a watercraft, for example on a ship or another watercraft with or without its own drive. For example, for this purpose, the holding device 21, which is designed for example as an excavator, a crawler crane, crane or caterpillar, positioned on this vessel or it is a part of this vessel. The process is then carried out under water analogous to the described procedure on land to compact the soil area at the bottom of the water. Furthermore, the method can also be used to compact flushed floors. - -

Due to the preferably substantially frustoconical or conical or truncated pyramidal or pyramidal design of the active surface of the tool head 8, a lateral expansion of a compaction energy and an increased radial extent of grounding columns BS produced by the compaction tool 16 are achieved. Such a completed foundation ground BS is shown in FIG. A radial expansion of a displacement and compression s effect on a soil material is at least a two times to three times the diameter of the tool tip 2 of the tool head 8. It can also be larger, depending on the particular soil. This is achieved by the shape of the tool tip 2, because due to their shape, the compacting tool 16 introduced in the compression forces in a first portion, which acts in the longitudinal direction of the compression tool 16 on the bottom area to be compacted, and a lateral second portion , which obliquely to the first portion, d. H. obliquely downwards, acts on the soil area to be compacted, divided.

In the following, the run sequence of the method for soil compaction and / or soil compaction by means of the device 17 for soil compaction and / or soil compaction will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 18 to 22. The compression tool 16 is, as shown in Figure 18, at a predetermined location at which the soil compaction is to be performed, positioned and lowered vertically down to a predetermined Sollversenktiefe TS, for example, 4.5 meters. Here, the ripping tools 8 are automatically folded out at the beginning of the lowering by the lowering movement of the tool head 1 in the manner described above from the tearing position, so that they do not hinder the lowering movement and the compaction of the soil. The target countersink depth TS depends on the particular soil to be compacted, d. H. according to a particular building ground to be generated. The respective requirements depend, inter alia, on a particular building or building that is to be erected on the ground, as well as on the soil properties of the respective soil to be compacted.

The lowering, ie the penetration of the compaction tool 16 into the ground, takes place due to the lowering force. At least part of the lowering force results from the own weight of the compaction tool 16, which after a settling of the - -

Compaction tool 16 on the ground completely on a bottom portion under the tool head 1 loads. Advantageously, an additional force is applied by the holding device 21 to the compaction tool 16 so that the lowering force is composed of the weight of the compacting tool 16 and this additional force effect by the holding device 21.

Conveniently, the holder 20 is connected to a drive of the holding device 21, via which it is to raise and in particular also driven down, for example via at least one traction cable. The traction cable can be connected, for example, with a hydraulic unit of the holding device 21, for example, the excavator or crane. In this way, by driving the holding device 21, d. H. For example, by a corresponding lowering drive of the excavator or crane, a force on the holder 20 and over this on the

Compression s Tool 16 to transfer. This force acts vertically downward on the compression tool 16. In an extreme case, the entire or almost the entire weight of the device 17, with the exception of the own weight of the compacting tool 16, acts on the compacting tool 16 in this way. This can result in that during the lowering of the compression tool 16, the holding device 21 is at least partially lifted off the ground. The lowering force is thus composed of the weight of the compression tool 16 and the respective force effect by the holding device 21 on the compression tool s16 together. The maximum possible lowering force then corresponds to the weight of the entire device 17 or at least almost its own weight.

The lowering force with which the compression tool 16 is lowered in this way, for example, be up to 20 tons or even up to 30 tons. In this way, by lowering the compression tool 16 on the ground, a lowering pressure PE from the tool head 8 acts on the ground. In addition, vibratory movements of the compacting tool 16 acting in the longitudinal direction of the compacting tool 16 are produced by the attached vibratory device 19, as a result of which a vibration pressure PV also acts on the base via the tool head 1. A strength of the vibration pressure PV is advantageously over the - -

Vibratory device 19 can be specified. FIG. 24 shows the lowering pressure PE and the vibration pressure PV in the course of time t of the method.

Due to this, the compaction tool 16 drops successively to the predetermined Sollversenktiefe TS in the soil, with soil material through the active surface of the tool tip 2 of the tool head 1 is displaced both laterally and downwardly and is already compressed in this way. Soil material VBM compacted in this way forms the foundation soil BS after successful completion of the process. Due to the penetration of the compaction tool 16, the column track SP is generated, which still has a cavity at this stage of the method.

If the tool head 1 has arrived at the predetermined set depth depth TS, it is raised again by a predetermined lifting height H, for example by 50 cm to 80 cm, as shown in FIG. This is done by means of the holding device 21, to which the compaction tool 16 is attached, d. H. by means of the excavator or crane. During the lifting of the compression tool 16, the vibrating device 19 may be turned off or remain on. By raising the compaction s tool 16 pivot the tearing tools 8 at the beginning of

Lifting in the manner described above automatically in the tearing position, d. H. they fold laterally downwards on the carrier element 3, so that they protrude laterally outwards over the outer circumference of the tool head 1.

As a result of these tear-open tools 8 folded into the tear-open position, soil material is removed from the lateral column wall SPW during the lifting of the compacting tool 16 by the predetermined lifting height H, which falls as a loose bottom material LBM into the cavity of the column track SP under the tool head 1.

In order to promote the breaking out of the soil material from the lateral column wall SPW, preferably after lifting the compaction tool 16 by the predetermined lifting height H and before a subsequent lowering the compaction tool 16 a predetermined period of time, for example a few seconds, in the raised position when activated Vibrating device 19 - -

remains so that loose soil material LBM can sag and get under the tool head 1.

After the compaction tool 16 has been raised by the predetermined lifting height H, it is, as shown in Figure 20, lowered again with the vibrating device 19, so again on the tool head 1, the lowering pressure PE and the vibration pressure PV act on the ground and from the lateral column wall SPW compacted loose soil LBM is compacted. By lowering the compression tool 16 are at the beginning of lowering the tearing tools 8 automatically swung out again from the tearing up, as already described. In this way they hinder the

Lowering movement and compacting the soil is not. The compression tool 16 is lowered until the lowering counteracts a predetermined resistance. This is because now additional loose soil material LBM is in the cavity of the column track SP under the tool head 1, which is to be compacted, already before the set sunk depth TS of the case. Ie. in this lowering of the

Compaction s tool 16, the target countersink depth TS is no longer achieved.

In subsequent lifting and lowering operations in the manner described the lowering of the compression tool 16 counteracts the predetermined resistance before a sinking depth T of a previous lowering is reached, as shown in Figure 21, by the tearing tools 8 always more soil material the lateral column track wall SPW is detached and accumulates as loose soil material LBM from the lateral column track wall SPW in each case remaining cavity of the column track SP under the tool head 1 and is compressed by this in each case. The given resistance and / or the

Vibration pressure PV are set so that the compression tool 16 is raised again in each case when a sufficient compression of compacted by the compaction s tool 16 soil material VBM is achieved under the tool head 1. The use of a compacting tool 16 adapted to the respective soil to be compacted with a high or low own weight and / or by using a correspondingly heavy holding device 21, for example an excavator or crane with a high dead weight, can also be used - -

on the soil to be compacted lowering pressure PE are given according to the respective requirements.

Under the counteraction of the given resistance in the renewed

Lowering is to be understood as having a predetermined lowering speed

below or within a predetermined period of time

Minimum value of a Absenkweges is no longer achieved. This can for example be determined automatically, for example by appropriate sensors. Alternatively, this can also be determined by a plant operator of the device 17.

The process steps of lifting the compaction s tool 16 each by the predetermined lifting height H, wherein by the tearing open in the tearing open 8, which laterally project beyond the outer periphery of the tool head 1 in this Aufreißposition, soil material from the lateral Säulenspur- wall SPW is broken out and as loose soil LBM in the

Cavity of the column track SP falls under the tool head 1, and the subsequent lowering of the compaction tool 16, until it counteracts the predetermined resistance, are therefore repeated until the lowering of the predetermined resistance counteracts already when the compression s tool 16 on a predetermined End position EP is located, which is shown in Figure 22. This predetermined end position EP is usually located in the area of the ground surface or near the ground surface, in order to obtain a ground, which is stable both superficially and at greater depths.

Ie. There is a recurring lifting, which can be performed with or without vibration movements, so with switched on or off vibrating device 19 and in which always the tearing tools 8 are pivoted into the tearing position, d. H. are unfolded, and lowering with switched on

Vibrating device 19 under compression of the loose soil material LBM, ie, forming the compacted soil material VBM, with always the ripping tools 8 are folded upwards from the tearing position. By such oscillating or alternating up and down movement is a steady material structure with compacted soil material VBM in the column track SP, so that the extreme - -

compacted column trace SP, d. H. the column track SP with extremely compacted soil material VBM is gradually formed in the direction of a ground surface.

In FIG. 22, the column track SP is filled with compacted soil material VBM, so that the foundation column BS is formed from extremely compacted soil material VBM up to the predetermined end position EP of the compacting tool 16. Since the radial extent of the displacement and compression s effect on the soil due to the described design of the effective surface of the tool tip 2 of the tool head 1 at least a two times to three times the diameter of the tool tip 2 forms, as shown in Figures 18 to 22 represented around the foundation ground BS around also influenced by the compression s effect area B from.

The vertical lowering pressure PE of the compression tool 16 due to

Lowering force, which results from the weight of the compression tool 16 and preferably additionally from the force acting on the compaction s tool 16 holding device 21, which presses the compression tool 16 down, and the additionally acting vertical vibration pressure PV, which is preferably high frequency due to high-frequency vibration movements of the Compaction tool 16, generated by the vibrating device 19, due to the described formation of the active surface of the tool tip 2 of the tool head both in the longitudinal direction of the compression tool 16 and obliquely thereto in the ground, d. H. into the soil to be compacted. In this way, the soil compaction takes place both under the compaction s tool 16 and the side of the compression s tool 16, so that filled with the compacted soil material VBM column track SP, d. H. the completed foundation ground BS has a larger diameter than the compacting tool 16 or its tool head 1.

The compaction of the soil by means of the compression tool 16 is effected not only by the vibrations of the vibrating device 19, but also by a high compressive force, namely by the lowering force with which the compaction tool 16 is lowered. This additional compressive force, ie the lowering force with which the compression tool 16 is lowered, can, as already mentioned, - -

for example, up to 20 tons or even up to 30 tons. The compaction of the soil takes place in this way by means of the device 17 and the method by a full displacement, by the vibration movements and the resulting vibration pressure PV and by the additional high pressure force, from which a corresponding lowering pressure PE results.

By this method occurs in the ground a so-called displacement shaft, which, since the ground columns BS are generated with a mounted vibration device 19 and the compression s tool 16 at the beginning of the process from the soil surface by the Absenkdruck PE and the

Vibration pressure PV is lowered to the target sinking depth TS, already begins at the bottom surface. Depending on the storage density of the soil, compaction of the soil material as well as slipping and compacting of this slipped loose soil material LBM may result in formation of a funnel in the region of the soil surface above the soil compaction, as exemplified in FIG.

If so required, it is conveniently filled by the soil compaction on the soil surface above the bottom compaction cupping funnels AT during and / or after compaction carried out by the compaction tool 16 with a compaction material VM, for example a mineral material such as well compactable Gravel in round-grain mixture form or crushed-grain mixture form or with soil material which corresponds or resembles the soil material to be compacted. This is done, as shown here by way of example in Figures 20 and 21, preferably already during the process step by step, so that no too large lowering funnel AT, no cavities and no excessive loss of material arise at the bottom surface. The

Material is added from the outside into the resulting lowering funnel AT.

FIG. 24 schematically illustrates a time profile of the lowering pressure PE, the vibration pressure PV and the sinking depth T in the course of the process. These are constantly detected and monitored during the procedure. This makes it immediately apparent when the lowering of the compaction tool 16 of the predetermined resistance - -

counteracts so that it is raised again. This is the case, for example, if there is no further lowering or at least no significant further lowering of the compacting tool 16 at a maximum acting lowering pressure PE and at a predetermined maximum vibration pressure PV. Furthermore, the lifting of the compression tool 16 can each be monitored by the predetermined lifting height H and it can be determined when the predetermined end position EP of the compression tool 16 has been reached and the method can be ended. This continuous detection of the lowering pressure PE, the vibration pressure PV and the sinking depth T during the process also allow an evaluation for quality assurance. This makes it possible to assess whether the soil compacted in this way and the subsoil produced thereby meets the respective requirements, ie. H. For example, has a sufficient load capacity, strength and stability to perform planned construction on the ground, for example, to build a building or building on it.

The method is a full displacement method for underground improvement. In this case, a storage density of an existing subsoil is significantly increased. In this case, in contrast to known from the prior art full displacement s and partial displacement, preferably no additional ballast material introduced from the outside in the forming during the process column track SP, but this is filled with soil material.

An extremely high ramming energy of the vibration device 19, for example a topping vibrator, placed on the compaction tool 16 causes the soil material, for example the gravel, to be rammed and pressed laterally into a soil matrix, thereby compacting and compacting the soil and reducing the soil Pore portion is effected.

Due to the effective area formed in the manner described above

Tool tip 2 of the tool head 1 and the vertical vibration movement of the compression tool 16 is a predominantly vertical force in the column tracks SP, so that extremely stiff ground columns BS can be produced, which have comparable properties as by means of methods and devices according to the prior art generated ground columns , - -

The subsoil improvement is therefore achieved exclusively by a rearrangement and compaction of the upcoming subsoil. In this case, a compacted foundation column BS, d. H. created a filled with compacted soil VBM column track SP, which improves the ground in the vicinity of the column track SP as a linear support member. Ie. the soil is significantly improved by the displacement process when introducing the foundation columns BS against an initial state. When such densification points are generated close to each other by the method, i. H. in a plurality of such ground columns BS, for example, linear or in a planar grid and for example at a distance of one meter from each other, a complete homogenization of the soil with a significantly increased density and higher shear strength and rigidity.

Since the compacted foundation columns BS of the soil material produced by the method are full displacement columns, the method is preferably to be applied in water-saturated loosely to moderately dense sands and gravels with subordinate fines. The process causes the homogenization and densification of sand and / or gravel. In the case of soil compaction and / or soil consolidation with binders, the subsoil columns BS have a much higher load capacity, which can reach values of more than 800 kN to 1500 kn with larger diameters of the compaction tool 16.

As already described, the compression tool 16 preferably has a plurality of outlet openings 14. These outlet openings 14 can, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, be arranged on the tool head 1 and / or on other regions of the compression tool 16, for example also on the columnar base body 18. The outlet openings 14 serve to supply at least one fluid medium to the tool body Column track SP and / or in an adjacent floor area. The fluid medium may be, for example, water, air or another gas or gas mixture, a hydraulic binder, for example bentonite or a bentonite cement suspension or cement, lime or mixtures of these substances. This at least one fluid medium is by means of an external

Aggregates 22, which connected to supply lines of the compression s tool 16 - -

is, the outlet openings 14 fed. This connection to the supply lines of the compaction tool 16 is not shown in the figures for reasons of clarity. The outlet openings 14 can be opened and closed, for example, by means of a respective valve, for example by means of a ball valve in each case.

By introducing at least one fluid medium designed as a binder, the soil is additionally solidified and / or impermeable. To improve the compression processes, it may be useful or necessary to fill water as a fluid medium in the column track SP.

The supply lines are expediently compressed tool 16 in a hollow compression tool s 16 and led out, for example, in the region of an upper end of the columnar base body 18 below the patch or aufzusetzenden vibrating device 19 through an opening from the columnar base body 18 to them with the Aggregate 22 to connect. In a columnar main body 18 of the compression tool 16, which has no hollow interior, the supply lines are to be laid outside. Via the compression tool 16, the supply of the fluid medium to the column track SP is preferably carried out under pressure. Alternatively or additionally, as shown by way of example in FIG. 19, at least one such fluid medium,

For example, water or a hydraulic binder to be filled directly from above by means of a hose in the column track. This is then expediently pressure-free, also by means of the external unit 22. The external unit 22 has, for example, a pump and, if necessary, a mixer unit for

Mix the suspension of hydraulic binder.

In an embodiment not shown here, the compression tool 16 may alternatively or additionally comprise a so-called vacuum lance, which is connected to a suction device. As a result, in the column track SP to generate a negative pressure, whereby in the bottom area to be compacted

Pressure release in groundwater can be achieved. - -

As already mentioned, FIG. 23 shows a further embodiment of the device 17, by means of which the method according to FIGS. 18 to 22 is likewise to be carried out. In this embodiment, the holding device 21 is designed as a cable excavator. The compression tool 16, on the upper end of the vibrating device 19 is placed, is connected by means of the holder 20 with the rope of the cable shovel, so that it hangs freely on this rope.

The field of use of, for example, as a support bead formed holding devices 21 with Mäklern, as shown in Figures 18 to 22, limits are set. Therefore, when reaching compaction depths of over 20 meters, for example, at compaction depths of up to 25 meters, 30 meters or 40 meters, the tool head 1 is mounted on a very long ram tube, so that a correspondingly very long compression s tool 16 is formed. The vibration device 19 is at the top of the compression tool s 16, d. H. mounted on the upper end of the ram tube. In this variant of the device 17 for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation, the lowering force is based on the own weight of the columnar compression tool 16, which comprises the ram tube, and the

Dead weight of the vibrating device 19 together. The compression tool 16, which includes the ram tube, and the vibrating device 19 hang freely in this case on the rope. As a holding device 21, also referred to as a supporting device, a rope excavator is used, for example. As soon as the compacting tool 16 is placed on the ground, the vibrating device 19 is started, so that the compression tool 16 by the lowering pressure PE, formed by the

Dead weight of the compression s tool 16 and the vibrating device 19, and retracted by the vibration pressure PV by the action of the vibrating device 19, ie by their vibrations, vibrations and / or ramming by lowering the rope to the set depth in the ground, raised again and then lowered and raised again until the soil is compacted to the surface or close to the surface. In this case, the compression tool 16 due to the very long Rammrohres a very high weight, so that the lowering force, for example, corresponds to the achievable with the Mäklervorrichtung lowering force. - -

FIGS. 25 and 26 show an example of such a soil compaction and / or soil compaction of a subsoil carried out by the method by forming a plurality of subsoil columns BS. In the example shown here, the method for producing a deep foundation is carried out, wherein for foundation foundation a foundation element 23 is rammed into the ground and a predetermined area of the ground before ramming and / or after

Ramming of the foundation element 23 by means of the method described above by the use of the columnar compression tool s 16 compressed at several predetermined compression positions of the ground and / or solidified.

Mono-pile-pipe pile is formed as a foundation element 23. These monolayers are merely driven into the ground. On the respective foundation element 23, the element 24 held by the foundation element 23, which is formed as a power pole in the mast foundation for the power line, is then screwed on via a flange connection, and then the current lines can be mounted on the power pole. This can only be used in subsoil conditions in which easily rammable soils are present up to greater depths. These are usually structurally weak soils, which tend to large deformations. By compaction and / or solidification of the ground a stability of such example formed as Monopfähle foundation elements 23 and disposed thereon to be held elements 24 is significantly increased. In this way, a stability of the foundation element 23 and arranged thereon to be held element 24 is significantly increased because the compacted and / or solidified soil presses laterally against the rammed foundation element 23, as shown schematically in Figure 25 by second arrows P2. This ensures that the element 24 to be held and the foundation element 23 can withstand the element 24 to be held and the loads acting on the foundation element 23 whose different possible directions of action are schematically represented by third arrows P3 in FIG. 25, without their position to change, ie without tilting or sinking. - -

Conveniently, the compression positions at which the

Compaction s tool 16 is used, on at least one concentric circle, preferably, as shown in Figure 26 in a plan view from above, on several concentric circles, around the driven into the ground foundation element 23 or around a Einrammposition around, where the foundation element 23 is to be rammed, arranged. This subsurface improvement in concentric circles by the described method is preferred after pile driving, i. H. of the foundation element 23, performed. As a result, first a slight ramming of the foundation element 23 in the not yet compacted and / or solidified ground is made possible and then by the

Compressing and / or solidifying formed in the manner described an improved ground, which has significantly better results in static calculations.

When calculating the stability, the storage density of the soil plays a major role. Due to the additional improvement of the subsoil, the subsoil is considerably improved and can absorb larger ballast forces, so that more favorable results can be achieved in static calculations or the use of monolayers becomes possible. Thus, there is a technical and commercial interest that

Conditions for starting a mono number to improve. This is achieved by the method described. The monofilaments which can be used with the method as the foundation element 23 are designed, for example, as a steel pipe with a diameter of 150 cm to 180 cm. Also larger or smaller diameters are possible. Furthermore, other materials are possible, such as concrete, reinforced concrete or wood. Individual micropiles or groups of micropiles can also be used as the foundation element 23.

The compaction of the respective bottom area at different compression positions can be carried out to different compaction depths, ie the depth of the formed ground columns BS can differ from one another. In this case, each of the foundation pillars BS can each be the same depth as the rammed foundation element 23 or less deep or deeper. For example, increases in compression positions, which at different distances to the driven into the ground foundation element 23 or to the Einrammposition at which the - -

Foundation element 23 is to be rammed, are arranged, for example, on different concentric circles, the compaction depth, to which the compression of the respective bottom portion is performed, with increasing distance from the driven into the ground foundation element 23 or the Einrammposition, at which the foundation element 23rd should be driven, from or to. Ie. for example, the closer they are to the foundation element 23 or its intended insertion position, the deeper they are from the foundation element 23 or from its intended insertion position.

With decreasing compaction depth with increasing distance from the foundation element 23 or from its intended Einrammposition formed in this way, for example, a teardrop shape of the compacted and / or solidified soil, d. H. on the inner concentric circle, the soil is compacted and / or solidified to a large depth of compaction and on each further concentric circle outwards always to a somewhat lesser depth. Also the reverse

Approach is possible. Furthermore, the foundation columns BS of a respective concentric circle may also have different compaction depths. This is made dependent, for example, on a particular soil condition prior to soil compaction and / or soil compaction and on soil quality to be achieved by soil compaction and / or soil compaction.

- -

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

tool head

Tool tip

.1 primitive

.2 tip element

support element

adapter element

fastening opening

screw

mounting bolts

tear open

upper stop

10 bottom stop

11 mounting equipment

12 plain bearings

13 Ela stomereinlage

14 outlet opening

15 connection

16 compaction s tool

17 device

18 basic body

19 vibration device

20 bracket

21 holding device

aggregate

23 founding selement

24 held element

AT Lowering funnel

B from compression swir

BS foundation ground

EP end position

H lifting height

LBM loose soil material , ,

PI first arrow

P2 second arrow

P3 third arrow

PE lowering pressure

PV vibration pressure

S pivot axis

SP column track

SPW column gauge wall

TS Sollversenktiefe

T countersink depth

t Time course

VBM compacted soil material

VM compactible material

Claims

PATENT APPLICATIONS

1. A method for soil compaction and / or soil consolidation of sands and gravels, wherein a columnar compaction s tool (16) is lowered vertically or obliquely down into a bottom region to be compacted and by means of a vibration device (19) generates vibrations in the compaction tool (16) be compacted to the bottom portion, wherein by the vibrating device (19) in the longitudinal direction of the compression s tool (16) vibration movements of the compaction tool (16) are generated, the compression s tool (16) by a lowering force and by the vibration movements on a predetermined set sinking depth (TS) is lowered and then at least once by a predetermined lifting height (H) is raised and again lowered by the lowering force and the vibration movements until the renewed lowering counteracts a predetermined resistance, at least one on a tool head ( 1) at a lower end of the compression gs Tool (16) arranged tearing tool (8) by the lifting of the compaction tool (16) laterally on an elongated and substantially on a longitudinal axis of the compaction tool (16) arranged support element (3) of the tool head (1) is pivoted over in a tearing position, in which it is aligned substantially perpendicular to a parallel of the longitudinal axis of the support element (3) and an outer circumference of the tool head (1) surmounted, wherein by means of the at least one rupture tool (8) during the lifting of the compaction s tool (16) a Säulenspurwandung (SPW) is torn open and soil material from the column track wall (SPW) is dissolved out, and wherein the at least one ripping tool (8) by the lowering of the compression tool s (16) is pivoted out of the tearing position.

2. The method according to claim 1,

characterized in that the lifting of the compaction tool (16) by the predetermined lifting height (H) and the subsequent lowering alternately repeated until the lowering of the predetermined resistance already counteracts when the compression s tool (16) at a predetermined end position (EP) is located.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2,

characterized in that a down-compaction funnel (AT) formed by the soil compaction on a soil surface above the soil compaction (AT) is filled with a compaction-capable material (VM) during and / or after compaction of the soil by means of the compaction tool (16).

4. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 3,

characterized in that a by the compression s tool (16) acting on the bottom area to be compacted lowering pressure (PE), an acting vibration pressure (PV) and a countersink depth (T) of the compaction tool (16) are determined.

5. Method according to one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that after the lifting of the compaction s tool (16) by the predetermined lifting height and before the subsequent lowering the compaction tool (16) a predetermined period of time in the raised position with activated vibrating device (19) remains, so that

Ground the soil and get under the tool head (1).

6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that the compression s tool (16) by means of a drive of a holding device (21) on which the compression s tool (16) is arranged vertically or obliquely downward, is lowered such that by the drive of the holding device ( 21) during lowering at least temporarily acts a force in the lowering direction on the compression s tool (16).

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that at least one fluid medium is introduced into a column track (SP) and / or into a floor area adjacent to the column track (SP).

8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims,

characterized in that for the production of a deep foundation at least one foundation element (23) is rammed into a ground, wherein a

predetermined area of the ground before the ramming and / or after the ramming of the foundation element (23) by the use of the columnar compaction s tool (16) is compressed and / or solidified at a plurality of predetermined compression positions of the ground.

9. The method according to claim 8,

characterized in that the compaction positions at which the compaction tool (16) is inserted are on at least one concentric circle around the foundation element (23) driven into the ground, or about a pinching position at which the foundation element (23) is to be rammed, to be ordered.

10. The method according to claim 8 or 9,

characterized in that the compression of the respective floor area at different compression positions to different

Compaction depths is performed.