Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
  • H05B45/31—Phase-control circuits
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
  • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
  • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
  • H05B45/357—Driver circuits specially adapted for retrofit LED light sources
  • H05B45/3574—Emulating the electrical or functional characteristics of incandescent lamps
  • H05B45/3577—Emulating the dimming characteristics, brightness or colour temperature of incandescent lamps

Definitions

• the invention relates to the field of lighting in general, and more particularly, to solid state lighting.
• Solid state lighting arrays are used for a number of lighting applications.
• solid state lighting panels including arrays of solid state light emitting devices have been used as direct illumination sources, for example, in architectural and/or accent lighting.
• a solid state light emitting device may include, for example, a packaged light emitting device including one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), which may include inorganic LEDs, which may include semiconductor layers forming p-n junctions and/or organic LEDs (OLEDs), which may include organic light emission layers.
• LEDs light emitting diodes
• OLEDs organic LEDs
• Visible light may include light having many different wavelengths.
• the apparent color of visible light can be illustrated with reference to a two dimensional chromaticity diagram, such as the 1931 International Conference on Illumination (CIE) Chromaticity Diagram illustrated in Figure 1, and the 1976 CIE uV Chromaticity Diagram shown in Figure IB, which is similar to the 1931 Diagram but is modified such that similar distances on the 1976 u'v' CIE Chromaticity Diagram represent similar perceived differences in color.
• CIE Conference on Illumination
• colors on a 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram are defined by x and y coordinates (i.e., chromaticity coordinates, or color points) that fall within a generally U-shaped area. Colors on or near the outside of the area are saturated colors composed of light having a single wavelength, or a very small wavelength distribution.
• Colors on the interior of the area are unsaturated colors that are composed of a mixture of different wavelengths.
• White light which can be a mixture of many different wavelengths, is generally found near the middle of the diagram, in the region labeled 100 in Figure 1. There are many different hues of light that may be considered “white,” as evidenced by the size of the region 100. For example, some "white” light, such as light generated by sodium vapor lighting devices, may appear yellowish in color, while other "white” light, such as light generated by some fluorescent lighting devices, may appear more bluish in color.
• a binary combination of light from two different light sources may appear to have a different color than either of the two constituent colors.
• the color of the combined light may depend on the relative intensities of the two light sources. For example, light emitted by a combination of a blue source and a red/orange source may appear purple or magenta to an observer. Similarly, light emitted by a combination of a blue source and a yellow source may appear white to an observer.
• Planckian locus 106 which corresponds to the location of color points of light emitted by a black-body radiator that is heated to various temperatures.
• Figure 1 includes temperature listings along the Planckian locus. These temperature listings show the color path of light emitted by a black-body radiator that is heated to such temperatures. As a heated object becomes incandescent, it first glows reddish, then yellowish, then white, and finally bluish, as the wavelength associated with the peak radiation of the black-body radiator becomes progressively shorter with increased temperature. Illuminants which produce light which is on or near the Planckian locus can thus be described in terms of their correlated color temperature (CCT).
• CCT correlated color temperature
• the chromaticity of a particular light source may be referred to as the "color point” of the source.
• the chromaticity may be referred to as the "white point” of the source.
• the white point of a white light source may fall along the Planckian locus. Accordingly, a white point may be identified by a correlated color temperature (CCT) of the light source.
• CCT correlated color temperature
• White light typically has a CCT of between about 2000 K and 10000 K.
• White light with a CCT of 3000 may appear yellowish in color, while light with a CCT of 8000 K may appear more bluish in color.
• Color coordinates that lie on or near the Planckian locus at a color temperature between about 2500 K and 8000 K may yield pleasing white light to a human observer.
• White light also includes light that is near, but not directly on the Planckian locus.
• a Macadam ellipse can be used on a 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram to identify color points that are so closely related that they appear the same, or substantially similar, to a human observer.
• a Macadam ellipse is a closed region around a center point in a two- dimensional chromaticity space, such as the 1931 CIE Chromaticity Diagram, that encompasses all points that are visually indistinguishable from the center point.
• a seven-step Macadam ellipse captures points that are indistinguishable to an ordinary observer within seven standard deviations, a ten step Macadam ellipse captures points that are
• light having a color point that is within about a ten step Macadam ellipse of a point on the Planckian locus may be considered to have a substantially similar color as the point on the Planckian locus.
• CRI is a relative measurement of how the color rendering properties of an illumination system compare to those of a reference illuminator, with a reference illuminator for a CCT of less than 5000 being a black-body radiator.
• the reference illuminator is a spectrum defined by the CIE which is similar to the spectrum of sunlight at the earth's surface.
• the CRI equals 100 if the color coordinates of a set of test colors being illuminated by the illumination system are the same as the coordinates of the same test colors being irradiated by the reference illuminator.
• Daylight has the highest CRI (of 100), with incandescent bulbs being relatively close (about 95), and fluorescent lighting being less accurate (70-85).
• incandescent bulbs tend to produce more natural- appearing illumination than other types of conventional lighting devices.
• incandescent bulbs typically go from a color temperature of about 2700K at full brightness to a color temperature of about 2000k at 5% brightness and to a color temperature of about 1800K at about 1% brightness. This compares favorably with daylight, which varies from about 6500K at midday to about 2500k at sunrise and sunset. Research indicates that people tend to prefer warmer color temperatures at low brightness levels and in intimate settings.
• LED-lighting units have been proposed that may be coupled to an ac dimmer circuit (such as a rheostat or phase cut dimming circuit) and approximate the lighting variation of a conventional incandescent light as the dimmer circuit increases or decreases the brightness of the generated light, as described in U.S. Patent No. 7,038,399 to Lys et al.
• ac dimmer circuit such as a rheostat or phase cut dimming circuit
• LED lighting devices may utilize one bin of LEDs, or combine matched sets of LEDs from different bins, to achieve repeatable color points for the combined output of the LEDs.
• LEDs Light Emitting Diodes
• segments of the LED string can be separately biased so that as the magnitude of the rectified ac voltage increases, additional segments of the LED string can be forward biased so that light is provided in a sequentially increasing manner.
• the magnitude of the rectified ac voltage signal decreases (i.e. passes 90 degrees of phase) the separate LED segments are deactivated in reverse order.
• Embodiments according to the present invention can provide a solid-state lighting apparatus and circuits including LED segments configured for targeted spectral power distribution methods of operating the same.
• a dimmable solid state lighting apparatus can include a plurality of light emitting diode (LED) segments including a first LED segment that can have a targeted spectral power distribution for light emitted from the apparatus that is different than spectral power distributions for other LED segments included in the plurality of LED segments.
• An LED segment selection circuit can be configured to selectively control current through the plurality of LED segments to shift the light emitted by the apparatus to the targeted spectral power distribution responsive to dimming input.
• Figure 1 is a chromaticity diagram illustrating a Planckian locus using x and y chromaticity coordinates.
• Figures 2A and 2B illustrate a solid state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating a solid-state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figure 4 is a graphical and table representation of selective switching of LED segments of the apparatus shown in Figure 3 in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figure 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a solid-state lighting circuit in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figure 6 is a schematic representation of an LED package including the LED segments illustrated in Figure 5 in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figures 7 is schematic representation of a plurality of the LED packages shown in Figure 6 coupled together in a solid-state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figures 8A and 8B are a perspective and a cross-sectional view of a solid- state lighting apparatus including the LED packages illustrated in Figure 7 in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figure 9 is a graphical representation of instantaneous power in LED segments as a function of dimming phase angle in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figure 10 is a block diagram illustrating a solid-state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• Figure 11 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a solid-state lighting apparatus including particular CCT values in each of the LED segments in some embodiments according to the invention.
• a lighting apparatus can be a device which illuminates an area or volume, e.g., a structure, a swimming pool or spa, a room, a warehouse, an indicator, a road, a parking lot, a vehicle, signage, e.g., road signs, a billboard, a ship, a toy, a mirror, a vessel, an electronic device, a boat, an aircraft, a stadium, a computer, a remote audio device, a remote video device, a cell phone, a tree, a window, an LCD display, a cave, a tunnel, a yard, a lamppost, or a device or array of devices that illuminate an enclosure, or a device that is used for edge or back-lighting (e.g., back light poster, signage, LCD displays), bulb replacements (e.g., for replacing ac incandescent lights,
• edge or back-lighting e.g., back light poster, signage, LCD displays
• bulb replacements e.g., for replacing
• LED light emitting devices
• solid-state lighting devices such as light emitting diode devices.
• LED includes, but is not limited to, direct-emission devices that produce light when a voltage is applied across a PN junction thereof, as well as combinations of such direct-emission devices with luminescent materials, such as phosphors that emit visible-light radiation when excited by a source of radiation, such as a direct-emission device.
• the present invention can be utilized in connection with bypass circuits, using the current sensed in the LED string and the temperature associated therewith, as described in co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/566,195 entitled “Solid State Lighting Apparatus with Controllable Bypass Circuits and Methods of Operating Thereof (Attorney Docket No. 5308-1128), copending and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 12/704,730 entitled “Solid State Lighting Apparatus with Compensation Bypass Circuits and Methods of Operation Thereof (Attorney Docket No. 5308-1128IP) and co-pending and commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No.
• a lighting apparatus 10 according to some embodiments is illustrated.
• the lighting apparatus 10 shown in Figures 2 A and 2B is a "recessed downlight” or “can” lighting fixture that may be suitable for use in general illumination applications as a down light or spot light.
• a lighting apparatus according to some embodiments may have a different form factor.
• a lighting apparatus according to some embodiments can have the shape of a conventional light bulb, a pan or tray light, an automotive headlamp, or any other suitable form.
• the lighting apparatus 10 generally includes a can shaped outer housing 12 in which a lighting panel 20 is arranged.
• the lighting panel 20 has a generally circular shape so as to fit within an interior of the cylindrical housing 12.
• Light is generated by solid state lighting devices (LEDs) 22, which are mounted on the lighting panel 20, and which are arranged to emit light 15 towards a diffusing lens 14 mounted at the end of the housing 12.
• Diffused light 17 is emitted through the lens 14.
• the lens 14 may not diffuse the emitted light 15, but may redirect and/or focus the emitted light 15 in a desired near-field or far-field pattern.
• the LEDs 22 may include LEDs of different chromaticities that may be selectively controlled to produce a desired intensity, correlated color temperature (CCT) and/or color rendering index (CRT) using various techniques discussed herein.
• CCT correlated color temperature
• CRT color rendering index
• a segment refers to a separately switched portion of an LED string.
• a segment can include at least one LED device, which can itself include a number of serially connected epi junctions used to provide a device that has a particular forward voltage, such as 3V, 6V, 9V, etc. where a single epi junction may have a forward voltage of about 1.5 volts.
• Each segment may include multiple LEDs that are connected in various parallel and/or serial arrangements.
• the segments LEDs may be configured in a number of different ways and may have various compensation circuits associated therewith, as discussed, for example, in commonly assigned co-pending U.S. Application Serial No. 13/235,103 (Attorney Docket: 5308-1459). U.S. Application Serial No. 13/235,127 (Attorney Docket 5308-1461).
• a targeted spectral power distribution can be a spectral power distribution that is specified for the light provided by the apparatus as a result of dimming the light.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can describe the characteristic of the light that is generated at a particular dimming level.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can be specified on the packaging of the lighting apparatus or otherwise in conjunction with the advertising or marketing of the lighting apparatus.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can be associated with the lighting characteristics of two or more specified dimming levels, such as a low light level and a higher light level.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can be provided as the light shifts from “full on” to more dimming as well a shift in the reverse direction toward “full on.”
• an LED can be characterized as having a particular spectral power distribution, which can affect various light characteristics of the light emitted by the LED. It will be understood that a spectral power distribution can be used to express the power per unit area per unit wavelength of an illumination (radiant exitance), or more generally, the per wavelength contribution to any radiometric quantity (such as radiant energy, radiant flux, radiant intensity, radiance, irradiance, radiant exitance, and/or radiosity, etc.).
• radiometric quantity such as radiant energy, radiant flux, radiant intensity, radiance, irradiance, radiant exitance, and/or radiosity, etc.
• a spectral power distribution may be normalized in some manner, such as, to unity at 555 or 560 nanometers, coinciding with the peak of the eye's luminosity function, in addition to the light characteristics described herein, such as CRI, CCT, CX and CY, etc.
• the spectral power distribution of the combinations of LED segments can create an overall spectral power distribution for the lighting apparatus which can change based on which of the LED segments are on and for how long each of the LED segments is on.
• This timing associated with the LED segments having associated spectral power distributions can affect the lighting characteristics of the lighting apparatus including the Color Quality Scale (CQS), the dominant wavelength, the GAI, peak wavelength, the S/P ratio, the nonlinear brightness, the luminous efficacy, and the like.
• CQS Color Quality Scale
• CQS Color Quality Scale
• NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
• the characteristic of "dominant wavelength” (and complementary wavelength) are ways of describing nonspectral (polychromatic) light mixtures in terms of the spectral (monochromatic) light that evokes an identical perception of hue. For example, in Figure 1, a straight line drawn between the point for a given color and the point for the color of the illuminant can be extrapolated so that it intersects the perimeter of the space in two points.
• the point of intersection nearer to the color in question can indicate the dominant wavelength of the color as the wavelength of the spectral color at that intersection point.
• the point of intersection on the opposite side of the color space gives the complementary wavelength, which when added to the color in question in the right proportion will yield the color of the illuminant.
• CQS is further described in, for example, VISUAL EXPERIMENT ON LED LIGHTING QUALITY WITH COLOR QUALITY SCALE COLORED SAMPLES, NICOLAS POUSSET, CIE 2010 :
• Gamut Area Index refers to the subset of colors which can be accurately represented in a given circumstance, such as within a given color space or by a certain output device. GAI is further described in, for example, Color Rendering: A Tale of Two Metrics by Mark S. Rea et al, 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 192-202, 2008;
• the ratio of scotopic luminance (or lumens) versus photopic luminance in a light source is a multiplier that can be used to determine the apparent visual brightness of a light source as well as how much light, that is useful to the human eye, a source emits.
• the luminous efficacy of a source is a measure of the efficiency with which the source provides visible light from electricity.
• Luminous efficacy is a measure of the proportion of the energy supplied to a lamp that is converted into light energy. It can be calculated by dividing the lamp's luminous flux, measured in lumens, by the power consumption, measured in watts.
• an LED fixture can be configured as separately switched LED segments, each of which can have a respective spectral power distribution. Further, particular LED segments can be populated with LEDs of a particular spectral power distribution that is the target value for dimming.
• an LED segment selection circuit can selectively control the current through the particular LED segments so that the overall spectral power distribution of light generated by the apparatus shifts toward a targeted spectral power distribution as dimming proceeds. For example, a full spectral power distribution may be provided by the switching circuit to switch current through a combination of all of the LED segments.
• the term "LED segment" can include any configuration of LEDs that allow for the LED segments to be separately controlled.
• an LED segment can be a string of LEDs that can be controlled (such as by dimming) separately from one or more of the other LED segments included in the LED fixture.
• the LED segments can be arranged as separately controllable banks of LEDs, where each bank can be configured to have a particular spectral power distribution.
• the LEDs within each of the "banks" can be configured in any way (including serial and parallel arrangements) which allows the respective bank to be controlled separately from the other banks.
• a first bank can be populated with LEDs of a particular spectral power distribution that is the target value for dimming, such as a particular CCT value.
• the other banks of LEDs can include LEDs having respective different particular spectral power distributions.
• an LED segment selection circuit can selectively control the current through the LED segments so that the overall spectral power distribution of light generated by the apparatus shifts toward a targeted spectral power distribution as dimming proceeds. For example, a full spectral power distribution may be provided by the switching circuit to switch current through a combination of all of the LED segments.
• the LED segments can be configured in a serial string arrangement, where each LED segment may be controlled using, for example, the phase or level of a voltage signal that is used to drive the LED segment as a string.
• the LED segments can be arranged as separately controllable portions the LED string, where each LED segment of the string can be configured to have a particular spectral power distribution. For example, the LED segment having the lowest forward voltage of all of the LED segments can be populated with LEDs of a particular spectral power distribution that is the target value for dimming.
• an LED segment selection circuit can selectively switch the string current through the LED segments so that the overall spectral power distribution of light generated by the apparatus shifts toward a targeted spectral power distribution as dimming proceeds. For example, a full spectral power distribution may be provided by the switching circuit to switch current through a combination of all of the LED segments.
• the spectral power distribution of the light emitted by the apparatus can shift from the full spectral power distribution to a targeted spectral power distribution.
• the spectral power distribution of light output from the apparatus can shift from the targeted spectral power distribution back to the full spectral power distribution.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can be provided by the spectral power distribution of a particular LED segment (which may be provided by either a singular LED or a combination of LEDs in the particular segment), whereas the full spectral power distribution can be provided by the combination of the spectral power distribution all of the LED segments, and the time during which each is on. Accordingly, the targeted spectral power distribution can shift the generated light to appear more vivid, warmer, or to have a particular color (e.g., greenish) as the light is dimmed.
• a particular color e.g., greenish
• the targeted spectral power distribution can be provided by the combination of the light characteristics described herein associated with the LED segments provided.
• different LED segments can have different values of ones of the lighting characteristics, such as CRI, such that when the apparatus is dimmed, the increasing portion of power provided to the targeted LED segment increases so that the targeted LED segment has a greater influence on the spectral power distribution of the apparatus due to the particular spectral power distribution of the targeted LED segment to which the increasing portion of power is delivered during dimming.
• the shift in the spectral power distribution may, in some embodiments according to the invention, be irrespective of other lighting characteristics associated with the LED segments.
• those LED segments may have identical CCT values. Accordingly, during dimming the apparatus may shift towards the targeted spectral power distribution associated with the targeted LED segment despite the fact that the CCT values for the segments are the same. Accordingly, spectral power distributions of the respective LED segments may be different based on at least one lighting characteristic of those LED segments being different from one another.
• an LED fixture can be configured as separately switched LED segments, each of which can have a respective CCT value. Further, the LED segment providing the targeted value can be populated with LEDs of a particular CCT value that is the target value for dimming.
• an LED segment selection circuit can selectively control the current through the LED segments so that the overall CCT value of light generated by the apparatus shifts toward a CCT target value as dimming proceeds. For example, at full brightness, a full CCT value may be provided by the fixture through a particular combination of all of the LED segments being on. As dimming proceeds, however, the CCT value of the light emitted by the apparatus can shift from the full CCT value to a targeted CCT value.
• the CCT light output from the apparatus can shift from the targeted CCT value back to the full CCT value.
• the targeted CCT value can be provided by the CCT value of a particular LED segment (which may be provided by either a singular LED or a combination of LEDs in the particular segment), whereas the full CCT value can be provided by a combination of the CCT values all of the LED segments, and the timing during which the segments are on.
• an LED string can be configured as separately switched LED segments, each of which can have a respective CCT value. Further, the LED segment having the lowest forward voltage of all of the LED segments can be populated with LEDs of a particular minimum CCT value that is the target value for dimming.
• an LED string can include three separately switched segments: a high- voltage segment, a mid- voltage segment, and a low voltage segment, where the low voltage segment includes LEDs with a CCT value of the intended minimum CCT value to be provided as the target for dimming.
• the emitted light may more closely approximate incandescent lighting when, for example, the minimum value CCT LEDs are "warm” in color such as that provided by LEDs having a CCT value of about 1800K or ccxy (0.55,0.41).
• the LED segments in the string can be arranged according to the respective CCT values for the LED segments.
• the LED segments in the string can also be arranged according to their respective forward bias voltage.
• the highest value CCT LEDs are included in the high- voltage segment
• the minimum value CCT LEDs are included in the low- voltage segment
• the midrange value CCT LEDs are included in the mid- voltage segment.
• the selective switching of the string current through the targeted LED segment can be provided using magnitude interval bits that indicate the present magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal.
• an analog to digital conversion can be carried out on the rectified AC voltage signal to provide digital values indicative of the magnitude.
• the digital values can be used to control the states of switches used to selectively bypass the string current around the respective LED segment.
• the digital values provide an indication of the magnitude which is then used to select which LED segments should receive the string current and which should not.
• the targeted LED segment can be selectively switched using a low order digital values representing the magnitude. Accordingly, as dimming proceeds, and increased portion of the power from the rectified AC voltage can be provided to the targeted LED segment, which generate light having the targeted spectral power distribution or targeted CCT value as described during.
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a solid-state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• an ac voltage signal is provided to a rectifier circuit 310 by a dimmer circuit 305.
• the dimmer circuit 305 can provide the ac voltage signal in accordance with what is referred to as "phase cut dimming" where, for example, the level of the ac voltage signal remains clamped to zero up until a specified phase of the cycle. Beyond the specified phase, the ac voltage signal is not clamped to zero.
• the dimmer circuit 305 may be configured to dim the light provided by the apparatus 300 by clamping the ac voltage signal to zero up until 90 degrees of phase within the ac voltage signal cycle, where after the rectified ac voltage signal is not clamped for the remainder of the phase.
• the dimmer circuit 305 can be a leading edge phased cut dimmer circuit, a trailing edge phase cut dimmer circuit, or the like.
• the dimmer circuit 305 can be a rheostat circuit to reduce the magnitude of the ac input signal in response to dimming.
• the dimming can also be provide dimming control using a digital interface, such as those described on the Internet at
• the rectifier circuit 310 provides a rectified ac voltage signal 335 to a current source 320 to generate an LED string current 330.
• the current source 320 can be a voltage controlled current source that is configured to regulate the string current 330 in response to the rectified ac voltage signal 335.
• the rectified ac voltage signal 135 can have a frequency of about 120Hz where, for example, the ac voltage signal provided to the rectifier circuit 310 has a frequency of about 60Hz. It will be understood, however, that embodiments according to the invention can utilize ac voltage signals having any useable frequency.
• the current source 320 is coupled to an LED string 325 that includes a plurality of separately switchable LED segments 1 - N, electrically coupled in the series with one another.
• each of the separately switchable LED segments is configured to emit light having a particular CCT value.
• the LED segments can be arranged in the string 325 to include at least one targeted LED segment N which is configured to shift the characteristic of the light generated by the apparatus from any full targeted spectral power distribution to, for example, a targeted spectral power distribution, as dimming proceeds.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can be provided using LEDs in the targeted segment that have particular CRI values, CCT values, efficacy values, S/P ratios or any other lighting characteristic that is intended to be specified as a target light for diming.
• the LED segments can be arranged in the string 325 to include at least one LED segment having a targeted CCT value targeted for dimming.
• LED segment N is characterized as having a particular CCT value which is different from the other LED segments. Accordingly, as dimming proceeds, the light output from the apparatus 300 and shift in full CCT value provided by the combination of all LED segments toward a targeted CCT value represented by LED segment N.
• the LED segments can be arranged in the string 325 in descending order according to the respective CCT values of the segments.
• LED segment N is characterized as having the lowest CCT value of all of the segments, whereas LED segment is 1 characterized as having the highest CCT value of all of the segments.
• LED segment 2 is characterized as having a CCT value that is greater than that of segment N but less than that of segment 1.
• the LED string 325 can be configured so that the LED segments are also arranged in descending order according to the respective forward bias voltages of the segments.
• LED segment 1 can be configured with LEDs so that the forward bias voltage is about equal to 80 volts
• LED segment 2 can be configured with LEDs so that the forward bias voltage thereof it is about equal to 40 volts
• segment N can be configured with LEDs so that the forward bias voltage thereof is about equal to 20 Volts.
• the rectified AC voltage signal 335 can also be provided to an LED segment selection circuit 315, which can be configured to selectively switch current to particular ones of the LED segments based on the magnitude of the rectified ac voltage signal.
• the rectified AC voltage signal can be provided to an analog to digital converter (ADC) 340 which can generate magnitude interval bits used to provide control signals 345, 350, and 355 to respective LED segment switches 1 , 2, and N.
• ADC analog to digital converter
• the ADC 340 can be included in the LED segment selection circuit 315 or separately.
• the indication of the magnitude interval can be provided using other techniques.
• the LED segment switches 1 - N are coupled across respective ones of the LED segments 1-N.
• the control signals 345, 350, and 355 switch according to the magnitude interval timing to open/close the respective LED segment switch 1 -N.
• the string current 330 passes through the LED segment, where as when the control signal closes the respective LED segment switch, the string current bypasses the LED segment.
• the control signals 345, 350, and 355 can be used to separately switch the string current 330 through/around each of the LED segments as the magnitude changes.
• capacitors can be provided across each of the LED segments to address issues, such as, flicker. For example, when a particular LED segment switch opens, the string current 330 passes through the respective LED segment and charges the respective capacitor. In contrast, when the particular LED segments switch closes, the string current 330 passes through the LED segment switch to bypass the LED segment, but the capacitor can provide current to the LED segment that is bypassed by the string current 330, to remain illuminated. Still further, Figure 3 also illustrates that blocking diodes can be included to prevent the capacitors from discharging (through the LED segment switch) when the LED segment switch closed.
• Figure 4 is a graphical and table representation of selective switching of LED segments of the apparatus shown in Figure 3 along with the magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal in some embodiments according to the invention.
• a portion of the rectified AC voltage signal 335 is annotated with indications of the magnitude interval bits across the horizontal axis.
• the magnitude interval bits transition from a first state (000) up to a last state (111) and then transition down again to the first state (000).
• transitioning of many magnitude interval bits corresponds to the increase and decrease in the magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal.
• the magnitude interval bits can be used as an indication of the magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal so that the string current 332 can be selectively switched to the appropriate combination of LED segments during the different intervals of the rectified AC voltage signal cycle.
• the LED string 325 includes three LED segments having forward bias voltages of 80 V, 40 V, and 20 V, respectively, when the magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal is about 20 V, the magnitude interval bits are (001) which can be used to switch the string current 330 through LED segment 3 but to bypass the remaining LED segments. When the magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal reaches about 40 V, the magnitude interval bits are (010), which switches the string current through LED segment 2 but bypasses LED segments 1 and 3.
• the magnitude interval bits are (011), which switches the string current 320 through LED segments 2 and 3 but bypasses LED segment 1.
• the magnitude interval bits are (100), which switches the string current 320 through LED segment 1, but bypasses LED segments 2 and 3.
• the magnitude interval bits are (101), which switches the string current 320 through LED segments 1 and 3, but bypasses LED segment 2.
• the magnitude interval bits are (110), which switches the string current 320 through LED segments 2 and 3, but bypasses LED segment 1.
• the magnitude interval bits are (111), which switches the string current 320 through LED segments 1, 2, and 3. Operations continue, but in reverse order until the magnitude interval bits are (000) thereby completing the cycle of the rectified AC voltage signal.
• the LED segments in the string can be configured such that non-targeted LED segments include relatively low CRI LEDs but with relatively high efficacy, whereas the targeted LED segment can include higher CRI LEDs but with relatively low efficacy.
• the targeting spectral power distribution can be provided by the shift from relatively high lumen per watt output light with high efficacy to light that is relatively low efficacy but has higher CRI.
• the shift toward the targeted spectral power distribution can be provided despite the fact that other lighting characteristics between the LED segments may be the same.
• a targeted LED segment can include LEDs that are configured to generate light having a CRI of about 95 at low efficacy, whereas other LED segments can generate light having higher efficacy but at a CRI of about 75.
• a particular light having a full spectral power distribution can be generated by the combination of all of the LED segments when the light is full on, for example. When the light is dimmed, however, an increasing portion of the power from the rectified ac voltage to the LED string is increasingly provided to the targeted LED segment so that the light generated shifts from the full spectral power distribution toward a targeted spectral power distribution that is pre-defined by the LEDs included in the targeted LED segment.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can have different lighting
• the emitted light may more closely approximate incandescent lighting when, for example, the minimum value CCT LEDs are "warm" in color.
• the emitted light may be more efficiently provided (i.e. without the use of additional components specifically intended for the provisioning of warm light dimming) as the segment with the minimum value CCT LEDs is more heavily utilized whereas the higher voltage LED segments are utilized less (due to the dimming).
• control of the separately switchable LED segments can be provided according to any method by which the timing or magnitude of the rectified ac voltage signal may be determined.
• the switching may be provided using the techniques described in commonly assigned US Patent No. 8,476,836, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
• FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a solid-state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• the circuit shown in Figure 5 includes a rectification circuit 525 that provides the rectified AC voltage signal 335, and a more detailed illustration of an exemplary voltage controlled current source 520 that can regulate the string current 330 in response to the magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal 335 applied to the LED string 325.
• the solid-state lighting apparatus shown in Figure 5 operates to selectively switch the string current through different ones of the LED segments responsive to the magnitude of the rectified AC voltage such that the LED segments switch on/off sequentially in response to the variation in the rectified AC voltage.
• the functionality of the LED segment selection circuit 315 shown in Figure 3 is provided by separate switching circuits 505-515, coupled across a respective one of the LED segments shown in the string 325.
• the switching circuits 505-515 provide the same functions described above with reference to Figures 3 and 4 so that the appropriate LED segment is switched in/out of the string given the present magnitude of the rectified AC voltage signal.
• the switching circuits 505-515 maybe separately configured to indicate their respective connection (and voltage) to the particular LED segment in the string 325.
• the resistors shown connected to each of the switching circuits can be selected to indicate the position of the switching circuit in the LED string 325, and the forward biasing needed for the particular LED segment across which the switch is coupled.
• the switching circuits 505 - 515 can be provided by any circuit that allows the control described herein.
• the switching circuits 505 - 515 can be provided by a 100 V MOSFET switch which operates as described.
• the 100 V MOSFET switch can operate in an input voltage range of about 7.5 V to about 100 V, and may provide control of rise and fall times to provide low EMI.
• the LED string 325 includes three separately switchable LED segments configured for inclusion in the lighting apparatus operating from a 120 V AC power source.
• the uppermost LED segment provides a high voltage (80V) LED segment configured to have an associated CCT value of about 3100K.
• the middle LED segment provides a mid- voltage (40 V) LED segment configured to have an associated CCT value of about 2400K to about 2100K.
• the lowermost segment provides a low voltage (20 V) LED segment configured to have an associated CCT value of about 1800 K (i.e., the lowest CCT value among all of the LED segments in the string).
• the LED string 325a includes four separately switchable LED segments configured for inclusion in a lighting apparatus operating from 230 V AC power source.
• the upper LED segment provides a first high voltage (80V) LED segment configured to have an associated CCT value of about 3100K.
• the lower LED segment provides a low voltage (40 V) LED segment configured to have an associated CCT value of about 1800 K (i.e., the lowest CCT value among all of the CCT values for the LED segments in the string).
• the LEDs included in each of the LED segments can be selected to provide a CCT value for the respective segment in which those LEDs are included.
• LEDs included in the respective LED segment are configured to have a CCT value that is equal to the target CCT value for that segment. For example, if the target CCT value for the lowest LED segment in Figure 5 is 1800 K., the LEDs included in that LED segment can each have a CCT value of 1800 K.
• FIG 10 is a block diagram illustrating a solid-state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• LED segments 1-N are provided in separately controllable respective LED segments arranged in banks.
• the LED segments 1-N can be separately controlled by an LED segment selection circuit 1015 using a LED segment control circuit 1040.
• the LED segment control circuit 1040 can separately operate respective current sources 1020- 1-N for each of the LED segments responsive to input from the dimming circuit 305 to the LED segment selection circuit 1015.
• the current source 1020-1 can be used to control the current to LED segment 1
• the current source 1020-2 can be used to control the current to LED segment 2
• the current source 1020-N can be used to control the current to LED segment N.
• the current sources 1020- 1-N can draw current from a power source, such as a DC power source. Other power sources may also be used.
• Each of the current sources 1020- 1-N can be set responsive to the input from the dimming circuit 305.
• the dimming circuit 305 can be any circuit configured to communicate a level of dimming desired by a user or system.
• the dimming circuit 305 can also provide dimming control using a digital interface, such as those described on the Internet at
• each of the separately controlled LED segments 1-N is configured to emit light having a particular CCT value.
• the LED segments 1-N can be arranged to include at least one targeted LED segment N which is configured to shift the characteristic of the light generated by the apparatus from any full targeted spectral power distribution to, for example, a targeted spectral power distribution, as dimming proceeds.
• the targeted spectral power distribution can be provided using LEDs in the targeted segment that have particular CRI values, CCT values, efficacy values, S/P ratios or any other lighting characteristic that is intended to be specified as a target light for diming.
• the LED segments 1-N can be arranged to include at least one LED segment having a targeted CCT value targeted for dimming.
• LED segment N is characterized as having a particular CCT value which is different from the other LED segments. Accordingly, as dimming proceeds, the light output from the apparatus can shift from a full CCT value provided by the combination of all LED segments toward a targeted CCT value represented by LED segment N.
• FIG 11 is a block diagram illustrating a configuration of a solid-state lighting apparatus including particular CCT values in each of the LED segments in some embodiments according to the invention.
• each of the LED segments 1-3 is characterized by a respective predetermined CCT value 1 - CCT value 3, where LED segment 3 is the targeted segment for dimming.
• each of the CCT values corresponding to the particular LED segments can be located on Planckian locus in Figure 1.
• the CCT values used herein include values that are within about seven Macadam ellipses of Planckian locus in Figure 1.
• the CCT values used herein include values that are within about four Macadam ellipses of the Planckian locus in Figure 1. Although three LED segments are shown in Figure 11, it will be understood that any number of LED segments can be utilized in some embodiments according to the invention.
• LED segment 1 can be populated with LEDs such that the CCT value 1 for light emitted by the segment is equal to about 10000K to about 7,000K
• LED segment 2 can be populated with LEDs such that the CCT value 2 for light emitted by the segment is equal to about 7000K to about 5000K
• LED segment 3 can be populated with LEDs such that the CCT value 3 for light emitted by the segment is equal to about 5000K to about 3000K.
• LED segment 1 can be populated with LEDs such that the CCT value 1 for light emitted by the segment is equal to about 7000K to about 5000K
• LED segment 2 can be populated with LEDs such that the CCT value 2 for light emitted by the segment is equal to about 5000K to about 3000K
• LED segment 3 can be populated with LEDs such that the CCT value 3 for light emitted by the segment is equal to about 3000K to about 1000K.
• the LED segment selection circuit 1015 can separately control the LED segments 1-3 using current sources so that an increasing portion of the power is provided to the targeted LED segment (i.e. LED segment 3). It will be further understood, however, that in some embodiments according to the invention, any of the LED segments can be the targeted LED segment.
• LED segment 1 or 2 can be LED segment that is targeted during dimming.
• FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an LED package including the LED segments illustrated in Figure 5 in some embodiments according to the invention.
• a single LED package 940 is configured to include three segments which correspond to a segments described above in reference to, for example, Figures 3 - 5.
• the single LED package 940 can include a low-voltage LED segment 650 rated at about 22 V provided by coupling fourteen epi-junctions in series with one another (where each at the junctions has a forward bias voltage of about 1.5 V).
• the single LED package 940 also includes a mid- voltage LED segment 670 rated at about 44 V provided by coupling two sets of fourteen epi-junctions in series with one another (where each at the junctions has a forward bias voltage of about 1.5 V).
• the single LED package 940 also includes a high- voltage LED segment 660 rated at about 88 V provided by coupling four sets of fourteen epi-junctions in series with one another (where each at the junctions has a forward bias voltage of about 1.5 V).
• the single LED package 940 also includes electrical i/o terminals for each of the LED segments.
• Figures 7 is schematic representation of a plurality of the LED packages shown in Figure 6 coupled in series together in a solid-state lighting apparatus in some embodiments according to the invention.
• each of the low- voltage segments 650 in the respective single LED packages 940 can be coupled together in series in the arrangement shown in Figure 7.
• each of the mid- voltage segments 670 and high- voltage segments 660 can be coupled together in series.
• Figures 8A and 8B are a perspective and a cross-sectional view of a solid- state lighting apparatus including the LED packages illustrated in Figure 7 in some embodiments according to the invention.
• a housing 905 is coupled to an electrical connector 900 that is configured to releasably coupled to a standardized electrical fixture, which may be, for example, an Edison style or any other type of standardized electrical fixture.
• a post 915 protrudes from the housing 905 and includes an outer surface that faces radially outward in a direction 920.
• the plurality of the LED packages 950 is electrically coupled in series with one another, and is spaced apart on the outer surface around a circumference thereof.
• the illustrated arrangement may provide for improved incandescent style dimming by arranging the LED packages according to the present invention around the circumference if, for example, one or more one of the LED packages (entirely or partially) fails.
• an LED string can be configured as separately switched LED segments, each of which can have a different CCT value. Further, the LED segment having the lowest forward voltage of all of the LED segments can be populated with LEDs of a particular CCT value that is the target value for dimming.
• an LED string can include three separately switched segments: high- voltage segment, a mid- voltage segment, and a low voltage segment, where the low voltage segment includes LEDs with a CCT value that is equal to the intended minimum CCT value to be provided during dimming.
• dimming such as phase cut dimming
• the emitted light may more closely approximate incandescent lighting when, for example, the minimum value CCT LEDs are "warm” in color such as that provided by LEDs having a CCT value of about 1800K or ccxy (0.55, 0.41).
• the term light emitting diode may include a light emitting diode, laser diode and/or other semiconductor device which includes one or more semiconductor layers, which may include silicon, silicon carbide, gallium nitride and/or other semiconductor materials, a substrate which may include sapphire, silicon, silicon carbide and/or other microelectronic substrates, and one or more contact layers which may include metal and/or other conductive layers.

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• 2014
  • 2014-12-04 DE DE112014005132.2T patent/DE112014005132T5/de active Pending
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