WO2015067976A2

WO2015067976A2 - Design methods of biosphere protection system

Info

Publication number: WO2015067976A2
Application number: PCT/HU2014/000088
Authority: WO
Inventors: József PAPP; Jozsef Papp; Andras Kocsis
Original assignee: Papp József
Priority date: 2013-09-27
Filing date: 2014-09-26
Publication date: 2015-05-14
Also published as: HUP1300560A2; WO2015067976A3

Abstract

BPS a forest protection signalling system, which is capable of collecting and submitting local data to a computing centre using on-site sensors connected to a network. The goal is to create a protected area from which information on tumbled and unstable trees, on breaking out of fires, unauthorized access can be transported to the body in charge. The system-elements are arranged into a network, which remains operational even if one or more of the system-elements are destroyed completely. The remaining system-elements are capable of running the service without disruption and survey figures and signals provided by the sensors can still be transmitted to the IT hub. Driving factor of the design of the system is to enable it to provide data on the damages and changes of the environment - even if any of its elements are not operating - at least until the response team arrives.

Description

DESIGN METHODS OF BIOSPHERE PROTECTION SYSTEM

The subject matter of the invention is the design methods of the protection system using signalling device which consist various sensor, to preserve our natural resources and to protect flora and fauna i.e. the biosphere. The Biosphere Protect System (hereinafter BPS) an early warning security and monitoring system which is changing the paradigm of wildfire and illegal logging detection. It allows environment agencies and fire departments to monitor high-risk areas in real-time, helping them put out fires or illegal logging before they get out of control. The BPS is modular: it is a network that consists of N pieces of signalling devices as signalling units, M pieces of signalling devices as signalling and communication units and K pieces of computer based supervising centres. The computer based supervising centre is not unconditional necessary element of the network. A signalling device is called signalling unit of the network, if it uses only the low-range radio frequency communication interface for communication - except in the critical situation, and it is called signalling and communication unit if it uses both interfaces (GSM and other low-range radio frequency communication). In the critical situation - for example many of the units have damaged - all of the system element uses both communication interfaces. The one of the driving factor of design method of the BPS is called mesh network, and can be described as follows: the units of the system dynamically organise themselves into a network; the operation of the network is guaranteed on the required security level outdoors, even if any of the system elements are destroyed. The remaining system elements still operated the network. The method takes the features of the living beings of the biosphere, such as the local environmental circumstances into consideration, and self-adapts. The main objective of the design method of the BPS is to enable the system to send information of the damages or changes of the biosphere; even in the case of the drop-out of any of the system elements, at least until human assistance (police, firefighters, forestry staff, etc.) arrives. The information is sent into the computer based supervising centres or to a programmed mobile phone number. The intactness of the BPS is assured by the self-protection mechanism continuously monitoring its own integrity. In case it detects malfunctioning, damaged or destroyed system elements, it sends an immediate alarm signal and the identifying information of these elements to the computer based supervising centres, or to a programmed mobile phone number. Having this information, the staff of the centre can identify the number, the topology and the quality of the damaged system elements. The BPS is able to sense, monitor and forward the identifying information of well-chosen trees or other objects tagged with RFID markers to the computer based supervising centres, or to a programmed mobile phone number. In addition to that it is able to signal its own movements, and it can measure the outer and inner temperature, humidity and pressure of the environment, infrared radiation for the flame detection, C02, CO, CH4 concentration for smoke detection, wind speed and wind direction, soil moisture, own gps coordinates, rain gauge and it can transmit the acquired data. The devices of the BPS can measure at perviously stored time cycle. If the value of the measure approaches (degree of the approach is also set and stored in the device) to the perviously stored limits, than the device send a prealarm signal to the computer based supervising centres, or to a programmed mobile phone number. Using the real time data, the devices can calculate fire weather indeces and its components. The device transmit real time value of these indices to the computer based supervising centres, or to a programmed mobile phone number. Possession of the real time index values, it can explore the danger of formation of fire on selected area, before the fire turn out. Knowing of the index's components it can be placed more emphasis on the prevention. The Fire Weather System provides a uniform, numeric method of rating fire danger throughout an area. It is dependent on weather only and does not consider differences in risk, fuel, or topography. Its six components are: FFMC - Fine Fuel Moisture Code. (A numerical rating of the moisture content of litter and other cured fine fuels. This code is an indicator of the relative ease of ignition and flammability of fine fuel.) DMC - Duff Moisture Code (A numerical rating of the average moisture content of loosely compacted organic layers of moderate depth. This code gives an indication of fuel consumption in moderate duff layers and medium-size woody material.) DC - Drought Code (A numerical rating of the average moisture content of deep, compact, organic layers. This code is a useful indicator of seasonal drought effects on forest fuels, and amount of smouldering in deep duff layers and large logs.) ISI - Initial Spread Index (A numerical rating of the expected rate of fire spread. It combines the effects of wind and FFMC on rate of spread without the influence of variable quantities of fuel.) BUI - Build Up Index (A numerical rating of the total amount of fuel available for combustion that combines DMC and DC.) FWI - Fire Weather Index (A numerical rating of fire intensity that combines ISI and BUI. It is suitable as a general index of fire danger throughout forested and rural areas.) Fire characteristics spread freely in open air (e.g. smoke, infra red radiation). Consequently, measuring it in one point is difficult; it might report false fire alarms. Every fire alarm, which is occured non real fire, called false alarm. When the measured value hits the preset limit, the devices of the system verify the signal and get the same and other fire characteristics of other devices located nearby. The system can decide if there is a fire or not on the given field based on the comparison of the measured values. In case of the appearance and disappearance of previously marked objects (e.g. trees), the device polls the neighbouring devices whether they can read the missing transponder. This algorithm makes system group decision possible instead of a point-like one. It monitors a larger area for incipient fire or appearing or disappearing transponders. Thanks to the decision of the group, sensing is "arealike", not point-like. Therefore the authenticity of the alarm is higher and the number of misalarms is lower. A central computer is not needed for the decision of the group. The devices communicate with each other using a unique protocol. They inform the centre only about the result of their decision. For a group decision it is inevitable to store the algorithm in each device, which gain intelligence this way. Each decision and measured value is authenticated by the devices. Environmental monitoring describes the processes and activities that need to take place to characterise and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural environment. All monitoring strategies and programmes have reasons and justifications which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment or to establish trends in environmental parameters. In all cases the results of monitoring will be reviewed, analysed statistically and published. BPS is capable to collect real time environmental data to show the current status of an environment or trends in environmental parameters. The system is able to provide reports and statistics from real data. It is able to send an alarm message in case of reaching the measurement limits stored in the system elements to the computer based supervising centres, or to a programmed mobile phone number. The system elements send life signals in predefined intervals to the computer based supervising centres. In case of missing life signal, the computer based supervising centres send an alarm message to the supervisory staff. The life signal contains the status of each system element. Thus, the BPS creates a new era in the real-time supervision of the biosphere. It is possible to create statistics and forecasts using the data derived from the devices and stored in the database of the computer based supervising centres. Forest fires and illegal logging cause significant economic damage and hazard to environment all over the world. Apart from preventive measures, early warning and fast extinction of fires are the only chance to avoid major casualties and damage to nature, especially in regions with dense population. In order to minimize damage, forest fires and illegal logging must be recognized as soon as possible (within a few minutes). Therefore, great efforts are made in all respective regions to achieve early recognition. Devices are implemented and applied in almost the same form, therefore they can be easily replaced and repaired in case of error. The implementation of the devices is easy, detailed configuration activity is not needed. Data and parameters which are important for its running are obtained from the network, therefore it configures itself in autonomously, after switching on. Each signalling unit and signalling and communication unit has a plastic housing rated at EP68 with three parts (sensor, main board and battery). The lower surface of the sensor part is covered with a plastic net, the upper surface has a Fresnel lens on it. This is where the sensors and aerials of the unit are. The main board part contains the electrical circuits of the unit, and the battery part contains the source of power. The following criteria has to be taken into consideration for the housing of the implemented signalling units: it cannot damage the environment, and it should be protected against purposeful damage. Therefore, camouflage is needed, which provides resemblance to the background.

The idea of the implementation of the BPS is conceived after examining prior art in current technologies. Firstly, it relies heavily on the current practices, which prescribe the employment of patrols on foot or by car. According to the present practices only the staff of the forestry companies is to patrol and act in case of any out of ordinary events. Experience shows that illegal logging, stealth of timber, fire and flood are discovered only after their occurrence. As a common method, trained staff observes the endangered areas. For example in Germany several hundred observation towers were erected in the forests. The staff works up to 12 hours per day and usually under difficult circumstances (extreme temperatures, isolation, continuous concentration). As an example too, infrared sensor systems in Spain can only detect the fire which is in the flame phase. However, smoke is the feature relevant for early recognition of fires in densely wooded areas. Optical systems as AWIS in the Netherlands and Firehawk in South Africa are also detect fire in the flame phase. But they often imply a high rate of false alarm caused by clouds, light reflection, agricultural activities and industrial plants. In Canada and Russia an early warning system based on aircraft patrolling is used, which means late recognition of forest fires though. Evaluating satellite data is also not very successful, as spatial and time resolution are not sufficient to allow local prevention. Moreover, clouds obstruct the view very often. Secondly, the method of the development of the biosphere-protection system is based on the signalling device patented under the number HU4138 (NSZO: H04B 1/00, G01S 1/00, G01S 1/02; HU0004138; U1200010). In constrast to this patent, the BPS encapsulates a network of N+M pieces of signalling devices and K pieces of computer based supervising centres fitted to the environment. The BPS operates in a complex and effective way due to its interaction with the environment in contrast to the stand-alone signalling device patented under the number HU4138. The BPS elements are cornmunicating with each other and thanks to the decision of the group, sensing is "area-like", not point-like. Therefore the authenticity of the alarm is higher and the number of misalarms is lower in contrast to the stand-alone device. In contrast to the signalling device patented under the number HU4138 all of the devices of the BPS has 12 sensors: one ptlOOO RTD for temperature measurement with its evaluation circuit, one air pressure IC sensor, one GPS modul for localization, one humidity sensor, three pyro-sensor for flame detection with its evaluation circuit and Fresnel lens, one wind direction meter, one wind speed meter, one rain gauge sensor, one active rfid 2,4 Ghz reader, one soil moisture sensor, one smoke/gas detector, one temperature speed meter. Up till now, forestry societies have been fighting against illegal logging by getting the legal environment suffer and suffer and by reinforcing the patrol squads (with portable rfid reader, beacuse the trees were tagged). Unauthorised campfires are brought to their attention only if they happen to visually observe them, or if the campflre evolved into an extensive wood-fire. Unauthorised access remains undetected and unknown for most of the cases. Thirdly, the method of the development of the biosphere-protection system is based on Monitoring systems like:

Cethan:„Sustainable Forest Management Techniques" URL:

hnD://www.intechoDen.corn books/howtoreterence/deforestation-around-the- wolrd/sustainable-techniques-to-prevent-the deforestation- p:203 ; Jutta Mund:„Putting a stop to timber theft with a discreet GPS tracking device" URL:

https ://www.enaikoon. com/ en/blo g/putting-a-stop-to -timber-theft- with-a-di screet-gps- tracking-device/ ; Libeiium World:„Detecting Forest Fires using wireless Sensor" URL: http://www.libelium.com/wireless sensor networks to detect forest fires.

All of these projects are monitoring solutions, because they won't evalute and authentic measured values. So these devices send the measured value to the computer based centre, and it will be an alarm state. They don't matter of false alarm, so these project only for monitoring, not for protection. In security systems the most important thing, that decrease the false alarm, and authenticate the real alarm. BPS is an early warning security system with various authentication algorythm stored in the devices in contrast to these projects. The BPS elements are communicating with each other and thanks to the decision of the group, sensing is "area-like", not point-like in contrast to these projects. Opertion of the devices are totally autonomous, and they are connected an intelligent ambient system in contrast to these projects, which are centralised systems. BPS is using RFID technology and group decision algorythm for tracking timbers in contrast to GPS tracking. It is more efficient, and camouflaged working with rfid transponders in contrast to the gps modules. Working with rfid transponders, it is possible to create a secure zone - like a supermarket - where the communication between the reader of the device and the transponder operate. In contrast to the GPS modules, which are continuosly operate, and send its information to the computer based center even there aren't any alarm. Operation of this system has to required a computer based centre in contrast to the BPS, where computer is not needed. These projects often imply a high rate of false alarm caused by unevaluated and unauthenticated values, which sent to the computer based centre.

BPS is capable of collecting and submitting local data to a computing centre using on- site devices with sensors connected to a network. The harvested information provides with various tools in terms of supervising and controlling regulated and illegal logging, of detecting the formation of fires, of the surveillance of unauthorised access and of tracking the route of the exploited timber. The system can decide if there is a fire or not on the given field based on the comparison of the measured values. In case of the appearance and disappearance of previously marked objects (e.g. trees), the device polls the neighbouring devices whether they can read the missing transponder. This algorithm makes system group decision possible instead of a point-like one. It monitors a larger area for incipient fire or appearing or disappearing transponders. Thanks to the decision of the group, sensing is "area-like", not point-like. Therefore the authenticity of the alarm is higher and the number of false alarms is lower. A central computer is not needed for the decision of the group. For a group decision it is inevitable to store some algorithm in each device, which gain intelligence this way. Each decision and measured vale is authenticated by the devices. The authenticate algorythms are: common signalling: it results in a system level alarm, if devices, which are located at the same place, get into alarm state at same time or within a short time period; adaptive sensitivity settings: the device continuously monitors its surroundings. In case of higher environmental disturbances, the device sets itself to a lower level of sensitivity. When those disturbances cease, the device gets more sensitive again; self-adjusting presignaling: the device sets the presignalling level in an automatic way based on the long time measured values within the sensing range of the sensor; sensitivity settings: It is possible to set the sensitivity level of the device during the implementation and even the operation in order to avoid false alarms; measurement verification: If the value of the measure reaches the limits, than the device will run a„measurement verification process". This means, when the measurement value reaches the stored limits, the device will not send immediately an alarm signal, rather than wait for a while before it measure again. The waiting time called verification time, which also set and stored in the device. If the value of the repeated measure also reaches the limits, than the device will be in alarm state and send an exclamation message to the computer based supervising centres, or to a programmed mobile phone number. With the measurement verification process it can filter some effects caused by transient disturbances. Therefore it can decrease the number of false alarm in the system. The devices of the BPS can measure at perviously stored time cycle. If the value of the measure approaches (degree of the approach is also set and stored in the device) to the perviously stored limits, than the device send a prealarm signal to the computer based supervising centres, or to a programmed mobile phone number. The principle of subsidiarity may also be considered at the BPS. According to this principle, problems must be solved where they emerge, so higher-level intervention is only necessary if the problem cannot be solved on its level and it would interfere with the operation of the entire network. Through the application of this principle it is possible to create an ICT-based BPS with ambient intelligence that fits into the distributed structure. Ambient systems typically use wireless communication methods. The use of the word 'ambient' refers to the fact that the architecture created by the use of this technology allows at a local level - where it is needed - that the devices continually monitor their own environment with the help of sensors and measurements. Certain authorized elements may also intervene to operating mechanisms. At the same time they are also able to inform, and if necessary, to send warnings or alerts to the elements on higher evolutionary" positions. Each element of the system operates autonomously, but they work in a dynamic cooperation. According to Professor Gordos (Gordos Geza, Laborczi Peter. Ambiens intelligencia alkalmazasok - kSvetelmenyek az infokommunikacios halozatokkal szemben. Magyar Tudomany, 2007/07. 910. p.; Infokommunikacios halozatok. [Online]. Available: http://www.matud.iif.hu/07jul/l l.html) "ambient intelligence (Ami) is the interdisciplinary paradigm of a number of disciplines, including telecommunications, computing and sensor technology. The main concept is to surround the devices with such information and communication technologies that are embedded unobtrusively in the environment and that shift the emphasis to the network of efficient and distributed services. The Ami elements equipped with intelligence, sensors and actuators create ad hoc (spontaneous) communication links with each other. BPS is an intelligent integrated ambient system, that means the processes of each devices are mutually interact with one another. In many cases, the devices have a supplementer relationship. The integrated structure enables the development of a more complex (fuller) protection system, which can ensure safe operation and more efficient way. In addition, there are several extra benefits of such a system, even if only problems occuring during operation are considered. The use of the word 'ambient' refers to the fact that the architecture created by the use of this technology allows at a local level - where it is needed - that the devices continually monitor their own environment with the help of sensors and measurements. Certain authorized elements may also intervene to operating mechanisms. At the same time they are also able to inform, and if necessary, to send warnings or alerts to the elements on higher „evolutionary" positions. Each element of the system operates autonomously, but they work in a dynamic cooperation. These tools were not available for forestry professionals beforehand.

The objective of the invention is the to design a method of BPS that uses the signalling devices and it makes the operation of the network possible on the required security level outdoors, even if any of the system elements is destroyed. The devices communinicate with each other without any central server in order to authenticate the alarm and share the measured values. Communication between them runs via a unique encripted protocol. All of the devices have three levels of logic. The basic level controls the communication (between devices), the life-sign functions, the power and emergency behaviour. The second level („measure logic") controls the measurement conditions, measurement cycles, limit values, prealarm and alarm states. The third level („group decision logic") controls the "making group decision" algorithm between devices without computer based supervising centres. The devices of BPS - which is an intelligent integrated ambient system - has shared logic and shared intelligence implements highly secure and autonomous operation for decrease the number of false alarm.

The solution proposed in the present invention was conceived on the basis of the recognition that: any installed biosphere-protection system operates properly if it can transmit the data from the protected area to the supervisory staff under any circumstances. The system must be an ambient system, with shared logic and shared intelligence. It have to provide for devices of the system can communicate each other for evaluate its measurment values and authenticate alarm/ prealarm signals. It have to can run autonomously filter and authenticate algorithms: common signalling, adaptive sensitivity settings, self-adjusting presignaling. measurement verification, and group decision. Thanks to the decision of the group, sensing is "area-like", not point-like.

This solution cannot be realised by means of a traditional network structure, since if an essential device (i.e. router) is destroyed within the system, each device that would have communicated using the destroyed device, would have been unable to transmit the data. To solve this problem, a network structure is required in which there are no elements with tasks unique to them, each element is capable of performing all network tasks, and thus the operation of the network is guaranteed even if any of the system elements is destroyed. A system like this operates till the destruction of the last two elements. With this network solution, the crew has the time and the possibility to avert the unwanted event. The other conception upon which the solution is based is that the living beings of the biosphere (plants, animals and humans) possess only a certain number of behavioural patterns that can be formalised. Behavioural pattern is, for example, the act of standing of a tree in a forest, as it is not capable of changing its place by itself. In case the position does change, the system can signal the event. The design method of the BPS is that the system has the information on the behavioural patterns which form a part of data on local environmental circumstances. The BPS is capable of recording the beginning of illegal logging, sensing timber theft, recording the entrance of a vehicle into a protected area with gas analysis, keeping register of the marked living beings real time, sensing a number of natural disaster types in their early phase (e.g. spontaneous or illegal fires), sensing illegal use of fire, sensing the development of smoke, and the real time handling of these signals in the system. The good standing of the participants of society can be considerably improved concerning forest- and environmental protection. If it becomes common knowledge that the protection system continuously monitors trees and other objects tagged with RFID-markers and the participants of society, the extent of environmental degradation and transgressions can be decreased, and the use of the system can thus lead to the prevention of these problems.

The subject of the present invention, the BPS consists of N pieces of signalling devices as signalling units, M pieces of signalling devices as signalling and communication units and K pieces of computer based supervising centres, operates using the following method: the units of the system dynamically organise themselves into a network in which the operation of the network is guaranteed on the required security level outdoors, even if any of the system elements is destroyed. The remaining system elements still run the network. The method takes the features of the living beings of the biosphere, such as the local environmental circumstances into consideration, and self-adapts. The principle of subsidiarity may also be considered at the BPS. According to this principle, problems must be solved where they emerge, so higher-level intervention is only necessary if the problem cannot be solved on its level and it would interfere with the operation of the entire network. Through the application of this principle it is possible to create an ICT-based BPS with ambient intelligence that fits into the distributed structure. The system is an ambient system, with shared logic and shared intelligence. It provides for devices of the system can communicate each other for evaluate its measunnent values and authenticate alarm/ prealarm signals. All of the devices of the BPS has 12 sensors: one ptlOOO RTD for temperature measurement with its evaluation circuit, one air pressure IC sensor, one GPS modul for localization, one humidity sensor, three pyro-sensor for flame detection with its evaluation circuit and Fresnel lens, one wind direction meter, one wind speed meter, one rain gauge sensor, one active rfid 2,4 Ghz reader, one soil moisture sensor, one smoke/gas detector, one temperature speed meter.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the BPS elements is called "trap-like" as it is located along the main roads and interchanges and at frequently visited places (e.g. deer yards, outdoor fireplaces, resthouses, drinking-troughs). This method is suitable for signalling the threat coming from traffic paths and frequently visited places, as the system signals the entrance of vehicles with the help of sensing smoke. Having sensed smoke, the system tries to identify the vehicle: patrol cars - that have the right to enter the area - have RFID markers that the system can identify, other cars do not have them. A second advantageous embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the BPS elements is called "fence-like" as it acts like an invisible fence enclosing the protected objects within the area. This method is capable of signalling the objects moving through this area. In thess cases the reader of the device can identify the transponders and forward this information to the computer based supervising centres, or to a stored mobile number. The supervisory staff have informed of the movement of transponders. This can be called a positive perception, because previously the device had not read transponders. For example, if the illegal logger with heavy-laden vehicle leaving the area and driving over the detection zone the system sends a message to the dispatch centre of the movement of tags. The topology drawback is that we get information after the crime. A third advantageous embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the BPS elements is called "full mesh overlay" implementation, as the system elements of the network are located on the lattice points of a virtual square grid. The distance of the elements is determined by the range of the radiofrequency of the given system elements. This method combines the advantages of the "trap-like" and the "fence-like" methods, thus making the protection complete. In this case we talk about negative perception, because the readers of the devices monitoring the existing transponders. The system will only send a alarm signal to the dispatch centre, if one or more transponders do not respond, or if any other devices perceives. In this case felling or moving a single tree we get information about it. Before the serious injury occurred we will be able to act.

The subject of the invention, namely the design methods of Biosphere protect System is explained closer by the subsequent detailed description of three advantageous embodiment, reference being made to the appended drawing figures, where Fig.1/1 is the block diagram of the implementation of the biosphere-protection system, Fig. 1/2 is the block-diagram of the "trap-like" implementation method of the biosphere-protection system, Fig. 1/3 is the block- diagram of the "fence-like" implementation method of the biosphere-protection system and Fig. 1/4 is the block-diagram of the "full mesh overlay" implementation method of the biosphere-protection system. The 1/1 figure shows that the system elements in the network of the biosphere-protection system are capable of communicating with each other without a fixed infrastructure and a centralised administration. It means that there is no need for base stations or access points. The network is built up of peer-to-peer system elements: 2 3 4 5 are signalling units, 6 7 8 are signalling and communication units and 9 10 computer based supervising centres. The 2 3 4 5 signalling units and 6 7 8 signalling and communication units keep contact via 11 wireless communication; 6 7 8 signalling and communication units and 9 10 computer based supervising centres keep contact via 12 wireless GSM communication without any centralised control. The computing capacity and the power supply of 2 3 4 5 signalling units and 6 7 8 signalling and communication units are limited, therefore their communication capability is limited as well. The communication of distant system elements uses multi-hop technique (they communicate in an indirect way), as the single-hop connection is impossible due to the limited nature of power of supply, mobility and possible interference. All system elements communicate with system elements the transmission of which they are capable of receiving. They are the neighbouring system elements. All other system elements can be reached only in an indirect way, using the neighbouring system elements in a way that the neighbouring system elements forward the messages to the targeted system elements using a mechanism specified by the routing protocol. In case of multi-hop communication, each system element also functions as a router; this provides the self-organising capability of the system. If necessary, they forward the messages to the targeted system elements; they also do route-inspection, and provide the other system elements with routing information. In case of biosphere-protection system the safe and economic data transmission is essential, i.e. energy-saving and the optimal use of the available band-width. The number of system elements, therefore the topology of the network may change at any time - due to e.g. malfunction or communication failure - consequently an adaptive method is applied in order to transmit the messages in a fail-safe way. In case of a communication problem, it has to be decided quickly whether the given system element is working or it is not working. The 1/1 figure shows that the range of the radiofrequency radiation of 2 signalling units is indicated by 13 dotted circles, the range of the radiofrequency radiation of 3 signalling units is indicated by 14 dotted circles, the range of the radiofrequency radiation of 4 signalling units is indicated by 15 dotted circles, the range of the radiofrequency radiation of 5 signalling units is indicated by 16 dotted circles. The 2 and 3 signalling units are neighbouring, as they are capable of transmitting data to each other and receiving messages from each other. Similarly, 3 and 4 signalling units and 5 and 6 signalling units are neighbouring as well. If 2 signalling unit sends a message to 5 signalling unit, first 3 signalling unit receives the message, it transmits it to 4 signalling unit, which transmits the message to 5 signalling unit. If 4 signalling unit sends a message to 9 computer based supervising centre, first 5 signalling unit receives the message via 11 wireless communication, then it transmits the message to 6 signalling and communication unit, which transmits it via 12 GSM communication to 9 computer based supervising centre. The 11 and 12 wireless communication is bidirectional. To be able to apply the radiofrequency identification method, each tree and other object has to be tagged with its own, unique 1 RFID marker, which has to be placed on the surface of the object so that it is not easily accessible for people with no permission to reach it, it cannot be screened with ease, but it can be checked with a 17 control (portable) RFID-reader. Figure 1/2 shows the "trap-like" design method of the system elements comprising of signalling devices organised into a network. It is called "trap-like" as it is located along the main roads and interchanges and at frequently visited places (e.g. deer yards, outdoor fireplaces, resthouses, (Wnking-troughs). According to the method, 2 3 4 5 signalling units have to be located so as to be within 13 14 15 16 radio range of each other. 6 7 8 signalling and communication units have to be placed in a way that they are not within the radio range of each other. This principle ensures that in case of a damaging effect (e.g. fire) not all the three signalling and communication units stop working. According to the method, the sensors of 2 3 4 5 signalling units located at the places f equently visited by the living beings of the biosphere and measuring the outer and inner temperature, humidity, infra-red radiation, C02, CO, CH4 concentration, wind speed and precipitation transmit the information acquired from the given location to 9 10 computer based supervising centres. For example, when 4 signalling unit senses fire developing by 18 outdoor fireplace, it transmits this information to 9 10 computer based supervising centres. The identifying information of the living beings tagged with RFID markers and located at 19 deer yard, which is by 3 signalling unit, or at 20 dririking-trough, which is near 5 signalling unit is transmitted to 9 10 computer based supervising centres. This solution allows for the monitoring of the marked stock of game. The 5 signalling device is able to signal the entrance of vehicles on 21 forest road into the protected area and send the information to 9 10 computer based supervising centres. In case 2 3 4 5 signalling units or 6 7 8 signalling and communication units sense the identifying information of trees tagged with RFID markers, alarm signal and identifying information are transmitted to the 9 10 computer based supervising centres or to a programmed mobile phone number. Hot information enables the dedicated body to decide that legal, or illegal logging is going on. As shown in Figure 1/3 the design method of„invisible fence". In this case the 2 3 4 5 signalling units or 6 7 8 signalling and communication units should be installed on the perimeter of a territory. This method applicable for detection of moving RFID tagged objects accross the fence and identifying information are transmitted to the 9 10 computer based supervising centres. With this method the BPS do not sense any activity within perimeter. Figure 1/4 illustrates the design method of„full mesh overlay". In this case the system elements on the field should be installed on a point of fictional square grid, regardless of any other secure object - for example: houses, or traffic pathes. The distance of system elements limits of their radiofrequency coverage. This method combine the advantages of the„trap-like" and the„invisible fence" methods. In this case the system is not only a security system. It is a Geographical Information System. With help of real-time data provided by the sensors of the 2 3 4 5 Signaling Units and the 6 7 8 Signaling- and Communication Units, we create statistics and forecasts, even meteorological forecasts too.

Forests play a fundamental role in the environmental processes preserving the balance of the water and carbon cycles, maintaining the ecosystem. Direct and indirect economic and environmental impacts of forest loss are significant. The aim of a forest protection scheme is to create a signalling system which can indicate and/or prevent these adverse events. One of the most serious environmental and forest protection challenges are the illegal logging and the uncontrolled forest fire. In order for extraction of the palm oil in Brazil and Africa, hectares of forests are disappearing each year. According to the present practices only the staff of the forestry companies is to patrol and act in case of any out of ordinary events. Experience shows that illegal logging, stealth of timber, fire and flood are discovered only after their occurrence. BPS is capable of collecting and submitting local data to a computing centre using on-site devices with sensors connected to a network. The harvested information provides for staff with various tools in terms of supervising and controlling regulated and illegal logging, of detecting the formation of fires, of the surveillance of unauthorised access and of tracking the route of the exploited timber. The system provides real-time data, relying on which the forestry staff, the law enforcement officials, and the firefighters are informed on ongoing events straightaway as they take place. Hot information enables the dedicated body to take preventive measures before the damage becomes extensive. The BPS is used in forestry, logging and nature protection, however it works much more precise than the forestry staff, who makes patrols. It works much more reliably than the visual detection systems (e.g. lookup towers, earners, satelites) and works autonomously 24/7 without any supervisor staff. BPS elements can be easily concealed making it difficult for the perpetrators to deactivate them as well as fading them into their environment. The electronic components are utmost resistant against environmental conditions, stand out for their low energy consumption and extremely low noise. The BPS is using the 21st century technology and bringing a new paradigm shift in wildfire detection thereby decreasing the number of forest fire, the caused damage and the environmental pollution.

Reference numbers:

Unique RFID transponder

Signalling Unit

Signalling- and Communication Unit

Central Control Computer

Wireless connection between the Signalling Unit and the Signalling- and Communication Unit

Wireless GSM connection between the Signalling- and Communication Unit and the Central Control Computer

Signalling Unit's radiofrequency coverage

Portable (verification) RFID reader

Campfire place

Feeder/Hut

Drinker

Forest footpath

Claims

1. ) Design methods of Biosphere Protection System, which is an early warning security and monitoring system and consists N pieces of signalling units (2 3 4 5), M pieces of signalling and communication units (6 7 8) and pieces of computer based supervising centres (9 10), wherein the units, which have 12 sensors, three level of logic and stored authentication algorythms (group decision; common signalling; adaptive sensitivity settings; self-adjusting presignaling; measurement verification; positive and negative perception of rfid operation) dynamically organise themselves into an ambient network, where processes of each totally autonomous units are mutually interact with one another and the operation of the network is guaranteed on the required security level outdoors, even if any of the system elements are destroyed and their sensing is "area-like".

2. ) Design method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the elements of the system comprising of signalling units (2 3 4 5) and signalling and communication units (6 7 8) organised into a network, installed on the lattice points of a virtual square grid, which is„full mesh overlay" and using negative perception algorythm.

3. ) Design method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the elements of the system comprising of signalling units (2 3 4 5) and signalling and communication units (6 7 8) organised into a network, installed along the main roads and interchanges and at f equently visited places, which is„trap-like" and using positive perception algorythm.

4. ) Design method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the elements of the system comprising of signalling units (2 3 4 5) and signalling and communication units (6 7 8) organised into a network, installed on the perimeter of a territory, which is„fence-like" and using positive perception algorythm.