WO2015066966A1 - 一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法 - Google Patents

一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法 Download PDF

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WO2015066966A1
WO2015066966A1 PCT/CN2014/000969 CN2014000969W WO2015066966A1 WO 2015066966 A1 WO2015066966 A1 WO 2015066966A1 CN 2014000969 W CN2014000969 W CN 2014000969W WO 2015066966 A1 WO2015066966 A1 WO 2015066966A1
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salt
wastewater
treatment system
salt wastewater
biochemical treatment
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PCT/CN2014/000969
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English (en)
French (fr)
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徐军
董自斌
云干
王开春
李学字
赵焰
刘锦生
余劲松
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中蓝连海设计研究院
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Publication of WO2015066966A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015066966A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
    • C02F3/12—Activated sludge processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/007—Contaminated open waterways, rivers, lakes or ponds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/08—Seawater, e.g. for desalination
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2305/00—Use of specific compounds during water treatment
    • C02F2305/06—Nutrients for stimulating the growth of microorganisms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
    • C02F3/348—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used characterised by the way or the form in which the microorganisms are added or dosed
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of wastewater biochemical treatment, and particularly relates to a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system.
  • High-salt wastewater refers to wastewater with TDS ⁇ 1%, which has many sources and is a kind of wastewater with a large amount of production in social life, industry, agriculture and commercial process.
  • the direct discharge of high-salt wastewater will cause ecological and environmental problems such as salinization of the land, increased salinity of rivers and lakes, soil pollution and water pollution. Seeking cost-effective treatment technology has always been a technical problem in the treatment of high-salt wastewater.
  • biochemical treatment technology has the characteristics of high treatment efficiency, economic friendliness, and convenient management, and is most commonly used.
  • due to the toxicity or inhibition of high-concentration inorganic salts on common microbial cells the application of biochemical methods in the treatment of high-salt wastewater has been greatly limited.
  • biochemical methods can not be used for the treatment of high-salt wastewater.
  • efforts to biochemical treatment of high-salt wastewater have never stopped.
  • the starting method of the common wastewater biochemical treatment system mainly includes two methods: inoculating bacteria and self-cultivating bacteria.
  • the inoculation method is to use a small amount of sludge from other sewage treatment plants to cultivate activated sludge or biofilm to culture activated sludge or biofilm treatment wastewater;
  • the self-cultivation method utilizes a small amount of microorganisms in the wastewater to gradually breed and culture.
  • Activated sludge and biofilm are provided to have the ability to treat wastewater.
  • the method for directly starting the biochemical treatment system for high-salt wastewater is mainly for inoculating bacteria. According to the different sources of inoculation, it can be subdivided into the following three types:
  • Inoculation of ordinary activated sludge for salinity acclimation in the process of starting, the activated sludge or biofilm is cultured by self-cultivating bacteria or inoculation with bacteria, and then the method of gradually increasing the concentration of the influent salt is made to make ordinary
  • the activated sludge or biofilm gradually adapts to the salt environment of high-salt wastewater, and obtains certain salt tolerance.
  • the high salt wastewater biochemical treatment system obtained by the method generally has a salt tolerance of no more than 3 to 5%, a low treatment efficiency, and a poor salt tolerance.
  • halophilic bacteria agent isolated and cultured from a high salt environment and directly expanded and cultured is put into a high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system for self-cultivation.
  • Halophilic bacteria have the ability to normally grow and metabolize in high-salt environments and have long been considered to be the microorganisms that are required for the successful biochemical treatment of high-salt wastewater.
  • the type of halophilic bacteria inoculated by this method is relatively simple, and it is often necessary to intercept microorganisms by means of a carrier, a membrane, etc., otherwise it is easy to cause microbial loss in the implementation stage. This method is still mainly in the laboratory research stage, and there are few successful engineering cases.
  • Inoculation of halophilic bacteria into the activated sludge system in the process of starting, the culture is carried out by self-cultivating bacteria or inoculation with bacteria. Sludge or biofilm, and then inoculated with halophilic bacteria isolated and cultured from a high salt environment, is a kind of bio-enhancement method.
  • the method can improve the salt tolerance of the biochemical treatment system, and the effect of the salinity acclimation method is better, and the treatment effect is relatively stable.
  • halophilic bacteria due to the type and quantity of halophilic bacteria that can be inoculated and its salt tolerance, organic matter degradation ability and impact resistance, a large amount of manpower and material resources are required to maintain the system during the actual operation, and the final treatment effect is Direct inoculation of halophilic bacteria is the same. If it is necessary to maintain the treatment effect, it is often necessary to supplement the bacteria supplement several times, which increases the complexity of management operation, and the long-term operation effect is not optimistic.
  • the problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system for the prior art, so that the high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system can be directly started, and the biochemical system treatment after successful startup High-salt wastewater has a stable effect and a strong resistance to salinity.
  • the salt-tolerant microorganisms of the present invention include micro-hidden micro-halophilic microorganisms, medium-halophilic microorganisms, extreme halophilic microorganisms, and salt-tolerant microorganisms, including salt-tolerant or salt-tolerant bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoa.
  • Self-cultivating bacteria is a method for starting the wastewater biochemical treatment system, and once it can be successfully started, its treatment effect on wastewater is often better than the inoculation method.
  • the root cause is that the microbial population obtained from the culture bacteria is completely in the wastewater.
  • Organic pollutants proliferate and grow for carbon sources and energy sources, and only the microbial population with the best treatment and the most proliferative ability can gain a competitive advantage.
  • the microbial population obtained by inoculating the bacteria is mainly the original microbial group, and the ability to adapt to and treat the wastewater is obtained during the start-up process, and the population composition of the microbial population has not yet reached an optimal state.
  • Halophilic bacteria have the ability to degrade organic matter in high salt environments and are not inhibited by high concentrations of inorganic salts, but the root cause of poor long-term practical application is inoculation without halophilic bacteria.
  • the inoculated halophilic bacteria are obtained from enrichment culture, separation and purification, physiological and biochemical identification, and fermentation culture from the environment. This process is not only complicated and complicated, but also difficult to ensure that after subculture in the laboratory, The salt tolerance, organic matter degradation and wastewater adaptability of salt bacteria continue to be maintained: Moreover, due to the operational complexity, the types of halophilic bacteria that can be inoculated during the actual application process are limited, and it is difficult to be in the process of self-cultivation. Forming a complex and stable salt-tolerant microbial system, its direct performance is poor resistance to water quality impact and salt tolerance.
  • isolation culture method can only obtain a very small number of environmental microorganisms, as well as salt-tolerant microorganisms. Due to the prior art conditions, most microorganisms cannot be isolated and cultured in a pure manner, so that the species and physiological functions of the halophilic bacteria obtained by the isolation culture method are limited. In fact, in the environment including common biochemical methods, microorganisms mostly survive by mutual nutrition, symbiosis, and co-metabolism. Most of the organic pollutants need to be synergistically activated by various microorganisms to be degraded.
  • the ocean is the most typical high-salt environment in the world, and its area is several times larger than that of land.
  • the formation history of the ocean is billions of years.
  • the long-term natural selection and evolution have distributed a rich variety of salt-tolerant and halophilic micro-organisms in the ocean. These microorganisms can perform normal growth and metabolism in a high-salt environment without inorganic Salt inhibition.
  • marine microbial ecology surveys have found that the diversity of marine microbes far exceeds people's original estimates, and the number of microbes that cannot be isolated and purely cultured exceeds 99% of marine microbial species.
  • the inventors After extensive investigation and experiment, the inventors finally determined to introduce the salt-tolerant microbial community in the marine environment into the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system to supplement the salt-tolerant microbial population resources that the high-salt wastewater itself lacks, so that it can directly in the high-salt environment. Directly start the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system.
  • the inventors have also confirmed through a large number of experiments that the salt-tolerant microbial population in the saltwater lake, salt lake, saline-alkali land, salt-salt field, soil or other high-salt environment can be directly introduced into the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system.
  • the invention does not take the pure strain of the salt-tolerant microorganism and the halophilic microorganism as a means or purpose, but introduces seawater or sea mud into the biochemical treatment system of the high-salt wastewater, and directly carries out the self-cultivating bacteria in the salt concentration environment of the high-salt wastewater. .
  • the salt concentration of the biochemical system during the self-cultivation process is always within the salt concentration range of the high-salt wastewater to be treated.
  • salt-tolerant microorganisms in seawater or sea mud that can adapt to the high salt environment provided can be gradually proliferated, and the salt-tolerant active soil required for biochemical treatment of high-salt wastewater is gradually cultivated. Mud or biofilm, which ultimately achieves direct start-up of the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions.
  • the invention relates to a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system, which is characterized by inoculating seawater, sea mud, salt lake, salt water lake, saline-alkali land, pickled products, deep sea sediments, common soil or other high-salt environment samples.
  • the biochemical treatment system of the high-salt wastewater directly carries out the self-cultivating bacteria within the salt concentration range of the high-salt wastewater until the influent load and biomass reach the design value of the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system.
  • the high salt environment of the method of the invention comprises the following three categories:
  • Natural high salt environment ocean, Dead Sea, salt lake, salt field, saline-alkali land, salt mine, underground brine and so on. These high-salt environments are formed for a long time, the salt-tolerant microbial species are highly abundant, and the microbial salt tolerance is strong. The salt-tolerant microbial population is compatible with the actual salt content and other environmental characteristics of the high-salt environment.
  • Soil farmland soil, grassland soil, forest soil, etc.
  • the overall salt content of the soil environment is not high, but due to the heterogeneity of the soil environment, and the long-term existence of dry and wet changes, mineralization, weathering, leaching, etc., there are a large number of local high salt environments in the soil environment.
  • the high salt environment is sufficient to support the survival of various salt-tolerant microorganisms.
  • the preferred technical solution or technical feature is:
  • the self-cultivating bacteria can adopt the synchronous culture method, and always use the high-salt wastewater as the main organic carbon source required for self-cultivating bacteria; or adopt the asynchronous culture method, firstly add the organic carbon source to cultivate the bacteria, and then use the The high-salt wastewater is continuously cultivated as an organic carbon source.
  • the COD of the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system is ⁇ 500mg/L or the COD of the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system is ⁇ 500mg/L.
  • N, P or other nutrients may be added as needed during the cultivation process.
  • Salt-tolerant activated sludge or biofilm is obtained by culturing the biochemical treatment system of the high-salt wastewater by self-cultivating bacteria.
  • the temperature of the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system is 5 to 55 ° C, preferably 15 to 35 ° C, pH 5.0 to 9.5, preferably 7.5 to 8.5, and dissolved oxygen 0.1 to 4.0 mg / L, preferably 0.5 to 2.0mg/L.
  • the high salt wastewater preferably has a B/C > 0.3 or a B/C > 0.3 after pretreatment.
  • the salt concentration of the high salt wastewater is preferably in the range of 1 to 25%.
  • the technical solution of the present invention is to make the salt-tolerant microbial group in seawater or sea mud under high salt condition by providing suitable organic carbon source, nutrient element, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and other suitable salt-tolerant microorganism growth and breeding conditions. Gradually multiply, and finally form a salt-tolerant microbial aggregate with a certain scale and quantity concentration - salt-tolerant activated sludge or salt-tolerant biofilm.
  • This process is similar to the principle followed by the self-cultivation of wastewater biochemical treatment system under normal conditions. The difference is that the present invention directly and always carries out self-cultivation in a high-salt environment, while the traditional biochemical treatment system is self-cultivating in a low-salt environment. Breeding bacteria.
  • high-salt wastewater especially high-salt industrial wastewater, lacks not only salt-tolerant microorganisms, but also nutrients required for salt-tolerant microbial growth. Therefore, the present invention is practiced for such wastewater, except that seawater or sea mud needs to be inoculated as salt-tolerant micro Biological sources also need to supplement the various nutrients and trace elements that may be lacking.
  • the seawater may be directly filled with the whole high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment device, the salt concentration may be diluted or increased to the salt concentration range of the high-salt wastewater, and before the activated sludge and biofilm are obtained from the self-cultivating bacteria It has been supplemented with seawater self-cultivating bacteria.
  • the advantage of this is that it can make full use of all kinds of trace elements contained in seawater, and only need to supplement N and P, and can eliminate the manpower and material resources required for formulating salt water.
  • the salt concentration of the brine is within the salt concentration range of the high salt wastewater, and then inoculated with seawater, sea mud or For other high-salt environmental samples, supplement N, P and other nutrients and trace elements as needed, and start self-cultivation.
  • the salt-tolerant activated sludge and biofilm can be initially cultured for 2 to 3 weeks, and then the high-salt wastewater inflow load is gradually increased, and the whole process is completed. The start of the biochemical system.
  • the organic pollutants in high-salt wastewater can be divided into four categories: easy to degrade, toxic and easily degradable, difficult to degrade, and toxic and difficult to degrade.
  • high-salt wastewater most of it comes from industrial production except for seawater use. Therefore, except for a part of high-salt wastewater with good biodegradability, most high-salt wastewater contains toxic or difficult to degrade substances. Therefore, the implementation of the invention requires that the high-salt wastewater has a certain biochemical property and is not highly toxic. It is generally considered that wastewater having a B/C > 0.3 can be directly subjected to biochemistry, and this condition is also preferred in the present invention. If the biochemical properties of wastewater are not good, it is necessary to take other technical measures to improve biochemistry.
  • organic pollutants can also be classified into very easy degradation and can be slowly degraded. Therefore, in the process of self-cultivation, if the biodegradability of high-salt wastewater is very good, such as pickled wastewater, high-salt wastewater in the food industry, high-salt wastewater can be used as the main self-cultivating bacteria at the beginning of self-cultivating bacteria.
  • Organic carbon source if the high-salt wastewater is biodegradable, such as fine chemical wastewater and pharmaceutical wastewater, in order to speed up the progress of self-cultivating bacteria, some easily degradable organic carbon sources such as glucose may be added in the initial stage of self-cultivating bacteria.
  • the self-cultivating bacteria can be divided into at least two modes of simultaneous culture and asynchronous culture.
  • the number of microorganisms in the biochemical treatment system is still very small, and the influent COD is not required to be too high, or the COD in the biochemical system cannot be too high. From the perspective of facilitating the smooth implementation of the present invention, it is necessary to control the influent COD ⁇ 500 mg / L of the high salt wastewater biochemical treatment system or the COD ⁇ 500 mg / L in the system. Under the possible operating conditions, maintaining the lower influent COD in the initial stage, and then gradually increasing the influent COD or the COD concentration in the system according to the amount of salt-tolerant activated sludge or biofilm cultured from the culture, is beneficial to The invention was successfully implemented.
  • the present invention uses seawater or sea mud as an inoculum for salt-tolerant microbial sources.
  • the high-salt environment on the earth includes the lagoon, salt lake, salt mine, salt well, salt pond, and saline-alkali land.
  • ordinary soil also has a micro-domain and high-salt environment. Sign. Therefore, in addition to seawater and sea mud, the present invention can be used as a salt-tolerant microbial source to be added to a high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment device using soil, water samples, sediments or other forms of samples taken from the above-mentioned high-salt environment. Subsequent self-cultivation operations are similar.
  • the temperature range in which the present invention can be practiced is generally from 10 to 50 ° C, and can be carried out successfully in a higher or lower temperature range. Temperature affects the rate of metabolism and reproduction of microorganisms, so starting at higher salt concentrations may shorten the start-up cycle if possible. Relatively stable temperature is also a favorable condition during startup.
  • the pH range for the practice of the present invention is preferably from 5.0 to 9.5.
  • the high salt environment in which salt-tolerant microorganisms survive is mostly weakly alkaline.
  • the pH of seawater is 7.9 to 8.4
  • the number of weak saline-alkali lakes is the highest in salt lakes.
  • Numerous studies have also confirmed that most salt-tolerant and salt-tolerant microorganisms grow best in a weakly alkaline environment.
  • the present inventors also found that the overall effect of the practice of the present invention is superior to that of a neutral acidity environment in a neutral alkaline environment. Therefore, it is further preferred that the pH in the practice of the present invention is from 7.5 to 8.5.
  • the self-cultivating bacteria are directly used in the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment device with the salt concentration of high-salt wastewater as environmental conditions.
  • the self-cultivating bacteria After cultivating one of salt-tolerant activated sludge or salt-tolerant biofilm, gradually increase the influent load of high-salt wastewater, continue to culture, and increase the biomass concentration of salt-tolerant activated sludge or salt-tolerant biofilm until the influent load And the biomass concentration reached the design requirements, the activation of the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system was completed.
  • the salt concentration of the high salt wastewater which can be implemented by the present invention is preferably in the range of 1 to 25%.
  • Salt-tolerant microorganisms can grow and multiply in a wide range of salt concentrations, and are classified by microbial taxonomy: salt tolerance range of weak halophilic microorganisms is 1.17 to 11.7%, and salt tolerance of medium halophilic microorganisms is 2.34 to 20.48%, extreme The salt tolerance range of halophilic microorganisms is 8.19 to 30.42%, and the salt tolerance of salt-tolerant microorganisms is 0 to 14.63%.
  • the optimal source of microbial inoculation at this time is a salt lake having a salt concentration equivalent.
  • inoculation of seawater or sea mud can also be successfully carried out in a >20% salt environment, and the activation of a high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system can also be achieved, which may be due to the seawater environment.
  • the low salt concentration there are still a large number of extremely halophilic microorganisms, which is consistent with the results of the relevant studies.
  • the method of the invention does not need to screen and separate halophilic bacteria, and directly starts the biochemical treatment system of the high-salt wastewater, and is particularly suitable for debugging the actual high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment device;
  • the method of the present invention starts from a high-salt environment sample to a high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system, and only needs to go through one step, and the operation steps and implementation period are greatly shortened.
  • the present invention is applicable to the direct start of a biochemical treatment system for high-salt wastewater having a total salt of 1 to 25% and a B/C of >0.3;
  • the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system initiated by the method of the invention can stably and efficiently treat the high-salt wastewater.
  • Embodiment 1 a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system, inoculating seawater, sea mud lake, salt water lake, saline-alkali land, pickled products, deep sea sediments, common soil or other high-salt environment samples to high-salt wastewater
  • the biochemical treatment system directly carries out self-cultivating bacteria within the salt concentration range of the high-salt wastewater until the influent load and biomass reach the design value of the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system.
  • the self-cultivating bacteria adopts the synchronous culture method, and the high-salt wastewater is always used as the main organic carbon source required for the self-cultivating bacteria; or the asynchronous culture method is adopted, and the organic method is first added.
  • the carbon source is sterilized, and then the high-salt wastewater is used as an organic carbon source to continue the cultivation.
  • Embodiment 3 in the method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein one or more of N, P or other nutrient elements are added as needed during the cultivation process.
  • Embodiment 4 in the method of embodiment 1 or 2 or 3, wherein the salt-tolerant activated sludge or the salt-tolerant biofilm is obtained by the self-cultivating bacteria in the biochemical treatment system of the high-salt wastewater.
  • the high-salt wastewater biochemical treatment system has a temperature of 15 to 35 ° C, a pH of 7.5 to 8.5, and a dissolved oxygen of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/ L.
  • Embodiment 8 The method of any of embodiments 1-7, wherein the salt concentration of the high salt wastewater is in the range of 1 to 25%.
  • Example 9 a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system experiment:
  • a chemical wastewater has a salt content of 3 to 6% NaCl, a COD of 3000 to 5000 mg/L, and a phenol content of 50 to 200 mg/L.
  • Biochemical process intermittent aerobic process.
  • 6L of seawater was injected, and glucose and phenol were added at concentrations of 50 mg/L and 10 mg/L, respectively, and urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were added to supplement the nutrients.
  • the actual high-salt phenol-containing wastewater is started, the initial water intake is 1/10, and the aeration is performed for 6 hours in one cycle, and it is allowed to stand, drain and enter. Water 2h, then gradually increase the water intake according to the water output index and system conditions. After 10 to 20 cycles, the water intake increased to 1/2, the sludge concentration increased to 4000-6000 mg/L, and the effluent COD ⁇ 500 mg/L and phenol ⁇ 0.5 mg/L.
  • Example 10 a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system experiment:
  • a 1000m 3 aeration tank 500m 3 of seawater was introduced, 50m 3 of wastewater was introduced, 1.0kg of urea was added, and 0.3kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate was added to start aeration.
  • the initial aeration time was 72h.
  • 50m 3 of wastewater, 1.0kg of urea, 0.3kg of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, aeration for 24h so continuously add wastewater to the aeration tank filled with 1000m 3 , change the continuous water inlet mode, the effluent enters the secondary settling tank, and the sludge returns.
  • the water intake is 40m 3 per hour, of which 4m 3 is in the waste water, and the rest is sea water.
  • the floc appears in the secondary settling tank and can settle. Then, the proportion of seawater in the influent water is increased to 1/5, that is, 40 m 3 of water per 1 h, of which 8 m 3 of wastewater.
  • the sludge concentration in the aeration tank is cultured to above 4000 mg/L, and the F/M ⁇ 1.0, the pH is 7.0-8.5, and the DO>2.0 mg/L is maintained throughout the culture process.
  • the system can stably treat wastewater, COD removal rate >90%, and effluent COD ⁇ 300mg/L.
  • Example 11 a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system experiment:
  • the wastewater was the same as in Example 2, and the treatment process was hydrolysis acidification-aerobic.
  • the activated sludge is firstly cultured in the aeration tank by using flour or glucose, and then inoculated into the hydrolysis acidification tank, and the flour, glucose or the wastewater is added to start, and the culture is resistant to high salt. Hydrolyzed acidified activated sludge.
  • the actual wastewater is then treated in turn through a hydrolysis acidification tank and an aerobic tank. According to this method, the COD removal rate is >95%, and the effluent COD is ⁇ 100 mg/L.
  • Example 12 a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system experiment:
  • a chlor-alkali wastewater has a salt content of 16 to 26% and a COD of 10,000 mg/L.
  • the pH during the control of the culture is 7.5 to 8.5
  • the temperature is 20 to 35 ° C
  • the dissolved oxygen is 1.0 to 4.0 mg/L.
  • the sludge concentration is cultivated to 4000-6000 mg/L, and all of them are put into actual wastewater.
  • the high-salt wastewater was treated by the above method, and the TOC removal rate was >80%.
  • the biochemical effluent is returned to the biochemical system after oxidation, and finally the effluent TOC ⁇ 200mg/L.
  • Example 13 a method for starting a high-salt wastewater aerobic biochemical treatment system:
  • a pickled wastewater has a salt content of 4 to 6% NaCl and a COD of 4000 to 5000 mg/L.
  • the treatment process is anaerobic hydrolysis + grade 3 aerobic + coagulation sedimentation, the water volume is 50m3 / d, wherein the residence time of the biochemical section anaerobic tank is 10h, and the residence time of the aerobic tank is 60h.
  • the startup process is:
  • the aerobic tank is filled with 5% NaCl aqueous solution, and the black mud of the beach is added to 5 m 3 to adjust the pH to 7.0-8.0, and the temperature is exposed for 48 hours at room temperature.
  • the adjustment tank is equipped with water with a salt concentration of 5% NaCl, and glucose and wastewater are added to make COD ⁇ 200 mg/L.
  • the aerobic tank is aerated. After the mixture is separated by the muddy water of the second settling tank, the sludge is returned to the aerobic tank. After 10 days of aeration, the sludge can be cultured. This increases the amount of glucose and wastewater in the influent water.
  • the influent COD increases to 2000 mg/L
  • the influent COD is stabilized until the aerobic tank sludge concentration is >3000 mg/L.
  • the sludge of part of the secondary settling tank is transferred to the anaerobic hydrolysis tank, and the inoculation concentration is not less than 2000-5000 mg/L.
  • the conditioning pond wastewater passes through the anaerobic hydrolysis tank and then enters the aerobic tank.

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Abstract

本发明是一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法，其特征在于：接种海水、海泥、盐湖、咸水湖、盐碱地、腌制品、深海沉积物、土壤或其它高盐环境样品到高盐废水的生化处理系统，直接在所述高盐废水的盐浓度范围内进行自培菌，直至进水负荷和生物量达到所述高盐废水生化处理系统的设计值。本发明适用于盐浓度为1～25％的高盐废水的生化处理系统的直接启动。

Description

一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法 技术领域
本发明属废水生化处理技术领域，具体涉及一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法。
背景技术
高盐废水是指TDS≥1％的废水，其来源多而广，属于社会生活、工农业、商业过程中产生量很大的一类废水。高盐废水的直接排放，会造成土地的盐碱化、江河湖水的矿化度增加、土壤污染、水污染等生态环境问题。寻求经济有效的处理技术，一直是高盐废水处理的技术难题。
废水处理技术中，生化处理技术具有处理效率高、经济友好、管理方便等特点，应用最普遍。但是，由于高浓度无机盐对普通微生物细胞具有毒害或抑制作用，生化法在高盐废水处理中的应用受到很大的局限性。长期以来，广大环保工程技术人员甚至认为生化法不能用于高盐废水的处理。尽管如此，有关高盐废水生化处理技术的努力尝试从未停止。
普通废水生化处理系统的启动方法，主要有接种培菌和自培菌两种方式。接种培菌法是利用来自其它污水处理厂的少量污泥培养活性污泥或生物膜培养出活性污泥或生物膜处理废水；自培菌法则是利用废水中原有的少量微生物，逐步繁殖并培养出活性污泥和生物膜，使其具有处理废水的能力。对比普通生化系统的启动方法，部分研究人员和工程技术人员进行了有关高盐废水生化处理的探索。到目前为止，针对高盐废水生化处理系统直接启动的方法主要为接种培菌，根据其接种来源的不同，可以细分为以下三种：
(1)接种普通活性污泥进行盐度驯化：在启动过程中先通过自培菌或接种配菌的方式培养出活性污泥或生物膜，然后通过逐步提高进水盐浓度的方法，使普通活性污泥或生物膜逐步适应高盐废水的盐环境，获得一定的耐盐能力。采用该方法获得的高盐废水生化处理系统，耐盐浓度一般最高不超过3～5％，处理效率不高，抗盐度冲击能力很差。
(2)接种嗜盐菌：直接将从高盐环境中分离培养并大量扩增培养得到的嗜盐菌菌剂投入高盐废水生化处理系统进行自培菌。嗜盐菌具有在高盐环境下正常生长代谢的能力，一直被认为是高盐废水生化处理可能成功所需依赖的微生物。但是该方法接种的嗜盐菌种类比较单一，而且往往需要借助于载体、膜等方式截留微生物，否则容易在实施阶段出现微生物量流失现象。该方法目前仍主要处在实验室研究阶段，工程化成功案例很少。
(3)接种嗜盐菌到活性污泥系统中：在启动过程中先通过自培菌或接种配菌的方式培养出活 性污泥或生物膜，然后接种从高盐环境中分离培养得到的嗜盐菌，属于生物强化方法的一种。该方法可以提高生化处理系统的耐盐能力，较盐度驯化方法的效果好，处理效果相对比较稳定。但是，受限于所能接种嗜盐菌的种类和数量及其耐盐能力、有机物降解能力和抗冲击能力，实际运行过程中需要投入大量的人力物力对系统进行维护，其最终的处理效果与直接接种嗜盐菌相同，若需要维持处理效果，往往需要多次补加菌剂，增加了管理运行的复杂度，长期运行效果不容乐观。
因此，尽管接种培菌在高盐废水生化处理系统的启动过程中的探索性研究比较普遍，但效果不尽如人意；而自培菌则很少见有成功的报道。
发明内容
本发明要解决的问题是针对现有技术的不足，提供一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法，使高盐废水好氧生化处理系统能够直接启动，而且启动成功后的生化系统处理高盐废水具有稳定的效果和强大的抗盐度冲击能力。
本发明所述耐盐微生物，包括微生物分类学上的弱嗜盐微生物、中等嗜盐微生物、极端嗜盐微生物和耐盐微生物，包括耐盐或嗜盐的细菌、真菌、古菌和原生动物。
本发明的原理和思路是：
自培菌是废水生化处理系统启动的一种方法，而且一旦能够成功启动，其对废水的处理效果往往优于接种培菌法，其根本原因在于自培菌获得的微生物群完全以废水中的有机污染物为碳源和能源进行增殖和生长，只有处理效果最好而且增殖能力最强的微生物群才能获得竞争优势。接种培菌获得的微生物群主要是原有的微生物群，在启动过程经历废水的驯化过程而获得对废水的适应和处理能力，因此微生物群的种群构成还没有达到最优状态。因此，对于高盐废水的生化处理，若能够采用自培菌成功启动，从理论上来说应该能获得具有很强耐盐能力和污染物降解能力的耐盐微生物群。但是，与普通废水不同，高盐废水产生的周边环境多为低盐环境，导致高盐废水中的耐盐微生物种类和数量都极少，甚至没有。这是导致利用高盐废水本身进行自培菌难以成功的重要原因。
几十年来，接种嗜盐菌处理高盐废水的努力一直未获得较明显的成功，因而污水处理界逐渐形成了一种共识：高盐废水不宜采用直接生化处理；对于盐浓度不超过3～5％的高盐废水，可以通过盐度驯化进行启动；但是启动成功之后，需要在较低的负荷下运行。大多环保工程技术人员和科研人员对此看法深以为然，也不愿冒险，这在很大程度上限制了对高盐废水生化处理系统进行自培菌启动的探索。嗜盐菌具有在高盐环境下降解有机物且不受高浓度无机盐抑制的的能力，但其长期以来实际应用效果不佳的根本原因，在无嗜盐菌接种
Figure PCTCN2014000969-appb-000001
所接种的得嗜盐菌，是从环境中经富集培养、分离纯化、生理生化鉴定、发酵培养得到，这一过程不仅步骤繁杂、工作量大，而且难以保证在实验室传代培养后，嗜盐菌的耐盐能力、有机物降解能力和废水适应性等继续保持：而且，由于操作上的复杂性，使得实际应用过程中所能够接种的嗜盐菌的种类有限，难以在自培菌过程中形成一个复杂稳定的耐盐微生物系统，其直接表现就是抗水质冲击能力和抗盐度冲击能力很差。
通过分离纯培养嗜盐菌再进行接种处理高盐废水难以难以成功的另外一个原因，是因为分离培养方法只能获得环境微生物的极少数，对于耐盐微生物同样如此。由于现有技术条件下，大多数微生物还不能被分离和纯培养，使得分离培养法获得的嗜盐菌的种类和生理功能都有限。实际上，包括普通生化法在内的环境中，微生物大多以互养、共生、共代谢等方式生存，有机污染物也大多需要经过多种微生物的协同作用才能被降解。
海洋是世界上最典型的高盐环境，其面积比陆地大几倍。海洋的形成历史有几十亿年，长期的自然选择和进化使海洋中分布着丰富多样的耐盐微生物和嗜盐微生物群，这些微生物能够在高盐环境下进行正常的生长代谢而不受无机盐的抑制。近年来，海洋微生物生态学调查发现，海洋微生物的多样性，远远超出人们原先的估计，其中还不能被分离和纯培养的微生物种数超过海洋微生物种数的99％。本发明人经过大量调查和试验，最终确定将海洋环境中的耐盐微生物群引入高盐废水生化处理系统，用来补充高盐废水本身缺乏的耐盐微生物种群资源，这样可以直接在高盐环境下实现高盐废水生化处理系统的直接启动。当然，本发明人也通过大量试验确认，可以将咸水湖、盐湖、盐碱地、晒盐场、土壤或其它高盐环境中的耐盐微生物群引入高盐废水生化处理系统进行直接启动。
本发明不以分离耐盐微生物和嗜盐微生物的纯菌株为手段或目的，而是将海水或海泥引入高盐废水的生化处理系统，直接在高盐废水的盐浓度环境下进行自培菌。自培菌过程中生化系统的盐浓度始终在所要处理的高盐废水盐浓度范围内。通过提供合适的有机碳源、营养元素和环境条件，使海水或海泥中能够适应所提供高盐环境的耐盐微生物逐步增殖，逐渐培养出高盐废水生化处理所需的耐盐的活性污泥或生物膜，最终实现高盐废水生化处理系统的直接启动。
本发明所要解决的技术问题是通过以下的技术方案来实现的。本发明是一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法，其特点是：接种海水、海泥、盐湖、咸水湖、盐碱地、腌制品、深海沉积物、普通土壤或其它高盐环境样品到高盐废水的生化处理系统，直接在所述高盐废水的盐浓度范围内进行自培菌，直至进水负荷和生物量达到所述高盐废水生化处理系统的设计值。
本发明方法所述高盐环境，包括以下三类：
(1)自然高盐环境：海洋、死海、盐湖、盐田、盐碱地、盐矿、地下卤水等。这些高盐环境形成时间较长，耐盐微生物种类高度丰富，微生物的耐盐能力强，耐盐微生物种群与所处高盐环境的实际含盐量和其它环境特征相适应。
(2)半自然高盐环境：晒盐场、盐碱地、腌制品、长期存放的高盐废水、高盐废水污染的土壤、河流、湖泊等。这些高盐环境形成的时间长短不一，而且盐环境特征会发生变化。
(3)土壤：农田土壤、草地土壤、森林土壤等。土壤环境整体含盐量不高，但由于土壤环境的非均质性，以及干湿变化、矿化、风化、淋溶等作用的长期存在，使得土壤环境中存在大量局部高盐环境，这些微域高盐环境足以支持各种耐盐微生物的生存。
本发明所述的启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法技术方案中，优选的技术方案或者技术特征是：
1.自培菌可以采用同步培养方式，始终以所述高盐废水为自培菌所需的主要有机碳源；或者采用异步培养方式，先以外加有机碳源进行培菌，然后再以所述高盐废水为有机碳源继续培菌。
2.自培菌初始阶段，所述高盐废水生化处理系统进水COD≤500mg/L或所述高盐废水生化处理系统内COD≤500mg/L。
3.自培菌过程中可以按需要添加N、P或其它营养元素中的一种或多种。
4.通过自培菌在所述高盐废水的生化处理系统内培养得到耐盐的活性污泥或生物膜。
5.自培菌过程中，高盐废水生化处理系统内温度5～55℃、优选15～35℃，pH5.0～9.5，优先7.5～8.5，溶解氧0.1～4.0mg/L、优选0.5～2.0mg/L。
6.所述高盐废水优选的B/C＞0.3，或者经预处理后B/C＞0.3。
7.所述高盐废水的盐浓度优选在1～25％范围内。
以下对本发明技术方案进行进一步的阐述。
本发明技术方案实质是通过提供合适的有机碳源、营养元素、温度、pH、溶解氧和其它适宜耐盐微生物生长繁殖的条件，在高盐条件下使海水或海泥中的耐盐微生物群逐步繁殖，并最终形成具有一定规模和数量浓度的耐盐微生物聚集体——耐盐活性污泥或耐盐生物膜。这一过程与一般条件下废水生化处理系统自培菌遵循的原理相似，所不同的是本发明直接并始终在高盐环境下进行自培菌，而传统生化处理系统在低盐环境下进行自培菌。
大多数高盐废水，尤其是高盐工业废水，其中不仅缺乏耐盐微生物，还缺乏耐盐微生物生长所需的营养成分。因此针对此类废水实施本发明，除了需要接种海水或海泥作为耐盐微 生物来源，还需要补充可能缺乏的各种营养元素和微量元素。在条件具备的情况下，可直接将海水注满整个高盐废水生化处理装置，将盐浓度稀释或增加至该高盐废水的盐浓度范围，并且在自培菌获得活性污泥和生物膜前一直补充海水自培菌。这样做的好处是可充分利用海水中所含有的各种微量元素，只需补充N、P即可，而且可以省却配制盐水所需要的人力物力。在很多情况下，并不具备将大量海水注满生化处理装置的条件，而需要先在生化装置配制盐水，该盐水的盐浓度在该高盐废水盐浓度范围内，然后接种海水、海泥或其它高盐环境样品，按需要补充N、P及其它营养元素和微量元素，再开始自培菌。
自培菌需要一定的周期，因此必须保有耐心。在有机碳源充足、营养物质供应充分的情况下，自培菌进行2～3周即可以初步培养出耐盐的活性污泥和生物膜，此后逐步提高高盐废水进水负荷，最终完成整个生化系统的启动。
高盐废水中的有机污染物可以分为易降解、有毒易降解、难降解、有毒难降解这四类。高盐废水产生的场合，除海水利用外，大多来自于工业生产。因此，除一部分高盐废水具有较好的可生化性，大部分高盐废水都含有有毒或较难降解的物质。因此，实施本发明要求高盐废水具有一定的生化性、毒性不高。一般认为B/C＞0.3的废水可以直接进行生化，本发明也优选这一条件。若废水的生化性不佳，需要先采取其它技术手段处理，提高生化性。
对于B/C＞0.3的高盐废水，其中的有机污染物也可以分为非常容易降解和可以缓慢降解的。因此，在自培菌过程中，若高盐废水的可生化性非常好，例如腌制废水、食品工业高盐废水，可以在自培菌的开始，便以高盐废水作为自培菌的主要有机碳源；若高盐废水的可生化性一般，例如精细化工废水、制药废水，为加快自培菌的进度，可以在自培菌的初始阶段添加一些容易降解的有机碳源，比如葡萄糖、面粉、甲醇、大粪水、污泥消化液等，待培养出耐盐的活性污泥和生物膜厚，再开始以高盐废水作为有机碳的来源，并在其后的培养过程中逐步增加高盐废水的进水比例、降低外加碳源的投加比例。也就是说，在本发明实施过程中，自培菌至少可以分为同步培养和异步培养两种方式。
在本发明实施过程中，尤其是在自培菌初始阶段，生化处理系统中的微生物数量还非常少，要求进水COD不能太高，或者说生化系统内COD不能太高。从有利于本发明顺利实施的角度，控制高盐废水生化处理系统进水COD≤500mg/L或系统内COD≤500mg/L是必要的。在可能的操作条件下，维持初始阶段较低的进水COD，然后根据自培菌培养出的耐盐的活性污泥或生物膜的量，逐步提高进水COD或系统内COD浓度，有利于本发明成功实施。
本发明以海水或海泥作为耐盐微生物来源接种物。实际上，地球上高盐环境除了海洋还包括咸水湖、盐湖、盐矿、盐井、晒盐池、盐碱地。此外，普通土壤也具有微域高盐环境特 征。因此，除海水和海泥外，本发明可以利用取自上述高盐环境下的土壤、水样、沉积物或其它各种形式的样品作为耐盐微生物来源添加到高盐废水生化处理装置中，其后的自培菌操作则差不多。
本发明可实施的温度范围为一般为10～50℃，在更高或更低的温度范围内，也可以实施成功。温度影响微生物的代谢和繁殖速率，因此可能的情况下在较高的盐浓度下进行启动会缩短启动周期。在启动过程中，温度的相对稳定也是有利条件。
本发明实施的pH范围优选为5.0～9.5。与普通微生物相比，耐盐微生物生存的高盐环境多为弱碱性。例如，海水的pH为7.9～8.4，盐湖中以弱盐碱湖的数量最多。大量研究也证实，大多数耐盐和嗜盐的微生物在弱碱性环境下生长最好。本发明人在研究过程中，也发现中性偏碱的环境下，本发明实施的总体效果优于中性偏酸的环境。因此，本发明实施过程中进一步优选pH为7.5～8.5。
通过引入海水、海泥或其它高盐环境样品作为耐盐微生物来源，直接在高盐废水生化处理装置中以高盐废水的盐浓度为环境条件进行自培菌。在培养出耐盐活性污泥或耐盐生物膜的一种后，逐步提高高盐废水进水负荷继续培养，使耐盐活性污泥或耐盐生物膜的生物量浓度增加，直至进水负荷和生物量浓度都达到设计要求，就完成了该高盐废水生化处理系统的启动。
本发明可实施的高盐废水盐浓度范围优选为1～25％。耐盐微生物在很宽的盐浓度范围内范围都可以生长繁殖，从微生物分类学进行划分：弱嗜盐微生物耐盐范围为1.17～11.7％，中等嗜盐微生物耐盐范围2.34～20.48％，极端嗜盐微生物耐盐范围为8.19～30.42％，耐盐微生物耐盐范围为0～14.63％。因此，针对所要启动的高盐废水生化处理系统所要处理的高盐废水盐浓度范围，选择合适的接种微生物来源比较关键。当高盐废水的盐浓度很高，例如，超过20％，此时的最佳微生物接种来源是盐浓度相当的盐湖。但是，根据本发明人的实践来看，接种海水或海泥，同样能够在＞20％的盐环境下自培菌成功，同样能够实现高盐废水生化处理系统的启动，这可能是由于海水环境尽管盐浓度偏低，但仍然存在大量极端嗜盐微生物，这也与有关研究的结果保持一致。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果如下：
(1)本发明方法无需筛选和分离嗜盐菌，直接对高盐废水生化处理系统进行启动，特别适合实际高盐废水生化处理装置的调试；
(2)本发明方法从高盐环境样品到高盐废水生化处理系统的启动，只需经历一个步骤，操作步骤和实施周期大大缩短。
(3)本发明适用于总盐为1～25％、B/C＞0.3的高盐废水的生化处理系统的直接启动；
(4)采用本发明方法启动的高盐废水生化处理系统，能够对高盐废水进行稳定高效的处理。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例对本发明内容进行说明，以便于本领域技术人员对本发明进一步理解。
实施例1，一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法，接种海水、海泥盐湖、咸水湖、盐碱地、腌制品、深海沉积物、普通土壤或其它高盐环境样品到高盐废水的生化处理系统，直接在所述高盐废水的盐浓度范围内进行自培菌，直至进水负荷和生物量达到所述高盐废水生化处理系统的设计值。
实施例2，实施例1所述的方法中：自培菌采用同步培养方式，始终以所述高盐废水为自培菌所需的主要有机碳源；或者采用异步培养方式，先以外加有机碳源进行培菌，然后再以所述高盐废水为有机碳源继续培菌。
实施例3，实施例1或2所述的方法中：自培菌过程中按需要添加N、P或其它营养元素中的一种或多种。
实施例4，实施例1或2或3所述的方法中：通过自培菌在所述高盐废水的生化处理系统内得到耐盐活性污泥或耐盐生物膜。
实施例5，实施例1-4任何一项所述的方法中；自培菌过程中，高盐废水生化处理系统内温度5～55℃，pH5.0～9.5，溶解氧0.1～4.0mg/L。
实施例6，实施例1一5任何一项所述的方法中：自培菌过程中，高盐废水生化处理系统内温度15～35℃，pH7.5～8.5，溶解氧0.5～2.0mg/L。
实施例7，实施例1-6任何一项所述的方法中：所述高盐废水的B/C＞0.3，或者经预处理后B/C＞0.3。
实施例8，实施例1-7任何一项所述的方法中：所述高盐废水的盐浓度在1～25％范围内。
实施例9，一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法实验：
某化工废水，含盐量为3～6％NaCl，COD 3000～5000mg/L，酚含量50～200mg/L。生化工艺间歇式好氧工艺。在6L有机玻璃装置中，注入6L海水，再加入葡萄糖和苯酚，浓度分别为50mg/L和10mg/L，添加尿素和磷酸二氢钾补充营养。开始在常温下曝气48h，曝气过程中控制溶解氧DO＜5.0mg/L。然后静置2h，排出1/2上清液，补充海水，加入葡萄糖、苯酚、尿素和磷酸二氧钾溶液，匍萄糖浓度提高至100mg/L、苯酚浓度为15mg/L，继续曝气24h。如 此，逐步提高换水中葡萄糖和苯酚的浓度，可观察到装置中有絮体出现，此时控制进水F/M＜1.0。继续培养3d，能够观察到有良好沉降性能得活性污泥絮体，此时开始进该实际高盐含酚废水，初始进水量1/10，一个周期中曝气6h，静置、排水和进水2h，随后根据出水指标和系统状况逐步提高进水量。经过10～20周期，进水量提高到1/2，污泥浓度增加至4000～6000mg/L，出水COD＜500mg/L、酚＜0.5mg/L。
实施例10，一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法实验：
某化工废水，含盐量6～12％Na2SO4、COD 2000～3000mg/L，B/C＞0.4。
在1000m3的曝气池中，引入海水500m3，引入废水50m3，加入尿素1.0kg，磷酸二氢钾0.3kg，开始曝气，初次曝气时间72h。然后再加入废水50m3、尿素1.0kg，磷酸二氢钾0.3kg，曝气24h；如此不断加入废水至曝气池装满1000m3，改连续进水方式，出水进二沉池，污泥回流至曝气池。每小时进水40m3，其中进废水4m3，其余为海水。如此用海水稀释废水进水一段时问，二沉池有絮体出现且能够沉降。然后，将进水中海水的比例提高至1/5，即每1h进水40m3，其中废水8m3。如此通过不断提高进水中废水所占比例，曝气池内污泥浓度培养至4000mg/L以上，并保持整个培养过程中F/M＜1.0、pH为7.0～8.5、DO＞2.0mg/L。经过1～2月的耐盐污泥培养及启动，系统对废水能够稳定处理，COD去除率＞90％、出水COD＜300mg/L。
实施例11，一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法实验：
废水与实施例2相同，处理工艺为水解酸化-好氧。与实施例3不同的是，本实施例先在曝气池利用面粉或葡萄糖自培养出活性污泥，然后接种到水解酸化池，加入面粉、葡萄糖或该废水进行启动，培养出具有耐高盐的水解酸化活性污泥。然后该实际废水依次经过水解酸化池和好氧池进行处理。按照这种方法，COD去除率＞95％，出水COD＜100mg/L。
实施例12，一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法实验：
某氯碱废水，含盐量16～26％、COD＞10000mg/L。
200L的SBR装置中，配制20％的NaCl盐水200L，加入取自青海某盐湖的湖底沉积物的浸出液10L，加入尿素、磷酸二氢钾和微量元素，加入葡萄糖使TOC为100～200mg/L。小气量闷曝培养48～120h，然后静置，取部分上清液测可溶TOC。
装置中溶液变浑浊，且上清液中可溶TOC＜30mg/L、TN＞1.0mg/L、TP＞0.1mg/L，停止曝气，静置2h后排出1/3上清液，补充海水。继续加入葡萄糖，尿素和磷酸二氢钾，曝气培养24h，控制溶解氧2.0＜DO＜5.0mg/L。如此继续培养，按照20％的比例逐渐增加葡萄糖的 加入少量废水，且废水加入量按照20～30％的比例增加，使F/M为0.2～0.5。如此，控制培养过程中pH为7.5～8.5、温度为20～35℃、溶解氧为1.0～4.0mg/L。经过60～180d的培养，污泥浓度培养至4000～6000mg/L，全部进实际废水。
采用上述方法处理该高含盐废水，TOC去除率＞80％。生化出水经氧化后再回到生化系统处理，最终可使出水TOC＜200mg/L。
实施例13，一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法实验：
某腌制废水，含盐为4～6％NaCl，COD为4000～5000mg/L。处理工艺为厌氧水解+3级好氧+混凝沉淀，水量50m3/d，其中生化段厌氧池停留时间10h，好氧池停留时间60h。其启动过程为：
好氧池装满5％NaCl的水溶液，加入海边黑色的淤泥5m3，调节pH为7.0～8.0，常温下闷曝48h。调节池配好盐浓度为5％NaCl的水，加入葡萄糖和废水使COD＜200mg/L。按2m3/h的流速进入好氧池曝气，混合液经二沉池泥水分离后，污泥回流到好氧池，经过10d左右的曝气，可以培养出污泥。由此增加进水中葡萄糖和废水的量，当进水COD增加至2000mg/L保持进水COD的稳定，直至好氧池污泥浓度＞3000mg/L。此时，将部分二沉池的污泥转移到厌氧水解池，接种浓度不低于2000～5000mg/L。此时调节池废水先经过厌氧水解池，然后再进好氧池。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种启动高盐废水好氧生化处理系统的方法，其特征在于：接种海水、海泥、盐湖、咸水湖、盐碱地、腌制品、深海沉积物、土壤或其它高盐环境样品到高盐废水的生化处理系统，直接在所述高盐废水的盐浓度范围内进行自培菌，直至进水负荷和生物量达到所述高盐废水生化处理系统的设计值。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：自培菌采用同步培养方式，始终以所述高盐废水为自培菌所需的主要有机碳源；或者采用异步培养方式，先以外加有机碳源进行自培菌，然后再以所述高盐废水为有机碳源继续培菌。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：自培菌初始阶段，高盐废水生化处理进水COD≤500mg/L或高盐废水生化处理系统内COD≤500mg/L。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：自培菌过程中按需要添加N、P或其它营养元素中的一种或多种。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：通过自培菌在所述高盐废水的生化处理系统内培养得到耐盐的活性污泥或生物膜。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：自培菌过程中，高盐废水生化处理系统内温度5～55℃、优选15～35℃，pH 5.0～9.5，优先7.5～8.5，溶解氧0.1～4.0mg/L、优选0.5～2.0mg/L。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述高盐废水的B/C＞0.3，或者经预处理后B/C＞0.3。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于：所述高盐废水的盐浓度在1～25％范围内。
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