WO2015034551A1 - Pixel mapping and printing for micro lens arrays to achieve dual-axis activation of images - Google Patents

Pixel mapping and printing for micro lens arrays to achieve dual-axis activation of images Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015034551A1
WO2015034551A1 PCT/US2014/018920 US2014018920W WO2015034551A1 WO 2015034551 A1 WO2015034551 A1 WO 2015034551A1 US 2014018920 W US2014018920 W US 2014018920W WO 2015034551 A1 WO2015034551 A1 WO 2015034551A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
image
lenses
assembly
axis
images
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2014/018920
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Mark A. Raymond
Hector Andres Porras Soto
Original Assignee
Lumenco, Llc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=52628833&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO2015034551(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from US14/017,415 external-priority patent/US9132690B2/en
Priority claimed from US14/190,592 external-priority patent/US9019613B2/en
Priority to JP2016540873A priority Critical patent/JP6349401B2/ja
Priority to BR112016004827A priority patent/BR112016004827A8/pt
Priority to CA2923132A priority patent/CA2923132C/en
Priority to KR1020167008654A priority patent/KR20160068758A/ko
Priority to EP14842836.0A priority patent/EP3042238A4/en
Application filed by Lumenco, Llc filed Critical Lumenco, Llc
Priority to RU2016112319A priority patent/RU2661743C2/ru
Priority to CN201480060437.2A priority patent/CN105683815B/zh
Priority to MX2016002927A priority patent/MX359175B/es
Priority to AU2014315695A priority patent/AU2014315695B2/en
Publication of WO2015034551A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015034551A1/en
Priority to PH12016500422A priority patent/PH12016500422A1/en
Priority to ZA2016/02171A priority patent/ZA201602171B/en

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/20—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof characterised by a particular use or purpose
    • B42D25/29—Securities; Bank notes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/324—Reliefs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/342—Moiré effects
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B42—BOOKBINDING; ALBUMS; FILES; SPECIAL PRINTED MATTER
    • B42D—BOOKS; BOOK COVERS; LOOSE LEAVES; PRINTED MATTER CHARACTERISED BY IDENTIFICATION OR SECURITY FEATURES; PRINTED MATTER OF SPECIAL FORMAT OR STYLE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; DEVICES FOR USE THEREWITH AND NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; MOVABLE-STRIP WRITING OR READING APPARATUS
    • B42D25/00—Information-bearing cards or sheet-like structures characterised by identification or security features; Manufacture thereof
    • B42D25/30—Identification or security features, e.g. for preventing forgery
    • B42D25/351—Translucent or partly translucent parts, e.g. windows
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B3/00—Simple or compound lenses
    • G02B3/0006—Arrays
    • G02B3/0037—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses
    • G02B3/0056—Arrays characterized by the distribution or form of lenses arranged along two different directions in a plane, e.g. honeycomb arrangement of lenses
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
    • H04N13/30—Image reproducers
    • H04N13/302—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays
    • H04N13/307—Image reproducers for viewing without the aid of special glasses, i.e. using autostereoscopic displays using fly-eye lenses, e.g. arrangements of circular lenses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, in general, to combining printed images with lens arrays to display three dimensional (3D) images with or without motion, and, more particularly, to a method of pixel mapping, providing arrangements of pixels, and imaging that is adapted for use with arrays of square, round, parallelogram, or hexagonal-based micro lenses to provide enhanced 3D imagery with fuller volume and/or with multi-directional motion.
  • anti-counterfeiting efforts often involve use of an anti-counterfeiting device or element that is made up of an array of lenses and an image printed onto the back of the lens array or onto an underlying substrate or surface (e.g., a sheet of paper or plastic).
  • the anti- counterfeiting element may be used to display an image that is chosen to be unique and be an indicator that the item carrying the anti-counterfeiting element is not a counterfeit.
  • the anti- counterfeiting market is rapidly growing worldwide with anti-counterfeiting elements placed on a wide range of items such as upon currency (e.g., on a surface of a paper bill to help prevent copying) and on labels for retail products (e.g., labels on clothing showing authenticity).
  • currency e.g., on a surface of a paper bill to help prevent copying
  • labels for retail products e.g., labels on clothing showing authenticity
  • moire patterns have been used for years in anti-counterfeiting elements with arrays of round lenses and with arrays of hexagonal arrays (or round and hexagonal lens arrays).
  • the printed images provided in an ink layer under these lens arrays are small, fine images relative to the size of the lenses.
  • a moire pattern is provided in the printed images in the form of a secondary and visually evident superimposed pattern that is created when two identical patterns on a surface are overlaid while being displaced or rotated a small amount from each other.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary assembly 100 that may be used as an anti-counterfeiting element making use of magnification of moire patterns.
  • the assembly 100 includes a lens array 110 made up of side-by-side, parallel columns (or rows) 112 of round lenses 114, and it can be seen that the columns 112 are offset from each other (by about 50 percent) such that pairs of adjacent lenses 114 in the columns are not aligned (e.g., a lens in a next column is positioned in the space between two lenses in the previous column).
  • a printed image 120 is provided in a layer of ink underneath the lens array 110 (on a back, planar surface of the lens array 110).
  • the result which is difficult to see in Figure 1, is a magnified moire pattern that provides the illusion of depth of field to a viewer via the lenses 112 of the array 110 or, in some cases, the sense that the images are moving (motion or animation of the displayed items).
  • the thickness of each of the lenses 112 is in the range of 0.5/1000 to 5/1000 inches (or 12 to about 125 microns), and the frequency of these lenses 112 in an array 110 is about 400 X 400 to over 1000 X 1000 per inch.
  • moire patterns While helpful to reduce counterfeiting, use of moire patterns with magnifying round lens arrays has not been wholly satisfactory for the anti-counterfeiting market.
  • One reason is that the effects that can be achieved with moire patterns are limited. For example, one cannot take a photograph and display 3D with a moire pattern.
  • the moire patterns are used in the security and/or anti-counterfeiting industry in very fine lenses with focal lengths of about 20 to 75 microns and frequencies of over 500 lenses per inch in one axis or more than 250,000 lenses per square inch.
  • the images underlying the lenses in the lens array are typically printed at least at 12,000 DPI (dots per inch) and may even be provided at over 25,000 DPI.
  • micro-lens arrays are generally closely nested as shown in element 200 with its array 210 in Figure 2.
  • the array 210 uses hexagonal lenses that are provided in offset and overlapping columns 212 (e.g., side- by-side lenses 214 are not aligned in a row and are positioned to fill or be nested into space between two lenses of adjacent columns 212) to focus on and magnify an image or moire pattern 220 in an underlying ink layer.
  • the element 200 is relatively easy to reverse engineer, which limits its usefulness as an anti-counterfeiting element.
  • the patterns 220 underlying the lenses 214 can be seen with an inexpensive and readily available microscope, which allows one to determine the frequency of the images and patterns.
  • the lenses 214 can be cast and re-molded, which leaves printing the identified images as the only hurdle for successfully copying the element 200 (and then counterfeiting a piece of currency or a label for a product).
  • printing the image 220 is becoming easier to accomplish due to high resolution lasers and setters and other printing advances.
  • the micro-lenses are printed using an emboss and fill technology, which limits the printing to one color due to the fact that the process tends to be self-contaminating after one color and also due to the fact that the process is difficult to control from a relative color-to-color pitch in the emboss-and-fill printing process.
  • the inventors recognized that it may be beneficial to provide a different nesting of lenses in an array that can then be combined with an image having dual-axis interlacing.
  • the lenses may be circular or square-based lenses that have their centers aligned such that the array is made up of parallel rows and columns of lenses (e.g., without having adjacent lenses being offset from each other as seen in the arrays of Figures 1 and 2).
  • the image is printed from a print file generated from a matrix of frames of images taken from a plurality of points of view (POVs) along both a first axis (X axis) and also along a second axis (Y axis).
  • the frames are interlaced in both directions to provide a pixel mapping to the lenses of the array.
  • a visual display assembly is provided that is useful as an anti- counterfeiting device on paper currency, product labels, and other objects.
  • the assembly includes a film of transparent material including a first surface including an array of lenses and a second surface opposite the first surface.
  • the assembly also includes a printed image proximate to the second surface.
  • the printed image includes pixels of frames of one or more images interlaced relative to two orthogonal axes (printed from a file generated using dual-axis interlacing rather than single axis interlacing as in conventional lenticular printing).
  • the lenses of the array are nested in a plurality of parallel rows, and adjacent ones of the lenses in columns of the array may be aligned to be in a single one of the rows (e.g., no offsetting of adjacent lenses may be useful in some cases).
  • the lenses may be round-based lenses, square-based, or hexagonal-based lenses.
  • the lenses of the array are provided at 200 LPI (or a higher LPI) as measured along both of the two orthogonal axes.
  • the lenses may each have a focal length of less than 10/1000 inches.
  • the frames each include a different point of view (POV) of the one or more images.
  • the frames include images from at least three POVs along a first of the two orthogonal axes, and the frames further include images from at least two additional POVs corresponding to each of the three POVs along the second of the two orthogonal axes.
  • the printed image may be adapted such that an image displayed from a normal POV includes a first set of symbols and a second set of symbols, and, in an image displayed when the assembly is rotated from the normal POV about a first axis, the first and second sets of symbols move in opposite directions. Further, the printed image may be adapted such that in an image displayed, when the assembly is rotated from the normal POV about a second axis orthogonal to the first axis, the first and second symbols move in a single direction that is orthogonal to the second axis.
  • the printed image can be adapted such that an image displayed from a normal POV includes a first set of symbols and a second set of symbols, and, in an image displayed when the assembly is rotated from the normal POV about a first axis, the first and second sets of symbols can move in a single direction that is parallel to the first axis of the assembly.
  • the printed image is adapted such that in an image displayed when the assembly is rotated from the normal POV about a second axis orthogonal to the first axis, the first and second symbols move in a single direction that is parallel to the second axis.
  • the printed image may include a wallpaper pattern (e.g., with icons, logos, and other symbols) and an overlay pattern.
  • the printed image may include mapped pixels such that the wallpaper pattern is visible from a plurality of POVs (when the assembly is rotated/tilted to differing angles relative to a viewer's line of sight), and the overlay pattern has a range of differing visibilities over the plurality of POVs.
  • the differing visibilities may include the overlay being invisible (or only faintly visible) to a viewer along a normal POV of the assembly while rotating or tilting the assembly away further and further from normal (in any direction in some cases) causes the darkness or brightness of the overlay pattern to increase until it is fully visible (or as dark or bright in color as it can be such as at some more extreme angle relative to normal such as an angle in the range of 45 to 60 degrees or the like).
  • Fig. 1 is a top view of an assembly used as an anti-counterfeiting element or device with a lens array made up of side-by-side and vertically offset columns of round lenses (e.g., lenses are not arranged in linear rows in the array) overlying a printed moire pattern;
  • Fig. 2 is a top view, similar to that of Fig. 1, showing an assembly used as an anti- counterfeiting element or device with a lens array made up of side-by-side and vertically offset columns of hexagonal lenses (e.g., lenses not arranged in linear rows and tightly nested in abutting contact) overlying a printed moire pattern;
  • Figs. 3A and 3B illustrate a top and sectional view taken at line 3B-3B, respectively, of an item such a piece of paper currency or a product label with an anti-counterfeiting device based on a round lens array;
  • FIGs. 4A and 4B illustrate a top and sectional view taken at line 4B-4B, respectively, of an item such as a paper currency or label with an anti-counterfeiting device or element provided on a surface that is based on a square lens array;
  • Fig. 5 shows a process of obtaining frames or images associated with differing points of view taken of a scene along the horizontal or X-axis
  • Fig. 6 shows a process of obtaining frames or images associated with differing points of view taken of the scene of Fig. 5 along the vertical or Y-axis;
  • Fig. 7 illustrates a larger set of frames or images obtained by taking differing viewpoints of a scene at each point along the X-axis (or Y-axis), e.g., multiple sets of frames to provide height;
  • Fig. 8 illustrates an image provided by an exemplary interlaced file for one row of a matrix of frame files associated with multiple points of view (e.g., a vertically combined file);
  • Fig. 9 illustrates an image provided by a combination print file (or two-way interlacing file or X and Y axis combination file) for use with a lens array of the present description
  • Fig. 10 illustrates a side-by-side comparison of an image of an original combination print file and an image of a combination print file adjusted (enlarged) as discussed in the description;
  • FIGs. 11 and 12 illustrate views of two exemplary assemblies viewed from differing POVs, with the assembly being useful as anti-counterfeiting devices for currency or the like that are configured with a lens array and printed image to provide differing motion effects;
  • Fig. 13 illustrates a number of views of another exemplary lens/printed image (ink layer) assembly (or anti-counterfeiting device) from a number of differing POVs;
  • Fig. 14 illustrates a normal (or orthogonal/plan) view and tilted left and right views of another lens/printed image assembly (anti-counterfeiting device);
  • Fig. 15 illustrates an assembly (e.g., an anti-counterfeiting device in the form of a label) incorporating a micro lens array provided over an ink layer containing a dual-axis interlaced set of images as described herein;
  • Fig. 16 is a functional block diagram or schematic of a system for use in manufacturing anti- counterfeiting devices or lens/printed image assemblies of the present description
  • Fig. 17 illustrates a flow diagram of 0a pixel adjustment method according to the present description and as may be implemented with the system of Fig. 16;
  • Fig. 18 provides a schematic and a print file (pixel mapping) showing a process of providing dual-axis interlacing of image frames to achieve visual effects described herein;
  • Figs. 19-21 are plots showing ray tracing for assemblies of the present description, e.g., for a lens array combined with a dual-axis interlaced image;
  • Fig. 22 is plot of an off-axis ray tracing
  • Fig. 23 is a spot diagram corresponding to an off-axis analysis of Fig. 22;
  • Figs. 24 and 25 are two additional spot plots or diagrams for a round-based lens (or spherical lens);
  • Fig. 26 is a plot of a ray tracing for the lens associated with the plots of Figures 24 and 25;
  • Figs. 27-29 illustrate, similar to Figures 11 and 12, another exemplary assemblies viewed from differing POVs, with the assemblies being useful as an anti-counterfeiting device for currency or other objects that are configured with a lens array and printed image to provide differing motion effects (dual-axis activation);
  • Fig. 30 illustrates another assembly that may be used as an anti-counterfeiting device with a background pattern pushed back from foreground images in all POVs;
  • Fig. 31 illustrates a top of an item such a piece of paper currency or a product label with an anti-counterfeiting device based on a hexagonal-based lens array (or array of hexagon lenses in a nested pattern); and
  • Fig. 32 illustrates a top of an item such a piece of paper currency or a product label with an anti-counterfeiting device based on a round or circular-based lens array (or array of round lenses in a nested pattern).
  • the present description is directed toward designs for assemblies of lens arrays combined with printed images provided in an ink layer.
  • the assemblies can be used, for example but not as a limitation, as anti-counterfeiting elements or devices.
  • the lens arrays differ from those shown in Figures 1 and 2, in part, because the lenses are arranged in columns that are not vertically offset such that the lenses are provided in parallel columns and also in parallel rows (e.g., pairs of adjacent lenses in side-by-side columns are aligned with their center axes being collinear).
  • the lenses may be round-based, square-based, parallelogram-based, or hexagonal-based lenses, and the underlying image has its pixels mapped and arranged such that the micro lens arrays produce a 3D displayed image with full volume and, in some cases, with multi-directional motion or animation.
  • an item 300 (such as a piece of paper currency, a label for a product, or the like) is provided with an anti-counterfeiting element or device in the form of a lens array (round lens array) 310 covering or provided on top of a layer of ink 320 providing a printed image.
  • the item 300 includes a substrate or body 305 such as a sheet of paper or plastic (e.g., paper to be used as currency or paper/plastic to be used for a product label).
  • an image is printed via a layer of ink 320, and a lens array 310 is provided on an exposed surface of the ink layer 320 (e.g., the ink layer 320 and its pattern/image may be printed onto the substrate surface 307 or onto the back surface of the lens array 310).
  • a lens array 310 is provided on an exposed surface of the ink layer 320 (e.g., the ink layer 320 and its pattern/image may be printed onto the substrate surface 307 or onto the back surface of the lens array 310).
  • the lens array 310 is made up of a plurality of lenses 314 that each have a round base 317 abutting the surface 321 of the ink layer 320 and have a dome-shaped cross section as seen in Figure 3B.
  • the round-based lenses or round lenses 314 are arranged in a number of columns 312 that are parallel as shown by parallel vertical or Y-axes 313 (axes passing through the center of the lenses 314 in columns 312) in Figure 3 A. Further, the lenses 314 are arranged such that pairs of lenses 314 in adjacent ones of the columns 312 are in contact or proximate at least at the bases 317 (as seen in Figures 3 A and 3B).
  • the columns 312 are not vertically offset as seen in arrays 110, 210 of Figures 1 and 2 such that pairs of adjacent lenses 314 are aligned in rows as can be seen by parallel horizontal or X-axes 315 passing through centers of lenses 314 in the array 310 (e.g., the lenses 314 of the array 310 are both vertically and horizontally aligned due to the specific nesting shown in Figure 3A).
  • an item 400 (such as a piece of paper currency, a label for a product, or the like) is provided with an anti-counterfeiting element or device in the form of a lens array (e.g., square-based lens array) 410 covering or provided on top of a layer of ink 420 providing a printed image.
  • the item 400 includes a substrate or body 405 such as a sheet of paper or plastic (e.g., paper to be used as currency or paper/plastic to be used for a product label).
  • an image is printed via a layer of ink 420, and a lens array 410 is provided on an exposed surface of the ink layer 420 (e.g., the ink layer 420 and its pattern/image may be printed onto the substrate surface 407 or onto the back surface of the lens array 410).
  • a lens array 410 is provided on an exposed surface of the ink layer 420 (e.g., the ink layer 420 and its pattern/image may be printed onto the substrate surface 407 or onto the back surface of the lens array 410).
  • the lens array 410 is made up of a plurality of lenses 414 that each have a square base 417 abutting the surface 421 of the ink layer 420 and may have a dome-shaped cross section as seen in Figure 4B.
  • the square-based lenses or square lenses 414 are arranged in a number of columns 412 that are parallel as shown by parallel vertical or Y-axes 413 (axes passing through the center of the lenses 414 in columns 412) in Figure 4A. Further, the lenses 414 are arranged such that pairs of lenses 414 in adjacent ones of the columns 412 are in contact or proximate at least at the bases 417 (as seen in Figures 4 A and 4B).
  • the columns 412 are not vertically offset as seen in arrays 110, 210 of Figures 1 and 2 such that pairs of adjacent lenses 414 are aligned in rows as can be seen by parallel horizontal or X-axes 415 passing through centers of lenses 414 in the array 410 (e.g., the lenses 414 of the array 410 are both vertically and horizontally aligned due to the illustrated nesting of the lenses 414).
  • the lenses may be provided at a frequency of as few as 150 lenses per linear inch in both the X and Y axes or up to about 4000 lenses per linear inch on each of the X and Y axes.
  • the lenses are nested as shown in Figures 3A and 4A so that there is little or no interference from the adjoining or adjacent lenses when an image in ink layers 320, 420 is viewed by a viewer of the items 300, 400.
  • Both stacked square-based and round-based lenses 414, 314 may be used to support the interlacing process described herein for providing the image/pattern in ink layer 320, 420.
  • the square-based lenses 414 may be preferred as these produce a fuller or full-filled image.
  • the ink layers 320, 420 are adapted or designed for use with the lens arrays 310, 410 to provide full volume 3D displayed images with or without multi-directional motion or animation. Particularly, images are interlaced, similar to lenticular images, in the X-axis and also then in the Y- axis to create full volume 3D interlaced images.
  • the lenses 314, 414 have a point focus for a viewer, and the resulting image (displayed image from light reflected from the ink layers 320, 420 via the lens arrays 310, 410) viewed by the viewer is a 3D image in all directions, regardless of the viewer's viewpoint.
  • lens arrays With a general understanding of the lens arrays and their configurations understood, it may be useful to discuss pixel arrangement, imaging, and mapping for circular-based and square-based lenses (e.g., design of the ink layers of the assemblies shown in Figures 3A-4B).
  • Traditional lenticular printing (interlaced printing of images for use with lenticular lens arrays) uses a certain number of files that are created from different points of view (or viewpoints) in order to get a 3D effect. For example, a point of view in a single plane is moved to the left or to the right to create a next point of view.
  • Traditional lenticular printing also uses different frames from a sequence of images to create some motion or animation or other visual effects.
  • interlacing e.g., the process of striping and arranging printed information to a given pitch to match a particular lenticular lens array.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a process 500 in which a set of files of a single image or scene 540 viewed from three different viewpoints 510, 520, and 530 (such as -45 degrees, orthogonal, and +45 degrees or the like) are obtained for use in printing.
  • the viewpoints 510, 520, and 530 are views from the same scene taken along the horizontal or X-axis.
  • the frames or viewpoints 510, 520, 530 resulting from the points of views are slightly different and are then combined in an interlacing process.
  • this frame of interlaced images is combined with a sheet of lenticular material and viewed, the frame can generate depth perception or a 3D effect.
  • circular and square-based lenses may be used in a lens array with a printed image, and these lenses allow the effects to work in two directions concurrently, e.g., in the horizontal and vertical directions at the same time.
  • the fact that the visual effects are created in all directions also demands that a more complete set of frames or views from the same scene be provided in the printed image (or ink layer) used with round or square lens arrays.
  • the inventors developed a new process (described below) for interlacing (or, more accurately, mapping, arranging, and imaging pixels) these sets of frames from a single scene.
  • circular, hexagonal, parallelogram-type, or round-based lens arrays allow one to have not only one set of points of view as shown in Figure 5 that may be useful with traditional lenticular lenses but to also have different sets of points of view from differing heights (or along the vertical or Y-axis).
  • Figure 6 shows a process 600 for obtaining additional frames or views from the scene 640 (which may be the same as scene/image 540).
  • frames 610, 620, 630 from three different viewpoints are obtained from an image 640 of a single scene.
  • Figures 5-7 provide a simple example, but many other numbers of points of view may be utilized.
  • a traditional lenticular printing may involve use of 10 frames corresponding with 10 different view points along the X-axis (or Y-axis).
  • the presently described interlacing or image printing process would involve 10 sets of 10 frames each so that the total number of frames provides a matrix of 100 frames.
  • the interlacing or printing process then involves mapping and imaging each of the 100 frames in individual pixels.
  • the matrix of frame files (e.g., the matrix 700 of frame files of Figure 7) is preferably combined in order to generate the file to print and that, when printed and used with a predefined/particular lens array, can generate a desired visual effect. For example, if one were to assume the use of six frames for each set of frames (instead of three as shown in sets 710, 720, 730 in Figure 7), the matrix of frames would be (with the frame number providing the set number and the frame within that set):
  • a first step in mapping/imaging can be to combine each row of frames from the matrix (e.g., as if vertical lenses were being used). In this way, a sequence of combined pixels is produced in the X axis from the same scene but from slightly different heights or points of view (from the Y axis). For example, the combining may start by interlacing the six frames from the first row of the matrix, interlacing the six frames from the second row, and so on until there is one interlaced file for each row of the matrix of frame files (images of a scene from differing points of view).
  • Figure 8 illustrates an image 800 using the images from the matrix 700 of Figure 7 for one of the rows of the matrix.
  • the resulting file providing image 800 is a combination of slices 810 from each frame in the particular row (interlaced image stripes or slices 810).
  • a second step in mapping/imaging is to combine these vertically combined files (X axis) into one final file to use in printing.
  • the information that is useful or even needed is one horizontal slice to concurrently or simultaneously create the effect in the other direction.
  • a second mapping process (horizontal) is performed, but this time using the previously generated vertical pixel files as the input to create the bi-directional (X and Y axis) frames.
  • the pixels in the files are vertically combined in the same sequence previously defined; (2) the files are regenerated with the horizontal information pursuant to the pixel map and, therefore, to create the print file; and (3) the result is a bi-directional pixel map with all of the 3D or motion information in both directions, which means that, instead of having stripes or slices, the final file has squares with the data from the matrix arranged in a way that is similar to the frames in the matrix.
  • the third item it may be important to note that when combined with the round, hexagonal, parallelogram, or square-based lenses of an array, an image printed from this file will allow any viewpoint to be achieved/displayed to a viewer and will allow motion to be presented in any direction.
  • Figure 9 illustrates an image 900 that may be printed for use with a round, hexagonal, parallelogram, or square-based lens array from a final print file output from this second mapping/imaging step.
  • this final linear image 900 one can see interlacing in a vertical direction with slices/stripes 912 and also in the horizontal direction with slices/stripes 914.
  • the exploded and/or enlarged portion 910 is useful for showing this two-way interlacing and also for showing the "square" composition (see, for example, square 916) of this final print file (two axis combination file).
  • Mapping and imaging can also be performed using both the X axis and the Y axis to achieve a motion effect.
  • the idea is to get a loop in an interlaced print image with the sequence of frames that describes or provides motion.
  • This "loop" concept is also useful for the printing described herein but, again, with circular, hexagonal, parallelgram, or square- based lenses (or other arrays of lenses), one processes a matrix of frames.
  • the matrix typically should be arranged in a way that a loop sequence is viewed in each row and also in each line/column of the matrix simultaneously. For instance, if the input for printing is a sequence of six frames, the matrix of the 6 X 6 frames may be arranged as:
  • the arrangement provided in this matrix allows, when used to create a printed image, one to see a loop (through a circular or square-based lens array) in both directions (X and Y axis).
  • the printed image also may produce little to no distortion by providing each row and each column so as to be slightly out of phase relative to the other nearby rows and columns.
  • the interlacing process based on this matrix would then be the same as described above to obtain or produce a final interlaced file (also sometimes called an X and Y axes pixel file).
  • the optical pitch of the lens should precisely match the plate-making, proofing, or digital output device in two axes.
  • the number of frames in both the X axis and the Y axis multiplied by the number of lenses should be equal (precisely equal in some cases) to the DPI (dots per inch) of the output device of the lenses' optical pitch.
  • the exact lens LPI number that comes out of the construction of the sheets of lens array material is what is called mechanical pitch, but, depending on the viewing distance, those lenticules will focus on a different frequency meaning that when one combines the number of lines per inch of a certain frame there will not be a match with the number of lenticules per inch.
  • a calibration process may be used (called a pitch test) to better determine the exact number of lines per inch that focus in that particular lens sheet or film at a given distance and for a particular printing device.
  • the X-axis frame count multiplied by the number of lenses should be equal to the resolution of the output device (this should also hold true for the Y-axis).
  • DPI generated during printing may not match the optical pitch of the printed lens. This may be due to distortion in the web or sheet process and/or due to typical shrinkage or expansion and distortion in the manufacture of a film. Even if the film is made precisely to match the optical pitch of the output device, the pitch may change significantly as the film is printed due to cylindrical distortion that is common in all printing processes (e.g., flexo, gravure, offset, letterpress, holography, emboss and fill, and the like). Also, the distortion may be greater in the repeat direction of the web or sheet around the cylinder.
  • the images mix relative to the lens focus (e.g., one image may mix with another image (Image 2 mixes with Image 4 and so on), which significantly reduces the quality of the image provided to or viewed by a viewer).
  • the problem/challenge is significantly compounded and the output can be particularly messy such that the displayed image is not pleasing or even understandable for a viewer.
  • the desired optical pitch may be within some range of target (such as within 3 percent of the target).
  • devices such as a VMR (Variable Main-scan Resolution) from Kodak or the like
  • VMR Very Main-scan Resolution
  • the pitch should be adjusted precisely using other techniques/tools so that the output device can run at the parent resolution in both axes without adversely effecting the integrity of the X and Y-axes interlaced image.
  • the channels in both axes preferably stay precisely as planned in the file relative to the target optical pitch of the lens.
  • the file can be "scaled" to the target number by interlacing the file in both axes at the closest whole integer. Such scaling may be performed either above or below the target optical pitch resulting in a DPI higher or lower than the target DPI.
  • pixels can be added or subtracted throughout the file image.
  • NF x OP DOR
  • NF the number of frames
  • OP the optical pitch
  • DOR the device output resolution
  • one option to make the above equation work properly is to combine the images by choosing an integer number of frames and an optical pitch (even if is not the required one) that is close enough to obtain the exact resolution of the output device. Then, a correction can be made on the file in a way such that the pitch is adjusted without changing the resolution. [0069] Due to the complexity of this process, it may be useful to describe an exemplary (but not limiting) process of how these techniques can be successfully implemented to provide a printed image for use with a lens array of the present description.
  • a 2400 DPI output device may be used for printing a combined X-axis and Y-axis file, and the printed image is intended for use with a 240 LPI lens (mechanical) that has a 239.53 optical pitch.
  • a 240 LPI lens mechanical
  • the challenge presented is how to adjust the 240 LPI interlaced image to 239.53 without modifying the size of the file and losing the pixel integrity or changing the resolution.
  • the size of the file such as by 0.196 percent (i.e., from 240.0 divided by 239.53) while also keeping the same pixel size.
  • a calculated number of pixel columns may be inserted that are in precise positions throughout the width of the file. In this particular example, if the file is 1 inch wide, the file has a total of 2400 pixels. Following this example further, one would need to insert 5 (4.7 rounded up to 5) pixels to decrease the interlaced LPI count while keeping the same resolution or pixel size.
  • a software routine may be implemented in a computer system (e.g., software or code stored in memory may be executed by a processor computer to cause the computer to perform the described functions on an image file stored in memory or accessible by the processor/computer) that acts to choose the right places to add or clone pixels or to take out the needed number of columns of pixels without distorting the images.
  • Figure 10 provides a side-by-side comparison 1000 showing an image 1010 provided by an original combination (or dual axis) print file and an image 1020 provided by the same print file after adjustment.
  • the adjustment in this example, was an enlargement of 0.7 percent via Adobe Photoshop.
  • the image comparison 1000 shows how a simple pitch adjustment can ruin the pixel integrity if using a simple single axis or other traditional size adjustment technique.
  • the image 1020 after adjustment is no longer pristine and the focus of the lenses of an array will likely yield a blurry image or an image that simply does not contain the targeted or desired visual effects (such as 3D in two directions or motion).
  • the adjustment involving enlargement using one axis or an automatic adjustment through the rip acts to mix the images viewable by a viewer in an inconsistent way.
  • ray mixing to the viewer occurs when the images of the matrices described above are reproduced or adjusted using Adobe Photoshop or other automatic processes. This is because the pixels are no longer uniform in both axes. Therefore, the lenses of an array (e.g., circular or square-based lenses) focus on inconsistent numbers, and the rays mix to the viewers. Instead of the viewer receiving all number "3's," the viewer may receive information under number "l 's" and "4's” or the like at the same time. The viewing result or displayed image is of poor quality. The pixels' height and width are no longer the uniform exact height and width needed to achieve a good result as each pixel can vary in the printed image. The result is that the lenses focus on different images (rather than on the specific intended pixels), and the image is no longer pristine and, in many cases, is not even viewable.
  • the lenses of an array e.g., circular or square-based lenses
  • Figures 11 and 12 illustrate two exemplary assemblies useful as anti-counterfeiting devices for currency or the like that are configured with a lens array and printed image to provide differing motion effects.
  • the sets 1100 and 1200 of diagrams in Figures 11 and 12 are useful for showing how the round, hexagon, parallelogram, or square-based lens arrays when combined with a printed image with the dual-axis interlacing/combination described herein can be effectively used to provide selected motion effects.
  • the assemblies shown in Figures 11 and 12 are particularly useful as anti-counterfeiting devices (which may be applied to currency, product labels, and other objects/items) as they are very difficult to reproduce.
  • FIGs 1100 of Figure 11 a plan or orthogonal view 1110 of a lens/image assembly according to the present description is shown.
  • the viewer is able to observe or view an original image with rows of two differing icons with the icons all being stationary or non-moving.
  • diagram or view 1120 the assembly is tilted or angled to the right (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 1110 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7) is configured to cause the rows of different icons to move in opposite directions. For example, rows with padlock icons move to the right while company logos/icons move to the left.
  • POVs points of view
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the left (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of different icons again to move in opposite directions.
  • rows of padlock icons may move to the left while the company logos/icons concurrently move to the right.
  • the printed image is adapted to provide animation of the original image when the lens/printed image (or ink layer) is viewed from differing angles or points of view (e.g., the assembly or anti-counterfeiting device shown in view 1110 is pivoted about a first or vertical axis).
  • the assembly of an array of lenses with an ink layer providing a dual-axis interlaced image provides animation or motion in more than one direction.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled upward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like by pivoting about a second or horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 1110 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7) is configured to cause the rows of different icons to move in a single direction (e.g., all move upward).
  • POVs points of view
  • the assembly is tilted or angled downward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like about a horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of different icons again to move in a single direction (e.g., all move downward).
  • the printed image is adapted to provide animation of the original image when the lens/printed image (or ink layer) is viewed from differing angles or points of view (e.g., the assembly or anti-counterfeiting device shown in view 1110 is pivoted about a second or horizontal axis).
  • FIGs or views 1200 of Figure 12 a plan or orthogonal view 1210 of a lens/image assembly according to the present description is shown.
  • the viewer is able to observe or view an original image with rows of two differing icons with the icons all being stationary or non-moving.
  • diagram or view 1220 the assembly is tilted or angled to the right (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 1210 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7) is configured to cause the rows of different icons to move in a single direction (rather than in opposite directions as shown in 1120 of Figure 11).
  • POVs points of view
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the left (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of different icons again to move in a single direction such as upward.
  • the printed image is adapted to provide animation of the original image when the lens/printed image (or ink layer) is viewed from differing angles or points of view (e.g., the assembly or anti-counterfeiting device shown in view 1210 is pivoted about a first or vertical axis).
  • the animation as shown can be in a direction that is transverse relative to the pivoting directions.
  • the assembly of an array of lenses with an ink layer providing a dual-axis interlaced image provides animation or motion in more than one direction.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled upward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like by pivoting about a second or horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 1210 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7) is configured to cause the rows of different icons to move in single direction but one that differs from that found during left or right tilting (e.g., all move or scroll to the right).
  • POVs points of view
  • the assembly is tilted or angled downward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like about a horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of different icons again to move or scroll in a single direction (e.g., all move to the left).
  • the printed image is adapted to provide animation of the original image when the lens/printed image (or ink layer) is viewed from differing angles or points of view (e.g., the assembly or anti-counterfeiting device shown in view 1210 is pivoted about a second or horizontal axis).
  • Figure 13 illustrates a set of images or views 1300 of another lens/printed image (ink layer) assembly as may be seen by a viewer in differing positions or with the assembly tilted or moved to change the viewing angle for the viewer.
  • the assembly may take the form of an array of round, hexagonal, parallelogram, or square-based micro lenses overlying a dual-axis interlaced image (printed onto the back, planar surface of the lens array or on a substrate (e.g., paper currency, a plastic card, a paper or plastic label, or the like) upon which the lens array is later attached).
  • a substrate e.g., paper currency, a plastic card, a paper or plastic label, or the like
  • the interlaced image is printed using a print file that is generated as discussed above to combine a matrix of frames (e.g., sets of 2 to 4 or more frames of a single image/scene taken at differing POVs relative to the horizontal and vertical axes) to provide pixel mapping.
  • a matrix of frames e.g., sets of 2 to 4 or more frames of a single image/scene taken at differing POVs relative to the horizontal and vertical axes
  • image or view 1310 shows a straight-on or orthogonal view of the assembly or anti-counterfeiting device 1300, and the image is a company logo in this example.
  • Image or view 1320 is visible to a viewer when the assembly is tilted up as shown with arrow 1321 (the planar assembly is rotated upward about a horizontal or first axis of the assembly).
  • view/image 1320 shows additional information relative to the original image seen in view 1310 such as the bottom side of the logo or object that has been the subject of the interlaced image file.
  • Another image or view 1322 is visible by a viewer when the assembly is rotated or tilted to the right as shown with arrow 1323 (the planar assembly is rotated or tilted about a vertical axis (e.g., a second axis orthogonal or at least transverse to the first axis of the assembly)). More information or imagery is visible in the view 1322 such as the left side of the logo or other object that was the subject of the interlaced image file.
  • FIG. 1324 Another view or image 1324 is viewed when the assembly is rotated or tilted 1325 downward (rotated about a horizontal or first axis), and, in this view 1324, information not seen in the other views is presented such as the top side of the logo or other imaged object.
  • View or image 1326 provides more information or portions of the target object such as the right side of the logo/target object, and the view 1326 is visible when the assembly is rotated or tilted 1327 about a vertical or the second axis of the assembly.
  • Figure 14 illustrates a set of views/images 1400 of another embodiment or implementation of a lens/printed image assembly (or anti-counterfeiting device) 1410.
  • the assembly 1410 a micro lens array as described herein positioned over a dual-axis interlacing of a matrix of frames corresponding to differing images of a scene/object from differing points of view
  • the front surface 1411 is provided by the outer surfaces of an array of round, hexagonal, parallelogram, or square-based lenses.
  • the viewer can see a background that contains a static wallpaper pattern (of icons and padlocks).
  • the icons/image components may appear very deep in the plane of the film and may be visible in each viewing angle (e.g., are visible in views 1414, 1416 when the assembly 1410 is tilted right or left).
  • the overlay pattern is in the plane of the film but is not visible (or only slightly visible) when viewed straight on as shown in view 1412 (but can be seen in views 1414 and 1416).
  • View 1416 is useful for showing a display provided by the interlaced image of assembly 1410 when the assembly is tilted at a shallow angle (tilted or rotated slightly to the left about a vertical axis).
  • a shallow angle e.g., up to about 15 degrees or the like
  • the overlay pattern is only visible in black on the area of the film or front surface 1411 of the assembly 1410 that is closest to the viewer.
  • the printed image may be configured such that tilting slightly (e.g., less than about 15 degrees) in any side direction (up, down, left, or right or rotating of the assembly 1410 about either the vertical or horizontal axis) causes the overlay pattern to gradually become visible (appears black in this example).
  • the pattern is an "overlay" that appears to be on the top of or covering over the icons or wallpaper pattern in the plane of the film (or outer surface 1411 of the assembly 1410).
  • the overlay is first visible on the portion of the film or assembly 1410 closest to the viewer.
  • the assembly 1410 is tilted further away from the viewer (such as to angles of about 30 to 45 degrees or more)
  • more and more of the overlay pattern gradually becomes visible until the entire overlay pattern is visible when the assembly 1410 is viewed via surface 1411 at a predefined more extreme angle (e.g., an angle of 45 to 60 degrees or more relative to the normal view 1412).
  • This can be seen in extreme angle view 1414 of Figure 14 where the assembly 1410 is rotated about a vertical axis (e.g., to the right) more than about 60 degrees.
  • the overlay pattern is fully visible over the wallpaper pattern with the icons (logos and padlocks in this example) over the entire surface 1411 of the assembly/film 1410.
  • Figure 15 illustrates an assembly 1510 of another embodiment of the present description.
  • the assembly 1510 may be configured for use as an anti-counterfeiting device or label with a body/substrate, an ink layer providing a printed image with dual-axis interlacing of a matrix of differing POV frames as discussed herein, and an array of round, hexagonal, parallelogram, or square-based lenses for viewing the printed image.
  • the assembly 1510 may be a label (e.g., a 2-inch by 1 inch or other sized label) that may be printed down a web on 1.125-inch centers or the like during its manufacture.
  • the assembly 1510 includes a front or upper surface 1512 (e.g., a thin lens array formed of transparent or at least translucent plastic or similar material) through which an interlaced image (image built using the pixel mapping taught herein) may be viewed as shown.
  • the printed image may include a void or blank space as shown with white (or other- colored) box 1513, which may be used for printing (e.g., flexo) barcodes and/or human-readable text, which may be added offline or in later processing (e.g., via thermal transfer printing).
  • the assembly/label 1510 has a printed image that has been specifically designed to provide a number of images and effects to make it more difficult to reproduce and to allow a viewer to readily verify its authenticity.
  • the printed image presents a gray background 1516 (e.g., that may be subsurface printed (e.g., flexo)) upon which icons or symbols 1514, 1517 (colored and/or black) may be printed or layered.
  • the symbol 1517 may take the form of a boundary (e.g. a circle) in which a second symbol or text is provided such as text (e.g., "OK") that should be completely inside the boundary to show the label 1510 is not a counterfeit or is authentic.
  • the printed interlaced image may also include devices/components for further allowing a viewer to check the authenticity of the label 1510.
  • a magnifying glass image 1520 may be incorporated into printing plates used to fabricate the assembly/label 1510 and appear on the plane of the film or surface 1512.
  • One or more of the icons/symbols 1523, 1525 may be provided within the image 1520 such as under the glass of the magnifying glass of image 1520.
  • the printed image may be configured such that, when a viewer looks through the glass area of image 1520, the icons 1523 appear black and the icons 1525 appear blue, which may be a different color than these icons 1514, 1517 appear in the rest of the label 1510 (e.g., reverse the coloring of these icons when viewed under the glass image 1520). Further the icons 1523 and 1525 under the magnifying glass image 1520 may appear to be somewhat larger in size than the corresponding wallpaper/background versions of these icons 1514, 1517.
  • the wallpaper icons 1530 may be designed to move in opposite (or the same) directions when the assembly 1510 is tilted about a first axis (e.g., the assembly/label is rotated/tilted to the left or right) while moving in the same (or opposite) directions when the assembly 1510 is tilted about a second axis (e.g., the assembly/label is rotated/tilted upward or downward).
  • the corresponding icons/symbols 1523, 1525 under the magnifying glass image 1520 may be designed to move differently than those icons 1530 that are not under the glass.
  • the icons 1523, 1525 may move together in a single direction under the glass image 1520 while the icons 1530 move, as shown with arrows 1531, in opposite directions when the assembly 1510 is rotated/tilted about a particular axis.
  • the printed image under the lens array of assembly 1510 may include a further element (e.g., a boxed/bordered display) 1540 to enhance security (or limit counterfeiting efforts further).
  • the element 1540 may include a border 1549, which may be formed of a pattern that is difficult to reproduce such as a 0.15 -mm (or other size) microtext border containing one or more intentional misspellings (e.g., the border appears solid to the naked eye of a viewer but misspelled words are evident under a microscope).
  • a first image 1541 is displayed but, as shown in the exploded view, a second image 1542 is displayed in the element 1540 when the assembly 1510 is rotated 1543 about a first axis (e.g., rotated right or left about a vertical axis of assembly 1510).
  • a third image 1544 may be displayed in the element 1540 when the assembly 1510 is rotated 1545 in another direction (e.g., rotated up or down about a horizontal axis of assembly 1510).
  • Figure 16 illustrates a system 1600 adapted for use in fabricating an assembly such as an anti-counterfeiting device as described herein.
  • the system 1600 includes an imaging workstation 1610 with a processor 1612 for executing code or software programs to perform particular functions.
  • the workstation 1610 may take the form of nearly any computer device with the processor 1612 acting to manage operation of input and output devices 1614 such as devices for allowing an operator of the station 1610 to view and input data useful by the mapping and imaging module 1620 to create a print file 1648 communicated as shown at 1675 to a print controller 1680.
  • the CPU 1612 also manages memory 1630 accessible by the mapping and imaging module 1620.
  • the mapping and imaging module 1620 performs the functions useful in performing the functions and processes described herein such as for generating frame sets 1640 from an original image 1632, creating a frame matrix 1646 from these image sets 1640, and producing a bidirectional bit map or print file 1648 (i.e., print file using pixel mapping) from the frame matrix 1646.
  • the memory 1630 may be used to store an original image 1632 that may include a background 1634 as well as one or more icons/symbols 1636 that may be provided as wallpaper (e.g., these elements may be layered over the background 1634).
  • the module 1620 may act to generate a number of sets of frames 1640 from the original image 1632, and each of the sets 1640 may include 2 to 10 or more frames from differing points of view of the original image (e.g., see the sets of frames shown in Figure 7 that provide differing POV frames along two axes (X and Y axis frames/images of a base or original image 1632)).
  • the module 1620 may generate a frame matrix 1646 as discussed above to properly map the pixels to provide proper X and Y axis interlacing with or without a motion effect.
  • a bidirectional pixel map or print file 1648 is generated by combining the rows and columns of the matrix 1646 with proper sequencing (with all 3D and/or motion information in both directions such as with squares with the data from the matrix 1646 rather than stripes).
  • the mapping and imaging module 1620 may generate the print file 1648 based on a variety of imaging/mapping parameters 1650.
  • the lens array design information 1652 including whether the lenses are round, hexagonal, parallelogram, or square, the optical pitch 1654, and the LPI 1656 values may be taken as input by the module 1620 to create the print file 1648.
  • the device output resolution 1670 may be used by the module 1620 to create the print file 1648 such as to set the number of frames in the sets 1640 or the like.
  • the parameters 1650 may also include motion parameters 1660 to define how to animate the original image with tilting/rotating of an assembly such as by setting the direction of movement of the icons/symbols and how fast movement occurs (how much rotation needed to achieve a particular motion effect and so on).
  • the parameters 1650 may also include color parameters 1666 such as whether or not icons/symbols change colors with rotation of an assembly with an image printed from file 1648 and what such colors should be in the displayed image.
  • the imaging workstation 1610 may communicate (in a wired or wireless manner such as over a digital communication network) this file 1648 to a print controller 1680 (e.g., another computer or computing device).
  • the print controller 1682 may use this print file 1648 to fabricate a printing or embossing plate 1682, which can then be used to emboss a surface such as the planar/back side of a lens array with fabrication device 1684.
  • This embossed surface can then be filled with one or more coatings/layers of ink to form a printed image in a lens array/printed image assembly (e.g., an anti-counterfeiting device).
  • the controller 1680 may also use the print file 1648 to provide a digital file 1670 to a color, digital printer 1674 for printing of the dual-axis interlaced image on a surface such as the planar back side of a lens array or on a side of a piece of paper currency or a product label over which a lens array is later applied to provide an anti-counterfeiting device on the currency/label.
  • FIG. 17 illustrates with a flow diagram a pixel adjustment method 1700 according to the present description.
  • the method 1700 includes at 1710 performing a print test (e.g., with components 1680 to 1684 of Figure 16) to determine the optical pitch, in the X axis and also in the Y axis, of a lens array, which as discussed above, may vary from design.
  • a target visual pitch is selected for a desired or input viewing distance (again, in the X and Y axes).
  • the method 1700 may involve setting the target pitch at 416.88 for the X axis and 384.47 for the Y axis.
  • the method 1700 continues at 1740 with interlacing the X and Y axes in the pixel map. This typically involves mapping at the nearest device output for the desired target pitch (e.g., 400 output is near to the pitches set at step 1730).
  • the method 1700 includes calculating the difference between the device output and the target optical pitch.
  • the difference in the X axis is +4.22 percent (i.e., Target Pitch of 416.88 divided by the device output of 400) and the difference in the Y axis is -3.9 percent (e.g., Target Pitch of 384.47 divided by the device output of 400).
  • the mapping and imaging module/software program acts to remove pixels based on the differences determined in step 1750.
  • the module may remove 4.22 percent of the pixels by specifically targeting low information areas in the X axis.
  • the module may also act to add 3.9 percent pixels in the Y axis.
  • Step 1770 of method 1700 further explains this process with the module acting to identify pixels with less information for removal (e.g., evenly in the X axis in this example) while the adding of pixels may be performed by blending pixels such as nearby (e.g., blending pixels are added in the Y axis).
  • plates are output based on the print file modified to provide pixel adjustment.
  • the plates for printing may be output at 4800 pixels in the X axis and 4800 pixels in the Y axis.
  • the process 1700 retains integrity of the displayed image without blur, e.g., due to re-resolution pristine pixels.
  • FIG. 18 is useful for further explaining the process of providing dual-axis interlacing for a lens array of the present description.
  • a small lens array or lenslet 1810 is shown in a plan or top view that includes four lenses 1812, 1814, 1816, and 1818 (with a more typical array having many more lenses).
  • the lenses 1812, 1814, 1816, and 1818 are round-based lenses in this non-limiting example.
  • a dual-axis printed image (or ink layer with a printed image) can be provided with each of the boxes 1813 in the figure being used to represent a pixel. Further, each of these "pixels" 1813 can be considered to be a lens focus point.
  • the printed image provided in pixels 1813 when combined with lens array 1810 provides a display device that can be used to provide full 3D imagery as well as multi-directional motion.
  • each lens 1812, 1814, 1816, 1818 may be used to display a looping image.
  • the diagonal sets of pixels 1830 shown with shading may be used to provide a 45 degree tilt loop sweep while the horizontal and vertical sets of pixels 1820 shown with "stars" may be used to provide a side-to-side and up-and-down image loop.
  • graph 1850 is useful for illustrating how an arrangement of 7 pixels by 7 pixels provided under each lens 1812, 1814, 1816, and 1818 may be printed with dual-axis combined/interlaced images to provide these effects.
  • a mapping and imaging module (such as module 1620) may be used to select the proper frames to generate such a matrix and/or print map, and a print file can be generated from this mapping for use in printing the dual-axis interlaced images in each pixel as shown in graph 1850 so as to provide the visual effects described with pixels 1820, 1830.
  • Figures 19-21 are plots 1900, 2000, and 2100 showing ray tracing for assemblies of the present description, e.g., for a lens array combined with a dual-axis interlaced image.
  • Figure 19 illustrates a plot 1900 of a tracing of rays 1920 using an assembly 1910 (e.g., an anti-counterfeiting device) configured as described herein.
  • the assembly 1910 includes a lens array 1912 of round-based lenses 1914 overlying an ink layer/printed image 1916 including a number of interlaces 1918 (7 images are interlaced using dual-axis interlacing).
  • the plot 1900 shows rays 1920 traced from idealized lenticular interlaced stripes 1918 in printed image/ink layer 1916.
  • the order of the interlaces was modified so that to the viewer the image is properly interlaced.
  • the radius of each lens 1914 was 1.23 mils
  • the lenses 1914 were provided at 408 LPI
  • the lenses 1914 were 3 mils thick
  • the index of refraction was assumed to be 1.49.
  • only zero width interlaces were represented with 7 interlaces 1918 per sets of two lenses 1914. Tracings were made over a range of +30 degrees to -30 degrees with 5 degree steps showing the near lenticule region.
  • the plot 2000 is a filled-in ray trace showing a larger overall view of the plot 1900 of Figure 19.
  • the interlaces for plot 2000 were taken to be 2 mils wide with 7 interlaces provided per set of two lenses. Five steps per interlace were traced, the range was +30 degrees to -30 degrees using 1 degree steps.
  • the sequence of the interlaces was 6, 4, 2, 3, 7, 5, and 1.
  • the plot 2100 is a trace done with a normal sequence of the interlaces (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) for a lens of radius 1.23 mils, lenses provided at 408 LPI, a lens thickness of 3 mils, and an index of refraction of 1.49.
  • the lens width was taken at 2 mils, and there were 7 interlaces provided for each set of two lenses. Five steps were traced across each lens again with a range of +30 degrees to -30 degrees with 1 degree steps.
  • the plots 1900, 2000, and 2100 show coding that is done by having multiple interlaces per multiple lenticules and the change in distribution to the viewer by changing the interlace sequence.
  • Figure 22 is a plot 2200 of an off-axis ray tracing while Figure 23 is a corresponding spot diagram 2300 that may be generated to analyze a planned array/image design.
  • Figures 24 and 25 are two additional spot plots or diagrams 2400 and 2500 for a round- based lens (or spherical lens), while Figure 26 is a plot 2600 of a ray tracing for the lens associated with the plots of Figures 24 and 25.
  • the description teaches a display assembly (e.g., an anti-counterfeiting device) that includes an array of round or square lenses combined with an ink layer with a printed image/pattern.
  • the lens arrays are made up of nested round, hexagonal, parallelogram, or square lenses arranged as shown in the attached figures.
  • the printed image/pattern provided in the ink layer (or layers) are aligned with the lens arrays (e.g., with the X and Y axes of the printed image), and the printed image/pattern is made up of vertically and horizontally mapped pixels (e.g., printed using a print file defining dual-axis interlacing (or interlacing in two axis) of frames of a matrix as discussed herein).
  • the pixels may be of any type and often are adapted to match the output device with the viewer's optical pitch in two axes.
  • the lens arrays may be provided at 200 or more LPI in both directions so as to provide 4000 lenses or more per square inch.
  • the focal lengths of the lenses may vary, but some arrays have been implemented that have focal lengths of less than about 10/1000 inches for round and for square-based lenses.
  • the printing of the dual-axis interlaced image for use with a lens array may be performed using one or more colors using the pixel mapping provided in a generated print file.
  • diffractive techniques are used to create color with the separation of wave lengths, purposefully or accidentally, within the interlaced image in a round-based lens array.
  • the printing step involves printing of an X and Y pixel-imaged file or pixel map so as to produce a printing plate or a digital image, either of which may be used to provide an ink layer with a printed image/pattern that is useful in combination with the round and square-based lenses as nested in an array as described herein (e.g., printing on the back or planar surface of the lens material to provide the X and Y axis pixel mapped images).
  • an embossing plate is produced for use to emboss the back of the lens material (lens array). Then, the embossed back surface is filled with ink or metalized for use in holography in combination with a round or square-based lens array.
  • printing may also occur on the front or contoured surface of the lens array.
  • the printing may involve printing features, colors, or images directly on top of the lenses (i.e., the non-planar side of the lens array) in combination within printing on the back or planar side of the lenses using interlaced images.
  • a number of unique visual or display effects can be achieved with the printed image viewed through one of the lens arrays of the present description.
  • image mapping of the X and Y axes may be performed so that a wallpapered array of repeating icons (e.g., the company logos and padlocks of the exemplary figures) scroll or move across the substrate in opposite directions to each other when the substrate (or assembly or anti-counterfeiting device) is tilted left and right (rotated about a vertical or first axis) and in the same direction when the substrate is tilted up and down (rotated about a horizontal or second axis transverse to the first axis).
  • This effect may be called "Continuum Movement in Opposite Directions.”
  • the image mapping is performed so that a wallpapered array of repeating icons moves or scrolls up and down across the surface of the assembly/anti-counterfeiting device when the assembly/device is tilted left and right (icons all move in the same direction) and left and right when the assembly/device is tilted up and down (again, all icons move in the same direction) (e.g., tilt left causes all icons to scroll or move upward, tilt right causes all icons to scroll move down, tilt up causes all icons to scroll right, and tilt down causes all icons to scroll left).
  • This effect may be labeled "Continuum Movement in Orthogonal Directions.”
  • Image mapping of the X axis and Y axis pixels may be performed such that a volumetric icon or image like a company logo or a symbol has five viewable sides (e.g., a top side, a bottom side, a left side, a right side, and a face or front side). These five sides are viewable in three dimensions, with apparent depth and in full parallax, when the assembly/device is tilted or rotated in differing directs (orthogonal/normal view, tilt left, tilt right, tilt upward, and tilt downward or a positioning therebetween).
  • the face of the 3D logo/symbol/icon may be a different color than the sides to create a more noticeable 3D effect, and this effect may be called "full volume 3D.”
  • Another effect that can be achieved via the image mapping of the X axis and the Y axis described herein is to provide wallpaper with icons with another overlay pattern.
  • the overlay pattern may be provided in the print file and resulting printed image so that it is hidden from view when the assembly is viewed from certain POVs (such as a normal POV) but gradually becomes more and more visible (in the plane of the film and wallpaper pattern) on top of the icons/symbols/logos of the wallpaper (such as when moved to angles of 30 to 60 degrees or the like from normal).
  • POVs such as a normal POV
  • processors include, but are not limited to, digital computer systems, microprocessors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), general purpose computers, programmable controllers and field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), all of which may be generically referred to herein as "processors.”
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuits
  • FPGA field programmable gate arrays
  • signal processing may be incorporated by an FPGA or an ASIC, or alternatively by an embedded or discrete processor. Therefore, other embodiments include program instructions resident on computer readable media which when implemented by such means enable them to implement various embodiments.
  • Computer readable media include any form of a non-transient physical computer memory device.
  • Examples of such a physical computer memory device include, but are not limited to, punch cards, magnetic disks or tapes, optical data storage systems, flash read only memory (ROM), non-volatile ROM, programmable ROM (PROM), erasable-programmable ROM (E- PROM), random access memory (RAM), or any other form of permanent, semi-permanent, or temporary memory storage system or device.
  • Program instructions include, but are not limited to, computer-executable instructions executed by computer system processors and hardware description languages such as Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL).
  • VHSIC Very High Speed Integrated Circuit
  • VHDL Hardware Description Language
  • Figures 11-15 illustrate a number of the effects that can be achieved using the pixel mapping techniques described herein in combination with arrays of micro lenses, it may be useful at this time to discuss these unique effects in more detail.
  • Pixel mapping or dual-axis interlacing
  • activation in 2 axes requires or is at least enhanced by pixel mapping as taught herein.
  • the "effects" that can be achieved may be thought of as the same set of effects achieved in a single axis using lenticular lenses and interlacing of images in a single direction.
  • the effects include 3D, motion, flip (change an image into another or modified image), animation, on/off (make an image appear and disappear with rotation about an axis or with "activation"), zoom, morph (like a flip but can view the transition to the new image), and color shift (change color as part of the activation).
  • a lens array and printed image assembly may be designed and fabricated to provide 3D in one axis (such as in the X axis) and to provide an effect activation in the a second axis transverse (such as orthogonal) to the first axis (such as by providing activation in the Y axis).
  • the 3D may be provided in a first axis of the assembly with patterns or elements in different layers (such as by having a foreground image over one or more background images).
  • activation of additional effects may be provided in the second axis such as: (a) motion (e.g., elements moving or with displacement in the frame; (b) flip (e.g., an image "A" changing image "B” for 2-image flip or more than two images may be used to provide more flipping); (c) animation (e.g., a sequence of frames may be used to describe or define animation of images); (d) on/off (e.g., single or multiple elements may be provided in the frames that appear or disappear depending on the viewing angle; (e) zoom (e.g., single or multiple element enlarging or reducing of size of a displayed image may be provided that depends upon the viewing angle); (f) morph (e.g., effect can be like a flip from image "A” to image "B” but with transition frames including in between final images so that it is possible for viewer to see the transformation from image "A” to image “B”); and (g) color shift (e.g., single or multiple elements can change color with activation
  • Figure 27 illustrates a set of views 2700 of an exemplary assembly viewed from differing POVs, with the assembly being useful as an anti- counterfeiting device for currency or other objects that are configured with a lens array and printed image to provide differing motion effects (dual-axis activation).
  • a plan or orthogonal view 2710 of a lens/image assembly according to the present description is shown.
  • the viewer is able to observe or view an original image with rows of two differing icons 2712 with the icons 2712 all being stationary or non-moving.
  • the original image includes an overlay image or foreground image 2714A (shown here as a checkmark) that appears to be in a different layer than the rows of icons 2712.
  • each row may include two or more differing icons (rather than a single icon per row) and rows of a third, fourth, or more differing icon may be included in the assembly as desired to achieve a desired displayed image.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the right (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2710 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7 is used in pixel mapping) is configured to cause the rows of different icons 2712 to move in opposite directions.
  • POVs points of view
  • rows with padlock icons and/or logos 2712 move left and right when the assembly (or anti-counterfeiting device) is tilted to the right.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the left (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of different icons again to move in differing directions from each other and in the opposite direction as in view 2720 (icons 2712 that moved to the right now move to the left and vice versa).
  • the printed image is adapted to provide animation of the original image when the lens/printed image (or ink layer) is viewed from differing angles or points of view (e.g., the assembly or anti-counterfeiting device shown in view 2710 is pivoted about a first or vertical axis).
  • the animation as shown can be in a direction that is parallel to the pivoting directions.
  • the print file is configured such that some images such as foreground or other layer image 2714A remains in the same relative location, and this movement of background or other layer icons (as these moving icons 2712 could be foreground images and symbol/icon 2714A could be provided in the background layer) enhances or even provides the 3D effect of the assembly.
  • the 3D effect can be combined with additional effects when the assembly is activated in another or the second of two orthogonal axes.
  • the assembly of an array of lenses with an ink layer presenting a dual-axis interlaced image provides animation and a 3D effect in one direction or when activated along one axis and flipping (or morphing) in a second direction or when activated along a second axis.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled upward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like by pivoting about a second or horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2710 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7) is configured to cause the icons 2712 to stay the same or remain unchanged while the symbol/icon 2714A in the other layer (foreground image) flips (or morphs) to a different image 2714B (here, a check mark flips into a star).
  • a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2710 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7
  • the assembly is tilted or angled downward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like about a horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of icons 2712 to remain stationary while the foreground or other layer symbol/icon 2714A flips (or morphs) into a different image 2714B (here the same image as when the assembly is tilted upward).
  • the printed image is adapted to provide flipping of an image when the assembly is rotated about a second axis (such as about the horizontal or X-axis). Flipping is shown in Figure 27 for the effect provided when activated in the second direction but the effect may also be morphing, on/off, motion, animation, zoom, or color shift.
  • Figure 28 illustrates a set of views 2800 of an exemplary assembly viewed from differing POVs, with the assembly being useful as an anti-counterfeiting device for currency or other objects that are configured with a lens array and printed image to provide differing motion effects (dual-axis activation).
  • a plan or orthogonal view 2810 of a lens/image assembly according to the present description is shown, and the assembly is configured to provide 3D from all viewpoints (e.g., floating and/or depth) along with the same or different image elements having a Y-axis or X- axis activation (to have motion, to flip, to morph, or another of the effects achievable with interlacing of image frames).
  • the viewer is able to observe or view an original image with rows of two differing icons 2812 with the icons 2812 all being stationary or non-moving.
  • the original image includes first and second overlay images or foreground images 2814A and 2816A (shown here as the word "OK" and a checkmark symbol) that appear to be in a different layer than the rows of icons 2812.
  • the assembly is adapted to provide a 3D effect.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled up (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2810 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7 is used in pixel mapping) is configured to cause the rows of different icons 2812 to move in a single direction (e.g., all icons move downward or opposite the activation direction).
  • the foreground images 2814A and 2816A remain unchanged (e.g., no flip at this point).
  • the movement of the icons 2812 underneath (or over the top in some embodiments) the symbols 2814A, 2816A heightens the 3D effect achieved with the assembly.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled downward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of different icons again to move in a single direction (but this time upward or opposite the activation direction).
  • a flip effect is also activated with the foreground symbol/icon 2814A flipping to a image as shown at 2814B (e.g., from the word "OK" to the word "Yes"), while the other symbol/icon 2816A remains unchanged in this example.
  • flipping will again occur as the symbol 2814B will change back or flip back to image 2814A (e.g., flipping effect is activated with rotation about the horizontal or X-axis of the assembly concurrently with the movement effect for icons 2812 (in a single direction in this non-limiting example)).
  • the 3D effect can be combined with additional flip effects when the assembly is activated in another or the second of two orthogonal axes.
  • the assembly of an array of lenses with an ink layer presenting a dual-axis interlaced image provides animation and a 3D effect in one direction or when activated along one axis and flipping (or morphing) in a second direction or when activated along a second axis.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the left (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like by pivoting about a second or horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2810 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7) is configured to cause the icons 2812 to be placed in motion with the icons 2812 moving in the same direction (again opposite the activation direction and this is orthogonal to the earlier movement directions of views 2820 and 2822) .
  • a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2810 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7
  • the symbol/icon 2814A (or 2814B) in the other layer remains unchanged while the symbol/icon 2816A does not flip but is activated to have a morph effect in that it changes as shown at 2816B to be spun to a new position (e.g., the checkmark in this example has a new orientation, which may also be considered an animation effect).
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the right (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like about a horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of icons 2812 to again have a motion effect (move in single direction such as opposite the activation direction) while the foreground or other layer symbol/icon 2816A again is morphed (or animated) to spin into image 2816B.
  • the printed image is adapted to provide 3D with foreground images that can be flipped, morphed, or animated with activation and such activation to effects can be independent from each other and from the background images.
  • the printed image provides concurrent motion effects with background images, which are shown to be activated to move together in a single direction that is opposite the activation direction.
  • the result is a depth effect (e.g., 3D) where the icons 2812 appear to be pushed back from the foreground symbols/icons 2814A-2816B. This effect can also be combined with some layers being pushed toward the front or outward toward the viewer.
  • Figure 29 illustrates a set of views 2900 of an exemplary assembly viewed from differing POVs, with the assembly being useful as an anti-counterfeiting device for currency or other objects that are configured with a lens array and printed image to provide differing motion effects (dual-axis activation).
  • a plan or orthogonal view 2910 of a lens/image assembly according to the present description is shown, and the assembly is configured to provide activation in a first axis (such as the X-axis) that achieves orthogonal movement of the image elements combined with activation in a second axis (such as the Y-axis) of the same or different image elements.
  • the viewer is able to observe or view an original image with rows of two differing icons 2912 with the icons 2912 all being stationary or non-moving.
  • the original image includes first and second overlay images or foreground images 2914A and 2916A (shown here as the word "OK" and a checkmark symbol) that appear to be in a different layer than the rows of icons 2912.
  • the assembly is adapted to provide a 3D effect.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the right (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2910 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7 is used in pixel mapping) is configured to cause the rows of different icons 2912 to move in a single direction (e.g., all icons move downward or orthogonal to the activation direction).
  • the foreground images 2914A and 2916A remain unchanged (e.g., no flip at this point).
  • the movement of the icons 2912 underneath (or over the top in some embodiments) the symbols 2914 A, 2916A heightens the 3D effect achieved with the assembly.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled to the left (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of different icons again to move in a single direction (but this time upward (which is opposite the movement shown in view 2920) and orthogonal to the activation direction).
  • a flip effect is also activated with the foreground symbol/icon 2914A flipping to a image as shown at 2914B (e.g., from the word "OK" to the word "Yes"), while the other symbol/icon 2916A remains unchanged in this example.
  • flipping will again occur as the symbol 2914B will change back or flip back to image 2914A (e.g., flipping effect is activated with rotation about the vertical or Y-axis of the assembly concurrently with the movement effect for icons 2912 (in a single direction in this non-limiting example)).
  • the 3D effect can be combined with additional flip effects when the assembly is activated in another or the second of two orthogonal axes.
  • the assembly of an array of lenses with an ink layer presenting a dual-axis interlaced image provides animation and a 3D effect in one direction or when activated along one axis and flipping (or morphing) in a second direction or when activated along a second axis.
  • the assembly is tilted or angled upward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like by pivoting about a second or horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames (a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2910 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7) is configured to cause the icons 2912 to be placed in motion with the icons 2912 moving in the same direction (again orthogonal to the activation direction which may be to the right as shown in this example) .
  • a set of different points of view (POVs) of the original image shown in view 2910 such as a matrix similar to that shown in Figure 7
  • the symbol/icon 2914A (or 2914B) in the other layer remains unchanged while the symbol/icon 2916A does not flip but is activated to have a morph effect in that it changes as shown at 2916B to be spun to a new position (e.g., the checkmark in this example has a new orientation, which may also be considered an animation effect).
  • the assembly is tilted or angled downward (e.g., through or to an angle of 15 to 45 degrees or the like about a horizontal axis of the assembly), and the interlacing of the matrix of frames is configured to cause the rows of icons 2912 to again have a motion effect (move in single direction such as to the left and so as to move orthogonal to the activation direction (or the vertical or Y-axis of the assembly) while the foreground or other layer symbol/icon 2916A again is morphed (or animated) to spin into image 2916B.
  • Figure 30 illustrates another assembly 3010 useful as an anti-counterfeiting device that may be used on or with currency or the like.
  • the assembly 3010 may be formed with a top or outer surface 3102, which may be provided with a lens array.
  • the assembly 3010 may also include an ink layer(s) providing a printed image printed using a print file with pixel mapping as described herein to provide dual-axis activation (or activation of image effects such as 3D, motion, or the like) in two axes.
  • the printed image of assembly 3010 is adapted to allow viewing of a background image made up of a plurality of smaller symbols/icons 3014 (such as the checkmarks shown in Figure 30).
  • the printed image of assembly 3010 also is adapted to allow viewing (through lens array/front surface layer 3012) a foreground image made up of one or more symbols/icons (which are typically larger than the background image elements 3014).
  • the printed image is pixel mapped to the lens array in a manner that full 3D is provided in all directions by providing the image elements 3014 and 3018 in 2 or more layers.
  • the background image or pattern provided by symbols/icons 3014 is pushed back away from a viewer to appear to be behind the foreground image made up of symbols/icons 3018.
  • the elements 3018 may be provided as larger elements, and they may be caused to appear to float in different levels relative to image elements 3014 from all view points.
  • Other assemblies may be created that include a print image formed using pixel mapping chosen to provide patterns or images that are activated in a first axis (e.g., the X-axis) with any of the effects listed or described herein. Further, the print image may be configured to provide a combination of the same image elements (e.g., an icon or symbol) or different image elements being activated in a second axis (e.g., the Y-axis) with any one of the effects listed or described (the same or differing effects).
  • a print image formed using pixel mapping chosen to provide patterns or images that are activated in a first axis (e.g., the X-axis) with any of the effects listed or described herein.
  • the print image may be configured to provide a combination of the same image elements (e.g., an icon or symbol) or different image elements being activated in a second axis (e.g., the Y-axis) with any one of the effects listed or described (the same or differing effects
  • the effects may include, but are not limited to: (a) a 3D layered effect (e.g., image elements displayed so as to appear in different layers with each layer being a flat image); (b) a 3D real effect (e.g., provide a picture or 3D element generated by 3D software or the like); (c) a motion effect (e.g., image elements that are moving or with displacement in the frame); (d) a flip effect (e.g., an image "A" changing to an image "B" for 2-image flip or more than two images may be used in a flip effect); (e) animation (e.g., sequence of frames that describes or defines animation for one or more image elements); (f) an on/off effect (e.g., single or multiple image elements may be caused to appear or disappear depending on the viewing angle for the assembly); and (g) a zoom effect (e.g., single or multiple image elements may be enlarged or reduced in size depending on the viewing angle of the printed image through the array of round, hexagonal, parallel
  • Figures 3A-4B provide examples of items formed using round-based and square- based lenses to form lens arrays. Further, these lens arrays were specifically patterned or arranged to not use offset or nested rows and columns of lenses (e.g., the lenses in adjacent rows and columns were aligned rather than offset).
  • the use of pixel mapping as taught herein by the inventors has allowed anti-counterfeiting devices with lens array/printed image assemblies to be fabricated effectively with the use of lens arrays with offset/nested lenses and also with lens arrays that are configured to include hexagon lenses or hexagonal-based lenses.
  • Figures 31 and 32 provide specific working examples of such implementations.
  • an item 3100 (such as a piece of paper currency, a label for a product, or the like) is provided with an anti-counterfeiting element or device in the form of a lens array (array of hexagonal-based lenses) 3110 covering or provided on top of a layer of ink 3120 providing a printed image.
  • the item 3100 includes a substrate or body 3105 such as a sheet of paper or plastic (e.g., paper to be used as currency or paper/plastic to be used for a product label).
  • an image is printed via a layer of ink 3120, and a lens array 3110 is provided on an exposed surface of the ink layer 3120 (e.g., the ink layer 3120 and its pattern/image may be printed onto the substrate surface or onto the back surface of the lens array 3110).
  • a lens array 3110 is provided on an exposed surface of the ink layer 3120 (e.g., the ink layer 3120 and its pattern/image may be printed onto the substrate surface or onto the back surface of the lens array 3110).
  • the lens array 3110 is made up of a plurality of lenses 3114 that each have a hexagonal base abutting the surface of the ink layer 3120 and have a dome-shaped cross section and/or one two or more facets/sides.
  • the hexagonal-based lenses or round lenses 3114 are arranged in a number of columns 3112 that are parallel as shown by parallel vertical or Y-axes 3113 (axes passing through the center of the lenses 3114 in columns 3112) in Figure 31. Further, the lenses 3114 are arranged such that pairs of lenses 3114 in adjacent ones of the columns 3112 are in contact or proximate at least at the bases.
  • the columns 3112 are vertically offset such that pairs of adjacent lenses 3114 in a particular column 3112 are spaced apart.
  • the array 3110 is configured to have parallel rows of lenses 3114, each abutting their neighboring lenses in such rows (or nearly contacting each other at the bases), as can be seen by parallel horizontal or X-axes 3115 passing through centers of lenses 3114 in the array 3110, and the rows are shown to be abutting each other and to also be offset (e.g., to have a horizontal offset as well as vertical offset).
  • an item 3200 (such as a piece of paper currency, a label for a product, or the like) is provided with an anti-counterfeiting element or device in the form of a lens array (array of round-based lenses) 3210 covering or provided on top of a layer of ink 3220 providing a printed image.
  • the item 3200 includes a substrate or body 3205 such as a sheet of paper or plastic (e.g., paper to be used as currency or paper/plastic to be used for a product label).
  • a substrate or body 3205 such as a sheet of paper or plastic (e.g., paper to be used as currency or paper/plastic to be used for a product label).
  • an image is printed via a layer of ink 3220, and a lens array 3110 is provided on an exposed surface of the ink layer 3220 (e.g., the ink layer 3220 and its pattern/image may be printed onto the substrate surface or onto the back surface of the lens array 3210).
  • the lens array 3210 is made up of a plurality of lenses 3214 that each has a round or circular base abutting the surface of the ink layer 3220 and have a dome-shaped cross section and/or one two or more facets/sides.
  • the round lenses 3214 are arranged in a number of columns 3212 that are parallel as shown by parallel vertical or Y-axes 3213 (axes passing through the center of the lenses 3214 in columns 3212) in Figure 32.
  • the lenses 3214 are arranged such that pairs of lenses 3214 in adjacent ones of the columns 3212 are in contact or proximate at least at the bases.
  • the columns 3212 are vertically offset such that pairs of adjacent lenses 3214 in a particular column 3212 are spaced apart.
  • the array 3210 is configured to have parallel rows of lenses 3214, each abutting their neighboring lenses in such rows (or nearly contacting each other at the bases), as can be seen by parallel horizontal or X-axes 3215 passing through centers of lenses 3214 in the array 3210, and the rows are shown to be abutting each other and to also be offset (e.g., to have a horizontal offset as well as vertical offset).
  • the lenses 3214 may be tightly nested in the pattern shown in Figure 32 (note, the array 3210 may be rotated for use such as rotation of 90 degrees such that the "columns" become “rows” and vice versa).
  • moire patterns have been used in conjunction with round and hexagonal lens arrays for many years.
  • the printed images are small fine images relative to the size of the lenses. Some of the images are printed in a frequency slightly more frequent or less than the one to one dimension of the lenses in two axes and some are printed slightly differently relative to each other. The result is a moire pattern that shows the illusion of depth of field with the lenses to the viewer or shows motion of the items to the viewer.
  • these lens arrays combined with printing of an image are used in the anti-counterfeiting market for labels and currency.
  • the thickness of the lenses is under 5/1000-inch and down to about .5/1000-inch (i.e., 125 microns to about 12 microns).
  • the frequency of these lenses is about 400 X 400 to over 1000 X 1000 per inch.
  • the moire patterns are used in the security industry in very fine lenses with focal lengths of about 20 to 75 microns and frequencies of over 500 lenses per inch in one axis (or more than 250,000 per square inch).
  • the printed images underlying the lenses are typically at least 12,000 DPI and may go to over 25,000 DPI, with the micro-lens arrays being closely nested (e.g., as shown in Figures 1 and 2). In other cases, these lenses can be quite course at 30 lenses in a linear inch with focal lengths of more than 0.125 inches or even 0.25 inches and only about 900 lenses per square inch.
  • moire images can be relatively easily reverse engineered. It is easy to see the patterns underlying the lens with a cheap microscope and determine the frequency of the images and patterns. In addition, the lenses can be cast and remolded making counterfeiting possible. The relative difficulty in reverse engineering comes in printing the images, but this is also getting easier to achieve due to high-resolution lasers and setters.
  • the micro-lenses are printed using an emboss-and-fill technology. This generally limits the printing to one color due to the fact that the process tends to be self- contaminating after one color, as well as the fact that the process is difficult to control from a relative color-to-color pitch in the emboss and fill printing process.
  • Printed lens arrays can be difficult to print in either sheet or web form (especially web form) in offset, gravure, flexo or any other method.
  • Some of the problems lie with the devices that make plates or "plate-setters" as well as the physical ability to print a very small dot or image. This fact when combined with the registration inaccuracies in equipment, film stretch, and other variables make it impossible or difficult to print very high resolution images needed in micro-lens arrays in 4-color process or with any real accuracy. These facts limit what can be done in printed micro lenses.
  • a currency thread can be printed in multiple colors in patterns and plain colors at about 25 microns.
  • Non-registering patterns and so forth can be printed showing motion and 3D in multiple colors. However, the registration requirements for printing color to color, 4-color process, or registering colors together at this level is impossible or at least extremely difficult with past technology.
  • the lens width or chord width (C) in this case is about 21 microns.
  • This novel selective frequency effect underlies plasmonic joule losses in continuous elements of the patterns ("intaglio" and “bas relief) in the metamaterials to distinguish both the raised and indented portions of the structures, and it is specific to the optical part of the spectrum.
  • Such a technology has the advantage of maintaining the integrity of the metal structures on the surfaces and is scalable for high production techniques and fabrication.
  • the highest possible resolution for printed color images is determined by the diffraction limit of visible light.
  • individual color elements which are or may be considered “pixels,” with a pitch of 250 nm (e.g., a pitch of less than 10,000 nanometers (or 10 microns) such as in the range of 200 to 300 nanometers or less than about 300 nm) are required or desired for making the effective print resolution (often given as dots per inch (DPI)) at about 100,000 DPI (or a range of 10,000 to 125,000 DPI or at least about 10,000 DPI in some cases while others may use at least 75,000 DPI).
  • DPI dots per inch
  • Color information can be encoded in the dimensional parameters of the metal nanostructures so that tuning their plasmonic resonance determines the color of the individual pixels. This type of color mapping produces images with sharp color differences as well as fine tonal variations.
  • the method can be used for large volume color printing without ink via nanoimprint lithography.
  • This technology can be used to reproduce the entire spectrum of visible colors from distinct colors to RGB blends and CMYK process colors for the reproduction of photographs or other images. It is important to note that, unlike diffraction imagery, the resulting colors from the manipulation of the balance of reflected and transmitted waves are largely insensitive to viewing angle. Therefore, since combining these nanostructures tuned to produce color pixels simulating up to 100,000 DPI with lens arrays as described herein using both moire and interlaced images results in incoming light (due to the lens focus) of different entry angles, the resulting color back to the viewer is not distorted or changed as it is with diffraction patterns. Interlaced images with lenses that focus on individual pixels or groups of pixels remain as designed when presented or reflected back to the viewer and color remains unchanged. The resulting color is largely unaffected due to the incoming angle.
  • the lens array can then be cast, extruded, or laminated to the nano-bas relief or embossed film that contains the imagery or the nano-bas relief structures.
  • the optical pitch of the lens can be designed and fabricated to match the exact resonance of the color pixels generated by the nano-bas relief structures or the inverse.
  • the optical pitch can be scaled to match the lens array exactly by the systematic removal of pixel sets (formed by sets of nano structures) or addition of nanostructures formulated in blending (non-interfering) colors or pixels so that the exact resolution of the device writing the file is matched without interpolation down to about 250 nanometers.
  • Using plasmonic resonance or continuous metal frequency for creating imagery using interlaced files allows the finite adjustment of a file down to the combined nanopost combination creating color resonance at the 250 nm level.
  • This pixel "replacement" represents a final pixel, and therefore, the adjustment to match the optical pitch (imagery) to the microlens goes down to about 250 nm. This is ideal for creating a precise match between the micro lens and the image itself, as it allows a finite adjustment without using ancillary programs that cause averaging and distortion in the file.
  • images may be created in a normal way using photographs, Adobe's Photoshop Illustrator, or any number of programs.
  • the color file is then separated into color zones via color separation software that may be in RGB or CMYK for the images. This is done at a very high resolution so that the pixels may be broken down to make color builds at up to about 100,000 DPI, with about 250 nm per pixel.
  • the shapes of the nanoposts are then formed to match the appropriate color given the plasmonic resonance associated with that color when matching the wave length to the electron. This can be done in the color separation software.
  • the individual color selections for those pixels are then translated into the appropriate physical shapes of the micro-structures (nanoposts) to create the proper color to the viewer.
  • the files are interlaced for 3D and/or animation down to the possible level of one pixel per frame or 250 nm depending upon the size of the file and or micro lens.
  • the files are then interlaced to match the lenses, whether round, square, hexagonal, linear, parallelogram-type, or aspheric lenses are used in the lens array.
  • the pixels are then translated (after interlacing) with software that identifies the colors and the pixels and provides the necessary data to create the nanoposts or micro-embossing file containing X, Y and Z coordinates.
  • a plastic substrate may be embossed first and then metalized appropriately, with the exact metamaterials used varying from application to application.
  • the materials may be individually conductive materials or combinations of conductive materials such as gold, aluminum, silver and so forth. These materials may be vapor coated with layers of 2 to 50 or more nanometers of material. Conversely, the film itself may be pre-coated with the metamaterials and post-embossed with the nano-structures.
  • the lenses may be applied after the process of metallization and embossing or even before.
  • the lens array is formed on or as part of the film and the metallization occurs, and this is followed by embossing on the planar side of the lens.
  • the adhesive and or stamping process and associated hot melt adhesive and the index of refraction should be taken into account to calculate the appropriate focal lengths.
  • the lens or array of micro lenses (1) may be applied after the production of the substrate, embossing, and metallization; (2) may be embossed with the lens array first extruded or cast first and then embossed with the nano-interlaced images (then metalized with the metamaterials); and (3) may be made, metalized, and then embossed on the backside (planar side).
  • si Sqr((xi - xs) ⁇ 2 + (yi - ys) ⁇ 2 + (zi - zs) ⁇ 2)
  • gntemp gn
  • XP1 XPlane(gn, sn)
  • YP1 YPlane(gn, sn)
  • xp x(gn, sn)
  • si Sqr((xi - xs) A 2 + (yi - ys) A 2 + (zi - zs) A 2)
  • si Sqr((xi - xs) ⁇ 2 + (yi - ys) ⁇ 2 + (zi - zs) ⁇ 2)
  • si Sqr((xi - xs) ⁇ 2 + (yi - ys) ⁇ 2 + (zi - zs) ⁇ 2)
  • si Sqr((xi - xs) ⁇ 2 + (yi - ys) ⁇ 2 + (zi - zs) ⁇ 2)
  • si Sqr((xi - xs) ⁇ 2 + (yi - ys) ⁇ 2 + (zi - zs) ⁇ 2)
  • si Sqr((xi - xs) ⁇ 2 + (yi - ys) ⁇ 2 + (zi - zs) ⁇ 2)
  • Sub IntSphere5(xs, ys, zs, elx, ely, elz, xc, yc, zc, r, rx, ry, rz, xi, yi, zi, IntSphere5flag) 'xs,ys,zs is starting point of ray
  • 'elx,ely,elz are direction cosines of ray
  • 'r is radius of sphere
  • 'xi,yi,zi is intersection of ray on sphere

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AU2014315695A AU2014315695B2 (en) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 Pixel mapping and printing for micro lens arrays to achieve dual-axis activation of images
MX2016002927A MX359175B (es) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 Mapeo e impresion de pixel para matrices de microlentes para obtener activacion de eje doble de imagenes.
CN201480060437.2A CN105683815B (zh) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 用于微透镜阵列的像素映射和印刷以实现图像的双轴激活
BR112016004827A BR112016004827A8 (pt) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 mapeamento de pixel e impressão para conjuntos de microlente para alcançar ativação de eixo geométrico duplo de imagens
CA2923132A CA2923132C (en) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 Pixel mapping and printing for micro lens arrays to achieve dual-axis activation of images
KR1020167008654A KR20160068758A (ko) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 화상의 이중-축 활성화를 달성하기 위한 마이크로 렌즈 어레이에 대한 화소 매핑 및 인쇄
EP14842836.0A EP3042238A4 (en) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 Pixel mapping and printing for micro lens arrays to achieve dual-axis activation of images
JP2016540873A JP6349401B2 (ja) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 イメージの２軸活性化を実現するマイクロレンズアレイのためのピクセルマッピング及び印刷
RU2016112319A RU2661743C2 (ru) 2013-09-04 2014-02-27 Пиксельное преобразование и печать для матриц микролинз, чтобы осуществлять двухосевую активацию изображений
PH12016500422A PH12016500422A1 (en) 2013-09-04 2016-03-04 Pixel mapping and printing for micro lens arrays to achieve dual-axis activation of images
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