Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D309/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D309/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D309/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D309/14—Nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
  • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/06—Antigout agents, e.g. antihyperuricemic or uricosuric agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
  • A61P33/06—Antimalarials
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• the present invention relates to peptidyl nitril compounds and their use as inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase I, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same agents for treatment and/or prevention of inflammatory diseases in which dipeptidyl peptidase I is involved, especially inflammatory diseases mediated by mast cells and neutrophil cells, e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other respiratory diseases.
• Dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI; EC 3.4.14.1) also known as cathepsin C is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase belonging to the papain family.
• the enzyme is constitutively expressed in many tissues with highest levels in lung, kidney, liver and spleen.
• the cDNAs encoding rat, human and murine DPPI have been cloned and sequenced and it has been shown that the enzyme is highly conserved.
• DPPI is synthesized as an inactive precursor (Zymogen), and is activated by a non-autocatalytic excision of an internal activation peptide within the N-terminal propeptide.
• DPPI is the only member of the papain family that is functional as a tetramer, consisting of four identical subunits. Each is composed of an N-terminal fragment (the residual propart), a heavy chain and a light chain. Once activated, DPPI catalyzes the removal of dipeptides from the N-terminal end of polypeptide substrates with broad specificity. The pH optimum lies in the region of pH 5-7 using human DPPI.
• DPPI also functions as a key enzyme in the activation of granule serine peptidases in neutrophils (cathepsin G, proteinase 3, neutrophil serine protease 4 and elastase), mast cells (chymase and tryptase) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells (granzymes A and B).
• mast cells are found in many tissues, but are present in greater numbers along the epithelial linings of the body, such as the skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. Mast cells are also located in the perivascular tissue surrounding small blood vessels.
• T-type mast cells In humans, two types of mast cells have been identified; the T-type, which expresses only tryptase, and the MC-type, which expresses both tryptase and chymase.
• the T-type mast cells In humans, the T-type mast cells are located primarily in alveolar tissue and intestinal mucose while the TC-type cells predominate in skin and conjuctiva. Mast cells can release a range of potent inflammatory mediators including cytokines, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, histamine and proteoglycans, but among the most abundant products of mast cell activation are the serine peptidases of the chymotrypsin family; tryptase and chymase.
• peptidases are situated in the mast cell lysosomes as fully active enzymes.
• the exact site of tryptase and chymase activation from zymogen precursors is not known, but the Golgi apparatus might play a role in that regard.
• DPPI which is particular abundant in mast cells, seems to be the key enzyme responsible for activation of chymase and tryptase.
• tryptase and chymase are emerging as important mediators of allergic diseases such as asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. After secretion from activated mast cells, there is evidence that these peptidases are heavily involved in processes of inflammation, tissue remodelling, bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion, which have made these peptidases attractive for therapeutic intervention.
• Neutrophils cause considerable damage in a number of pathological conditions. When activated, neutrophils secrete destructive granular enzymes including elastase and cathepsin G and undergo oxidative bursts to release reactive oxygen intermediates. Numerous studies have been conducted on each of these activating agents in isolation. Pulmonary emphysema, COPD, cystic fibrosis, sepsis and rheumatoid arthritis are just some examples of pathological conditions associated with the potent enzymes elastase and cathepsin G.
• WO 2009074829A1 to Astrazeneca also discloses peptidyl nitriles and use thereof as dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors.
• WO 2010128324A1, W0154677A1 and WO 2010142985A1 to Astrazeneca discloses further nitrile compounds and use thereof as dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors
• WO2013041497A1 to Boehringer Ingelheim International GMBH discloses nitrile compounds as dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors. Nathalie
• An additional object is that the compounds are potent in cell-based DPPI inhibition assays, and have good metabolic stability.
• the present invention relates to a compound of the formula (I):
• X 1 may represent:
• X 1 may also represent:
• R 2 may be -Ci . 6 -alkyl, which -C ⁇ -alky! is optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from hydroxyl, cyano or amino.
• R 2 is -C 1-6 -alkyl, preferably -C ⁇ -alkyl, more preferably methyl-, ethyl- or propyl- .
• y 0 or 1, preferably 0.
• DPPI dipeptidyl peptidase I (EC 3.4.14.1) also known as cathepsin C, cathepsin J, dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I and dipeptidyl transferase.
• DPPI cleaves a dipeptide Xaa-Xbb from the N terminus of a polypeptide chain Xaa-Xbb-Xcc- [Xxx]n, except when Xaa is Arg or Lys, or when Xbb or Xcc is Pro.
• the group -CN is a nitrile group (— C ⁇ N ).
• an alkyl substituent group or an alkyl moiety in a substituent group may be linear or branched.
• treatment is defined as the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating the disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of the compound of the present invention to prevent the onset of the symptoms or the
• Ha If- life refers to the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to be converted to another chemically distinct specie in vitro or in vivo.
• phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, and commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• the compounds according to Formula (I) contain one or more asymmetric centers (also referred to as a chiral center) and may, therefore, exist as individual enantiomers, diastereomers, or other stereoisomeric forms, or as mixtures thereof. Chiral centers may also be present in a substituent such as an a Iky I group. Where the stereochemistry of a chiral center present in Formula (I) or in any chemical structure illustrated herein, is not specified the structure is intended to encompass any stereoisomer and all mixtures thereof. Thus, compounds according to Formula (I)) containing one or more chiral center may be used as racemic mixtures, enantiomerically enriched mixtures, or as enantiomerically pure individual stereoisomers.
• Individual stereoisomers of a compound according to Formula (I) which contain one or more asymmetric center may be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, such resolution may be carried out (1) by formation of diastereoisomeric salts, complexes or other derivatives; (2) by selective reaction with a stereoisomer-specific reagent, for example by enzymatic oxidation or reduction; or (3) by gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example, on a chiral support such as silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent.
• stereoisomers may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer to the other by asymmetric transformation. If there is a cycloalkyl group present, some substituent patterns may result in and axial or an equatorial configuration . Both forms are included, unless specified otherwise.
• R 1 and y are as defined above.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds according to Formula (I) may be prepared. Indeed, in certain embodiments of the invention, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds according to Formula (I) may be preferred over the non-salt form because such salts impart greater stability or solubility to the molecule thereby facilitating formulation into a dosage form. Accordingly, the invention is further directed to pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds according to Formula (I).
• salts refers to salts that retain the desired biological activity of the subject compound and exhibit minimal undesired
• These pharmaceutically-acceptable salts may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compound, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid or free base form with a suitable base or acid, respectively.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like.
• such salts include salts from ammonia, L- arginine, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, calcium hydroxide, choline, deanol,
• diethanolamine (2,2'-iminobis(ethanol)), diethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)-ethanol, 2- aminoethanol, ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-glucamine, hydra bamine, lH-imidazole, lysine, magnesium hydroxide, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-morpholine, piperazine, potassium hydroxide, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrrolidine, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine (2,2',2"-nitrilotris(ethanol)), tromethamine, zinc hydroxide, acetic acid, 2.2-dichloro-acetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, L-aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 4-acetamido-benzoic acid, (+)-camphoric acid, (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic
• ethylenediamonotetraacetic acid formic acid, fumaric acid, galacaric acid, gentisic acid, D- glucoheptonic acid, D-gluconic acid, D-glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutantic acid, glutaric acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycine, glycolic acid, hexanoic acid, hippuric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrochloric acid isobutyric acid, DL-lactic acid, lactobionic acid, lauric acid, lysine, maleic acid, (-)-L-malic acid, malonic acid, DL-mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, galactaric acid, naphthalene- 1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, l-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, nitric acid, oc
• salts can be formed with cations from metals like aluminium, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like, (also see Pharmaceutical salts, Berge, S. M. et al., J. Pharm. Sci., (1977), 66, 1- 19).
• the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent compound which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of these compounds with a sufficient amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic diluent like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile, or a mixture thereof.
• Salts of other acids than those mentioned above which for example are useful for purifying or isolating the compounds of the present invention also comprise a part of the invention.
• the compound of the invention in the solid state, can exist in crystalline, semi- crystalline and amorphous forms, as well as mixtures thereof.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable solvates of the compound of the invention may be formed wherein solvent molecules are incorporated into the solid-state structure during
• Solvates may involve water or non-aqueous solvents, or mixtures thereof.
• the solvent content of such solvates can vary in response to environment and upon storage. For example, water may displace another solvent over time depending on relative humidity and temperature.
• Solvates wherein water is the solvent that is incorporated into the solid-state structure are typically referred to as "hydrates.”
• Solvates wherein more than one solvent is incorporated into the solid-state structure are typically referred to as “mixed solvates”.
• Solvates include "stoichiometric solvates” as well as compositions containing variable amounts of solvent (referred to as “non-stoichiometric solvates”).
• Stoichiometric solvates wherein water is the solvent that is incorporated into the solid-state structure are typically referred to as “stoichiometric hydrates", and non-stoichiometric solvates wherein water is the solvent that is incorporated into the solid-state structure are typically referred to as “non-stoichiometric hydrates”.
• the invention includes both stoichiometric and non- stoichiometric solvates.
• crystalline forms of the compounds of the invention may contain solvent molecules, which are not incorporated into the solid-state structure.
• solvent molecules may become trapped in the crystals upon isolation.
• solvent molecules may be retained on the surface of the crystals.
• the invention includes such forms.
• the compound of the invention may be administered by any suitable route of administration, including both systemic administration and topical administration.
• Systemic administration includes oral administration, parenteral administration, transdermal administration, rectal administration, and administration by inhalation.
• Parenteral administration refers to routes of administration other than enteral, transdermal, or by inhalation, and is typically by injection or infusion.
• Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection or infusion.
• Inhalation refers to administration into the patient's lungs whether inhaled through the mouth or through the nasal passages.
• Topical administration includes application to the skin as well as intraocular, optic, intravaginal, and intranasal
• the compound of the invention may be administered once or according to a dosing regimen wherein a number of doses are administered at varying intervals of time for a given period of time. For example, doses may be administered one, two, three, or four times per day. Doses may be administered until the desired therapeutic effect is achieved or indefinitely to maintain the desired therapeutic effect. Suitable dosing regimens for the compound of the invention depend on the pharmacokinetic properties of that compound, such as absorption, distribution, and half-life, which can be determined by the skilled artisan .
• suitable dosing regimens including the amount administered and the duration such regimens are administered, for the compound of the invention depend on the condition being treated, the severity of the condition being treated, the age and physical condition of the patient being treated, the medical history of the patient to be treated, the nature of concurrent therapy, the particular route of administration chosen, the desired therapeutic effect, and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the skilled artisan. It will be further understood by such skilled artisans that suitable dosing regimens may require adjustment given an individual patient's response to the dosing regimen or over time as individual patient needs change. Typical daily dosages range from 1 mg to 1000 mg.
• the compound of the invention may be administered as a prodrug.
• a prodrug As used herein, a prodrug
• prodrug of the compound of the invention is a functional derivative of the compound which, upon administration to a patient, eventually liberates the compound of the invention in vivo.
• Administration of the compound of the invention as a prodrug may enable the skilled artisan to do one or more of the following : (a) modify the onset of the compound in vivo; (b) modify the duration of action of the compound in vivo; (c) modify the transportation or distribution of the compound in vivo; (d) modify the solubility of the compound In vivo; and (e) overcome or overcome a side effect or other difficulty encountered with the compound.
• Typical functional derivatives used to prepare prodrugs include modifications of the compound that are chemically or enzymatically cleaved in vivo. Such modifications, which include the preparation of phosphates, amides, esters, thioesters, carbonates, and carbamates, are well known to those skilled in the art.
• prodrugs have become an established tool for improving physicochemical, biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic properties of
• Coupling of short peptides or single amino acids as carriers of a therapeutic agent can be used as an effective type of prodrug approach .
• an amino acid or a di- (or oligopeptide moiety is linked to a free (primary or secondary) amino group of the drug through an amide bond, that can be specifically cleaved by an endogenous peptidase, e.g. dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV/CD26), dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI/cathepsin C),
• DPPIV/CD26 dipeptidyl peptidase IV
• DPPI/cathepsin C dipeptidyl peptidase I
• aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13), pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase, proline iminopeptidase, aminopeptidase P, elastase, cathepsin G, proteinase 3, tryptase or chymase.
• the amino acid or a di- or oligo-peptide moiety can consist of proteinogenic amino acids (i.e. amino acids that occur naturally in proteins) or non-proteinogenic amino acids (i.e. non- proteinogenic amino acids that either occur naturally or are chemically synthesized).
• the compound disclosed herein is linked via a free (primary or secondary) amino group to an amino acid or a di- (or oligopeptide moiety.
• prodrugs may be converted to the desired active compound by a peptidase catalyzed reaction.
• the compounds of general formula I may be used on their own or combined with other active substances of formula I according to the invention.
• the compounds of general formula I may optionally also be combined with other pharmacologically active substances.
• B2-adrenoceptor-agonists short and long-acting
• anti-cholinergics short and long-acting
• anti- inflammatory steroids oral and topical corticosteroids
• cromoglycate methylxanthine
• dissociated-glucocorticoidmimetics PDE3 inhibitors, PDE4- inhibitors, PDE7- inhibitors, LTD4 antagonists, EGFR- inhibitors
• Histamine H4 receptor antagonists Histamine H4 receptor antagonists, dual Histamine H 1/H3 -receptor antagonists, PI3-kinase inhibitors, inhibitors of non-receptor tyrosine kinases as for example LYN, LCK, SYK, ZAP-70, FYN, BTK or ITK, inhibitors of MAP kinases as for example p38, ERK1, ERK2, J Kl, J K2, J K3 or SAP, inhibitors of the NF- ⁇ signalling pathway as for example IKK2 kinase inhibitors, iNOS inhibitors, MRP4 inhibitors or leukotriene biosynthese inhibitors.
• PI3-kinase inhibitors inhibitors of non-receptor tyrosine kinases as for example LYN, LCK, SYK, ZAP-70, FYN, BTK or ITK
• inhibitors of MAP kinases as for example p38, ER
• compositions comprising, as an active substance, the compound as disclosed herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• compositions disclosed herein may be prepared and packaged in bulk form wherein a safe and effective amount of the compound disclosed herein can be extracted and then given to the patient such as with powders, syrups, and solutions for injection .
• the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein may be prepared and packaged in unit dosage form wherein each physically discrete unit contains a safe and effective amount of the compound as disclosed herein .
• the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein typically contain from 1 mg to 1000 mg.
• the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein typically contain one compound as disclosed herein.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may optionally further comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically active compounds.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention typically contain more than one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain one pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or vehicle involved in giving form or consistency to the pharmaceutical composition.
• Each excipient must be compatible with the other ingredients of the pharmaceutical composition when commingled such that interactions which would substantially reduce the efficacy of the compound of the invention when administered to a patient and interactions which would result in pharmaceutical compositions that are not pharmaceutically acceptable are avoided.
• each excipient must of course be of sufficiently high purity to render it pharmaceutically-acceptable.
• the compound of the invention and the pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient or excipients will typically be formulated into a dosage form adapted for administration to the patient by the desired route of administration.
• dosage forms include those adapted for (1 ) oral
• administration such as tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, troches, powders, syrups, elixers, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, sachets, and cachets; (2) parenteral administration such as sterile solutions, suspensions, and powders for reconstitution; (3) transdermal administration such as transdermal patches; (4) rectal administration such as suppositories; (5) inhalation such as aerosols and solutions; and (6) topical administration such as creams, ointments, lotions, solutions, pastes, sprays, foams, and gels.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients will vary depending upon the particular dosage form chosen.
• suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for a particular function that they may serve in the composition.
• certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of uniform dosage forms.
• Certain pharmaceutically- acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of stable dosage forms.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the carrying or transporting the compound of the invention once administered to the patient from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to enhance patient compliance.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients include the following types of excipients: Diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweetners, flavoring agents, flavor masking agents, coloring agents, anticaking agents, hemectants, chelating agents, plasticizers, viscosity increasing agents, antioxidants, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, and buffering agents.
• excipients include the following types of excipients: Diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweetners, flavoring agents, flavor masking agents, coloring agents, anticaking agents, hemectants, chelating agents
• compositions of the invention are prepared using techniques and methods known to those skilled in the art. Some of the methods commonly used in the art are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Company).
• the invention is directed to a solid oral dosage form such as a tablet or capsule comprising a safe and effective amount of the compound of the invention and a diluent or filler.
• Suitable diluents and fillers include lactose, sucrose, dextrose, mannitol, sorbitol, starch (e.g. corn starch, potato starch, and pre-gelatinized starch), cellulose and its derivatives (e.g. microcrystalline cellulose), calcium sulfate, and dibasic calcium phosphate.
• the oral solid dosage form may further comprise a binder. Suitable binders include starch (e.g.
• the oral solid dosage form may further comprise a disintegrant. Suitable disintegrants include crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmelose, alginic acid, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
• the oral solid dosage form may further comprise a lubricant. Suitable lubricants include stearic acid, magnesuim stearate, calcium stearate, and talc.
• the invention is directed to a dosage form adapted for administration to a patient by inhalation.
• the compound of the invention may be inhaled into the lungs as a dry powder, an aerosol, a suspension, or a solution.
• Dry powder compositions for delivery to the lung by inhalation typically comprise the compound of the invention as a finely divided powder together with one or more
• pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients as finely divided powders.
• Pharmaceutically- acceptable excipients particularly suited for use in dry powders are known to those skilled in the art and include lactose, starch, mannitol, and mono-, di-, and polysaccharides.
• the dry powder may be administered to the patient via a reservoir dry powder inhaler (RDPI) having a reservoir suitable for storing multiple (un-metered doses) of medicament in dry powder form.
• RDPIs typically include a means for metering each medicament dose from the reservoir to a delivery position.
• the metering means may comprise a metering cup, which is movable from a first position where the cup may be filled with medicament from the reservoir to a second position where the metered medicament dose is made available to the patient for inhalation.
• the dry powder may be presented in capsules (e.g. gelatin or plastic), cartridges, or blister packs for use in a multi-dose dry powder inhaler (MDPI).
• MDPI multi-dose dry powder inhaler
• MDPIs are inhalers wherein the medicament is comprised within a multi-dose pack containing (or otherwise carrying) multiple defined doses (or parts thereof) of medicament.
• the dry powder When the dry powder is presented as a blister pack, it comprises multiple blisters for containment of the medicament in dry powder form.
• the blisters are typically arranged in regular fashion for ease of release of the medicament therefrom.
• the blisters may be arranged in a generally circular fashion on a disc-form blister pack, or the blisters may be elongate in form, for example comprising a strip or a tape.
• Aerosols may be formed by suspending or dissolving the compound of the invention in a liquified propellant.
• Suitable propellants include halocarbons, hydrocarbons, and other liquified gases.
• Representative propellants include: trichlorofluoromethane (propellant 11 ), dichlorofluoromethane (propellant 12), dichlorotetrafluoroethane (propellant 114), tetrafluoroethane (HFA-134a), 1 ,1-difluoroethane (HFA-152a), difluoromethane (HFA-32), pentafluoroethane (HFA-12), heptafluoropropane (HFA-227a), perfluoropropane,
• Aerosols comprising the compound of the invention will typically be administered to a patient via a metered dose inhaler (MDI).
• MDI metered dose inhaler
• the aerosol may contain additional pharmaceuticaily-acceptable excipients typically used with MDIs such as surfactants, lubricants, cosolvents and other excipients to improve the physical stability of the formulation, to improve valve performance, to improve solubility, or to improve taste.
• Suspensions and solutions comprising the compound of the invention may also be administered to a patient via a nebulizer.
• the solvent or suspension agent utilized for nebulization may be any pharmaceuticaily-acceptable liquid such as water, aqueous saline, alcohols or glycols, e.g., ethanol, isopropylalcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc. or mixtures thereof.
• Saline solutions utilize salts which display little or no pharmacological activity after administration.
• organic salts such as alkali metal or ammonium halogen salts, e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride or organic salts, such as potassium, sodium and ammonium salts or organic acids, e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, etc. may be used for this purpose.
• alkali metal or ammonium halogen salts e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride or organic salts, such as potassium, sodium and ammonium salts or organic acids, e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, etc.
• organic acids e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, etc.
• pharmaceuticaily-acceptable excipients may be added to the suspension or solution.
• the compound of the invention may be stabilized by the addition of an inorganic acid, e.g., hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and/or phosphoric acid; an organic acid, e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and tartaric acid, etc., a complexing agent such as EDTA or citric acid and salts thereof; or an antioxidant such as antioxidant such as vitamin E or ascorbic acid.
• Preservatives may be added such as benza!konium chloride or benzoic acid and salts thereof.
• Surfactant may be added particularly to improve the physical stability of suspensions. These include lecithin, disodium dioctylsulphosuccinate, oleic acid and sorbitan esters.
• the compounds according to Formula I are prepared using conventional organic syntheses. Suitable synthetic routes are depicted below in the following general reaction schemes. Starting materials and reagents depicted below in the general reaction schemes are commercially available or can be made from commercially available starting materials using methods known by those skilled in the art.
• the compounds disclosed herein may be converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably an acid addition salt such as a hydrochloride, hydro bromide,
• the compound of formula (1) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may exist in solvated, for example hydrated, as well as unsolvated forms, and the present invention encompasses all such solvated forms.
• the compound disclosed herein is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compounds disclosed herein are for use in medicine such as for use as a dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI) inhibitor. In one aspect, they have activity as
• Obstructive diseases of the airways including: asthma, including bronchial, allergic, intrinsic, extrinsic, exercise-induced, drug-induced (including aspirin and NSAID-induced) and dust- induced asthma, both intermittent and persistent and of all severities, and other causes of airway hyper-responsiveness; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); acute lung injury; acute respiratory distress syndrome; bronchitis, including infectious and eosinophilic bronchitis; emphysema; bronchiectasis; cystic fibrosis; alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency;
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• lung fibrosis including cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, fibrosis complicating anti-neoplastic therapy and chronic infection, including tuberculosis and aspergillosis and other fungal infections; complications of lung transplantation; vasculitic and thrombotic disorders of the lung vasculature, and pulmonary hypertension; antitussive activity including treatment of chronic cough associated with inflammatory and secretory conditions of the airways, and iatrogenic cough; acute and chronic rhinitis including rhinitis medicamentosa, and vasomotor rhinitis; perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis including rhinitis nervosa (hay fever); nasal polyposis; acute viral infection including the common cold, and infection due to respiratory syncytial virus, influenza, coronavirus (including SARS) and adenovirus; psorias
• epidermolysis bullosa urticaria; angioedema; vasculitides; toxic erythemas; cutaneous eosinophilias; alopecia areata; male-pattern baldness; Sweet's syndrome; Weber-Christian syndrome; erythema multiforme; cellulitis, both infective and non-infective; panniculitis; cutaneous lymphomas, non-melanoma skin cancer and other dysplastic lesions; drug-induced disorders including fixed drug eruptions; blepharitis; conjunctivitis, including perennial and vernal allergic conjunctivitis; ulceris; anterior and posterior uveitis; choroiditis; autoimmune, degenerative or inflammatory disorders affecting the retina; ophthalmitis including sympathetic ophthalmitis; sarcoidosis; infections including viral, fungal, and bacterial; sepsis; nephritis including interstitial and glomerulonephritis; nephritic
• erectile dysfunction both male and female
• acute and chronic implications following, for example, transplantation of kidney, heart, liver, lung, bone marrow, skin or cornea or following blood transfusion; or chronic graft versus host disease; rheumatoid arthritis;
• irritable bowel syndrome inflammatory bowel disease; gout; pseudogout; Alzheimer's disease; systemic lupus erythematosus; multiple sclerosis; Hashimoto's thyroiditis; Graves' disease; Addison's disease; diabetes mellitus, including type 1 diabetes mellitus; idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura; eosinophilic fasciitis; hyper-lgE syndrome; antiphospholipid syndrome and Sazary syndrome; cancers with neutrophil involvement; treatment of common cancers including prostate, breast, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, bowel and colon, stomach, skin and brain tumors and malignancies affecting the bone marrow (including the leukaemias) and lymphoproliferative systems, such as Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; including the prevention and treatment of metastatic disease and tumour recurrences, and paraneoplastic syndromes; virus diseases such as genital warts,
• VZV rhinovirus
• adenovirus coronavirus
• influenza para-influenza
• bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis and mycobacterium avium, leprosy
• infectious diseases such as malaria, fungal diseases, chlamydia, Candida, aspergillus, cryptococcal meningitis,
• Pneumocystis camii cryptosporidiosis, histoplasmosis, toxoplasmosis, trypanosome infection and leishmaniasis; congestive heart failure; atherosclerosis; coronary artery disease;
• the compounds disclosed herein are for use as a dipeptidyl peptidase I inhibitor.
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are for use in treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, malaria, Alzheimer's disease or sepsis.
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are for use in treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, , acute lung injury; acute respiratory distress syndrome, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or sepsis.
• the compounds or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are for use in treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis or sepsis.
• the dosage administered will, of course, vary with the compound employed, the mode of administration, the treatment desired and the disorder indicated.
• the pharmaceutical composition in unit dosage form comprises from about 1 jig to about 1000 mg such as, e.g., from about 10 ng to about 500 mg, from about 0.05 to about 100 mg or from about 0.1 to about 50 mg, of the active substance.
• the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein is for oral, nasal, transdermal, pulmonal or parenteral administration.
• a method of treating an obstructive airways disease in a patient suffering from, or at risk of, said disease which comprises administering to the patient a
• a method for the treatment of ailments comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the compound as disclosed herein or of a composition as disclosed herein, is provided.
• an effective amount of the compound as disclosed herein is in a range of from about 1 ⁇ g to about 1000 mg such as, e.g., from about 10 ng to about 500 mg, from about 0.05 to about 100 mg or from about 0.1 to about 50 mg per day.
• the use of the compound or pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament is provided.
• the use of the compound, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha- 1 antitrypsin deficiency, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis or sepsis is provided.
• a method for modulating DPPI levels in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to said subject an amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as disclosed herein or a composition as disclosed herein in an amount effective to modulate said DPPI levels in said subject, is provided.
• said DPPI is inhibited.
• agents independently selected from: a non-steroidal glucocorticoid receptor agonist; a selective ⁇ 2 adrenoceptor agonist; a phosphodiesterase inhibitor; a peptidase inhibitor; a glucocorticoid; an anticholinergic agent; a modulator of chemokine receptor function; and an inhibitor of kinase function, is provided.
• the medical condition is selected from the group selected from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfuslon injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis or sepsis.
• the invention relates to the following numbered aspects:
• Aspect 2 The compound according to aspect 1, wherein X 1 represents: wherein y and R 1 are as defined in aspect 1.
• Aspect 4 The compound according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein R 2 is -C 1-6 - alkyl, which -C ⁇ -alkyl is optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from hydroxyl, cyano or amino.
• Aspect 5 The compound according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein R 2 is -Ci -6 - alkyl, preferably -C ⁇ -alkyl, more preferably methyl-, ethyl- or propyl-.
• Aspect 8 The compound according to any one of the preceding aspects, selected from :
• Aspect 9 The compound according to any one of the preceding aspects, in the
• Aspect 10 The compound according to any one of the preceding aspects, wherein X 1 is in the enantiomerically pure form:
• R 1 and y are as defined in any one of the preceding aspects.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the formula (I) according to any one of aspects 1-10, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable adjuvant, carrier or diluent.
• Aspect 12 The compound according to any one of aspects 1-10 or composition according to aspect 11 for use as a medicament.
• Aspect 13 A compound according to any one of aspects 1-10 or composition according to aspect 11 for treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, re perfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, malaria, Alzheimer's disease or sepsis.
• Aspect 14 A compound according to any one of aspects 1-10 or composition according to aspect 11 for treating asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis or sepsis.
• Alzheimer's disease or sepsis said method comprising administration of a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) according to any one of aspects 1-10 or composition according to aspect 11.
• Aspect 16 The method according to aspect 15, wherein the medical condition is selected from the group selected from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis or sepsis.
• the medical condition is selected from the group selected from asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis or sepsis.
• Aspect 17 Use of a compound of formula (I) according to any one of aspects 1-10 or composition according to aspect 11 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, inflammatory bowel diseases, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, malaria, Alzheimer's disease or sepsis.
• Aspect 18 Use according to aspect 17, wherein the medicament is for the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, abdominal aortic aneurysms, diabetic cardiomyopathy, gout, pseudogout, respiratory syncytial virus infection, rheumatoid arthritis or sepsis.
• Cell based DPPI inhibition assay The herein described compounds are DPPI inhibitors, which indirectly inhibit the activity of serine peptidases that are activated by DPPI, such as elastase. Using the cell based assay described below, the biological activity of the compounds of the invention or other DPPI inhibitors may be determined.
• U937 cells were propagated in culture media (RPMI 1640, supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 mM Hepes, 1 mM sodium pyrovate, 100 units/ml of each of penicillin and streptomycin). Cells were seeded in 12-well plates at 0.4 x 10 6 cells/ml in volumes of 1.5 ml per well in the presence of no or increasing concentrations of DPPI inhibitor. 12 points in duplicate in the range of 0.1 nM to 50 ⁇ inhibitor were tested. After 24 hours cells were harvested, washed with PBS and lysed in 20 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCI, 0.2% Triton X-100.
• RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 mM Hepes, 1 mM sodium pyrovate, 100 units/ml of each of penicillin and streptomycin.
• the activity of neutrophil elastase was determined by measuring the enzymatic release of chromogenic p-nitroaniline from the substrate MetOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Val-p A, which leads to an increase in absorbance at 405 nm. Assays were carried out in 96-well plates in a final volume of 200 ⁇ _ at 37°C, and absorbance was measured 8 times during 21-35 minutes using a plate reader. IC 50 was determined using a 4-parameter logistic equation in a nonlinear curve fitting routine. Test for metabo!ic stability
• test compound (DPPI inhibitor) was dissolved in 100% DMSO at a concentration of 10 mM.
• the reaction mixture consisted of Mouse or Human Liver Microsomes ( 1.0 mg/mL), 1 mM NADPH, 100 mM Potassium Phosphate, pH 7.4, 10 mM Magnesium Chloride and test compound at a concentration of 5 ⁇ .
• reaction mixture (without cofactors) was incubated in a shaking water bath at 37 °C for 3 minutes. Another aliquot of the reaction mixture was prepared as the negative control. The test compound was added into both the reaction mixture and the negative control at a final concentration of 5 ⁇ .
• the reaction was initiated by the addition of NADPH to 1 mM (not into the negative controls) and then incubated in a shaking water bath at 37 °C. Aliquots ( 100 pL) were withdrawn at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes or at 0, 15, 30 and 60 minutes and combined with 900 pL of ice- cold 50/50 acetonitrile/dH 2 0 to terminate the reaction.
• a control (testosterone) was run simultaneously with the test compound in a separate reaction.
• LC/MS/MS is used to determine the peak area response ratio (peak area corresponding to test compound or control divided by that of an analytical internal standard). The natural log of the percent remaining was plotted versus time. A linear fit was used to determine the rate constant. The fit was truncated if the percent remaining of test compound was less than 10%.
• the elimination half-lives associated with the disappearance of the test and control compounds were determined to compare their relative metabolic stability.
• PZ1034-8 (0.485g, l . lmmol) in DMF/H 2 O(10mL, 4/1) was added PZ1034-7 (0.309g, 1.32mmol), Na 2 C0 3 (0.35g, 3.3mmol) and Pd(dppf)CI 2 (0.04g, 55mmol). Then this mixture was heated tol00°C and stirred for 3h. The mixture was partitioned between water and EA. The organic layer was dried and concentrated to give PZ1034-9 (0.5g, 83.4% yield) as yellow oil.
• PZ1034 were was found to have an IC 50 of « 18 nM in the cell based DPPI inhibition assay and a half-life in human liver microsomes of « 215 minutes.
• the combination of a good potency in a cell based DPPI inhibition assay and a good metabolic stability is particularly relevant in relation to achieve a pharmacological effect of a DPPI inhibitor during therapy in humans, as pharmacokinetic studies (see reference) have shown, that in vivo inhibition of elastase and cathepsin G require a high fractional and sustained level of DPPI inhibition, probably as high as 90% or more.

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