WO2015018288A1 - 基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统与热量分摊计算及控制方法 - Google Patents

基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统与热量分摊计算及控制方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2015018288A1
WO2015018288A1 PCT/CN2014/083207 CN2014083207W WO2015018288A1 WO 2015018288 A1 WO2015018288 A1 WO 2015018288A1 CN 2014083207 W CN2014083207 W CN 2014083207W WO 2015018288 A1 WO2015018288 A1 WO 2015018288A1
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temperature
heat
indoor
outdoor
control
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PCT/CN2014/083207
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘振
刘旸
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Liu Zhen
Liu Yang
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Publication of WO2015018288A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015018288A1/zh

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01KMEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K17/00Measuring quantity of heat
    • G01K17/06Measuring quantity of heat conveyed by flowing media, e.g. in heating systems e.g. the quantity of heat in a transporting medium, delivered to or consumed in an expenditure device
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24DDOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00Details
    • F24D19/10Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24D19/1006Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heating systems
    • F24D19/1009Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for water heating systems for central heating
    • F24D19/1048Counting of energy consumption
    • GPHYSICS
    • G05CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05DSYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00Control of temperature
    • G05D23/19Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D23/1927Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means using a plurality of sensors
    • G05D23/193Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means using a plurality of sensors sensing the temperaure in different places in thermal relationship with one or more spaces
    • G05D23/1932Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means using a plurality of sensors sensing the temperaure in different places in thermal relationship with one or more spaces to control the temperature of a plurality of spaces
    • G05D23/1934Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means using a plurality of sensors sensing the temperaure in different places in thermal relationship with one or more spaces to control the temperature of a plurality of spaces each space being provided with one sensor acting on one or more control means
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02BCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/70Efficient control or regulation technologies, e.g. for control of refrigerant flow, motor or heating

Definitions

  • Heat metering control system based on indoor and outdoor temperature difference and heat sharing calculation and control method
  • the present invention relates to the field of building heating and heating household heat metering technology, and more particularly to a heat metering control system and a heat sharing calculation and control method based on indoor and outdoor temperature differences.
  • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION At present, the key problems in the household household heat metering are: unscientific measurement methods, incorrect calculation methods, unreasonable heat sharing, and, in addition, "positional heat difference", “heat transfer between households", “abnormal cooling”, The technical problems such as "abnormal heating” have not been effectively solved. Household heat metering cannot be recognized by the people, and it has become a fatal bottleneck in the heat metering of households.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a heat metering control system based on indoor and outdoor temperature differences. Another technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for calculating the difficulty of heat based on indoor and outdoor temperature differences. Another technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an adjustment control method for a heat metering control system based on indoor and outdoor temperature differences.
  • the technical solution adopted by the invention is: including indoor temperature controller, electric regulating valve, heat meter, outdoor temperature probe, totalizer, computer terminal; electric regulating valve is installed in heat On the heating pipeline in the user's room, the electric regulating valve can continuously adjust the control flow rate; the electric regulating valve is connected with the indoor temperature controller; the indoor temperature controller is connected with the integrated calculator; the heat meter is installed on the building or the district heating pipe, The heat meter is connected to the calculator; the outdoor temperature probe is installed on the shade of the building to avoid direct sunlight; the outdoor temperature probe is connected to the calculator; and the calculator is connected to the computer terminal.
  • the electric regulating valve comprises an electric regulating valve for household temperature control and an electric regulating valve for compartment temperature control; the electric regulating valve for household temperature control is installed on the main heating pipe of the hot user, and one household is used for temperature control.
  • the electric regulating valve is connected with an indoor temperature controller; the electric control valve for compartment temperature control is installed in the radiator or floor heating branch of each room, and a sub-room temperature control electric control valve is connected with an indoor temperature controller.
  • the electric regulating valve continuously adjusts the control flow rate.
  • the indoor temperature controller comprises a temperature collection module, a display module, a communication module and a calculation module; the temperature collection module, the display module and the communication module are respectively connected with the calculation module.
  • the indoor temperature controller is configured according to a temperature control mode; the indoor temperature controller for the household temperature control is configured with an indoor temperature controller for each household, and the indoor temperature controller for each room of the compartment temperature control; the electric regulating valve and the indoor temperature
  • the outdoor temperature probe is installed at a height of 1. 5-2 m from the ground; the outdoor temperature probe is protected by a casing and is open to the atmosphere.
  • the setting of the outdoor temperature probe is matched with the heat meter; the heat meter measures the heat of the building, The outdoor temperature probe can only measure the temperature around the building; the heat meter measures the heat of the whole community.
  • the outdoor temperature probe can be set up, and the average outdoor temperature value is taken in the calculator.
  • a router is further included; the indoor temperature controller is wirelessly connected to the integrator through a router.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention includes the following steps:
  • K-heat sharing coefficient every 2 m per m.
  • C The heat consumption of the indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the unit is W or J; Qz - the heat consumption of the building during the period measured by the heat meter, the unit is KWh or GJ; Al, A2, Ai, An - 1, 2, i , the nth user area, the unit is m 2 ; Tl, T2, Ti, Tn - the first, second, i, nth user room temperature, the unit is.
  • Tw measured outdoor temperature in units.
  • C Qi—The heat of the i-th user's i-th share, in KWh or KJ;
  • Qi l, Qi2, Qin the i-th user, the first, second, and nth periods of heat consumption, the unit is KWh or KJ;
  • Qiz The total heat consumption of the i-th user during the warm season, in KWh or GJ.
  • the technical solution adopted by the present invention includes the following steps:
  • the indoor temperature can be adjusted: Specifically, the electric regulating valve is controlled by the indoor temperature controller for continuous adjustment, and the valve is opened when the room temperature is low, and the system flow is increased, ⁇ The heating capacity of the heating device is increased, so that the room temperature rises; when the room temperature reaches the upper limit of the set temperature, the valve is adjusted to a certain opening degree, and the room temperature gradually decreases. When the room temperature will fall to the lower limit of the set temperature, the valve is opened again, so Repeatedly control the adjustment so that the room temperature remains within the set range;
  • the method of "going to the peak and valley, averaging" for the indoor temperature is used: the room temperature signal measured by the indoor temperature controller is transmitted to the totalizer at the timing. Before, all the temperature values measured in this period are removed according to the set ratio, and the highest value and the lowest number are removed. Then, the average temperature of the time period is calculated by arithmetic mean for the remaining temperature values, and transmitted to the integrated calculation. The instrument is used as the basis for calculating the heat during this period;
  • Abnormal cooling refers to the phenomenon that if the window is deliberately opened or used in other ways, the temperature in the room is lowered;
  • Abnormal heating refers to the phenomenon that the heating is not normally caused by the heating facility, but the room is heated by other reasons.
  • the beneficial effects of the invention are: Since the heat consumption of the building is inversely proportional to the outdoor temperature, that is, the lower the outdoor temperature, the greater the heat consumption of the building, and the "outdoor temperature" is an indispensable parameter for the calculation of heat.
  • the invention introduces the most important thermal parameter of "outdoor temperature” by using the indoor and outdoor temperature difference as the heat measurement basis (referred to as "temperature difference method"), so that the heat consumption and the indoor temperature exhibit a "linear relationship", which ensures accurate heat calculation.
  • the apportionment is fair and reasonable, and it has achieved "waiting for room temperature, etc.”. If the indoor temperature is 1 degree higher, you will get 1 degree more money. If you lower the temperature, you will get 1 degree less. The indoor temperature will be adjusted by yourself. How much will the heat cost be willing! It avoids the unscientific calculation and allocation methods in traditional calorie measurement, as well as the uncertainty, unfairness and irrationality of policies and human intervention factors.
  • the specific features of the invention are as follows:
  • the "temperature difference method” uses the outdoor temperature, indoor temperature, total heat and the known user area directly measured on the site, direct calculation and heat sharing do not involve indirect data such as design parameters, empirical data, and estimated indicators. There is no need to build a complex "mathematical model", and the calculation results do not require any "correction” and “compensation”.
  • the “temperature difference method” ensures that the calculation is accurate and the allocation is reasonable. It avoids inaccurate calculations and unreasonable allocations caused by uncertain factors such as indirect measurement and indirect data.
  • the "outdoor temperature” can be obtained from the local meteorological department, the location of each city is different, and the outdoor temperature of the location is different, which is far from the actual situation.
  • the temperature difference method uses the indoor temperature as the basis for the user's heat sharing, and the heat sink model, quantity, temperature, occlusion, pipe diameter, system resistance, flow rate, calorific value, etc.
  • the condition of the heating system is not directly related. It is also not directly related to complex conditions such as housing location and building heat consumption.
  • the room temperature and heat charge are controlled by the user, avoiding the influence of policy tilt and human intervention factors, and the user has no disputes and complaints.
  • the recognition of household heat metering by households will be a positive step forward for the progress of heat metering in China.
  • the "temperature difference method" applies to all heating systems (including the large circulation system after the transformation).
  • the independent household heating system can directly use the heat metering device, and the single pipe large circulation system can add a bypass pipe.
  • the heat metering device of the present invention can be used in any heating system in which the radiator can be controlled by a valve without affecting the use of other users. Radiator and geothermal can be used.
  • the user can set and adjust the room temperature within a certain range, which not only eliminates energy waste, but also enjoys certain comfort.
  • the indoor temperature controller has a temperature limit and reminder function, and can be commanded by the main control room to remotely heat the user who does not pay the heat fee.
  • the indoor temperature should not be lower than 14 °C, higher than 20 °C, and the temperature of special places can be increased according to needs, such as nursing homes, hospitals, kindergartens and other special places.
  • the household heat metering control system is simple to install, and is easy to use, control, convenient and easy for users. A variety of temperature modes, thermostat, remote control settings, "one button control.”
  • the indoor thermostat displays complete information, high transparency, and the heat consumption can be directly converted into heat charges.
  • the heat and heat charges are always known at a glance, and it is not necessary to end the settlement. Room temperature, heat, and heat are controlled by themselves, and they are clearly consumed. Shows real-time outdoor temperatures for easy travel.
  • the household heat metering control system has a low cost and is conducive to promotion and use. Since there is no need to measure any parameters such as flow, temperature, temperature difference, evaporation, heat consumption, and on-off time of the user's heating system, many measurement facilities can be saved, and the cost is greatly saved. Although the outdoor temperature probe is added, because the temperature measurement method is the most, the easiest to implement, the installation is simple, the cost is the lowest, and one or several building blocks are set up with one or several temperature probes, and the cost is distributed to the user only a few yuan. Money is very low. The heat meter is also one or several A building or even a community is set up, and the cost allocated to the user is quite a valve.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 1 of a heat metering device based on indoor and outdoor temperature difference according to the present invention.
  • 2 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 1 of a heat metering device based on indoor and outdoor temperature difference according to the present invention.
  • 1 is a "smart temperature difference method" heat metering control system suitable for an old building.
  • the indoor temperature controller 1 and the electric regulating valve 2 are connected wirelessly, the indoor temperature controller 1 is wirelessly connected to the calculator 7 through the router 4, and the totalizer 7 and the computer terminal 8 are connected by GPRS remote wireless communication.
  • the indoor temperature controller includes a temperature collection module, a display module, a communication module, and a calculation module; the temperature collection module, the display module, and the communication module are respectively connected to the calculation module.
  • the calculation module calculates, analyzes, judges, and processes the temperature of the set, and finally gives a reasonable indoor temperature as the basis for calculating the heat, avoiding "temperature fluctuation", "abnormal heating", and "abnormal cooling”. Influence, the electric valve is continuously adjusted by the control module.
  • the electric regulating valve continuously adjusts the flow in the pipe under control, which is controlled by the indoor temperature controller.
  • the working process is as follows:
  • the indoor temperature controller 1 installed in the hot user room automatically controls the electric valve 2 installed on the heating pipeline. When the room temperature is lower than the set temperature, the electric valve opens, the room temperature rises; the set temperature will be reached. When the electric valve is closed, the room temperature gradually decreases, so that the indoor temperature is kept within the set range.
  • the indoor temperature controller 1 periodically transmits the indoor temperature signal to the router 4 and forwards it to the totalizer 7.
  • the heat meter 5 installed on the building or the district heating pipe also periodically transmits the measured flow rate and the return water temperature signal to the totalizer 7.
  • the temperature probe 6 installed outdoors is used to periodically transmit the temperature signal to the totalizer 7 and the indoor temperature controller 1.
  • the calculator 7 comprehensively sorts and calculates the received heat, temperature, room temperature and other signals, distributes the total heat of the heat meter to each hot user according to the different room temperature of each user, and feeds back the estimated heat consumption to the user.
  • the indoor temperature controller 1 is on.
  • the calculator 7 periodically transmits the results of each calculation to the thermal control room and the computer terminal 8 of the property.
  • the thermal control room and the property can also call the data of the calculator 8 at any time through the computer terminal 8.
  • the indoor temperature controller 1 and the hand-held remote controller 3 have a "one-button control" function. Able to display Date, temperature control mode: Standard, sleep, time period, indoor and outdoor temperature, heat consumption, valve and temperature control status.
  • the indoor temperature controller for household temperature control is one for each household, and one for each room with temperature control.
  • the electric regulating valve is set according to the number of indoor temperature controllers.
  • the temperature difference method is consistent with the data calculated by the formal thermal calculation, which proves the correctness, scientificity, advancement and rationality of the "temperature difference method” allocation method.
  • the following is an example of calculation of heat sharing by the indoor and outdoor temperature difference method (referred to as the temperature difference method):
  • the "temperature difference method” heat distribution calculation formula is as follows:
  • ⁇ T Tn-Tw ( 1 )
  • ⁇ ⁇ is the indoor and outdoor temperature difference
  • Tn is the indoor temperature
  • Tw is the outdoor temperature
  • K Qz/Al (Tl-Tw) +A2 (T2-Tw) + ⁇ + ⁇ (Tn- Tw)
  • K-heat sharing coefficient every 2 m per m.
  • C The heat consumption of indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the unit is W or J;
  • Qz The heat consumption of the building during the period measured by the heat meter, in KWh or GJ;
  • Tw measured outdoor temperature in units.
  • Qi The heat of the i-th user's i-th share, in KWh or KJ;
  • Heating parameters building table i total heat during the period 110751. 55W, outdoor measured temperature _3 °C,
  • K 110751. 55/76. 32* (20. 3+3) +76. 32* (18. 2+3) + +.
  • the total amount of heat shared by 24 users in Table 1 is 1 1 0751. 55W, which is completely consistent with the heat consumption of the building's main table of 1 1 0751. 55W.
  • Table 2 shows the heat of the outdoor temperature, the different room temperature and the different areas of the user in the warm season and the total heat in the warm season.
  • the electric adjustment valve uses "continuous adjustment” to improve the running stability.
  • the temperature is controlled by the on and off of the electric valve: the temperature is not Turn the valve on when it is enough to close the valve when the set temperature is reached.
  • the valve has only two states of “full open” and “full off” (0, 1).
  • the disadvantages of conventional electric valves are:
  • the heat medium is hot and cold, and the thermal expansion and contraction are easy to cause damage to the heating pipe fittings and seals.
  • the valve is "fully open” and “fully closed”, so that the fluid stops and instantaneously flows, causing shock and vibration to the heating system, equipment, pipelines and pipe fittings, which is extremely unfavorable to the system.
  • Valves are often "fully open” and “fully closed”, which may cause partial “air blockage” and cause the radiator to be not hot;
  • the electric valve has the largest torque when the valve is closed and opened, and the actuator has a large operating current, large volume and high electricity. And the action is frequent, affecting the service life.
  • the electric adjustment valve is used to solve the above problems by "continuous adjustment".
  • the specific adjustment method is as follows: Since the heat generation amount of the radiator is proportional to the flow rate in the designed flow range. The temperature of the radiator can be adjusted by changing the radiator flow.
  • the electric control valve (2) is controlled by the indoor temperature controller (1) for "continuous adjustment". When the room temperature is low, the valve is adjusted upwards, the system flow rate is increased, the heat release of the heating device is increased, and the room temperature is raised; when the room temperature reaches the set temperature The valve is adjusted back to a certain opening degree, and the room temperature is gradually decreased. When the room temperature will drop to the set down line, the valve is again adjusted upward, so that the control is repeatedly controlled to keep the room temperature within the set range.
  • valve Since the valve is always open when the temperature is regulated, only the opening degree and the control flow rate are different, the torque is small, the current is small, the volume is small, the operating frequency is lowered, and the service life is prolonged. It greatly improves the stability of the system operation, improves the temperature "overshoot", and avoids the damage caused by the "open and closed” valve “full open, fully closed” to ensure the system is stable.
  • control methods such as PLC control, PID control, fuzzy control, fuzzy PID and other intelligent means.
  • the room temperature signal measured by the indoor temperature controller is transmitted to the router or the integrated machine. Before the transmission, several temperature values measured during the period are processed, and the values of the highest value and the lowest value are determined according to a certain ratio ( If the height is removed by 20%, remove it, and then a certain percentage of the temperature value is then arithmetically averaged.
  • the average room temperature is transmitted to the router or the calculator as the basis for calculating the heat.
  • This table is the measured data before "going to the peak and valley, averaging", of which 13. 2 and 14 are fluctuations. Temperature, at this time, the average room temperature of 17. 2 ° C.
  • the average room temperature is 17. 8 °C, and the accuracy is improved by 3. 5 %. This is not a small mention in the trade measurement.
  • the "fuzzy control” intelligent means can be used to detect, analyze, judge and deal with the indoor collection temperature, and eliminate the influence of "abnormal cooling” and "abnormal heating” on heat sharing.
  • the main features of "abnormal cooling” and “abnormal heating” occur:
  • the heating or cooling speed is fast, and a higher or lower value can be achieved in a short time.
  • the temperature value occurs in the following three cases, it can be judged as invalid value, and it is still calculated according to the average temperature before the occurrence: (1) In a short period of time, the temperature rise and fall range is 4 ⁇ , far beyond the temperature control range, and the duration is much longer than the normal temperature control period;
  • the room temperature is in the normal rising period. Under normal circumstances, the room temperature is impossible to drop. If the room temperature drops, if the temperature drops by 2 °C or more within 1-2 minutes, it can be judged as Abnormal cooling;
  • the room temperature is in the normal falling period. Under normal circumstances, the room temperature is unlikely to rise. If the room temperature rises, if the temperature rises by more than 2 °C within 1-2 minutes, it can be judged as Abnormally warming up.
  • Embodiment 2 As shown in Fig. 2, it is a heat metering system suitable for a new building. Among them, the indoor temperature controller 1 and the electric regulating valve 2, the indoor temperature controller 1 and the totalizer are connected by laying a line communication line. Because of the wired communication method, it has the advantages of strong anti-interference ability, low failure rate and low cost.

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Abstract

公开了基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统与热量分摊计算及控制方法。基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统,包括室内温度调控器(1)、电动阀(2)、热量表(5)、室外气温探头(6)、积算仪(7)、计算机终端(8);电动阀(2)安装在热用户室内的供暖管路上,室内温度调控器(1)与电动阀(2)连接;室内温度调控器(1)与积算仪(7)连接;热量表(5)安装在楼栋或小区供热管道上,热量表(5)与积算仪(7)连接;室外气温探头(6)与积算仪(7)连接;积算仪(7)与计算机终端(8)连接。本发明以室内外温差为热计量依据而引入了"室外气温"这个最重要的热工参数,使得耗热量与室内温度呈现"线性关系",保证了热量计算精确、分摊公平合理,做到了"等室温,等费用"。

Description

基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统与热量分摊计算及控制方法
技术领域 本发明涉及建筑供热釆暖分户热计量技术领域,尤其涉及一种基于室内外 温差的热计量控制系统与热量分摊计算及控制方法。 背景技术 目前, 我国分户热计量存在的重点问题是: 计量手段不科学、计算方法不 正确、 热量分摊不合理, 加之, "位置热差"、 "户间传热"、 "异常降温"、 "异 常升温"等技术难题没能有效解决, 分户热计量无法得到百姓的认同, 成为分 户热计量推进的致命瓶颈, 致使热计量改造进程踉踉踏踏、 步履维艰, 虽然已 经走过了漫长的十六个年头,已经到国外供热技术先进国家进行无数次考察学 习,但现在还在 "摸石头过河"搞试点,还没有找到适合国情的、技术可行的、 百姓认同的科学的分户热计量方法和可行的热计量收费政策, 难度可想而知。 目前釆用的热计量方法,大都是试图通过计量供热系统流量、供回水温差、 发热量、 运行时间等, 建立 "数学模型" 并加以 "修正"、 "补偿" 来计算出用 户的耗热量达到计量收费的目的。 而这些间接地计量、计算方式, 与室内温度 和热费并没有直接的关联, 更没有测量和考虑 "室外温度"这个直接影响室温 及耗热量的最关键性参数,这些错误的计量方式和分摊方法,导致计算误差很 大、 不能真实反映实际的耗热量, 热量分摊不合理, 难以推广应用。 发明内容 本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统。 本发明要解决的另外一个技术问题是提供一种基于室内外温差的热量分 4难计算方法。 本发明要解决的还有一个技术问题是提供一种基于室内外温差的热计量 控制系统的调节控制方法。 对于基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统,本发明釆用的技术方案是: 包括 室内温度调控器、 电动调节阀、热量表、 室外气温探头、积算仪、计算机终端; 电动调节阀安装在热用户室内的供暖管路上,电动调节阀可以连续调节控 制流量大小; 电动调节阀与室内温度调控器连接; 室内温度调控器与积算仪连接; 热量表安装在楼栋或小区供热管道上, 热量表与积算仪连接; 室外气温探头安装在建筑物的阴面避免阳光直射处;室外气温探头与积算 仪连接; 积算仪与计算机终端连接。 作为优选,电动调节阀包括分户控温用电动调节阀和分室控温用电动调节 阀; 分户控温用电动调节阀安装在热用户的入户主供暖管路上,一个分户控温 用电动调节阀与一个室内温度调控器连接;分室控温用电动调节阀安装在每间 室内所设散热器或地暖的支路上,一个分室控温用电动调节阀与一个室内温度 调控器连接。 作为优选, 电动调节阀可以连续调节控制流量大小。 作为优选, 室内温度调控器包括温度釆集模块、 显示模块、 通讯模块、 计 算模块; 温度釆集模块、 显示模块、 通讯模块分别与计算模块连接。 作为优选, 室内温度调控器按控温方式配置; 分户控温的室内温度调控器 每户一个配置室内温度调控器,分室控温的每屋一个配置室内温度调控器; 电 动调节阀与室内温度调控器数量相匹配。 作为优选, 室外气温探头的安装高度为离地面 1. 5-2m; 室外气温探头有 壳体保护并与大气相通。 作为优选,室外气温探头的设置与热量表相匹配;热量表测量楼栋热量的, 室外气温探头只测量该楼周边温度即可; 热量表测量整个小区热量的,控制范 围较大时, 室外气温探头可设若干支, 并在积算仪里取平均室外气温值。
作为优选,还包括路由器;室内温度调控器通过路由器与积算仪无线连接。 对于基于室内外温差的热量分摊计算方法,本发明釆用的技术方案是包括 以下步骤:
( 1 ) 然后依据室外气温探头实测的室外气温与各热用户的室内温度计算 的室内外温差, 并按下式计算室内外温差:
Δ T=Tn-Tw ( 1 ) 公式(1 ) 中, Δ Τ为室内外温差; Tn为室内温度; Tw为室外温度;
( 2 )将热量表每次测得的楼栋或小区总耗热量, 按以下公式计算将热量 表的总耗热量分摊给各用户; 计算方法如下:
K= Qz/Al (Tl-Tw) +A2 (T2-Tw) +···+Αη (Tn- Tw)
= z/∑Ai(Ti - Tw) (2) Qi= K*Ai (Ti-Tw) (3) 将第 i个用户每次分摊热量进行合计就是该用户釆暖季的总耗热量 Qiz: Qiz= Qi l+Qi 2+ … +Qin = ∑Qi (4) 公式(2 )、 (3 )、 (4 ) 中:
K一热量分摊系数: 每 m2每。 C室内外温差的耗热量, 单位为 W或 J; Qz—热量表测得的该时段楼栋耗热量, 单位为 KWh或 GJ; Al、 A2、 Ai、 An—第 1、 第 2、 第 i、 第 n个用户面积, 单位为 m2 ; Tl、 T2、 Ti、 Tn—第 1、 第 2、 第 i、 第 n个用户室内温度,单位为。 C; Tw—实测的室外温度, 单位为。 C ; Qi—第 i个用户第 i次分摊的热量, 单位为 KWh或 KJ;
Qi l、 Qi2、 Qin—第 i个用户, 第 1、 第 2、 第 n时段耗热量, 单位为 KWh 或 KJ;
Qiz—第 i个用户釆暖季总耗热量, 单位为 KWh或 GJ。
对于热计量控制系统的调节控制方法,本发明釆用的技术方案是包括以下 步骤:
( 1 )通过电动调节阀门作连续调节来改变散热器流量, 即可调控室内温 度: 具体是由室内温度调控器控制电动调节阀门作连续调节, 室温低时阀门开 大, 系统流量加大, 釆暖设施放热量提高, 使得室温上升; 当室温将达到设定 温度上限时, 阀门调小至一定开度, 室温逐渐下降, 当室温将降到设定温度的 下限时, 阀门再次开大, 如此反复控制调节, 使室温一直保持在设定范围内;
( 2 )为避免温度瞬间波动影响所测温度的准确性,对于室内温度釆用 "去 峰谷、 求平均"的取值方法: 室内温度调控器测得的室温信号在定时向积算仪 传输之前,将本时段测得的所有温度值,按照设定比例去除最高的几个数值和 最低的几个数值,然后对余下的温度值按算术平均计算出本时段平均室温,并 传输给积算仪作为计算本时段热量的依据;
( 3 ) 当室内温度值发生因异常降温和异常升温造成的下列情况, 可以判 定为无效值, 仍按发生前的平均温度计算:
( a )在 4艮短时间内, 室内温度升降幅度 4艮大, 远超出温度调控范围, 持 续时间远大于正常温度调控周期, 如异常降温和异常升温现象发生时;
( b ) 电动调节阀将温度上调后室温处在正常上升期, 正常情况下室温是 不可能下降的, 此时室温如果发生下降, 即可判定为异常降温;
( c ) 电动调节阀将温度下调后室温处在正常下降期, 正常情况下室温是 不可能上升的, 此时室温如果发生上升, 即可判定为异常升温;
异常降温是指在使用中如果故意开窗或使用其它方式致使室内温度下降 的现象; 异常升温是指不是由釆暖设施正常放热,而是因其它原因使室内得热而升 温的现象。 本发明的有益效果是: 由于建筑物耗热量与室外温度成反比关系, 即室外温度越低,建筑物耗热 量则越大, "室外温度" 是热量计算不可或缺的重要参数。 本发明以室内外温 差为热计量依据 (简称为 "温差法") 而引入了 "室外气温" 这个最重要的热 工参数, 使得耗热量与室内温度呈现 "线性关系", 保证了热量计算精确、 分 摊公平合理, 做到了 "等室温, 等费用"。 室内温度高 1度就多拿 1度的钱, 低 1度就少拿 1度的钱, 室内温度自行调节, 热费多少心甘情愿!避免了传统 热量计量中计算、 分摊方法不科学, 以及政策、 人为干预因素的不确定性、 不 公平性和不合理性。 本发明的具体特点如下:
( 1 ) 由于 "温差法" 釆用现场直接测量的室外温度、 室内温度、 总热量 与已知的用户面积, 直接进行计算和热量分摊, 不涉及设计参数、 经验数据、 预估指标等间接数据,无需建立复杂的 "数学模型",计算结果不需要任何 "修 正" 和 "补偿"。 "温差法" 确保了计算准确、 分摊合理。 避免了间接计量、 间 接数据等不确定因素带来的计算不准确、 分摊不合理。 "室外气温" 虽然可以 从当地气象部门取得,但是由于每个城市的地域很大,位置的不同室外温度也 不同, 与实际相差甚远。 "室外设计温度" 用来搞项目、 作可研、 搞设计、 作 热负荷计算当然可以, 如果用这些经验数据来搞贸易计量、 热量分摊、 热费结 算, 显然是不科学、 不严谨、 不合理的。 "温差法" 是具有直接、 有效、 公平、 合理等诸多优点的一种分户热计量装置及热量分摊方法。
( 2 ) "温差法" 以室内温度高低作为用户的热量分摊依据, 与供热系统的 散热器型号、 数量、 温度、 遮挡情况, 管径粗细、 系统阻力大小、 流量多少、 发热量多少等所有供热系统的状况没有直接关系。与房屋位置、建筑耗热等复 杂情况也没有直接关联。 用户在房间内感知的是 "温度"、 享受的是 "温度"、 花钱买的还是 "温度", 我们就直接以室内 "温度" 为考核、 计量、 结算依据, 用户享受到多少温度就交多少钱, 真正做到了 "等室温, 等费用", 室温、 热 费由用户自己掌握调控,避免政策倾斜和人为干预因素的影响,用户没有争议 和怨言, 大大提高了广大用户对分户热计量的认可度,对我国热计量工作进展 将是一个积极推进。
( 3 ) "温差法" 计量、 计算、 结算的方法科学、 准确、 公平、 合理, 做到 "等室温, 等收费", 使支付的热费与享受到的温度相匹配。 兼顾到供热单位 与用户之间、 用户与用户之间的权益和经济利益, 提高了认同度, 使他们各自 达到心理上的平衡和基本满意。
( 4 ) "温差法" 适用于所有釆暖系统(含改造后的大循环系统)。 独立的 分户釆暖系统可直接使用本热计量装置,单管大循环系统可增设旁通管。凡是 散热器能用阀门控制而又不影响其他用户使用的釆暖系统,都可以使用本发明 的热计量装置。 散热器、 地热均可使用。
( 5 )用户可在一定范围内进行室温设定和调节, 既杜绝了能源浪费, 又 享受到了一定舒适度。 室内温度调控器有温度限定和提醒功能,并可由主控室 发出指令,对不交纳热费的用户实现远程断热。为了不浪费能源和不损害舒适 度, 室内温度不宜低于 14 °C , 高于 20 °C , 特殊场所温度可根据需要提高, 如 养老院、 医院, 幼儿园及其它特殊场所等。
( 6 )本分户热计量控制系统安装简单, 用户使用、 操控、 方便、 易行。 多种温度模式, 温控器、 遥控器设定简单、 "一键操控"。
( 7 )室内温控器显示信息齐全, 透明度高,耗热量可以直接换算成热费, 热量、 热费随时知晓, 一目了然, 不用釆暖结束再算账。 室温、 热量、 热费自 行控制, 明明白白消费。 显示实时的室外气温, 方便出行。
( 8 )分户热计量控制系统造价低, 利于推广使用。 由于不用测量用户供 热系统的流量、 温度、 温差、 蒸发量、 耗热量、 通断时间等任何参数, 可省去 很多测量设施,大大节约造价。虽然增加了室外测温探头,因为测温手段最多, 最容易实现, 安装简单, 造价最低, 而且是一个或几个楼栋是才设置一支或几 支温度探头, 造价分摊给用户只有几元钱, 是非常低的。 热量表也是一个或几 个楼栋甚至是一个小区才设置一套,分摊给用户的费用也就相当个阀门钱。整 个分户热计量装置造价是较低的。 附图说明 下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。 图 1是本发明基于室内外温差的热计量装置实施例 1的结构示意图。 图 2是本发明基于室内外温差的热计量装置实施例 1的结构示意图。 图中, 1-室内温度调控器, 2-电动调节阀, 3-持遥控器, 4-路由器, 5- 热量表, 6-室外气温探头, 7-积算仪, 8-计算机终端。 具体实施方式 实施例 1 : 图 1是一种适于老旧建筑的 "智能温差法" 热计量控制系统。 安装在室内: 室内温度调控器 1、 电动调节阀 2、 手持遥控器 3; 安装在楼道: 路由器 4 (作信号放大器用, 可带多个室内温度调控器, 信 号强度满足使用要求或有线通讯时路由器可取消) 对于楼栋或小区: 热量表 5、 室外气温探头 6、 积算仪 7 ; 热力主控室和小区物业: 计算机终端 8 (包括打印机、 服务器等)。 考虑到旧建筑布线麻烦以及保持环境美观,尽量釆用无线通讯方式。其中, 室内温度调控器 1与电动调节阀门 2以无线方式连接,室内温度调控器 1通过 路由器 4与积算仪 7无线连接, 积算仪 7与计算机终端 8釆用 GPRS远程无线 通讯方式连接。 其中, 室内温度调控器包括温度釆集模块、 显示模块、 通讯模块、 计算模 块; 温度釆集模块、 显示模块、 通讯模块分别与计算模块连接。 其中计算模块 对釆集的温度进行计算、 分析、 判断, 处理, 最后给出合理的室内温度作为热 量分摊计算依据, 避免 "温度波动"、 "异常升温"、 "异常降温"对热量分摊的 影响, 由控制模块控制电动阀连续调节。 电动调节阀门可以对所控制的管道内流量作连续调节,其由室内温度调控 器进行控制。 工作过程如下: 安装在热用户室内的室内温度调控器 1 , 自动控制安装在供暖管路上的电 动阀 2 , 室温低于设定温度时电动阀开大, 室温升高; 将达到设定温度时电动 阀关小, 室温逐渐下降, 如此往复使室内温度保持在设定的范围内。 室内温度调控器 1定时将室内温度信号传输给路由器 4 ,再转发给积算仪 7。 安装在楼栋或小区供热管道上的热量表 5 , 也定时将测得的流量、 供回水 温度信号传输给积算仪 7。 安装在室外的气温探头 6 , 定时将气温信号传输给 积算仪 7和室内温度调控器 1。 积算仪 7将收到的热量、 气温、 室温等信号, 进行综合整理、 计算后, 将 热量表的总热量按照每个用户不同室温分摊给各热用户,并将分摊的耗热量反 馈到用户的室内温度调控器 1上。
积算仪 7定时将每次计算结果传输给热力主控室和物业的计算机终端 8 , 热力主控室和物业通过计算机终端 8也可以随时调用积算仪 8的数据。时时掌 握整个供热区域、 楼座、 用户的供热情况, 并可随时显示和打印流量、 温度、 热量的数值、 曲线、 报表等。 二点说明:
( 1 )釆用室外气温探头 6现场测量室外温度是本实施例的重点。 热量表 5测量楼栋热量的, 室外气温探头 6只测量该楼周边温度即可。 热量表 5测量 整个小区热量的,控制范围较大时, 温度探头可多设几支, 在积算仪里取平均 气温值。 应该指出, 只有用室外气温探头现场测温, 才能确保参数真实、 计算 准确, 热量分摊公平合理, 任何通过间接方式(如按气象资料、 设计参数、 反 算推导等经验数据和间接数据 )获得的数据都是不准确和不可取的。
( 2 ) 室内温度调控器 1和手持遥控器 3具有 "一键操控" 功能。 能够显 示日期、 控温模式: 标准、 睡眠、 时段, 室内、 外温度, 耗热量、 阀门及控温 状态等信息。 分户控温的室内温度调控器每户一个, 分室控温的每屋一个。 电 动调节阀门按照室内温度调控器数量设置。
釆用本实施例 "温差法" 与常规热计量方法对北京、 哈尔滨、 青岛、 等城 市釆暖季耗热量作了详细计算与分析,并与正规的热工计算结果进行了比较和 验证, 其结果 "温差法" 与正规热工计算的数据是吻合的, 证明了 "温差法" 分摊方法的正确性、 科学性、 先进性、 合理性。 以下是以室内外温差方法(简称温差法)进行热量分摊的计算实例:
"温差法" 热量分摊计算公式如下:
( 1 ) 室内外温差的计算公式:
Δ T=Tn-Tw ( 1 ) 公式(1 ) 中, Δ Τ为室内外温差; Tn为室内温度; Tw为室外温度; ( 2 )楼栋或小区总耗热量分摊给各用户的计算公式: K= Qz/Al (Tl-Tw) +A2 (T2-Tw) +···+Αη (Tn- Tw)
= Z/∑Ai(Ti - Tw) (2) Qi= K*Ai (Ti-Tw) (3) 将第 i个用户每次分摊热量进行合计就是该用户釆暖季的总耗热量 Qiz: Qiz= Qi l+Qi 2+ … +Qin = ∑Qi (4) 公式(2 )、 (3 )、 (4 ) 中:
K一热量分摊系数: 每 m2每。 C室内外温差的耗热量, 单位为 W或 J;
Qz—热量表测得的该时段楼栋耗热量, 单位为 KWh或 GJ;
Al、 A2、 Ai、 An—第 1、 第 2、 第 i、 第 n个用户面积, 单位为 m2 ; Tl、 T2、 Ti、 Τη—第 1、 第 2、 第 i、 第 n个用户室内温度,单位为。 C;
Tw—实测的室外温度, 单位为。 C ;
Qi—第 i个用户第 i次分摊的热量, 单位为 KWh或 KJ;
Qi l、 Q i 2、 Qin—第 i个用户, 第 1、 第 2、 第 n时段耗热量, 单位为 KWh 或 KJ;
Qiz—第 i个用户釆暖季总耗热量, 单位为 KWh或 GJ。 表 1是某楼栋两个单元 24户某时段分摊热量, 是按分摊公式( 2 )和( 3 ) 计算的结果。 表 1 :
供热参数:楼栋表 i时段总热量 110751. 55W, 室外实测温度 _3°C,
求各个用户时段分摊热量 Qi=?
户号 用户面积 用户 面积 * 用户时段
室内温度 室内外温差 分摊热量 单元 /户号 m2 V W 一单元 602 76. 32 20. 30 1778. 26 3704. 70
502 76. 32 18. 20 1617. 98 3370. 80
402 76. 32 19. 60 1724. 83 3593. 40
302 76. 32 18. 00 1602. 72 3339. 00
202 76. 32 16. 50 1488. 24 3100. 50
102 76. 32 18. 50 1640. 88 3418. 50
601 135. 03 18. 30 2876. 14 5991. 96
501 135. 03 17. 80 2808. 62 5851. 30
401 135. 03 16. 20 2592. 58 5401. 20 301 135. 03 14. 80 2403. 53 5007. 36
201 135. 03 19. 60 3051. 68 6357. 66
101 135. 03 21. 20 3267. 73 6807. 76 二单元 602 121. 36 19. 10 2682. 06 5587. 62
502 121. 36 18. 80 2645. 65 5511. 77
402 121. 36 18. 20 2572. 83 5360. 07
302 121. 36 17. 50 2487. 88 5183. 08
202 121. 36 16. 30 2342. 25 4879. 68
102 121. 36 17. 40 2475. 74 5157. 80
601 89. 67 16. 60 1757. 53 3661. 53
501 89. 67 15. 60 1667. 86 3474. 71
401 89. 67 18. 50 1927. 91 4016. 47
301 89. 67 17. 60 1847. 20 3848. 34
201 89. 67 18. 60 1936. 87 4035. 15
101 89. 67 18. 90 1963. 77 4091. 19 合计 2534. 28 18. 00 53160. 74 110751. 55
K=110751. 55/76. 32* (20. 3+3) +76. 32* (18. 2+3) + +.
=110751. 55/53160. 74=2. 083
第 1个用户分摊热量 Ql=76. 32* (20. 3+3) *2. 08=3704. 70W
第 2个用户分摊热量 Q2=76. 32* (18. 2+3) *2. 08=3370. 8W
以此类推 至第 24个用户, 表 1 中 24 个用户分摊的热量合计 1 1 0751. 55W,与楼栋总表的耗热量 1 1 0751. 55W是完全一致的。
表 2是该楼栋一个釆暖季不同室外温度、用户不同室温、不同面积所分摊 的热量及釆暖季总热量。
表 2 :
用户 用户 用户 采暖季 采暖季 采暖季 户号 采暖面积 室内温度 热量合计 热费合计 节能效果 单元 /户号 m2 V KW 元 % 一单元 602 76. 32 20. 30 10075. 07 1314. 80 5. 55
502 76. 32 18. 20 9025. 29 1177. 80 15. 39
402 76. 32 19. 60 9725. 14 1269. 13 8. 83
302 76. 32 18. 00 8925. 31 1164. 75 16. 33
202 76. 32 16. 50 8175. 46 1066. 90 23. 36
102 76. 32 18. 50 9175. 25 1197. 37 13. 99
601 135. 03 18. 30 16056. 53 2095. 38 14. 92
501 135. 03 17. 80 15614. 31 2037. 67 17. 27
401 135. 03 16. 20 14199. 19 1852. 99 24. 77
301 135. 03 14. 80 12960. 97 1691. 41 31. 33
201 135. 03 19. 60 17206. 31 2245. 42 8. 83
101 135. 03 21. 20 18621. 42 2430. 10 1. 33 二单元 602 121. 36 19. 10 15066. 95 1966. 24 11. 17
502 121. 36 18. 80 14828. 47 1935. 12 12. 58
402 121. 36 18. 20 14351. 53 1872. 87 15. 39 302 121. 36 17. 50 13795. 09 1800. 26 18. 67
202 121. 36 16. 30 12841. 20 1675. 78 24. 30
102 121. 36 17. 40 13715. 60 1789. 89 19. 14
601 89. 67 16. 60 9664. 26 1261. 19 22. 89
501 89. 67 15. 60 9076. 92 1184. 54 27. 58
401 89. 67 18. 50 10780. 20 1406. 82 13. 99
301 89. 67 17. 60 10251. 60 1337. 83 18. 20
201 89. 67 18. 60 10838. 94 1414. 48 13. 52
101 89. 67 18. 90 11015. 14 1437. 48 12. 11 合计 2534. 28 295986. 14 38626. 19
295986. 14 KW=1065. 55 GJ 按热计量收费 36. 25元 /GJ 38626. 19 元 1065. 55*36. 25 按面积收费 18. 24元 /m2 46225. 27元 2534. 28*18. 24 节能 (节费) 38626. 19
% 16. 44
/46225. 27
在表 2中,用户分摊总热量合计与楼栋总耗热量是一致的,各个用户的室 温不同分摊的热量不同、 热费不同、 节能效果也不同。较不按热计量耗热节能 效果 1. 33%- 31. 33%不等, 平均节能 16. 44%。 通过以上计算, 证明了 "室内外温差" 作为计算依据的分摊方法(温差 法) 的科学性、 准确性和公平合理性。 为了更加有效合理地对热量进行调节控制,本实施例主要釆用以下三种调 节控制方法:
1、 电动调节阀门釆用 "连续调节", 提高运行稳定性。 在常规的热计量方法中,都是通过电动阀门的通断来控制温度的: 温度不 够时开启阀门, 达到设定温度时关闭阀门。 阀门只有 "全开" 和 "全关" 两种 状态 〔0,1〕。 常规电动阀门的缺点是:
1 ) 阀门通断时有声响、 流体突然流通和突然停止时有噪音;
2 )热媒忽冷忽热、 热胀冷缩易造成釆暖管件及密封件的损坏。
3 ) 阀门关断后散热器的 "惯性超温" 及阀门开启后 "惰性延迟" 等热特 性的影响, 不可避免地产生温度 "超调", 对室温控制不准确。
4 )由于每个管路的流量都是根据各个支路的阻力系数按一定比例分配的, 任何一个支路流量的变动, 都会改变其它支路的流量, 越是邻近的影响越大。 流量的大小影响散热器的放热系数, 放热系数的高低直接影响散热器的发热 量, 这是一系列的连锁反应。 热计量的温度都是自动控制的, 所有的阀门都处 在随时的通断中, 系统的水力工况极不稳定, 随时都在变化中,很难达到设计 平衡, 热力工况自然也会受到相应的影响。 这是 "间接计量"之所以差异很大 甚至失败的致命原因。
5 )阀门 "全开"、 "全关", 使流体瞬间停止和瞬间流动, 对釆暖系统、 设 施、 管路、 管件造成冲击和震动, 对系统极为不利。
6 ) 阀门经常 "全开"、 "全关", 容易造成局部 "气堵" 导致散热器不热;
7 ) 流体的大幅度搅动极易造成管路、 阀门的堵塞。
8 )电动阀在关阀和开阀时扭矩最大, 执行器工作电流大、 体积大、 费电。 且动作频繁、 影响使用寿命。
阀门 "全开"、 "全关"这种不合理的操控及运行方式, 造成系统工况恶化 及安全隐患是时时存在的。
本实施例使电动调节阀门是釆用 "连续调节"来解决了上述问题的, 具体 调节方法如下: 由于在设计流量范围内,散热器发热量与流量成相应的正比关系。改变散 热器流量即可调控室内温度。 由室内温度调控器(1 )控制电动调节阀门 (2 )作 "连续调节", 室温低 时阀门上调, 系统流量加大, 釆暖设施放热量提高, 室温上升; 当室温将达到 设定温度时,阀门回调至一定开度,室温逐渐下降,当室温将降到设定下线时, 阀门再次上调, 如此反复控制调节, 使室温一直保持在设定范围内。 由于调控 温度时阀门始终是开启的, 只是开度和控制流量大小不同, 扭矩小、 电流小、 体积小, 动作频率降低, 延长使用寿命。 大大提高了系统运行的稳定性, 改善 了温度 "超调 ", 避免 "通断式" 阀门 "全开、 全关" 给系统带来的危害, 确 保系统运行稳定。 可有多种控制方式实现此功能, 如 PLC控制、 PID控制, 模 糊控制、 模糊 PID等智能手段。
2、 按 "去峰谷、 求平均" 测取室内温度, 消除温度较大波动的影响。 在使用中可能由于某种原因使检测的室内温度瞬间发生高低变化, 这种 "温度波动" 造成釆集温度不准, 使热费结算不合理。
现在釆用 "去峰谷、 求平均" 的方法, 避免了瞬间温度波动造成测温的不 准确, 可以客观、真实地反映室内温度。 室内温度调控器测得的室温信号定时 向路由器或积算仪传输, 在传输之前要将本时段测得的若干个温度值作处理, 将最高值和最低值的几个数值, 按照一定比例(如高低各去掉 20% )去掉, 余 下一定比例的温度值再进行算术平均,平均室温传输给路由器或积算仪作为计 算热量的依据。
表 3
17. 6 17. 9 13. 2 15. 6 17. 6 17. 5 17. 9 18 18. 2 18. 1
18. 0 17. 8 17. 7 17. 8 17. 7 17. 8 14 16 17. 5 17. 9 此表是 "去峰谷, 求平均 "前的实测数据, 其中 13. 2和 14为波动温度, 此时平均室温 17. 2°C。
经 "去峰谷, 求平均"数据处理后, 平均室温 17. 8°C, 提高精度 3. 5 %, 这在贸易计量中是个不小的提
以表 3为例, 在某时段釆集了 20个室温数据, 其中有两个为异常波动温 度值 13. 2 °C和 14 °C , 如去掉 4个最高温度和 4个最低温度后, 余下 60%数据 再进行算术平均。 未处理前的平均温度为 17. 2 °C , 经过按照 "去峰谷, 求平 均" 的取值计算后的 "平均温度" 为 17. 8 °C , 将 17. 8 °C传输给积算仪作为分 摊热量的依据,提高了室温釆集的准确性,避免了温度波动对热量分摊的影响。 在室温釆集过程中发生瞬间升温时, 处理方法也是一样的。
3、 对室温进行模糊控制和智能判断, 避免异常降温和升温的影响。 异常降温: 在使用中如果故意开窗或使用其它方式致使室内釆集温度下 降,就会少交热费,这部分由于开窗多耗的热量和该用户少交的热费就会摊销 给其他的热用户, 这是极不公平的。 异常升温: 如果家中亲友聚会, 由于人体散热会使室温升高, 如果再有热 腾腾的汤菜甚至是火锅, 室内温度会升的更高。 这种由于不是釆暖设施放热, 而是其它原因使室内得热而升温, 如果按照温度收费显然是极不合理的。 "聚 会吃火锅, 还要多交热费? ", 谁都不会接受! 由于建筑 "热惰性" 因素, 正常情况下室内温度升高或降低有一个緩慢的 过程, 短时间内升降幅度不会很大, 更不会骤升骤降。 根据这个特点, 可以釆 用 "模糊控制" 智能手段对室内釆集温度进行检测、 分析、 判断、 处理, 消除 "异常降温"、 "异常升温" 对热量分摊的影响。 发生 "异常降温"、 "异常升温" 时的主要特征:
1 )升温或降温速度快, 很短时间即可达到较高或较低的值。
2 )升温或降温幅度大, 远远超出正常控温范围。
3 )延续时间长, 远远超出电动阀调控周期。
4 )具有不可控性, 即便温度已经超出正常调控范围, 温控器和电动阀无 法对其进行控制。
根据以上特征, 可通过模糊控制等方法对其进行判断和处理。 通过电动阀上调使室温上升、下调使室温下降是有一定周期的。 当温度值 发生下列 3种情况可以判定为无效值, 仍按发生前的平均温度计算: ( 1 )在艮短时间内, 温度升降幅度 4艮大, 远超出温度调控范围, 持续时 间远大于正常温度调控周期;
( 2 ) 电动阀上调后室温处在正常上升期, 正常情况下室温是不可能下降 的, 此时室温如果发生下降, 如在 1 ~ 2分钟内温度就下降 2°C以上, 即可判 定为异常降温;
( 3 ) 电动阀下调后室温处在正常下降期, 正常情况下室温是不可能上升 的, 此时室温如果发生上升, 如在 1 ~ 2分钟内温度就上升 2°C以上, 即可判 定为异常升温。
如果发生供热事故等特殊情况, 系统流量、 温度会发生很大变化, 楼栋的 热量也会发生艮大变化,对每个用户的影响都是一样的,以上判断方法并不影 响热量的合理分摊。
实施例 2 : 如图 2所示, 是一种适合新建楼房的热计量系统。 其中, 室内温度调控器 1与电动调节阀门 2、 室内温度调控器 1与积算仪 Ί均通过敷设有线通讯线路 连接。 由于釆用有线通讯方式,具有抗干扰能力强、故障率低、造价低的优点。
本实施例的其他结构与实施例 1相同。 以上所述的本发明实施方式,并不构成对本发明保护范围的限定。任何在 本发明的精神和原则之内所作的修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明 的权利要求保护范围之内。

Claims

权 利 要 求 书
1、 基于室内外温差的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 包括室内温度调控 器、 电动调节阀、 热量表、 室外气温探头、 积算仪、 计算机终端; 所述电动调节阀安装在热用户室内的供暖管路上,所述电动调节阀可以连 续调节控制流量大小; 所述电动调节阀与室内温度调控器连接;所述室内温度调控器与积算仪连 接;
所述热量表安装在楼栋或小区供热管道上, 所述热量表与积算仪连接; 所述室外气温探头安装在建筑物的阴面避免阳光直射处;所述室外气温探 头与积算仪连接; 所述积算仪与计算机终端连接。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 所述电动调节 阀包括分户控温用电动调节阀和分室控温用电动调节阀;所述分户控温用电动 调节阀安装在热用户的入户主供暖管路上,一个所述分户控温用电动调节阀与 一个室内温度调控器连接;所述分室控温用电动调节阀安装在每间室内所设散 热器或地暖的支路上,一个所述分室控温用电动调节阀与一个室内温度调控器 连接。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 所述电动调节 阀可以连续调节控制流量大小。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 所述室内温度 调控器包括温度釆集模块、 显示模块、 通讯模块、 计算模块; 所述温度釆集模 块、 显示模块、 通讯模块分别与计算模块连接。
5、 根据权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 所述室内温度 调控器按控温方式配置;分户控温的室内温度调控器每户一个配置室内温度调 控器,分室控温的每屋一个配置室内温度调控器; 所述电动调节阀与室内温度 调控器数量相匹配。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 所述室外气温 探头的安装高度为离地面 1. 5-2m; 室外气温探头有壳体保护并与大气相通。
7、 根据权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 所述室外气温 探头的设置与所述热量表相匹配; 热量表测量楼栋热量的, 室外气温探头只测 量该楼周边温度即可; 热量表测量整个小区热量的, 控制范围较大时, 室外气 温探头可设若干支, 并在积算仪里取平均室外气温值。
8、根据权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统, 其特征在于: 还包括路由器; 所述室内温度调控器通过路由器与积算仪无线连接。
9、 基于室内外温差的热量分摊计算方法, 其特征在于包括以下步骤:
( 1 )依据室外气温探头实测的室外气温与各热用户的室内温度计算的室 内外温差, 并按下式计算室内外温差:
Δ T=Tn-Tw ( 1 ) 公式(1 ) 中, Δ Τ为室内外温差; Tn为室内温度; Tw为室外温度;
( 2 )将热量表每次测得的楼栋或小区总耗热量, 按以下公式计算将热量 表的总耗热量分摊给各用户; 计算方法如下:
K= Qz/Al (Tl-Tw) +A2 (T2-Tw) +···+Αη (Tn- Tw)
= z/∑Ai(Ti - Tw) (2) Qi= K*Ai (Ti-Tw) (3) 将第 i个用户每次分摊热量进行合计就是该用户釆暖季的总耗热量 Qiz: Qiz= Qi l+Qi 2+ … +Qin = ∑Qi (4) 公式(2 )、 (3 )、 (4 ) 中:
K一热量分摊系数: 每 m2每。 C室内外温差的耗热量, 单位为 W或 J;
Qz—热量表测得的该时段楼栋耗热量, 单位为 KWh或 GJ; Al、 A2、 Ai、 An—第 1、 第 2、 第 i、 第 n个用户面积, 单位为 m2;
Tl、 T2、 Ti、 Τη—第 1、 第 2、 第 i、 第 n个用户室内温度,单位为。 C;
Tw—实测的室外温度, 单位为。 C;
Qi—第 i个用户第 i次分摊的热量, 单位为 KWh或 KJ;
Qil、 Qi2、 Qin—第 i个用户, 第 1、 第 2、 第 n时段耗热量, 单位为 KWh 或 KJ;
Qiz—第 i个用户釆暖季总耗热量,单位为 KWh或 GJ;
10、如权利要求 1所述的热计量控制系统的调节控制方法,其特征在于包 括以下步骤:
(1)通过电动调节阀门作连续调节来改变散热器流量, 即可调控室内温 度: 具体是由室内温度调控器控制电动调节阀门作连续调节, 室温低时阀门开 大, 系统流量加大, 釆暖设施放热量提高, 使得室温上升; 当室温将达到设定 温度上限时, 阀门调小至一定开度, 室温逐渐下降, 当室温将降到设定温度的 下限时, 阀门再次开大, 如此反复控制调节, 使室温一直保持在设定范围内;
(2)为避免温度瞬间波动影响所测温度的准确性,对于室内温度釆用 "去 峰谷、 求平均"的取值方法: 室内温度调控器测得的室温信号在定时向积算仪 传输之前,将本时段测得的所有温度值,按照设定比例去除最高的几个数值和 最低的几个数值,然后对余下的温度值按算术平均计算出本时段平均室温,并 传输给积算仪作为计算本时段热量的依据;
(3) 当室内温度值发生因异常降温和异常升温造成的下列情况, 可以判 定为无效值, 仍按发生前的平均温度计算:
(a)在 4艮短时间内, 室内温度升降幅度 4艮大, 远超出温度调控范围, 持 续时间远大于正常温度调控周期, 如异常降温和异常升温现象发生时;
(b) 电动调节阀将温度上调后室温处在正常上升期, 正常情况下室温是 不可能下降的, 此时室温如果发生下降, 即可判定为异常降温; ( c ) 电动调节阀将温度下调后室温处在正常下降期, 正常情况下室温是 不可能上升的, 此时室温如果发生上升, 即可判定为异常升温;
所述异常降温是指在使用中如果故意开窗或使用其它方式致使室内温度 下降的现象; 所述异常升温是指不是由釆暖设施正常放热,而是因其它原因使室内得热 而升温的现象。
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