WO2014194743A1 - 冷岛效应装置 - Google Patents

冷岛效应装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014194743A1
WO2014194743A1 PCT/CN2014/077108 CN2014077108W WO2014194743A1 WO 2014194743 A1 WO2014194743 A1 WO 2014194743A1 CN 2014077108 W CN2014077108 W CN 2014077108W WO 2014194743 A1 WO2014194743 A1 WO 2014194743A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
reflective
island effect
effect device
cold island
cold
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2014/077108
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
蒋钧
蒋胜蓝
Original Assignee
Jiang Jun
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Jiang Jun filed Critical Jiang Jun
Priority to AU2014277508A priority Critical patent/AU2014277508A1/en
Priority to TW103118851A priority patent/TW201502345A/zh
Publication of WO2014194743A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014194743A1/zh
Priority to US14/922,120 priority patent/US20160040911A1/en

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S90/00—Solar heat systems not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G15/00—Devices or methods for influencing weather conditions
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a technical device for realizing heatstroke prevention and drought resistance and moisturizing by utilizing the principle of cold island effect. Background technique
  • the cold island effect is a phenomenon of climate change.
  • human studies on the cold island effect include: urban park cold island effect and desert oasis cold island effect, and the research on cold island effect is limited to science, and technology has not been involved yet.
  • Field of the invention. The invention realizes the first application of the principle of cold island effect in the technical field.
  • the cold island effect of urban parks has a significant effect on summer heatstroke cooling in urban areas. This is proved in many scientific research literatures, but the city is a city after all, and it is impossible to increase the area of parks in cities for the summer heatstroke. And quantity. Therefore, in order to cool down the heat in the summer, people usually use air conditioners to lower the temperature in the room to achieve the purpose. Although the air conditioner can reduce the temperature in the room, the waste heat from the air conditioner raises the ambient temperature outside the house. In the summer, a large number of air conditioners operate at the same time, which makes the ambient temperature of the whole city rise. Therefore, more people can't stand the heat and are forced to follow up using air conditioners, resulting in higher ambient temperature in the city. This shows that the air conditioner is a vicious cycle of heatstroke prevention and cooling technology. The energy consumed by the air conditioner is finally converted into heat energy, and the air in the surrounding environment is heated, which makes the whole environment temperature higher and wastes a lot of energy. .
  • the cold island effect of the desert oasis has a significant effect on drought resistance and moisturization in arid areas. It has also been proved in many scientific research literatures that the cold island effect of oasis can reduce the temperature of the oasis surface and reduce the evaporation of water in the oasis, thus maintaining and Expand the oasis area. But to form an oasis in the desert, there must be a lot of water, and water is the most deficient substance in the desert. Therefore, desert oases are naturally formed, and artificial oases are not yet available. At present, due to the impact of human activities and climate change, many areas on land are becoming more and more dry, and human beings are in urgent need of new technological inventions to combat drought.
  • the global climate Due to the effects of the greenhouse effect and the heat island effect, the global climate has a tendency to dry and warm, and it is becoming hotter and drier.
  • the main technical way for human beings to cope with climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This method is slow, difficult to achieve immediate results, and has a hindrance to social and economic development.
  • humans have neglected the application of the cold island effect.
  • the cold island effect can effectively curb the greenhouse effect and the heat island effect, make the climate cool and humid, have an immediate effect on climate change, and have great significance for the improvement of global climate environment. .
  • the purpose of the present invention is to reflect the sunlight by arranging a certain area of the reflector by utilizing the principle of the cold island effect. Back to space, resulting in a relatively low temperature cold island.
  • the device of the present invention may be a single retroreflective device or a combination of a plurality of retroreflective devices.
  • the reflective area of a single reflective device ranges from a few square meters to several hundred square meters, and the total reflective area of multiple reflective devices ranges from a few hundred square meters to tens of millions of square meters, or even larger.
  • the reflex device can adopt the roller blind structure, the roller blind can be rolled up, the sunny day is used for reflective formation of the cold island, the wind can be wound at night or rainy days, so that the ground lighting needs, or the wind is wound up in time when the weather is bad to avoid damage to the equipment.
  • the cold island effect device can be divided into three types: large, medium and small:
  • the small reflective area is less than 10,000 square meters, and the cold island is mainly composed of reverse temperature storage.
  • the large-scale reflective area is more than 10 million square meters, and the cold island is dominated by convection cooling.
  • the medium-sized reflective area is between 10,000 and 10 million square meters, and it has a cold island with reverse temperature storage and convection cooling.
  • a specific technical solution of the present invention is: a cold island effect device, which is installed on a ground, a water surface or a building by a single reflective device or a plurality of reflective devices to form a space with a top cover; the reflective device includes a bracket and a reflective surface (planar or curved surface) on the support, the reflective surface being parallel or inclined to the horizontal plane; the total area of the reflective surface on the single or multiple reflective devices is not less than 20 square meters.
  • a further technical solution of the present invention is: the bracket is further equipped with a motor and a guide rail, the reflective surface is a reflective roller blind, and the reflective roller blind is unfolded or wound along the guide rail under the driving of the motor; single or multiple reflective
  • the total area of the reflective roller blind on the device is not less than 20 square meters.
  • the reflective surface may also be any one or more of a reflective folding curtain, a reflective venetian blind, a reflective flat panel, a reflective film, a reflective aluminum foil, and a reflective tin foil.
  • a partition wall or an isolation riser is also provided around the cold island effect device to isolate the convection of the hot and cold air and enhance the cold island effect of the cold storage cold storage island.
  • a solar power generation device or a solar water heater is installed below the reflective surface, and a wind power generation device is further provided in the middle or around the cold island effect device. In this way, cold island reflection and cooling can be realized, and energy utilization such as photoelectricity, light heat and wind power can be realized.
  • the cold island effect device can be used in combination with a utility boiler steam condenser or a central air conditioning cooling tower to provide a lower temperature cooling medium for boilers and air conditioners, thereby reducing thermal pollution and improving energy efficiency of boilers and air conditioners.
  • the cold island effect device can be widely used in boilers, air conditioners, heat pumps, centralized energy systems, condensers and cooling towers of distributed energy systems to eliminate thermal pollution of equipment and improve energy efficiency of equipment.
  • the cold island effect device can adopt a directional reflective material, and the light is reflected by the microprism to return the light to the light source, thereby avoiding light pollution of the surrounding buildings.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view of the unfolding and winding of a single reflective roller blind
  • FIG. 2 is a combination diagram of a cold island effect device and a solar power generation, a solar water heater, and a wind power generation device;
  • FIG. 3 is an effect diagram of a reverse temperature storage principle of the small cold island effect device;
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the principle of convection cooling of a large cold island effect device;
  • Figure 5 is a top view of the combined application of the cold island effect device with the power station boiler condenser and the central air conditioning cooling tower.
  • Changsha is hot in summer and is known as a stove.
  • the total station area of Changsha Railway Station is 77,000 square meters, including 19,000 square meters of housing area and 37,000 square meters of station square.
  • Platform and platform The railway area is 21,000 square meters.
  • the main station of the railway station is 23 meters high, 151 meters wide and 63 meters high.
  • a reflective device with a reflective roller blind 1 can be installed above the Changsha Railway Station Square.
  • the reflective roller blind 1 of a single reflector has an area of 50 square meters.
  • a total of 750 reflective roller blinds are installed.
  • the roller blind is 10 meters above the ground and passes through the steel.
  • the bracket 4 is mounted on a square, and the steel bracket 4 is provided with a motor 2 and a guide rail 3, and the reflective roller blind 1 is unfolded or wound along the guide rail 3 under the driving of the motor 2.
  • the motor 2 can be started.
  • a part of the reflective roller blind 1 is used to reflect sunlight.
  • the temperature exceeds 35 °C all the reflective roller blinds 1 can be deployed. Through the cold island effect, a relatively cool local environment can be formed on the square.
  • the cold island effect can be formed in the surface area of the entire railway station, which will greatly reduce the air conditioning energy consumption of Changsha Railway Station in summer.
  • the roller blinds can be removed from the train station square and the brackets can be removed.
  • Yueya Spring is located 5 kilometers southwest of Dunhuang City, Gansu province. It is located under the Mingsha Mountain. It is formed by a groundwater and forms a lake. It is surrounded by sand dunes and resembles a crescent moon. In the 1950s, the Crescent Moon was 218 meters long, 54 meters wide at the widest point, with an average water depth of 5 meters and a depth of 7 meters. Lake area due to human activities and climate change
  • the Crescent Moon is about 100 meters long, about 25 meters wide, and the average water depth is 3 meters.
  • the reflective device with reflective roller blind 1 can be installed on the surface of the Crescent Moon Lake and the surrounding ground.
  • the reflective roller blind 1 of a single reflective device has an area of 30 square meters. A total of 400 reflective roller blinds 1 are installed, and the total reflective area is 12,000. Square meters, the roller blind is 6 meters above the ground.
  • the motor 2 can be activated, and the reflective roller blind can be developed to form a cold island effect, so that the temperature of the area where the crescent spring is located is lowered, and the evaporation of water is reduced, thereby achieving the purpose of drought resistance and moisturization.
  • the Mu Us Sandy Land is located in the transition zone from the Ordos Plateau to the North Shaanxi Plateau.
  • the sand area is about 40,000 square kilometers.
  • the administrative division includes 13 counties and cities in the southern part of Erdos in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the northern part of Yulin Prefecture in Shaanxi Republic, and Yanchi County in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Flag.
  • the Mu Us Sandy Land slopes from the northwest to the southeast, and the northwest includes some beams extending from the mid-western highlands of Ordos to the southeast. These beams are flat and flat. Due to the cutting, a number of valleys are formed between the beams. From the northwest to the southeast, there are inclined alluvial plains, which are called beaches in the local area.
  • the Mu Us Sandy Land is a sandy land under a grassland climate. It is in the transition zone of the desert-grassland-forest. The southern part of the Mu Us sandy land is located in the western part of the monsoon region of China. The annual average temperature is 6. 1-8. 2 °C The annual average precipitation is 400-440mm in the southeast of the sand area, and gradually decreases to about 250mm in the northwest. Mu Us has historically been a land of abundant water and grass. Due to human activities, forests and grasslands have been destroyed, the natural cold island effect has been weakened, surface water evaporation has intensified, and agricultural water use has become increasingly difficult.
  • Reflective devices are arranged according to topography and landforms, covering most of the beam areas in the area, with a total reflective area of 20,000-30,000 square kilometers, thus forming several large cold island areas in the area, and the cold island effect will produce significant drought resistance. Moisturizing effect.
  • Embodiment 4 "cold island + photovoltaic + wind power" combination mode
  • the wind power generation device can reduce the wind interference outside the cold island and enhance the stability of the inversion layer above the cold island or the sinking of the high-altitude cold air.
  • the specific combination method is to install the solar power generating device 6 or the solar water heater 7 under the reflective device. After the reflective device is wound up or removed, the solar power generating device 6 or the solar water heater 7 can be put into use, or a plurality of winds are arranged around the cold island. Power generation device 8.
  • This "cold island + photovoltaic (photothermal) + wind power” combination mode will open up huge market space for industries such as photovoltaic, wind power, steel, and reflective materials that are overcapacity.
  • Embodiment 5 Application of a cold island effect device in a power plant boiler condenser or a central air conditioning cooling tower
  • a boiler system of a thermal power plant and a nuclear power plant steam coming out of the steam turbine needs to be condensed into water.
  • the prior art uses water or air in the environment around the power station as a cooling medium. Water or air is input into the condenser, and the heat of the steam is absorbed and then discharged into the surrounding environment, and the steam is condensed into liquid water and then input into the boiler. Carry out the next cycle of power generation.
  • the thermal power station and the nuclear power plant Since a large amount of water or air in the environment around the thermal power station and the nuclear power plant is heated by the boiler condenser and then discharged into the surrounding environment, the thermal power station and the nuclear power plant have huge thermal pollution to the surrounding environment; in summer, due to the high ambient temperature, This results in a reduction in the vacuum of the condenser, which reduces the power generation efficiency of the power station.
  • the cold island effect device has significant energy saving and environmental protection effects.
  • the invention can be widely applied to industrial and commercial fields such as a thermal power station, a nuclear power plant, a central air conditioner, etc., and provides a low-temperature cooling medium for a condenser or a cooling tower of a large-scale energy device, which greatly reduces the thermal pollution of the device to the environment and improves the energy efficiency of the device.
  • the invention can be widely applied to urban plazas, residential areas, commercial areas and the like.
  • the heatstroke prevention and cooling effect can improve the living environment of the city and save a large amount of air-conditioning energy, which has significant significance for energy saving and emission reduction.
  • the invention can be widely applied to the drought resistance and moisturization of dry land, desert and desert.
  • a cold island effect is formed in a region of tens to thousands of square kilometers (or even larger), and water evaporation is reduced, which will gradually Increase the soil moisture content of the area and increase the air humidity to form an artificial oasis, turning the desert into farmland, grassland and forest.

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Abstract

一种冷岛效应装置，由单个反光装置或多个反光装置组合安装于地面、水面或建筑物上，形成一个顶部有遮挡的空间；所述反光装置包括支架（4）和位于支架（4）上的反光面，所述反光面与水平面平行或倾斜；单个或多个反光装置上的反光面的总面积不小于20平方米。

Description

冷岛效应装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用冷岛效应原理来实现防暑降温和抗旱保湿的技术装置。 背景技术
冷岛效应属于气候变化的一种现象， 目前， 人类对冷岛效应的研究包括： 城 市公园冷岛效应和沙漠绿洲冷岛效应， 而且对冷岛效应的研究仅仅限于科学领 域， 尚未涉及到技术发明领域。本发明则实现了冷岛效应原理在技术领域的首次 应用。
城市公园的冷岛效应对城市夏季的防暑降温具有显著的效果，这在诸多科学 研究文献中均有证明，但城市毕竟是城市， 不可能为了夏季的防暑降温而大量地 增加城市中公园的面积和数量。 因此， 城市为了在夏季进行防暑降温， 人们通常 采用空调装置来降低房间内的温度以达到目的。 空调虽然可以降低房间内的温 度， 但是空调所排放的废热气， 却使得房屋外的环境温度升高了。 夏季， 大量的 空调同时运行， 使得整个城市环境温度升高， 于是， 更多的人受不了炎热， 被迫 跟进使用空调， 导致城市环境温度更高。这表明， 空调是一种恶性循环的防暑降 温技术装置， 空调使用所消耗的能源， 最终转变成热能， 并加热了周围环境的空 气， 使得整个环境温度变得更高， 并浪费了大量的能源。
沙漠绿洲的冷岛效应对干旱地区的抗旱保湿具有显著的效果，这在诸多科学 研究文献中也均有证明， 绿洲的冷岛效应可以降低绿洲地表的气温，减少绿洲的 水分蒸发， 从而维持和扩大绿洲面积。但要在沙漠中形成绿洲， 必须要有大量的 水， 而水正是沙漠中最缺乏的物质。 因此， 沙漠绿洲都是天然形成的， 人造绿洲 目前还没有。 目前， 由于人类活动和气候变化的影响， 陆地上许多地区越来越干 旱， 人类急需新的技术发明来抵御干旱。
发明内容
由于公园和绿洲含有大量的水，水的比热大大高于城市建筑和沙漠沙砾的比 热， 这导致白天在太阳的照射下， 公园和绿洲的温度升高较慢， 而周围区域的温 度升高较快， 从而使得公园和绿洲成为相对低温的冷岛。冷岛形成后， 根据冷岛 的面积大小， 小型冷岛上方将形成上热下冷的逆温蓄冷型大气环境， 大型冷岛则 形成高空冷空气下沉而周围地表热空气上升的对流制冷型大气环境。这就是冷岛 效应的原理所在。
由于温室效应和热岛效应的影响，全球气候有干暖化趋势， 正变得越来越炎 热干旱。 当前， 人类应对气候变化的主要技术途径就是减排温室气体， 这种办法 见效缓慢， 难以起到立竿见影的效果， 并对社会经济发展产生阻碍作用。 然而， 人类却忽略了冷岛效应的应用， 冷岛效应可以有效地遏制温室效应和热岛效应， 使得气候变得凉爽湿润，对气候变化有立竿见影的效果，对全球气候环境的改善 有重大的意义。 为了得到冷岛， 不一定非要公园和绿洲不可， 由于太阳才是地表温度升高的 根源所在，所以本发明的目的就是利用冷岛效应的原理，通过布置一定面积的反 光装置， 将阳光反射回太空， 从而得到相对低温的冷岛。
本发明装置可以是单个反光装置， 也可以是由多个反光装置排列组合而成。 单个反光装置的反光面积为几平方米到几百平方米，多个反光装置的总反光面积 为几百平方米到几千万平方米， 甚至更大。 反光装置可采用卷帘结构， 卷帘可展 可卷， 晴天展开用于反光形成冷岛， 夜晚或阴雨天可收卷， 以便地面采光需要， 或者在气候恶劣时及时收卷以免设备受损。
根据总反光面积的大小， 冷岛效应装置可分为大、 中、 小三种类型： 小型一反光面积小于 1万平方米， 以逆温蓄冷为主的冷岛。
大型一反光面积大于 1000万平方米， 以对流制冷为主的冷岛。
中型一反光面积介于 1万 -1000万平方米之间， 兼有逆温蓄冷和对流制冷 的冷岛。
本发明具体的技术方案是： 一种冷岛效应装置， 由单个反光装置或多个反光 装置组合安装于地面、水面或建筑物上， 形成一个顶部有遮挡的空间； 所述反光 装置包括支架和位于支架上的反光面 （平面或曲面）， 所述反光面与水平面平行 或倾斜； 单个或多个反光装置上的反光面的总面积不小于 20平方米。
本发明进一步的技术方案是： 所述支架上还装有电机和导轨，所述反光面为 反光卷帘， 反光卷帘在电机的驱动下沿着导轨进行展开或收卷； 单个或多个反光 装置上反光卷帘的总面积不小于 20平方米。 同时， 所述反光面也可以为反光折 叠帘、 反光百叶帘、 反光平板、 反光薄膜、 反光铝箔、 反光锡箔中的任意一种或 多种。
为进一步增强本发明的冷岛效应，在冷岛效应装置的周围还设有隔离墙或隔 离竖板， 以隔离冷热空气的对流， 增强逆温蓄冷型冷岛的冷岛效应。
再进一步的，在所述反光面下方安装有太阳能发电装置或太阳能热水器， 在 冷岛效应装置的中间或周围还设有风力发电装置。 这样既可实现冷岛反光降温， 又可实现光电、 光热、 风电等能源利用。
在工商业领域，所述冷岛效应装置可与电站锅炉蒸汽冷凝器或中央空调冷却 塔组合使用， 为锅炉和空调提供更低温度的冷却介质， 从而减少锅炉和空调的热 污染并提高其能源效率。 可见， 冷岛效应装置可广泛应用于锅炉、 空调、 热泵、 集中式能源系统、分布式能源系统的冷凝器和冷却塔， 消除设备的热污染， 提高 设备的能源效率。
在城市中， 冷岛效应装置可采用定向反光材料， 把光线经微棱镜反射后， 使 光线又回到光源处， 从而避免反光对周围建筑物的光污染。
附图说明
图 1为单个反光卷帘的展开和收卷示意图；
图 2为冷岛效应装置与太阳能发电、太阳能热水器、风力发电装置的组合图； 图 3为小型冷岛效应装置的逆温蓄冷原理效果图； 图 4为大型冷岛效应装置的对流制冷原理效果图；
图 5 为冷岛效应装置与电站锅炉冷凝器、 中央空调冷却塔组合应用的俯视 图。
图中： 1、 反光卷帘； 2、 电机； 3、 导轨； 4、 支架； 5、 隔离竖板； 6、 太阳 能发电装置； 7、 太阳能热水器； 8、 风力发电装置； 9、 定向反光面。
具体实施方式
实施例一： 长沙火车站的防暑降温
长沙夏季炎热， 素有火炉之称， 长沙火车站全站总面积达 7. 7万余平方米， 其中房屋面积 1. 9万平方米，站前广场面积 3. 7万平方米，站台和站台间铁道面 积 2. 1万平方米。 火车站的主站房高 23米， 宽 151米， 钟楼高 63米。
在夏季的晴天， 长沙火车站候车楼采用空调降温，站前广场则没有任何防暑 降温装置， 在阳光直射下， 广场地面热浪逼人， 令人非常难受。
可在长沙火车站广场上方安装采用反光卷帘 1的反光装置，单个反光装置的 反光卷帘 1面积为 50平方米， 共安装 750块反光卷帘， 卷帘离地面高度为 10 米， 通过钢支架 4安装于广场上， 钢支架 4上装有电机 2和导轨 3， 反光卷帘 1 在电机 2的驱动下沿着导轨 3进行展开或收卷。 在夏季的晴天， 当气温超过 30 °C时，可启动电机 2，展开一部分反光卷帘 1用于反射阳光，当气温超过 35°C时， 可展开全部的反光卷帘 1。通过冷岛效应，可在广场上形成相对凉爽的局部环境。
若把候车楼、售票楼、站台等建筑物房顶也全部安装卷帘反光装置， 可在整 个火车站的地表区域形成冷岛效应， 将大幅度减少长沙火车站在夏季的空调能 耗。 到了秋冬季节， 卷帘可从火车站广场拆除， 支架也可拆除。
实施例二： 敦煌月牙泉的抗旱保湿
月牙泉位于甘肃敦煌市西南 5公里处，位于鸣沙山下， 由地下水涌出形成一 湖， 在沙丘环抱之中， 酷似一弯新月而得名月牙泉。 在 20世纪 50年代时， 月牙 泉东西长 218米， 中间最宽处 54米， 平均水深 5米， 最深处 7米。 由于人类活 动和气候变化的影响， 湖水面积
日益缩小， 目前， 月牙泉东西长约 100米， 宽约 25米， 平均水深 3米， 最深处
5米。
为了抗旱保湿，可在月牙泉湖面及周围地面上方安装采用反光卷帘 1的反光 装置， 单个反光装置的反光卷帘 1面积为 30平方米， 共安装 400块反光卷帘 1， 总反光面积 12000平方米， 卷帘离地面高度为 6米。
当晴天阳光强烈时， 可启动电机 2， 展开反光卷帘形成冷岛效应， 使得月牙 泉所在区域的温度降低， 水分蒸发量减少， 从而达到抗旱保湿的目的。
实施例三： 毛乌素沙地的抗旱保湿
毛乌素沙地位于鄂尔多斯高原向陕北高原过渡地带，沙地面积约 4万平方公 里， 在行政区划上包括内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯南部、 陕西省的榆林地区北部、 宁 夏回族自治区盐池县等 13个县、 市、 旗。 毛乌素沙地自西北向东南倾斜， 西北 部包括从鄂尔多斯中西部高地向东南延伸出来的一些梁地， 这些梁地梁面平坦， 由于遭受割切， 梁间形成若干谷地， 自西北向东南为倾斜的冲积平原， 当地称为 滩地， 这样构成了 "梁" "滩"平行排列的相间地貌。 毛乌素沙地是一个草原气 候条件下的沙地， 处于荒漠 -草原 -森林的过渡地带， 毛乌素沙地大部属温带， 位 于中国季风区的西陲， 年平均温度 6. 1-8. 2 °C， 年平均降水量在沙区东南部为 400-440mm, 向西北逐渐递减至 250mm左右。毛乌素在历史上曾是水草丰美之地， 由于人类活动， 导致森林和草原被破坏， 自然的冷岛效应被减弱， 地表水分蒸发 加剧， 农业用水越来越困难。 目前毛乌素各县粮食生产很不稳定， 农民对农业开 发信心不足， 从而采取广种薄收的策略， 造成区域生态破坏， 使得该区域的经济 发展和环境演变陷入恶性循环。
通过在干旱而平坦的 "梁"地上布置大面积的反光装置， 可以大幅度减少毛 乌素地区的水分总蒸发量，并为农业生产所在的谷地和滩地得到更多的水资源创 造条件。 反光装置根据地形地貌分片布置， 覆盖该地区大部分的梁地， 总反光面 积 2-3万平方公里， 从而在该地区形成若干个大型的冷岛区域，其冷岛效应将产 生显著的抗旱保湿效果。
实施例四： "冷岛 +光伏 +风电"组合模式
由于冷岛效应装置需要占用大量的地面，而太阳能光伏发电、太阳能热水器、 风力发电装置也需要占用大量的地面， 若与之组合实施， 则在同一块土地上， 可 产生更多的收益。
由于冷岛效应装置主要在夏季使用，而太阳能发电、太阳能热水器则可在冬、 春、秋季使用，在时间上实现互补。风力发电装置则可减少冷岛外部的风力干扰， 增强冷岛上方逆温层或高空冷空气下沉的稳定性。其具体组合方式是在反光装置 下方安装太阳能发电装置 6或太阳能热水器 7， 当反光装置收卷或拆除后， 太阳 能发电装置 6或太阳能热水器 7即可投入使用，或者在冷岛周围布置若干个风力 发电装置 8。这种 "冷岛 +光伏 (光热) +风电"组合模式将为陷入产能过剩的光伏、 风电、 钢铁、 反光材料等行业开拓巨大的市场空间。
实施例五： 冷岛效应装置在电站锅炉冷凝器或中央空调冷却塔中的应用 在火电站和核电站的锅炉系统中， 从汽轮机里出来的蒸汽需要被冷凝成水。 现有技术是采用电站周围环境中的水或空气作为冷却介质，水或空气输入冷凝器 中， 吸收蒸汽的热量后再排放到周围环境中， 而蒸汽则被冷凝成液态水后再次输 入锅炉，进行下一轮发电循环。 由于火电站和核电站周围环境中大量的水或空气 被锅炉冷凝器加热后， 再排放到周围环境中， 因此火电站和核电站对周围环境存 在着巨大的热污染； 在夏季， 由于环境温度高， 导致冷凝器的真空度降低， 从而 降低了发电站的发电效率。
例如， 长沙望城 2台 600丽超临界电站锅炉夏季满负荷运行时，每小时需从 湘江中抽取 75000吨水用于冷凝器的冷却， 75000吨水吸热后温度升高约 20 °C， 然后再排入湘江， 形成巨大的热污染。 若在电站锅炉周围的空地上， 布置 2-3 平方公里的冷岛效应装置， 每小时可使 75000吨水的温度降低 15-20 °C， 从而大 幅度减少发电站的热污染，并提高冷凝器的真空度，提高电站的发电效率。同样， 在空调、热泵、集中式能源系统、分布式能源系统的冷凝器或冷却塔周围的空地 上布置一定面积的冷岛效应装置， 可有效降低环境温度， 消除设备的热污染， 提 高设备的能源效率。
通过实施例一、 二、 三、 四、 五， 可见冷岛效应装置具有显著的节能环保效 果。
本发明可广泛应用于火电站、核电站、 中央空调等工商领域， 为大型能源设 备的冷凝器或冷却塔提供低温冷却介质， 大幅度减少设备对环境的热污染， 并提 高设备的能源效率。
本发明可广泛应用于城市广场、 住宅区、 商业区等区域， 在夏季时， 其防暑 降温作用可改善城市的居住环境， 并节约大量的空调能源， 具有重大的节能减排 意义。
本发明可广泛应用于旱地、荒漠、 沙漠的抗旱保湿， 通过布置大面积的反光 装置，在几十到几千平方公里 (甚至更大）的区域内形成冷岛效应，减少水分蒸发， 将逐步提高该区域的土壤水分含量， 增加空气湿度， 从而形成人造绿洲， 使荒漠 变成农田、 草原、 森林。
总之， 本发明广泛实施后， 将崛起一系列战略性新兴产业， 这对中国和世界 的经济结构转型、节能减排、应对气候变化、 十八亿亩耕地红线的守卫等都将产 生重大的利好。

Claims

权利要求书
1. 一种冷岛效应装置， 其特征是： 由单个反光装置或多个反光装置组合安装于 地面、 水面或建筑物上， 形成一个顶部有遮挡的空间； 所述反光装置包括支 架和位于支架上的反光面 （平面或曲面）， 所述反光面与水平面平行或倾斜； 单个或多个反光装置上反光面的总面积不小于 20平方米。
2. 根据权利要求 1所述的冷岛效应装置， 其特征是： 所述支架上还装有电机和 导轨， 所述反光面为反光卷帘， 反光卷帘在电机的驱动下沿着导轨进行展开 或收卷； 单个或多个反光装置上反光卷帘的总面积不小于 20平方米。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的冷岛效应装置，其特征是： 所述反光面为反光折叠帘、 反光百叶帘、 反光平板、 反光薄膜、 反光铝箔、 反光锡箔中的任意一种或多 种。
4. 根据权利要求 1至 3中任一项所述的冷岛效应装置， 其特征是： 在冷岛效应 装置的周围还设有隔离墙或隔离竖板。
5. 根据权利要求 1至 3中任一项所述的冷岛效应装置， 其特征是： 在所述反光 面下方安装有太阳能发电装置或太阳能热水器。
6. 根据权利要求 1至 3中任一项所述的冷岛效应装置， 其特征是： 在冷岛效应 装置的中间或周围还设有风力发电装置。
7. 根据权利要求 1至 3中任一项所述的冷岛效应装置， 其特征是： 在冷岛效应 装置的中间或周围还设有冷凝器或冷却塔。
8. 根据权利要求 1至 3中任一项所述的冷岛效应装置， 其特征是： 所述反光面 采用定向反光材料， 光线经微棱镜反射后， 又回到光源处。
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