WO2014176608A1 - Circuit d'exploitation pour diodes électroluminescentes - Google Patents

Circuit d'exploitation pour diodes électroluminescentes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014176608A1
WO2014176608A1 PCT/AT2014/000095 AT2014000095W WO2014176608A1 WO 2014176608 A1 WO2014176608 A1 WO 2014176608A1 AT 2014000095 W AT2014000095 W AT 2014000095W WO 2014176608 A1 WO2014176608 A1 WO 2014176608A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
operating circuit
switch
control
coil
setpoint
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AT2014/000095
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Frank Lochmann
Markus SCHERTLER
Original Assignee
Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg filed Critical Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg
Priority to DE112014002209.8T priority Critical patent/DE112014002209A5/de
Publication of WO2014176608A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014176608A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D25/00—Control of light, e.g. intensity, colour or phase
    • G05D25/02—Control of light, e.g. intensity, colour or phase characterised by the use of electric means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/37—Converter circuits
    • H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/30—Driver circuits
    • H05B45/37—Converter circuits
    • H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
    • H05B45/375—Switched mode power supply [SMPS] using buck topology
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B47/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light sources in general, i.e. where the type of light source is not relevant
    • H05B47/10—Controlling the light source
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B20/00—Energy efficient lighting technologies, e.g. halogen lamps or gas discharge lamps
    • Y02B20/30—Semiconductor lamps, e.g. solid state lamps [SSL] light emitting diodes [LED] or organic LED [OLED]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an operating circuit with
  • Semiconductor light sources such as light emitting diodes have become increasingly interesting for lighting applications in recent years. The reason for this is, among other things, that crucial technical
  • Brightness as well as the light efficiency (light output per watt) of these light sources could be achieved.
  • LEDs have become an attractive alternative to conventional light sources such as incandescent or
  • LEDs Light emission from LEDs correlates with the current flow through the LEDs. For brightness control, LEDs are therefore always operated in a mode in which the current flow through the LED is controlled.
  • switching regulator such as step-down converter or buck
  • Such a switching regulator is
  • a control unit controls a high-frequency clocked switch (for example, a
  • the LED current shows a
  • the time average of the LED current represents the RMS current through the LED arrangement and is a measure of the brightness of the LEDs.
  • the LEDs are low-frequency (typically with a frequency in the range of 100-1000 Hz) pulse packets through the operating device supplied with (in time average) constant current amplitude.
  • the current within a pulse packet is superimposed on the above-mentioned high-frequency ripple.
  • the brightness of the LEDs can now be adjusted by the frequency of the
  • Pulse packets are controlled; the LEDs can
  • a practical requirement of the operating device is that it can be used as flexibly and versatile as possible, for example, regardless of how many LEDs are actually connected as a load and should be operated.
  • the load may also change during operation if, for example, an LED fails.
  • the LEDs are, for example, in a so-called 'continuous conduction mode' or
  • a buck converter for the operation of at least one LED (or a plurality of LEDs connected in series), which has a first switch S1, is shown as a basic circuit.
  • the operating circuit is supplied with a DC voltage or a rectified AC voltage U0.
  • Control unit for regulating the operation of the
  • Illuminant wherein control steps are performed in dependence on control parameters.
  • the operating circuit is supplied with a variable setpoint, and the setpoint is compared with an actual value. In this case, the following steps take place: detection of an increase in the setpoint value over a specific time by means of a control / regulating unit and adaptation of at least one control parameter in
  • Control parameters can be continuous or stepwise.
  • Control is set to very slow controller parameters
  • the control unit may receive dimming commands via an external interface and these dimming commands may specify the changeable setpoint.
  • the dimming commands can be used as digital wired signals (eg DALI, DSI),
  • the operating circuit can be connected via a potential-isolated. Converter are supplied, wherein the floating converter by a controller, preferably
  • Microcontroller is controlled and wherein the controller via a preferably isolated (internal)
  • the isolated converter can, for example, by an isolated flyback converter
  • the controller may control the operation of the floating converter, for example, by adjusting the switching frequency and / or the
  • the controller can receive dimming commands via an external interface.
  • a supply voltage for at least one LED can by means of a coil and a through a
  • Control unit clocked first switch
  • the invention also relates to an operating circuit, wherein the operating circuit is a DC voltage or
  • rectified AC voltage is supplied and by means of a coil and a through the
  • Control unit clocked first switch one
  • the control unit may be a signal of the first sensor unit or a signal of the second sensor unit or a combination of a signal from the first sensor unit and a signal from the second sensor unit for determining the input and
  • the control unit may turn off the first switch when the current through the first switch exceeds a maximum reference value.
  • the first sensor unit may be a measuring resistor.
  • the invention also relates to a method for controlling an operating circuit for a light-emitting means, preferably at least one LED, wherein control steps are carried out as a function of control parameters, and wherein the operating circuit is supplied with a variable setpoint value, the setpoint value is compared with an actual value, and wherein the method comprises : Capturing a slope of the
  • control parameter as a function of the slope.
  • the adaptation of the control parameters can be carried out continuously or stepwise. Further preferred embodiments and further developments of the invention are the subject of further subclaims.
  • Figure la shows a circuit arrangement according to the
  • FIG. 1b shows a diagram with the time profile of the LED current in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 1a (prior art).
  • FIG. 2 a shows a first example of an operating circuit (buck) according to the invention for LEDs
  • FIG. 2b shows a diagram which is time-dependent
  • FIG. 5 shows a modification of the circuit of FIG. 2a (Buck Boost).
  • FIG. 6 shows a further specific embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b show the state of the art.
  • the circuit arrangement shown in FIG. 2a is an example of a possible operating circuit. It is used to operate at least one ⁇ or more in series and / or parallel switched) LED. For example, in the example shown, two LEDs are in series
  • FIG. 6 shows the behavior of the operating circuit.
  • the operating circuit has a control / regulating unit SR for controlling the operation of the lighting means, wherein
  • the operating circuit is supplied with a variable setpoint dS, and the setpoint dS is compared with an actual value. The following steps take place: Detecting a slope (alpha) of the setpoint dS over a certain time dTs by means of a
  • Control unit SR and adaptation of at least one control parameter for controlling the operation of the
  • the adaptation of the control parameters can be carried out continuously or stepwise. There are, for example, three stages of
  • control parameters In a first stage these are relatively fast control parameters, in a second stage relatively slow ones compared to the relatively fast control parameters of the first stage
  • Control parameters and in a third stage compared to the relatively slow control parameters of the second stage even slower control parameters are referred to as very slow control parameters.
  • the control parameters of the first and second stages can be variable control parameters that can be set as a function of the gradient alpha. With a large slope alpha, relatively fast control parameters can be set. When reaching a steady state of
  • Control is set to very slow controller parameters
  • the circuit is supplied with a DC voltage U0, which of course can also be a rectified AC voltage.
  • the control unit SR can receive dimming commands via an external interface, and these dimming commands can specify the changeable setpoint dS.
  • the operating circuit can be supplied via a potential-separated converter, wherein the potential-separated converter by a controller, preferably
  • Microcontroller is controlled, and wherein the controller via a preferably electrically isolated interface of the operating circuit sets the modifiable setpoint dS.
  • the controller can dimming commands via an external
  • Embodiment of an operating circuit explained.
  • topologies may be used as an operating circuit, and the invention is not limited to this embodiment.
  • the LEDs are connected in series with a coil LI and a first switch Sl.
  • the circuit arrangement has a diode D1 (the diode D1 is connected in parallel with the LEDs and the coil L1) and optionally a capacitor C1 connected in parallel with the LEDs. In the switched on
  • State of the first switch Sl flows current through the LEDs and through the coil LI, which is thereby magnetized.
  • the energy stored in the magnetic field of the coil discharges in the form of a current via the diode D1 and the LEDs.
  • the optional capacitor C1 can be charged.
  • the capacitor Cl can discharge and contribute to the flow of current through the LED track.
  • the optional capacitor Cl can lead to a smoothing of the current through the LEDs.
  • a field effect transistor or a bipolar transistor can be used as a first switch Sl.
  • the first switch Sl a field effect transistor or a bipolar transistor can be used.
  • Switch S1 is switched to high frequency, typically in a frequency range above 10 kHz.
  • a possible embodiment of the circuit is that the first switch Sl is spared in operation, since it can be switched on, as explained later, when the power applied to it is almost zero.
  • Another possible embodiment of the circuit is that for the first switch Sl and the diode Dl quite a
  • a control and / or regulating unit SR is further provided, which specifies the timing of the first switch Sl to control the LED power or the LED current.
  • the control / regulating unit SR uses as input variables signals from a first sensor unit SEI and / or signals from a second sensor unit SE2 to determine the exact switch-on and output time of the first switch Sl.
  • the signals from the first sensor unit SEI and / or signals from a second sensor unit SE2 uses as input variables signals from a first sensor unit SEI and / or signals from a second sensor unit SE2 to determine the exact switch-on and output time of the first switch Sl.
  • Sensor unit SEI and / or second sensor unit SE2 represent examples of an actual value, which can be compared by the control / regulation unit SR with the changeable setpoint dS.
  • the first sensor unit SEI is in series with the first
  • Switch Sl arranged and detects the flow of current through the first switch Sl. This serves to monitor the current flow through the first switch Sl. If the current flow through the first switch Sl exceeds a certain maximum reference value, the first switch S1 is switched off.
  • the first sensor unit SEI may be, for example, a measuring resistor (shunt or current measuring resistor). To monitor the current flow can now the
  • Voltage drop at the measuring resistor (shunt) are tapped and compared for example by means of a comparator with a reference value.
  • Switch S1 are then turned on when the current through the coil LI for the first time is zero or at least very low, that is preferably in the
  • Capacitor Cl is the power supply of the LED. The individual current courses and the optimal
  • the enlarged illustration shows the current course within a PWM pulse packet: It is the temporal
  • the first switch S1 is closed and current begins to flow through the LED and the coil LI.
  • the current i_L shows an increase according to an exponential function, wherein in the region of interest here a quasi-linear increase of the current i__L can be seen.
  • i_LED differs from i_L in that part of the current i_L contributes to the charge of the capacitor Cl. Opening ' the first switch Sl to
  • Time t_l (for example, when a desired maximum reference value is reached) has the consequence that the energy stored in the magnetic field of the coil via the diode Dl and the LEDs or the capacitor Cl discharges.
  • the current i__L continues to flow in the same direction, but decreases continuously and can even reach a negative value.
  • a negative current ie a Current flow with reverse direction
  • the current i_LED decreases only weakly and is maintained, since the capacitor Cl has a smoothing effect.
  • the diode blocks.
  • the current i_L decreases (but is still negative) and goes to zero.
  • parasitic capacitances at the diode Dl and other parasitic capacitances in the rest of the circuit are reloaded.
  • Coil LI not or hardly magnetized.
  • the first switch Sl can be turned on at this time with very low losses, since hardly any current flows through the coil LI. A reconnection is also already possible at the time t_2 or shortly before, because the current through the coil LI is very low in this time range.
  • a second sensor unit SE2 For detecting the advantageous switch-on time for the first switch Sl, a second sensor unit SE2 is now used.
  • the current i_L can be detected by the coil LI.
  • the current i_L through the coil LI can be detected, for example, by means of a Hall sensor. Additionally or alternatively, therefore, other / other variables can be used which are suitable for detecting an advantageous switch-on time.
  • the magnetization state of the coil LI can be detected.
  • the second sensor unit SE2 may be a secondary winding L2 on the coil LI, which taps the voltage across the coil LI. The monitoring of the temporal voltage curve on the coil LI (in particular of the 'break-in' shortly after the diode Dl has been blocked after the instant t_2) makes it possible to say something about the advantageous one
  • Underlying a threshold can detect.
  • the voltage at the node Ux above the first switch Sl can be monitored.
  • the voltage at node Ux drops significantly from a high value to a low value when the diode is turned off.
  • Switch Sl can therefore be triggered below the voltage Ux below a certain threshold.
  • the control unit SR turns on the first switch Sl again at the time when the coil LI
  • the second sensor unit SE2 can from an inductively the coil LI coupled secondary winding L2 or consist of a voltage divider (Rl, R2) at the node Ux.
  • the control unit SR uses the information from the first sensor unit SEI and / or the second
  • the regulation of the (time-averaged) LED power by SR can take place, for example, in the form of PWM signals.
  • the frequency of the PWM signal is typically in the
  • FIG. 3 and Figure 4 show specific embodiments of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a special embodiment of the above-described switching arrangement (a Buck converter). The advantageous one
  • Switch-off is detected by detecting the voltage at the node Ux above the first switch Sl. This is done by the ohmic
  • Voltage divider Rl and R2 The node Ux is located between the coil Li, the diode Dl and the switch Sl.
  • a voltage divider is, for example, a
  • the measuring resistor (shunt) RS is used for current detection by the first switch Sl.
  • the voltage at node Ux drops significantly from a high value to a low value when the diode is turned off.
  • the signal for reconnecting the first switch Sl can therefore be triggered below the voltage Ux below a certain threshold.
  • a second switch S2 is parallel to the LEDs and the
  • Capacitor Cl is arranged.
  • the second switch S2 is selectively / independently controllable and may for example be a transistor (MOSFET or bipolar transistor). If the second switch S2 is closed, the
  • Discharge process of the capacitor Cl accelerates. Due to the accelerated discharge of the capacitor Cl is achieved that the current flow through the LED goes to zero as quickly as possible. This is desirable, for example, at the end of a PWM packet, where the current flow through the LED
  • the falling edge of the current profile should be as steep as possible (for reasons of color constancy).
  • Dimming levels are activated and controlled, where the PWM packets are very short and it is important that the current through the LED at the end of a pulse packet quickly approaches zero. For example, by suitable control of the second switch S2 an even lower dimming level can be achieved.
  • this second switch S2 bridges the LEDs when switched on. This is required, for example, when the LEDs are to be turned off, i. should not emit light, but the supply voltage U0 is still present. Without bridging by the second switch S2, a (smaller) current would flow across the LEDs and resistors R1 and R2, and the LEDs would (slightly) light up.
  • Switch S2 parallel to the LEDs and the capacitor Cl for accelerated discharge of the capacitor Cl or for bridging the LED not only on the specific
  • Embodiment of the circuit arrangement of Figure 3 is limited, but can be applied to all embodiments of the invention.
  • Figure 4 shows a modification of the circuit in Figure 3 in that the voltage monitoring takes place on the coil LI.
  • the voltage on the coil Sl can
  • a secondary winding L2 which is coupled to the coil Sl, (or an additional coil L2, which inductively couples to the coil LI) are detected.
  • a secondary winding L2 is now used. The monitoring of the temporal voltage curve at the coil LI (in particular the 'break - in' near the coil)
  • Locking the diode Dl after the time t_2) allows a statement about the advantageous Reclosing time of the first switch Sl. As already mentioned, this monitoring can also take place on the basis of a secondary winding L2.
  • the determination of the time point of the zero crossing or the demagnetization can also take place by means of a threshold value monitoring (on exceeding or exceeding a threshold value, in the case of monitoring by means of a secondary winding L2, the polarity of the voltage depends on the winding sense of the secondary winding L2 to the coil LI off).
  • An alterable setpoint is supplied to the operating circuit and the setpoint value is compared with an actual value.
  • inventive method can of course be applied to other circuit topologies, such as for a so-called flyback converter or Buck-Bopst Converter or a so-called
  • Forward converter or forward converter.
  • Figure 5 shows, for example, a modification of the circuit of Figure 2a in that the arrangement of the inductor LI, the diode Dl and the orientation of the LED track is modified (forms flyback converter or buck-boost converter).
  • the control unit (SR) can be dimming commands received via an external interface and this
  • Dimming commands can specify the changeable setpoint (dS) in this case.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Circuit Arrangement For Electric Light Sources In General (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un circuit d'exploitation pour un moyen d'éclairage, de préférence au moins une diode électroluminescente (DEL), comprenant une unité de commande et de régulation (SR) conçue pour réguler le fonctionnement du moyen d'éclairage. Des étapes de régulation sont mises en oeuvre en fonction de paramètres de régulation. Une valeur théorique variable (dS) est fournie au circuit d'exploitation, ladite valeur théorique (dS) est comparée à une valeur réelle. Le procédé consiste : à détecter une augmentation (alpha) de la valeur théorique (dS) sur une durée définie (dTs) au moyen d'une unité de commande et de régulation (SR) et à adapter au moins un paramètre de régulation en fonction de cette augmentation (alpha).
PCT/AT2014/000095 2013-04-30 2014-04-30 Circuit d'exploitation pour diodes électroluminescentes WO2014176608A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE112014002209.8T DE112014002209A5 (de) 2013-04-30 2014-04-30 Betriebsschaltung für Leuchtdioden

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT1472013 2013-04-30
ATGM147/2013 2013-04-30
ATGM209/2013 2013-06-20
ATGM209/2013U AT13981U1 (de) 2013-04-30 2013-06-20 Betriebsschaltung für Leuchtdioden

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2014176608A1 true WO2014176608A1 (fr) 2014-11-06

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
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Country Status (3)

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AT (1) AT13981U1 (fr)
DE (1) DE112014002209A5 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014176608A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102015216584B4 (de) 2015-08-31 2023-05-17 Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg Betriebsgerät für Leuchtmittel, Leuchte und Verfahren in einem Betriebsgerät für Leuchtmittel mit einer A/D-Umsetzung von Steuersignalen

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US6057651A (en) * 1997-08-26 2000-05-02 Kabushiki Kaisha Tec Lighting apparatus
WO2004057921A1 (fr) * 2002-12-19 2004-07-08 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Ensemble d'alimentation pour module d'eclairage a diodes electroluminescentes
US20050213353A1 (en) * 2004-03-15 2005-09-29 Color Kinetics Incorporated LED power control methods and apparatus
DE102006034371A1 (de) 2006-04-21 2007-10-25 Tridonicatco Schweiz Ag Betriebsschaltung für Leuchtdioden
WO2009039112A1 (fr) * 2007-09-21 2009-03-26 Exclara, Inc. Appareil, procédé et système de pilotage numérique destinés à un éclairage à semi-conducteurs
WO2010025450A2 (fr) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Cirrus Logic, Inc Système d'éclairage à led à commande d'intensité précise
WO2010046065A1 (fr) * 2008-10-20 2010-04-29 Tridonicatco Schweiz Ag Circuit de fonctionnement destiné à des led
WO2010124313A2 (fr) * 2009-04-30 2010-11-04 Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg Circuit pour faire fonctionner des diodes luminescentes
WO2012045477A1 (fr) * 2010-10-08 2012-04-12 Tridonic Ag Détection de défaillance pour des diodes électroluminescentes
WO2012045475A1 (fr) * 2010-10-08 2012-04-12 Tridonic Ag Circuit de fonctionnement pour diodes électroluminescentes
EP2451247A1 (fr) * 2010-10-25 2012-05-09 Panasonic Corporation Dispositif d'éclairage et appareil d'éclairage l'utilisant

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DE3636140C2 (de) * 1986-10-24 1997-03-20 Knorr Bremse Ag Druckregler
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DE102004018371A1 (de) * 2004-04-13 2005-11-03 Patent-Treuhand-Gesellschaft für elektrische Glühlampen mbH Elektronisches Vorschaltgerät mit digitaler Steuerung von Dimmvorgängen
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6057651A (en) * 1997-08-26 2000-05-02 Kabushiki Kaisha Tec Lighting apparatus
WO2004057921A1 (fr) * 2002-12-19 2004-07-08 Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. Ensemble d'alimentation pour module d'eclairage a diodes electroluminescentes
US20050213353A1 (en) * 2004-03-15 2005-09-29 Color Kinetics Incorporated LED power control methods and apparatus
DE102006034371A1 (de) 2006-04-21 2007-10-25 Tridonicatco Schweiz Ag Betriebsschaltung für Leuchtdioden
WO2009039112A1 (fr) * 2007-09-21 2009-03-26 Exclara, Inc. Appareil, procédé et système de pilotage numérique destinés à un éclairage à semi-conducteurs
WO2010025450A2 (fr) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Cirrus Logic, Inc Système d'éclairage à led à commande d'intensité précise
WO2010046065A1 (fr) * 2008-10-20 2010-04-29 Tridonicatco Schweiz Ag Circuit de fonctionnement destiné à des led
WO2010124313A2 (fr) * 2009-04-30 2010-11-04 Tridonic Gmbh & Co Kg Circuit pour faire fonctionner des diodes luminescentes
WO2012045477A1 (fr) * 2010-10-08 2012-04-12 Tridonic Ag Détection de défaillance pour des diodes électroluminescentes
WO2012045475A1 (fr) * 2010-10-08 2012-04-12 Tridonic Ag Circuit de fonctionnement pour diodes électroluminescentes
EP2451247A1 (fr) * 2010-10-25 2012-05-09 Panasonic Corporation Dispositif d'éclairage et appareil d'éclairage l'utilisant

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AT13981U1 (de) 2015-02-15
DE112014002209A5 (de) 2016-02-25

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