WO2014169665A1 - 一种摩擦纳米发电机 - Google Patents

一种摩擦纳米发电机 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014169665A1
WO2014169665A1 PCT/CN2013/088193 CN2013088193W WO2014169665A1 WO 2014169665 A1 WO2014169665 A1 WO 2014169665A1 CN 2013088193 W CN2013088193 W CN 2013088193W WO 2014169665 A1 WO2014169665 A1 WO 2014169665A1
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Prior art keywords
friction
layer
friction layer
conductive
core
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PCT/CN2013/088193
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
王中林
杨亚
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国家纳米科学中心
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Publication of WO2014169665A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014169665A1/zh

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02NELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N1/00Electrostatic generators or motors using a solid moving electrostatic charge carrier
    • H02N1/04Friction generators

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of energy conversion, and more particularly to a friction nanogenerator capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy.
  • Triboelectric nanogenerators that generate electricity based on contact and separation between two different friction properties have been developed to convert naturally occurring mechanical energy into electrical energy.
  • the existing triboelectric nanogenerators are usually composed of two materials with different friction properties. The materials of two different friction properties are separated by elastic separation materials. When subjected to an external force, the elastic separation materials are compressed to make two different Frictional material surfaces contact or rub against each other to generate charge transfer for power generation.
  • materials of two different frictional properties are mutually contacted and separated by elastic separating materials, and automatic separation and contact cannot be achieved, not only the structure of the generator is complicated, but also the external mechanical energy is received. The scope is also limited by structure.
  • the present invention provides a friction nano-generator with a simple structure, which can be used to recover mechanical energy generated by vibration, impact, wind or tide, and can apply mechanical energy applied to a friction nano-generator. Converted to electrical energy.
  • the present invention provides a friction nanogenerator including a housing and a core
  • the core body is disposed in a cavity of the housing, and the core body comprises, in order from the inside to the outside, an inner core, a first conductive layer attached to an outer surface of the inner core, and the The outer surface of the first conductive layer contacts the first friction layer, and the outer surface of the first friction layer faces the cavity;
  • the housing includes, in order from the outside to the inside, an outer casing attached to the inner surface of the outer casing a second conductive layer, and a second friction layer disposed in contact with the inner surface of the second conductive layer, an inner surface of the second friction layer facing the cavity; under the action of an external force, the core is in the space Movement in the cavity causes the outer surface of the first friction layer to contact and separate from the inner surface of the second friction layer, and the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer output an electrical signal to the outer circuit.
  • the outer casing is a closed structure.
  • the second friction layer forms a closed structure.
  • the first friction layer forms a closed structure.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer is a spherical surface, an ellipsoidal surface or an irregular spherical surface.
  • the inner surface of the second friction layer is a spherical surface, an ellipsoidal surface, an irregular spherical surface or a cylindrical surface.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer is a closed structure spherical surface
  • the inner surface of the second friction layer is a closed structure spherical surface
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer is surrounded by a cylinder.
  • the cylinder is selected from a cylinder, an elliptical cylinder or a prism.
  • the inner surface of the second friction layer is a spherical surface, an ellipsoidal surface, an irregular spherical surface or a cylindrical surface.
  • the first friction layer includes a plurality of first friction units that are not in communication with each other; and/or the second friction layer includes a plurality of second friction units that are not in communication with each other.
  • the outer casing is a spherical shell or a cylindrical shell of a symmetrical structure, and the plurality of second friction units included in the second friction layer are uniformly disposed on an inner surface of the outer casing.
  • the first friction layer includes two first friction units
  • the first conductive layer includes two first conductive units
  • the inner core is a cylinder, and the upper and lower surfaces of the cylinder respectively Providing a first conductive unit, respectively contacting the first friction unit on the two first conductive units
  • the second friction layer comprises two second friction units
  • the second conductive layer comprises two second conductive layers a unit, the inner surface of the outer casing encloses a column, a second conductive unit is disposed on the upper and lower bottom surfaces of the inner surface of the outer casing, and a second friction unit is respectively disposed on the two second conductive units
  • Two of the first friction units are respectively disposed face-to-face with the two second friction units, and the inner core moves in the outer casing to enclose the axis direction of the cylinder along the inner surface of the outer casing under the external force.
  • the surfaces of the first friction unit and the second friction unit disposed face to face are parallel or complementary to each other.
  • the dimensions of the outer side of the inner core match the dimensions of the inner surface of the outer casing.
  • the inner core is a cylinder, an elliptical cylinder or a prism; the inner surface of the outer casing is surrounded by a cylinder, an elliptical cylinder and a prismatic structure.
  • the height of the inner core is less than 10% of the distance between the two second friction units.
  • the housing further includes a plurality of elastic members, and the second conductive unit is disposed on an inner surface of the outer casing through the elastic members.
  • the core body and the housing comprise a plurality of elastic members, wherein at least one elastic member is included between an upper surface of the inner core and an upper bottom surface of the inner surface of the outer casing; At least one elastic member is included between the lower surface of the inner surface of the outer casing.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer and/or the inner surface of the second friction layer are distributed with microstructures on the order of micrometers or submicrometers, or embellishments or coatings of nanomaterials.
  • the outer surface material of the first friction layer and/or the inner surface material of the second friction layer is an insulating material or a semiconductor material.
  • the insulating material is selected from the group consisting of aniline formaldehyde resin, polyoxymethylene, ethyl cellulose, polyamide, wool and its fabric, silk and its fabric, paper, polyethylene glycol succinate, cellulose, cellulose.
  • the semiconductor material is selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, Group III and Group V compounds, Group III and Group VI compounds, solid solutions composed of Group III-V compounds and Group II-VI compounds, amorphous glass semiconductors and organic semiconductor.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer and/or the inner surface of the second friction layer are chemically modified so that a functional group that easily acquires electrons is introduced on the surface of the positive polarity material and/or the polarity is negative.
  • the surface of the material introduces a functional group that easily loses electrons.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer and/or the inner surface of the second friction layer are chemically modified such that a negative charge is applied to the surface of the negative polarity material and/or the polarity is positive. A positive charge is introduced into the surface of the material.
  • the insulating material or semiconductor material is replaced with a conductive material to prepare the first friction layer or the second friction layer.
  • the electrically conductive material constituting the first friction layer or the second friction layer is selected from the group consisting of a metal, a conductive oxide, and a conductive polymer.
  • the first friction layer and/or the second friction layer is a film or a sheet.
  • the first friction layer and/or the second friction layer are flexible materials.
  • the first friction layer and/or the second friction layer are hard materials.
  • the first conductive layer and/or the second conductive layer is a film or a sheet.
  • the outer casing is a flexible or rigid material.
  • the friction nanogenerator of the present invention has the following advantages:
  • the friction nano-generator of the invention has simple structure and wide application range: the core body and the shell adopt a core-shell structure design, and the core body is directly placed in the shell, and no elastic connecting members or isolation materials are required to be disposed between each other.
  • the core body automatically contacts and separates from the casing, that is, the first friction layer of the outermost layer of the core body contacts the second friction layer of the innermost layer of the casing and Separation, and surface charge transfer occurs, and an electrical signal output can be generated between the conductive layers disposed in contact with the two friction layers, thereby realizing the purpose of converting the mechanical energy of the external force into electrical energy.
  • the friction nano-generator of the invention can isolate liquid, gas and the like when the outer casing is closed structure, so that the power generation process of the friction nano-generator is not affected by the surrounding environment, so it can be applied to wind, water flow and the like. Long-term stable work. 3.
  • the first friction layer is designed using a plurality of friction units, and the direction of the external force applied to the generator can be determined according to an electrical signal generated by the contact between the core and the second friction unit. Therefore, the friction nanogenerator can be an inertia and mechanical sensing device that requires no power supply and can be used in aircraft automatic control, micromechanics and positioning systems. 4.
  • the inner core of the cylinder structure can only move in the one-dimensional direction in the casing, and the energy such as reciprocating vibration and inversion can be converted into electric energy.
  • the heavy object inner core
  • the gravity energy can be efficiently converted into electric energy, which has broad application prospects.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing a typical structure of a friction nanogenerator according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2a is a physical photograph of a friction nanogenerator according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2b is a frictional nano power generation according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a power generation process of a friction nano-generator according to a first embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a friction nano-generator according to a second embodiment of the present invention
  • a preferred structural schematic of the machine 6 is a schematic structural view of a friction nano-generator according to a third embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a power generation process of a friction nano-generator according to a third embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a frictional nano-generation according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 are structural diagrams of a friction nano-generator including an elastic member according to a third embodiment of the present invention;
  • Figure 11 is a schematic illustration of the application of a frictional nanogenerator comprising an elastic member to a rotating device in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a friction nano-generator of simple structure capable of converting naturally occurring mechanical energy such as motion, vibration, wind, tide and water flow into electrical energy.
  • the basic working principle of the friction nano-generator of the invention is: adopting a structure in which the shell surrounds the core body, and when the external force acts, the second friction layer of the innermost layer of the shell contacts the first friction layer of the outermost layer of the core body. And separating, a charge transfer occurs between the first friction layer and the second friction layer.
  • the friction nanogenerator of the present invention utilizes a phenomenon in which surface charge transfer occurs when the first friction layer and the second friction layer which are different in polarity in the friction electrode sequence are in contact, and the mechanical energy in each direction can be efficiently converted into electric energy.
  • the “friction electrode sequence” as used in the present invention refers to the order in which the material is attracted according to the degree of attraction of the material. At the instant when the two materials are in contact with each other, the negative charge on the friction surface is from the polarity of the friction electrode sequence. The surface of the corrected material is transferred to the surface of the material having a relatively negative polarity in the friction electrode sequence. So far, there is no unified theory that can fully explain the mechanism of charge transfer. It is generally believed that this charge transfer is related to the surface work function of the material, either by electron or Charge transfer is achieved by the transfer of ions on the friction surface.
  • the friction electrode sequence is only an empirically based statistical result, that is, the further the difference between the two materials in the sequence, the greater the positive and negative charge generated after the contact and the probability of the sequence being coincident, and The actual results are affected by various factors, such as material surface roughness, ambient humidity and whether there is relative friction.
  • the "contact charge” described in the present invention refers to the contact between materials having different polarities of the two friction electrode sequences. The charge on the surface after rubbing and separating is generally considered to be distributed only on the surface of the material, with a maximum depth of about 10 nm.
  • the sign of the contact charge is a sign of the net charge, that is, a concentrated region where a negative charge may exist in a local region of the surface of the material with a positive contact charge, but the sign of the net charge of the entire surface is positive.
  • Embodiment 1 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 1:
  • the basic structure of the friction nano-generator of the present invention comprises a casing and a core, wherein the core comprises, in order from the inside to the outside, an inner core 1 and a first conductive layer 2 attached to the outer surface of the inner core 1 .
  • first friction layer 3 disposed in contact with the outer surface of the first conductive layer 2, the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 facing the cavity 7 of the casing;
  • the casing comprises, in order from the outside to the inside, the casing 4, attached to A second conductive layer 5 on the inner surface of the outer casing 4 and a second friction layer 6 disposed in contact with the inner surface of the second conductive layer 5, the inner surface of the second friction layer 6 facing the cavity 7.
  • the friction nanogenerator structure further includes electrode lead wires necessarily associated with the friction nanogenerator structure for extracting signals of the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5 to the outside of the friction nanogenerator.
  • the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 are both continuous structures, that is, the first friction layer 3 is a whole body, and the second friction layer 6 is a whole.
  • the length of the electrode lead wire (wire) of the first conductive layer 2 is appropriate, and the free movement of the core body in the casing should not be restricted.
  • the core Since the core is directly placed in the housing, no connection is required between the core and the housing, Under the action of an external force, the core moves in the casing, the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 is in contact with and separated from the inner surface of the second friction layer 6, and the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5 are output to the outer circuit. electric signal.
  • the outer casing may be a spherical shell, a cylindrical shell or the like of a closed structure, or may be a cylindrical tubular shape, a partial spherical shell or the like of a non-closed structure.
  • the outer casing is a closed structure, for example, a closed shell-like structure such as a spherical shell, an ellipsoidal shell or a cylindrical shell.
  • the outer casing 4 of the closed structure has the second conductive layer 5, the second friction layer 6, and the core body. Enclosed inside the enclosure.
  • the friction nano-generator using the closed structure outer casing can isolate the liquid and the gas, so that the friction nano-generator according to the present invention can be used in a liquid, gas or the like environment, and the power generation process is not affected by the external environment.
  • the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5 are required to lead the generator from the outer casing 4 through the wires, respectively, for connecting the load or the test equipment to the generator.
  • the material of the outer casing may be a flexible material or a hard material, and the material of the outer casing is preferably an acid-resistant material such as a flexible organic material.
  • the cavity 7 of the casing described in this embodiment is a space surrounded by the inner surface of the casing, and may be a space enclosed by the inner surface of the second friction layer 6 and a part of the inner surface of the outer casing, or a second A space enclosed by the inner surface of the friction layer 6.
  • the second friction layer 6 is also a closed structure, for example, the second friction layer 6 in FIG.
  • the cavity may be a cavity including an opening or a closed cavity.
  • the second friction layer 6 is a closed structure, and the probability of the second friction layer 6 coming into contact with the first friction layer 3 can be increased when the core body moves in the casing.
  • the inner surface of the second friction layer 6 of the closed structure may be a spherical surface, an ellipsoidal surface or an irregular spherical surface.
  • the first friction layer 3 of the outermost layer of the core of the friction nanogenerator of the present invention may be a closed structure or a non-closed structure.
  • the first friction layer 3 is preferably a closed structure, and the probability of the first friction layer 3 contacting the second friction layer 6 is increased when the core moves in the casing.
  • the structure enclosed by the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 of the closed structure may It is a spherical, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, etc. structure.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 of the closed structure is a spherical surface, an ellipsoidal surface or an irregular spherical surface.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 of the closed structure may also be a cylinder, which may be a cylinder, an elliptical cylinder or a prism.
  • the inner surface of the second friction layer 6 of the closed structure may also be a spherical surface, an ellipsoidal surface, an irregular spherical surface or a cylindrical surface.
  • the first friction layer 3, the second friction layer 6 and the outer casing are closed structures, and the space enclosed by the inner surface of the second friction layer 6 is a cavity without openings, when the friction nano-generator is subjected to The external force acts to contact and separate the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 when the core moves in the housing, because the material of the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 and the material of the inner surface of the second friction layer 6 There is a difference in the friction electrode sequence, surface charge transfer occurs on the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 and the inner surface of the second friction layer 6, and an electrical signal is output to the outer circuit through the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5.
  • the material of the first friction layer 3 (or the outer surface of the first friction layer 3) and the second friction layer 6 (or the inner surface of the second friction layer 6) may be selected from any two materials having a difference in friction electrode order, meaning Both are in different positions in the friction electrode sequence so that they can generate contact charges on the surface during contact or friction.
  • Conventional insulating materials have triboelectric properties, which can be used as materials for preparing the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 of the present invention.
  • some common organic insulating materials are listed and the positive to negative polarity is used according to the friction electrode sequence.
  • Sort aniline formaldehyde resin, polyoxymethylene, ethyl cellulose, polyamide (PA), wool and its woven fabric, silk and its fabric, paper, polyethylene glycol succinate, cellulose, cellulose acetate, Polyethylene glycol adipate, diallyl polyphthalate, regenerated cellulose sponge, cotton and fabric thereof, polyurethane elastomer, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer, styrene-butadiene copolymer, Wood, hard rubber, acetate, rayon, polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyester (polyester), polyisobutylene, polyurethane elastic sponge, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinyl alcohol Aldehyde, butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer, neoprene, natural rubber, polyacrylonitrile, poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylonitrile:), polybisphenol A carbonate, polychloroether, poly
  • semiconductors and metals have triboelectric properties that tend to lose electrons relative to the insulator, often at the end of the list of friction electrode orders. Therefore, the semiconductor and the metal can also be used as the material for preparing the first friction layer 3 or the second friction layer 6.
  • Commonly used semiconductors include: silicon, germanium; Group III and V compounds such as gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, etc.; Group II and VI compounds such as cadmium sulfide, zinc sulfide, etc.; and III-V compounds And a solid solution composed of a II-VI compound, such as gallium aluminum arsenide, gallium arsenide phosphorus, or the like.
  • Non-conductive oxides, semiconductor oxides, and complex oxides also have triboelectric properties and are capable of forming surface charges during the rubbing process, and thus can also be used as the first friction layer 3 and the second in the friction nanogenerator of the present invention.
  • other materials having conductive properties can also be used as a friction layer material that easily loses electrons, such as indium tin oxide.
  • the first friction layer 3 or the second friction layer 6 may be prepared by replacing the insulating material or the semiconductor material with a conductive material.
  • the structure of the frictional nanogenerator according to the present invention can be further simplified by replacing the first conductive layer 2 or the second conductive layer 5 with the material of the first friction layer 3 or the second friction layer 6.
  • the conductive material may be selected from the above metals, conductive oxides, and conductive polymer materials.
  • the electric power output of the friction nano-generator according to the present invention is different when the electron-producing ability of the materials of the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 is larger (i.e., the farther the position in the friction electrode sequence is different) The stronger the signal. Therefore, the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 can be prepared according to actual needs, and a suitable material can be selected to obtain a better output effect.
  • the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 and/or the inner surface of the second friction layer 6 Touching the area, thereby increasing the amount of contact charge it is also possible to physically modify the outer surface of the first friction layer 3 and/or the inner surface of the second friction layer 6, such that the surface thereof is distributed on the order of micrometers or submicron.
  • An array of structures, or an embellishment or coating of nanomaterials include photolithography, chemical etching, and ion etching. This can also be achieved by means of embellishment or coating of nanomaterials.
  • the microstructure may be selected from the group consisting of nanowires, nanotubes, nanoparticles, nanochannels, microchannels, nanocones, microcones, nanospheres, and microspheres.
  • One method is to introduce a more electron-releasing functional group (ie, a strong electron donating group) on the surface of the positive polarity material for the materials of the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 that are in contact with each other, or in a negative polarity
  • the surface of the material is introduced into a more readily available electronic functional group (strong electron-withdrawing electron group), which can further increase the amount of transfer of charge when sliding each other, thereby increasing the frictional charge density and the output power of the generator.
  • Strong electron donating groups include: amino group, hydroxyl group, decyloxy group, etc.; strong electron withdrawing group includes: acyl group, carboxyl group, nitro group, sulfonic acid group and the like.
  • the introduction of the functional group can be carried out by a conventional method such as plasma surface modification. For example, a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen can be used to generate a plasma at a certain power to introduce an amino group on the surface of the material of the friction unit.
  • Another method is to introduce a positive charge on the surface of the positive polarity material and a negative charge on the surface of the negative polarity material.
  • it can be achieved by chemical bonding.
  • ethyl orthosilicate in English abbreviated as TEOS
  • hydrolysis-condensation in English abbreviated as S0 l-gd
  • CTAB hexadecanyltrimethylammonium bromide
  • the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 of the present invention may be made of a hard material or a flexible material, because the hardness of the material does not affect the sliding friction effect between the two. The technicians can choose according to the actual situation.
  • the thicknesses of the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 have no significant effect on the implementation of the present invention, but factors such as the strength of the friction layer and the efficiency of power generation need to be comprehensively considered in the process of setting.
  • the first friction layer 3 and/or the second friction layer 6 are films or sheets having a thickness of 50 nm to 2 cm, preferably 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 500 ⁇ m to 800 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 mm to 500 mm. All technical solutions in the present invention are applicable.
  • the material of the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5 may be selected from the group consisting of a metal, a conductive oxide, and a conductive high molecular material.
  • the metal may be selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, aluminum, nickel, copper, titanium, chromium or selenium, and alloys formed from the above metals.
  • the material selection of the inner core and the outer casing is not particularly required, and may be a flexible material or a hard material.
  • the inner core is preferably a ceramic, metal or the like having a relatively high density.
  • the first conductive layer 2 and the inner core, and the second conductive layer 5 and the outer casing may be bonded by bonding or the like as long as the first conductive layer 2 can be attached to the outer surface of the inner core (or the second conductive layer 5 is attached) On the inner surface of the outer casing).
  • the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5 are preferably thin film materials, and good contact is required between the first friction layer 3 and the first conductive layer 2, and between the second friction layer 6 and the second conductive layer 5,
  • the preparation may be performed by preparing a first conductive layer 2 on the first friction layer 3 and preparing a second conductive layer 5 on the second friction layer 6, for example, preparing a conductive material on the friction layer material by evaporation, sputtering, or the like.
  • a thin film material that ensures good contact between the friction layer material and the conductive layer material.
  • those skilled in the art can select a suitable method for preparation.
  • the first friction layer 3 is a PA film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m, and a Cu film having a thickness of 250 nm is deposited on one surface of the PA film.
  • the first conductive layer 2 is the first conductive layer 2
  • the surface of the PA film prepared with the Cu film is attached to the outer surface of the small sphere having a diameter of 50 mm to form a core.
  • the outermost layer of the core is a PA film, and the core is placed in a large-sized glass spherical shell whose inner surface is a spherical surface having a diameter larger than 1 cm.
  • the second friction layer 6 is a PTFE film having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m on one surface of the PTFE film.
  • Depositing a Cu film having a thickness of 250 nm (which is the second conductive layer 5) and after attaching the wires to the surface of the Cu film of the second conductive layer 5 with silver paste, attaching a PTFE film having a Cu film to the glass bulb.
  • the inner surface forms a casing, and the wires of the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5 are connected out of the glass spherical shell to seal the glass spherical shell to form a closed structure outer casing.
  • FIG. 1 is a physical photograph of the friction nano-generator of the embodiment, the generator is subjected to an external force, the core body and the casing are continuously contacted and separated, and the power is generated by the wires connected to the first conductive layer 2 and the second conductive layer 5
  • the output signal of the machine, Figure 2b shows the test results of the open circuit voltage and short-circuit current of the friction nano-generator as a function of time. From the measurement results, the maximum open circuit voltage of the friction nano-generator is about 120V, and the maximum short-circuit current is about It is 7 ⁇ .
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a power generation process of a friction nano-generator according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
  • an external force acts on the friction nano-generator to move the core body in the casing to drive the diaphragm (first friction layer).
  • the outer surface is in contact with or rubbed against the inner surface of the PTFE film (second friction layer) 61, and surface charge transfer occurs. Since the outer surface of the PA film 31 and the material of the inner surface of the PTFE film 61 are different in the friction electrode sequence, a surface is formed.
  • the outer surface of the PA film 31 generates a positive charge
  • the inner surface of the PTFE film 61 generates a negative charge
  • the electric charges of the two charges are the same, so that there is no potential difference between the first conductive layer 21 and the second conductive layer 51, and there is no charge. flow.
  • the entirety of the first conductive layer 21 and the PA film 31 has a net positive charge
  • the second conductive layer 51 and the PTFE film 61 are formed. The whole has a net residual negative charge, so a potential difference is generated between the first conductive layer 21 and the second conductive layer 51.
  • the first friction layer 3 and the second friction layer 6 of the friction nano-generator are both continuous structures, and the difference between the embodiment and the first embodiment is that at least the first friction layer and the second friction layer are One is a discontinuous structure, that is, the first friction layer includes a plurality of first friction units that are not in communication with each other, and/or the second friction layer includes a plurality of second friction units that are not in communication with each other.
  • the material of each part of the generator can be identical to that of the first embodiment.
  • the first conductive layer is an electrode layer of the first friction layer
  • the second conductive layer is an electrode layer of the second friction layer. Therefore, in this embodiment, the first friction layer includes mutually non-connected The plurality of first friction units, correspondingly, the first conductive layer also includes a plurality of first conductive units that are not connected to each other to ensure that the plurality of first friction units are not connected to each other.
  • the second friction layer includes a plurality of second friction units that are not in communication with each other, and correspondingly, the second conductive layer also includes a plurality of second conductive units that are not in communication with each other.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a friction nano-generator according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • the first friction layer includes two friction units
  • the second friction layer includes two friction units.
  • the structure of the generator in the embodiment Referring to FIG.
  • the generator includes a housing and a core disposed in the cavity of the housing, wherein the core includes, in order from the inside to the outside, an inner core 12, a first conductive layer attached to an outer surface of the inner core 12, and a first friction layer disposed in contact with an outer surface of the first conductive layer, wherein the first conductive layer includes two first conductive units 221 and 222 that are not in communication with each other, and correspondingly, the first friction layer includes a plurality of mutually non-connected First friction list Elements 321 and 322, the outer surface of each of the first friction units faces the cavity 72 of the housing.
  • the housing comprises, in order from the outside to the inside, a housing 42 , a second conductive layer attached to the inner surface of the outer shell 42 and a second friction layer disposed in contact with the inner surface of the second conductive layer, the inner surface of the second friction layer facing the cavity 7.
  • the second conductive layer includes two second conductive units 521 and 522 that are not in communication with each other.
  • the second friction layer includes a plurality of second friction units 621 and 622 that are not in communication with each other; each second friction The outer surface of the unit faces the cavity 72 of the housing.
  • the generator structure further includes a conductive unit lead-out line (not shown in FIG. 4) necessarily associated with the generator structure, for connecting the plurality of first conductive units and the plurality of second conductive units to the generator and connecting the load or testing device.
  • the materials and shapes of the plurality of first friction units may be the same or different.
  • the materials and shapes of the plurality of second friction units may be the same or different.
  • the core body Since the core body is directly placed in the casing, no connection member is required to be connected to each other, and under the external force, the core body moves in the casing, so that the outer surface of the first friction layer unit and the inner surface of the second friction unit are Contact and separation, the corresponding first conductive unit and second conductive unit output an electrical signal to the external circuit.
  • the outer casing may be a spherical shell, a cylindrical shell or the like of a closed structure, or may be a cylindrical tubular shape, a partial spherical shell or the like of a non-closed structure, see Fig. 4.
  • the outer casing is a closed structure, for example, a closed shell-like structure such as a spherical shell, an ellipsoidal shell or a cylindrical shell, and the outer casing of the closed structure encloses the second conductive layer, the second friction layer and the core in the outer casing.
  • Generators with enclosed structural enclosures can be used in environments such as liquids and gases, and the power generation process is unaffected by the environment.
  • the cavity 72 of the housing of the embodiment is specifically a space surrounded by the inner surface of the housing.
  • the cavity is a plurality of second A space enclosed by an inner surface of the friction unit and a portion of the inner surface of the outer casing.
  • the cavity is a closed structure; for a non-closed outer casing, the cavity is a cavity including an opening.
  • the outer casing may be flexible or rigid, and it is only necessary to ensure that the inner surface of the outer casing is an insulating material, and the material of the outer casing is preferably an acid-resistant material such as a flexible organic insulating material.
  • the second friction layer includes a plurality of second friction units, and more preferably, the plurality of second friction units are evenly distributed.
  • a preferred structure of the generator in this embodiment can be referred to As shown in FIG. 5, the outer casing 43 is a closed spherical shell, a cylindrical shell and the like, the second friction layer 53 includes a plurality of second friction units, and the plurality of the second friction units are evenly distributed on the inner surface of the outer casing;
  • the second conductive layer 63 includes a plurality of second conductive units, and each of the second conductive units is located between a second friction unit and the outer casing for connecting the second friction unit to the inner surface of the outer casing, and is second The friction unit acts as an electrode.
  • the first friction layer 33 and the first conductive layer 23 may be a continuous structure or a closed structure.
  • the generator of the structure when the core collides with the second friction unit, the second conductive unit disposed in contact with the second friction unit has an electrical signal output, according to the second friction unit or the second conductive unit on the inner surface of the outer casing The position of the generator can be positioned in the direction of the force.
  • the first friction layer and the second friction layer in this embodiment may be the same materials as those in the first embodiment, and are not repeated here.
  • at least one of the first friction layer and the second friction layer is a flexible material, and the contact area of the first friction layer and the second friction layer may be increased.
  • the outer surface of the inner core is required to be an insulating material, and an inner core of an insulating material such as ceramics or organic materials may be used.
  • the second friction layer is a case including a plurality of second friction units, the inner surface of the outer casing is required to be an insulating material, and a material such as glass or insulating rubber may be used. It is easily conceivable by those skilled in the art based on the structure of the generator, and the selection of the inner core and the outer casing material can be made according to the specific application, and the scope of protection of the present invention should not be limited herein.
  • Embodiment 3 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 3
  • the movement of the core in the casing is not limited and can be moved in any direction in the three-dimensional space.
  • the difference between this embodiment and the second embodiment is that the core can only move in one dimension in the housing.
  • the material of each part of the generator can be identical to that of the first embodiment or the second embodiment.
  • the generator includes a casing and a core disposed in the cavity of the casing, wherein the inner core 14 of the core is a cylinder
  • the upper and lower surfaces of the inner core 14 are respectively provided with first conductive units 241 and 242, and the first friction units 341 and 342 are respectively disposed on the first conductive units 241 and 242; the inner surface of the outer casing 44 of the housing is enclosed
  • the structure is also a cylinder, on the upper and lower surfaces of the inner surface of the outer casing 44
  • the second conductive units 541 and 542 are respectively disposed, and the second friction units 641 and 642 are respectively disposed on the second conductive units 541 and 542.
  • the two first friction units 341 and 342 are disposed face to face with the two second friction units 641 and 642, respectively.
  • the inner surface of the second friction units 641 and 642 i.e., the surface facing the core
  • the inner surface of the inner surface of the outer casing 44 (the inner surface not covered by the second conductive unit) are spaces 74 of the casing.
  • the surface of the first friction unit 341 or 342 facing the second friction unit is referred to as the outer surface of the first friction unit
  • the surface of the second friction unit 641 or 642 facing the first friction unit is referred to as the inner surface of the second friction unit .
  • the core can be one-dimensionally moved in the cavity 74 along the axial direction of the cylinder (arrow direction) along the inner surface of the casing.
  • the upward movement of the core may bring the outer surface of the first friction unit 341 into contact with the inner surface of the second friction unit 641, and the downward movement of the core may bring the outer surface of the second friction unit 342 into contact with the inner surface of the second friction unit 642.
  • the generator in this embodiment can be regarded as a generator set formed by two generator units NG1 and NG2, and the generator unit NG1 is composed of a first conductive unit 241, a first friction unit 341, a second conductive unit 541, and a second The friction units 641 are composed in common.
  • the other generator unit NG2 is composed of a first conductive unit 242, a first friction unit 342, a second conductive unit 542, and a second friction unit 642.
  • the generator of such a structure moves the core body in the housing under the action of an external force, so that the outer surface of the first friction unit 341 is in contact with the inner surface of the second friction unit 641 or the outer surface of the first friction unit 342 is The inner surface of the second friction unit 642 is in contact, and an electrical signal can be output to the outer circuit of the first generator unit NG1 and/or the second generator unit NG2.
  • the external force described herein may be a vibration or swaying force, which enables the core to reciprocate in the direction of the arrow in the housing; or an external force that rapidly flips the generator up and down, the core itself Gravity (mainly the gravity of the inner core 14) reciprocates within the housing.
  • the portion where the second friction unit 642 is located is referred to as the bottom of the casing, and the portion where the second friction unit 641 is located is referred to as the top of the casing.
  • the power generation process of the generator of the present embodiment will be described in detail below with reference to FIG.
  • the first friction unit 341 of the unit NG1 is different from the material friction electrode sequence of the second friction unit 641, and there is a difference in electron abilities between the two.
  • the first friction unit 342 of the second generator unit NG2 is different from the material friction electrode sequence of the second friction unit 642, and there is a difference in electron abilities between the two.
  • the surface of the second friction unit 341 (342) is more likely to lose electrons
  • the surface of the second friction unit 641 (642) is more likely to lose electrons.
  • the external force is turned upside down and the generator is taken as an example for specific description.
  • the outer surface of the first friction unit 341 is brought into contact with the inner surface of the second friction unit 641 to positively charge the surface of the second friction unit 641, and the surface of the first friction unit 341 With negative charge, the charge composed of the first conductive unit 242 and the first friction unit 342 and the entirety of the second conductive unit 542 and the second friction unit 642 are balanced (see Fig. 7c).
  • the generator is turned over again, causing the core to move toward the bottom again, the contacted first friction unit 341 and the second friction unit 641 are separated.
  • the first friction unit and the second surface are disposed face to face
  • the surfaces of the friction unit are parallel or complementary to each other to ensure that the contact area is maximized each time the first friction unit and the second friction unit are in contact.
  • the surfaces of the first friction unit 341 and the second friction unit 641 are parallel or complementary to each other, and the surfaces of the first friction unit 342 and the second friction unit 642 are parallel or complementary to each other.
  • the outer casing is a closed structure, and after the wires of the plurality of first conductive units and the second conductive unit are taken out of the outer casing, the core body, the second friction unit and the second conductive unit are all sealed at the same.
  • the generator with such a structure is a fully enclosed generator that can generate electricity in a gas or liquid environment, and the working process is not affected by the environment.
  • the material of the outer casing is preferably an acid-base resistant material such as an organic insulating material or the like.
  • the size of the outer side of the inner core 14 matches the size of the inner surface of the outer casing 44.
  • the inner core 14 does not change the relative orientation of the inner core and the outer casing when moving in the outer casing 44, that is, When the core moves in the outer casing, the angle between the axial direction of the inner surface of the outer casing and the axial direction of the inner core is substantially constant.
  • the inner core may be a cylinder such as a cylinder, an elliptical cylinder, or a prism.
  • the structure enclosed by the inner surface of the outer casing may be a cylindrical structure such as a cylinder, an elliptical cylinder or a prism.
  • the cross section perpendicular to the cylinder axis direction is an ellipse.
  • the height of the inner core 14 is less than 10% of the distance between the two second friction units 641 and 642.
  • the distance between the two second friction units 641 and 642 is preferably greater than 5 cm, and the height of the inner core 14 is less than 5 mm.
  • a specific example of the generator of this embodiment is: uniformly coating a layer of A1 film on two upper surfaces of a PTFE disk having a radius of 6 cm and a thickness of 25 ⁇ m by magnetron sputtering, respectively, after cooling, respectively, in aluminum
  • the outer side of the A1 film is connected to the wire by splicing and fixing the wire to realize the connection of the aluminum A1 film to the wire.
  • a layer of aluminum A1 film was uniformly coated on the lower surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) having a radius of 6 cm and a thickness of 25 ⁇ m by magnetron sputtering, and cooled to the outside of the aluminum A1 film.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • the cylindrical glass casing is used as a casing, and the inside of the casing is a cylindrical cavity having a radius of 7 cm and a height of 15 cm.
  • the above-mentioned upper and lower bottom surfaces of the cylindrical cavity are respectively pasted with the PET disc prepared with the A1 thin layer, so that two PET circles are formed.
  • the upper surface of the sheet is placed face to face, PET is the second friction unit material, and the shell is completed.
  • a cylindrical ceramic column with a radius of 6 cm and a height of 1 cm was used as the inner core, and two surfaces of the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) prepared by the above-mentioned preparation of a radius of 6 cm and a thickness of 25 ⁇ m were prepared and attached to the upper and lower surfaces of the inner core.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the inner core of the cylindrical structure can only be moved in the one-dimensional direction in the casing, and energy such as reciprocating vibration and inversion can be converted into electric energy.
  • the weight (inner core) is moved up and down in the casing, and combined with the friction electric generator, the gravity energy can be efficiently converted into electric energy, which has broad application prospects.
  • two generator units can also be connected in parallel or in series to improve the output performance of the generator.
  • two first conductive units 241 and 242 are connected together, and two second conductive units 541 and 542 are connected together to realize parallel connection of two generator units.
  • the two first conductive units 241 and 242 are connected together or the two second conductive units 541 and 542 are connected together to realize the series connection of the two generator units.
  • the generator may further include a plurality of elastic members. After the first friction unit is in contact with the second friction unit, the core body and the housing can be automatically separated by the elastic member without additional external force.
  • the elastic member may be a commonly used elastic member such as a spring or an elastic sponge.
  • the elastic member is preferably a member made of an insulating material.
  • the elastic member may be disposed in the housing or may be disposed between the housing and the core.
  • Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 are schematic views showing the structure of a frictional nanogenerator including elastic members, and two cases will be described below with reference to the drawings.
  • the second conductive unit is disposed on the inner surface of the outer casing by the elastic members, so that the second conductive unit can be away from or close to the upper and lower bottom surfaces of the inner surface of the outer casing.
  • an elastic member 811 is disposed between the second conductive unit 541 and the upper bottom surface of the inner surface of the outer casing 44, and the second conductive unit 542 and the lower surface of the inner surface of the outer casing 44 are provided.
  • the elastic member 812 is disposed so that the whole of the second friction unit 641 and the second conductive unit 541 is connected to the upper bottom surface of the inner surface of the outer casing 44 through the elastic member 811, and the whole of the second friction unit 642 and the second conductive unit 542 is passed.
  • the elastic member 812 is coupled to the lower bottom surface of the inner surface of the outer casing 44. Under the action of an external force, the core moves in the casing, the inner core drives the first friction unit 341 to contact the second friction unit 641, and at the same time, the elastic member 811 is compressed, and the elastic member 811 stores energy.
  • the elastic member 811 elastically returns to release the stored energy, causing the whole of the second friction unit 641 and the second conductive unit 541 to move downward, and the core leaves the second friction unit 641 under the action of the elastic member 811 toward the outer casing. 44
  • the lower surface of the inner surface moves.
  • the inner core drives the first friction unit 342 into contact with the second friction unit 642, and at the same time, the elastic member 812 is compressed to store energy.
  • the elastic member 812 elastically recovers, and the core is separated from the second friction unit 642 by the elastic member 812. , moving again toward the upper bottom surface of the inner surface of the outer casing, and thus circulating.
  • the arrangement of the resilient members 811 and 812 eliminates the need to apply a periodic external force to the generator to reciprocate the inner core in the outer casing.
  • one end of the elastic members 811 and 812 is connected to the middle of the surface of the second conductive unit, and the other end is connected to the middle of the upper and lower bottom surfaces of the inner surface of the outer casing.
  • the connection portion between the elastic member and the second conductive unit and the outer casing can be arbitrarily selected, and the number of the elastic members is not limited to two, and the connection position and the number of the elastic members are satisfied as long as the second conductive unit and the second friction unit are satisfied.
  • the overall direction (541 and 641, 541 and 642) is such that the direction of movement in the housing substantially follows the axial direction of the cylinder along the inner surface of the housing. According to actual needs, an elastic member may be provided only between one of the second conductive units and the outer casing.
  • the core body and the housing comprise a plurality of elastic members
  • at least one elastic member is included between the upper surface of the inner core and the upper bottom surface of the inner surface of the outer casing, and the lower surface of the inner core lower surface and the inner bottom surface of the outer casing
  • the at least one elastic member is included to allow the inner core to be away from or near the upper and lower bottom surfaces of the inner surface of the outer casing.
  • a plurality of elastic members are included between the core and the housing, and one end of the two elastic members 821 is connected to the upper bottom surface of the cylindrical inner surface of the outer casing 44, and the other end is connected to the upper surface of the cylindrical inner core 14; One end of the two elastic members 822 is attached to the lower bottom surface of the cylindrical inner surface of the outer casing 44, and the other end is coupled to the lower surface of the cylindrical inner core 14.
  • the external force acts to move the core toward the bottom of the housing, so that the outer surface of the first friction unit 342 and the second friction unit
  • the inner surface of the 642 is in contact with or rubbed, and at the same time, the elastic member 822 is compressed and the elastic member 821 is stretched.
  • the elastic restoring force of the elastic members 821 and 822 causes the core to move toward the top of the inner surface of the outer casing, causing the outer surface of the first friction unit 341 to contact or rub against the inner surface of the second friction unit 641, and at the same time, the elastic member 821 is compressed.
  • the elastic member 822 is stretched. Due to the arrangement of the elastic members 821 and 822, the core can reciprocate up and down in the housing without the need to apply an external force multiple times to move the core in the housing, and no external force is required to invert the housing to rely on the core itself. Gravity causes contact of the first friction unit with the second friction unit.
  • connection portion between the elastic member and the inner core and the outer casing can be arbitrarily selected, and the number of the elastic members is not limited to four.
  • the connection position and the number of the elastic members do not change as long as the core body moves in the housing.
  • the relative orientation of the core and the outer casing may be such that when the inner core moves in the outer casing, the angle between the axial direction of the inner surface of the outer casing and the axial direction of the inner core is substantially unchanged.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing the application of a friction nano-generator including an elastic member on a rotating device.
  • a plurality of FIG. 9 are disposed on the wheel 9.
  • the direction of the friction nano-generator is preferably such that the direction of movement of the core in the housing is along the radial direction of the wheel, so that the top of the housing is close to the center of rotation of the wheel, and the bottom is far away. The center of rotation of the wheel.
  • the core body reciprocates in the housing under the action of the elastic member, so that the first friction unit disposed face to face contacts and separates from the second friction unit, and converts the mechanical energy of the wheel rotation into electric energy.
  • the generators of all embodiments of the present invention can be connected to a rectifier to convert electrical signals generated by the generator into direct current to power small appliances or batteries.
  • the respective portions of the friction nanogenerator of the present invention can be prepared by the prior art, and the specific preparation method is not particularly limited herein.

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Abstract

一种摩擦纳米发电机,包括壳体和置于壳体空腔中可自由运动的芯体,芯体自内向外依次包括:内芯(1)、附着在内芯外表面的第一导电层(2)以及与第一导电层的外表面接触设置的第一摩擦层(3),第一摩擦层的外表面面向空腔,壳体自外向内依次包括:外壳(4)、附着在外壳内表面的第二导电层(5)以及与第二导电层的内表面接触设置的第二摩擦层(6),第二摩擦层的内表面面向空腔(7)。在外力的作用下,芯体在空腔中运动,使第一摩擦层的外表面与第二摩擦层的内表面接触和分离,第一导电层和第二导电层能够向外电路输出电信号。该摩擦纳米发电机是一种结构简单、应用范围广泛的装置。

Description

一种摩擦纳米发电机 技术领域
本发明涉及能量转化领域, 特别涉及一种摩擦纳米发电机, 该摩擦纳 米发电机能够将机械能转化为电能。
背景技术
在微电子和材料技术高速发展的今日, 大量具有多种功能和高度集 成化的新型微型电子器件不断被开发出来, 并在人们日常生活的各个领 域展现出前所未有的应用前景。 然而, 和这些微型电子器件所匹配的电 源系统的研究却相对滞后, 一般说来, 这些微型电子器件的电源都是直 接或者间接来自于电池。 电池不仅体积较大、 质量较重, 而且含有的有 毒化学物质对环境和人体存在潜在的危害。 因此, 开发出能将运动、 振 动等自然存在的机械能转化为电能的技术具有极其重要的意义。
目前已经开发出基于两种不同摩擦性质的材料之间的接触和分离来 发电的摩擦电纳米发电机, 可以将自然存在的机械能转化为电能。 现有 的摩擦电纳米发电机通常由两种不同摩擦性质的材料构成, 两种不同摩 擦性质的材料之间通过弹性的分离材料隔离, 受到外力作用时, 弹性的 分离材料被压缩使两种不同摩擦性质的材料表面互相接触或摩擦而产生 电荷转移, 实现发电。 但是, 这种摩擦电纳米发电机中, 两种不同摩擦 性质的材料之间通过弹性的分离材料实现互相接触和分离, 不能实现自 动分离和接触, 不仅发电机的结构复杂, 而且接收外界机械能的范围也 受到结构的限制。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术中的上述问题, 本发明提供一种结构简单的摩擦 纳米发电机, 可以用来回收震动、 冲击、 风力或海潮等产生的机械能量, 能够将施加在摩擦纳米发电机上的机械能转化为电能。
为实现上述目的, 本发明提供一种摩擦纳米发电机, 包括壳体和芯 体, 其中, 所述芯体置于所述壳体的空腔中, 所述芯体自内向外依次包 括: 内芯, 附着在所述内芯外表面的第一导电层, 以及与所述第一导电 层的外表面接触设置的第一摩擦层, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面面向所述 空腔; 所述壳体自外向内依次包括: 外壳, 附着在所述外壳内表面的第 二导电层, 以及与所述第二导电层的内表面接触设置的第二摩擦层, 所 述第二摩擦层的内表面面向所述空腔; 在外力作用下, 芯体在所述空腔 中运动, 使所述第一摩擦层的外表面与第二摩擦层的内表面接触和分离, 所述第一导电层和第二导电层向外电路输出电信号。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面与第二摩擦层的内表面的材料存 在摩擦电极序差异。
优选的, 所述外壳为封闭结构。
优选的, 所述第二摩擦层形成封闭结构。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层形成封闭结构。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面为球面、 椭球面或不规则球面。 优选的, 所述第二摩擦层的内表面为球面、 椭球面、 不规则球面或 柱面。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面为封闭结构球面, 第二摩擦层的 内表面为封闭结构球面。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面围成的结构为柱体。
优选的, 所述柱体选自圆柱体、 椭圆柱体或棱柱体。
优选的, 所述第二摩擦层的内表面为球面、 椭球面、 不规则球面或 柱面。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层包括互相不连通的多个第一摩擦单元; 和 / 或所述第二摩擦层包括互相不连通的多个第二摩擦单元。
优选的, 所述外壳为对称结构的球壳或柱壳, 所述第二摩擦层包括 的多个所述第二摩擦单元在外壳的内表面上均匀设置。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层包括两个第一摩擦单元, 所述第一导电层 包括两个第一导电单元, 所述内芯为柱体, 在所述柱体的上下表面分别 设置第一导电单元, 在两个所述第一导电单元上分别接触设置第一摩擦 单元; 所述第二摩擦层包括两个第二摩擦单元, 所述第二导电层包括两 个第二导电单元, 所述外壳的内表面围成的结构为柱体, 在所述外壳内 表面的上下底面分别设置第二导电单元, 在两个所述第二导电单元上分 别接触设置第二摩擦单元; 两个所述第一摩擦单元分别与两个所述第二 摩擦单元面对面设置, 在所述外力作用下, 所述内芯在所述外壳中沿着 外壳内表面围成柱体的轴线方向运动。
优选的, 面对面设置的所述第一摩擦单元与第二摩擦单元的表面互 相平行或图形互补。
优选的, 内芯外侧面的尺寸与外壳内表面的尺寸相匹配。
优选的, 所述内芯为圆柱体、 椭圆柱体或棱柱体; 所述外壳的内表 面围成的结构为圆柱体、 椭圆柱体、 棱柱体结构。
优选的, 所述内芯的高度小于两个第二摩擦单元之间距离的 10%。 优选的, 所述壳体中还包括若干个弹性部件, 所述第二导电单元通 过所述弹性部件设置在所述外壳的内表面。
优选的, 所述芯体与壳体之间包括多个弹性部件, 其中, 所述内芯 的上表面与所述外壳内表面的上底面之间包括至少一个弹性部件; 所述 内芯下表面与外壳内表面的下底面之间包括至少一个弹性部件。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面和 /或第二摩擦层的内表面分布有 微米或次微米量级的微结构, 或者纳米材料的点缀或涂层。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面材料和 /或所述第二摩擦层的内表 面材料为绝缘材料或半导体材料。
优选的, 所述绝缘材料选自苯胺甲醛树脂、 聚甲醛、 乙基纤维素、 聚酰胺、 羊毛及其织物、 蚕丝及其织物、 纸、 聚乙二醇丁二酸酯、 纤维 素、 纤维素醋酸酯、 聚乙二醇己二酸酯、 聚邻苯二甲酸二烯丙酯、 再生 纤维素海绵、 棉及其织物、 聚氨酯弹性体、 苯乙烯-丙烯腈共聚物、 苯乙 烯-丁二烯共聚物、 木头、 硬橡胶、 醋酸酯、 人造纤维、 聚甲基丙烯酸甲 酯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚酯、 聚异丁烯、 聚氨酯弹性海绵、 聚对苯二甲酸乙二 醇酯、 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、 丁二烯-丙烯腈共聚物、 氯丁橡胶、 天然橡胶、 聚丙烯腈、 聚 (偏氯乙烯 -co-丙烯腈)、 聚双酚 A碳酸酯、 聚氯醚、 聚偏二 氯乙烯、 聚 (2,6-二甲基聚亚苯基氧化物)、 聚苯乙烯、 聚乙烯、 聚丙烯、 聚二苯基丙垸碳酸酯、 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、 聚酰亚胺、 聚氯乙烯、 聚二甲基硅氧垸、 聚三氟氯乙烯和聚四氟乙烯;
所述半导体材料选自硅、 锗、 第 III和第 V族化合物、 第 Π和第 VI族 化合物、 由 III- V族化合物和 II -VI族化合物组成的固溶体、 非晶态的玻璃 半导体和有机半导体。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面和 /或第二摩擦层的内表面经过化 学改性, 使得在极性为正的材料表面引入容易得到电子的官能团和 /或在 极性为负的材料表面引入容易失去电子的官能团。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面和 /或第二摩擦层的内表面经过化 学改性, 使得在极性为负的材料表面弓 I入负电荷和 /或在极性为正的材料 表面引入正电荷。
优选的, 用导电材料替换绝缘材料或半导体材料以制备所述第一摩 擦层或第二摩擦层。
优选的, 构成所述第一摩擦层或第二摩擦层的所述导电材料选自金 属、 导电氧化物和导电高分子。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层和 /或第二摩擦层为薄膜或薄片。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层和 /或第二摩擦层为柔性材料。
优选的, 所述第一摩擦层和 /或第二摩擦层为硬性材料。
优选的, 所述第一导电层和 /或第二导电层为薄膜或薄片。
优选的, 所述外壳为柔性或硬性材料。
与现有技术相比, 本发明的摩擦纳米发电机具有下列优点:
1、 本发明的摩擦纳米发电机结构简单、 应用范围广: 芯体和壳体采 用核壳结构设计, 并且芯体直接置于壳体中, 互相之间不需要特意设置 弹性连接件或隔离材料, 在受到外力作用时, 芯体与壳体自动接触和分 离, 即芯体最外层的第一摩擦层与壳体最内层的第二摩擦层发生接触和 分离, 并发生表面电荷转移, 能够在与两个摩擦层接触设置的导电层之 间产生电信号输出, 实现将外力的机械能转变为电能的目的。 突破了现 有摩擦电发电机中复杂的结构、 高的成本、 大的体积、 低的稳定性和低 的转化效率。 极大的简化了结构和制备工艺, 降低了生产成本, 非常有 利于在工业上的推广和应用。 特别可以应用在震动、 冲击等产生的冲击 力机械能的收集。 2、 本发明的摩擦纳米发电机, 当外壳为封闭结构时, 可以隔绝液体、 气体等, 使摩擦纳米发电机的发电过程不受周围环境的 影响, 因此可以应用于风力、 水流等环境下的长期稳定工作。 3、 本发明 的摩擦纳米发电机中, 第一摩擦层采用多个摩擦单元的设计, 可以根据 芯体与第二摩擦单元的接触产生的电信号来确定施加在发电机上外力的 方向。 因此, 摩擦纳米发电机可以是一个无需电源供电的惯量和机械传 感装置, 能够应用在飞行器的自动控制、 微机械和定位系统中。 4、 本发 明的摩擦纳米发动机中, 柱体结构的内芯在壳体中只能沿着一维方向运 动的设计, 能够将往复振动、 翻转等能量转变为电能。 特别是首次利用 重物 (内芯) 在壳体中的上下移动, 通过和摩擦电发电机相结合, 实现 将重力能有效地转化成电能, 具有广泛的应用前景。
附图说明
通过附图所示, 本发明的上述及其它目的、 特征和优势将更加清晰。 在全部附图中相同的附图标记指示相同的部分。 并未刻意按实际尺寸等 比例缩放绘制附图, 重点在于示出本发明的主旨。
图 1为根据本发明实施例一的摩擦纳米发电机的典型结构示意图; 图 2a为根据本发明实施例一的摩擦纳米发电机的实物照片; 图 2b为根据本发明实施例一的摩擦纳米发电机在受到周期性外力作 用时所测试到的开路电压和短路电流随时间的变化曲线图;
图 3为根据本发明实施例一的摩擦纳米发电机的发电过程示意图; 图 4为根据本发明实施例二的摩擦纳米发电机的结构示意图; 图 5 为根据本发明实施例二的摩擦纳米发电机的一种优选的结构示 意图; 图 6为根据本发明实施例三的摩擦纳米发电机的结构示意图; 图 7为根据本发明实施例三的摩擦纳米发电机的发电过程示意图; 图 8为根据本发明实施例三的摩擦纳米发电机的实物图片; 图 9和图 10为根据本发明实施例三的包括弹性部件的摩擦纳米发电 机的结构示意图; 以及
图 11为根据本发明实施例三的包括弹性部件的摩擦纳米发电机在转 动装置上应用的示意图。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图, 对本发明实施例中的技术方案 进行清楚、 完整地描述。 显然, 所描述的实施例仅是本发明一部分实施 例, 而不是全部的实施例。 基于本发明中的实施例, 本领域普通技术人 员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例, 都属于本发 明保护的范围。
其次, 本发明结合示意图进行详细描述, 在详述本发明实施例时, 为便于说明, 所述示意图只是示例, 其在此不应限制本发明的保护范围。
本发明提供一种结构简单的摩擦纳米发电机, 其能够将运动、 振动、 风力、 潮汐和水流等自然存在的机械能转化为电能。 本发明的摩擦纳米 发电机的基本工作原理是: 采用壳体包围芯体的结构, 受到外力作用时, 壳体最内层的第二摩擦层与芯体最外层的第一摩擦层互相接触和分离, 第一摩擦层与第二摩擦层之间产生电荷转移。 本发明的摩擦纳米发电机 利用了在摩擦电极序中的极性存在差异的第一摩擦层和第二摩擦层接触 时产生表面电荷转移的现象, 能够高效的将各个方向的机械能转变为电 能。
本发明中所述的 "摩擦电极序", 是指根据材料对电荷的吸引程度将 其进行的排序, 两种材料在相互接触摩擦的瞬间, 在摩擦面上负电荷从 摩擦电极序中极性较正的材料表面转移至摩擦电极序中极性较负的材料 表面。 迄今为止, 还没有一种统一的理论能够完整的解释电荷转移的机 制, 一般认为, 这种电荷转移和材料的表面功函数相关, 通过电子或者 离子在摩擦面上的转移而实现电荷转移。 需要说明的是, 摩擦电极序只 是一种基于经验的统计结果, 即两种材料在该序列中相差越远, 接触后 所产生电荷的正负性和该序列相符合的几率就越大, 而且实际的结果受 到多种因素的影响, 比如材料表面粗糙度、 环境湿度和是否有相对摩擦 本发明中所述的 "接触电荷", 是指在两种摩擦电极序极性存在差异 的材料在接触摩擦并分离后其表面所带有的电荷, 一般认为, 该电荷只 分布在材料的表面, 分布最大深度不过约为 10纳米。 需要说明的是, 接 触电荷的符号是净电荷的符号, 即在带有正接触电荷的材料表面的局部 地区可能存在负电荷的聚集区域, 但整个表面净电荷的符号为正。
为了便于理解本发明的技术方案, 下面结合附图详细介绍本发明的 具体实施方式。
实施例一:
图 1为根据本发明实施例一的纳米发电机的结构示意图。 参见图 1, 本发明的摩擦纳米发电机的基本结构包括壳体和芯体, 其中, 所述芯体 自内向外依次包括: 内芯 1、 附着在内芯 1外表面的第一导电层 2以及与 第一导电层 2的外表面接触设置的第一摩擦层 3,第一摩擦层 3的外表面 面向壳体的空腔 7; 所述壳体自外向内依次包括: 外壳 4、 附着在外壳 4 内表面的第二导电层 5 以及与第二导电层 5的内表面接触设置的第二摩 擦层 6, 第二摩擦层 6的内表面面向空腔 7。 该摩擦纳米发电机结构中还 包括与摩擦纳米发电机结构必然相关的电极引出线,用于将第一导电层 2 和第二导电层 5 的信号引出到摩擦纳米发电机的外部。 其中, 第一摩擦 层 3和第二摩擦层 6均为连续结构, 即第一摩擦层 3为一个整体, 第二 摩擦层 6为一个整体。
需要说明的是, 根据该摩擦纳米发电机的具体结构, 第一导电层 2 的电极引出线 (导线) 的长度要适当, 不应该限制芯体在壳体中的自由 运动。
由于芯体直接置于壳体中, 芯体和壳体之间不需要连接件进行连接, 在外力作用下, 芯体在壳体中运动, 使第一摩擦层 3 的外表面与第二摩 擦层 6的内表面接触和分离, 第一导电层 2和第二导电层 5向外电路输 出电信号。
本发明的摩擦纳米发电机中, 外壳可以为封闭结构的球壳、 柱壳等, 也可以为非封闭结构的柱形筒状、 部分球壳等。 优选外壳为封闭结构, 例如可以为球壳、 椭球壳或柱壳等封闭的壳状结构, 参见图 1, 封闭结构 的外壳 4将第二导电层 5、 第二摩擦层 6、 芯体都封闭在外壳内。 采用封 闭结构外壳的摩擦纳米发电机可以隔绝液体、 气体, 从而可以在液体、 气体等环境中使用根据本发明的摩擦纳米发电机, 而发电过程不受外部 环境的影响。需要将第一导电层 2和第二导电层 5分别通过导线从外壳 4 内引出发电机, 用于为发电机连接负载或测试设备。 外壳的材料可以为 柔性材料也可以为硬性材料, 外壳的材料优选为抗酸碱性的材料, 例如 柔性有机物绝缘材料。
本实施例所述的壳体的空腔 7, 是由壳体的内表面围成的空间, 可以 为第二摩擦层 6 的内表面和外壳的部分内表面围成的空间, 或者为第二 摩擦层 6的内表面围成的空间。对于封闭结构的外壳, 如果第二摩擦层 6 也为封闭结构, 例如图 1 中第二摩擦层 6也为球壳状, 则第二摩擦层 6 的内表面围成的空间为空腔 7 ; 如果第二摩擦层 6为非封闭结构, 由于第 二导电层 5与第二摩擦层 6对应设置, 外壳 4的部分内表面未被第二摩 擦层 6覆盖, 因此, 第二摩擦层 6的内表面和外壳 4的部分内表面围成 的空间为空腔 7。 空腔可以为包括开口的空腔, 也可以为密闭的空腔。 本 实施例中优选第二摩擦层 6 为封闭结构, 当芯体在壳体中运动时, 可以 增加第二摩擦层 6与第一摩擦层 3接触的几率。封闭结构的第二摩擦层 6 的内表面可以为球面、 椭球面或不规则球面。
相应的, 本发明的摩擦纳米发电机的芯体最外层的第一摩擦层 3 可 以为封闭结构, 也可以为非封闭结构。 本实施例中, 第一摩擦层 3 优选 为封闭结构, 当芯体在壳体中运动时, 可以增加第一摩擦层 3 与第二摩 擦层 6接触的几率。 封闭结构的第一摩擦层 3的外表面围成的结构可以 为球形、 柱形、 椭球形等结构。 封闭结构的第一摩擦层 3 的外表面为球 面、 椭球面或不规则球面。
封闭结构的第一摩擦层 3 的外表面围成的结构也可以为柱体, 可以 为圆柱体、 椭圆柱体或棱柱体。 优选的, 封闭结构的第二摩擦层 6 的内 表面也可以为球面、 椭球面、 不规则球面或柱面。
本实施例中, 优选为第一摩擦层 3、第二摩擦层 6和外壳都为封闭结 构, 第二摩擦层 6 的内表面围成的空间为无开口的空腔, 当摩擦纳米发 电机受到外力作用, 芯体在壳体中运动时, 使第一摩擦层 3 与第二摩擦 层 6发生接触和分离, 由于第一摩擦层 3外表面的材料与第二摩擦层 6 内表面的材料之间存在摩擦电极序差异, 在第一摩擦层 3 的外表面与第 二摩擦层 6的内表面发生表面电荷转移, 通过第一导电层 2与第二导电 层 5向外电路输出电信号。
第一摩擦层 3 (或第一摩擦层 3的外表面) 与第二摩擦层 6 (或第二 摩擦层 6 的内表面) 的材料可以选择任意两种具有摩擦电极序差异的材 料, 意味着二者在摩擦电极序中处于不同的位置, 从而使得二者在发生 接触或摩擦的过程中能够在表面产生接触电荷。
常规的绝缘材料都具有摩擦电特性, 均可以作为制备本发明第一摩 擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6的材料, 此处列举一些常用的有机物绝缘材料并 按照摩擦电极序由正极性到负极性排序: 苯胺甲醛树脂、 聚甲醛、 乙基 纤维素、 聚酰胺 (PA)、 羊毛及其编织物、 蚕丝及其织物、 纸、 聚乙二醇 丁二酸酯、 纤维素、 纤维素醋酸酯、 聚乙二醇己二酸酯、 聚邻苯二甲酸 二烯丙酯、 再生纤维素海绵、 棉及其织物、 聚氨酯弹性体、 苯乙烯 -丙烯 腈共聚物、 苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、 木头、 硬橡胶、 醋酸酯、 人造纤维、 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚酯 (涤纶)、 聚异丁烯、 聚氨酯弹性海 绵、 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、 丁二烯-丙烯腈共聚物、 氯丁橡胶、 天然橡胶、 聚丙烯腈、 聚 (偏氯乙烯 -co-丙烯腈:)、 聚双酚 A碳 酸酯、 聚氯醚、 聚偏二氯乙烯、 聚(2,6 - 二甲基聚亚苯基氧化物)、 聚苯 乙烯、 聚乙烯、 聚丙烯、 聚二苯基丙垸碳酸酯、 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、 聚酰亚胺、 聚氯乙烯、 聚二甲基硅氧垸、 聚三氟氯乙烯、 聚四氟乙烯
(PTFE)。
相对于绝缘体, 半导体和金属均具有容易失去电子的摩擦电特性, 在摩擦电极序的列表中常位于末尾处。 因此, 半导体和金属也可以作为 制备第一摩擦层 3或第二摩擦层 6的材料。 常用的半导体包括: 硅、 锗; 第 III和第 V族化合物, 例如砷化镓、 磷化镓等; 第 II和第 VI族化合物, 例如硫化镉、硫化锌等; 以及由 III- V族化合物和 II -VI族化合物组成的固 溶体, 例如镓铝砷、 镓砷磷等。 除上述晶态半导体外, 还有非晶态的玻 璃半导体、 有机半导体等。 非导电性氧化物、 半导体氧化物和复杂氧化 物也具有摩擦电特性, 能够在摩擦过程形成表面电荷, 因此也可以用来 作为本发明的摩擦纳米发电机中的第一摩擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6,例如锰、 铬、 铁、 铜的氧化物, 还包括氧化硅、 氧化锰、 氧化铬、 氧化铁、 氧化 铜、 氧化锌、 Β )2和 Υ203; 常用的金属包括金、 银、 铂、 铝、 镍、 铜、 钛、 铬或硒, 以及由上述金属形成的合金。 当然, 还可以使用其他具有 导电特性的材料充当容易失去电子的摩擦层材料, 例如铟锡氧化物 ΙΤΟ。
可以采用导电材料替换绝缘材料或半导体材料制备第一摩擦层 3 或 第二摩擦层 6。这样, 可以用第一摩擦层 3或第二摩擦层 6的材料代替第 一导电层 2或第二导电层 5,进一歩简化根据本发明的摩擦纳米发电机的 结构。 导电材料可以选自上述金属、 导电氧化物和导电高分子材料。
限于篇幅的原因, 并不能对所有可能的材料进行穷举, 此处仅列出 几种具体的材料供参考, 但是显然这些具体的材料并不能成为本发明保 护范围的限制性因素, 因为在本发明的启示下, 本领域的技术人员根据 这些材料所具有的摩擦电特性很容易选择其他类似的材料。
通过实验发现, 当第一摩擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6材料的得电子能力 相差越大 (即在摩擦电极序中的位置相差越远) 时, 根据本发明的摩擦 纳米发电机输出的电信号越强。 所以, 可以根据实际需要, 选择合适的 材料来制备第一摩擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6, 以获得更好的输出效果。
为了增加第一摩擦层 3的外表面与第二摩擦层 6的内表面之间的接 触面积, 从而增大接触电荷量, 还可以对第一摩擦层 3的外表面和 /或第 二摩擦层 6 的内表面进行物理改性, 使其表面分布有微米或次微米量级 的微结构阵列, 或者纳米材料的点缀或涂层。 具体的改性方法包括光刻 蚀、 化学刻蚀和离子体刻蚀等。 也可以通过纳米材料的点缀或涂层的方 式来实现该目的。 所述微结构可以选自纳米线, 纳米管, 纳米颗粒, 纳 米沟槽、 微米沟槽, 纳米锥、 微米锥、 纳米球和微米球状结构等。
还可以对第一摩擦层 3的外表面和 /或第二摩擦层 6的内表面进行化 学改性, 能够进一歩提高电荷在接触瞬间的转移量, 从而提高接触电荷 密度和发电机的输出功率。 化学改性又分为如下两种类型:
一种方法是对于相互接触的第一摩擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6的材料, 在极性为正的材料表面引入更易失电子的官能团 (即强给电子团), 或者 在极性为负的材料表面引入更易得电子的官能团 (强吸电子团), 都能够 进一歩提高电荷在相互滑动时的转移量, 从而提高摩擦电荷密度和发电 机的输出功率。 强给电子团包括: 氨基、 羟基、 垸氧基等; 强吸电子团 包括: 酰基、 羧基、 硝基、 磺酸基等。 官能团的引入可以采用等离子体 表面改性等常规方法。 例如可以使氧气和氮气的混合气在一定功率下产 生等离子体, 从而在摩擦单元的材料表面引入氨基。
另外一种方法是在极性为正的材料表面引入正电荷, 而在极性为负 的材料表面引入负电荷。 具体可以通过化学键合的方式实现。 例如, 可 以在 PDMS表面利用水解 -缩合 (英文简写为 S0l-gd) 的方法修饰上正硅 酸乙酯 (英文简写为 TEOS), 而使其带负电。 也可以在金薄膜层上利用 金 -硫的键结修饰上表面含十六垸基三甲基溴化铵 (CTAB)的金纳米粒子, 由于十六垸基三甲基溴化铵为阳离子, 故会使整个基板变成带正电性。 本领域的技术人员可以根据摩擦层材料的得失电子性质和表面化学键的 种类, 选择合适的修饰材料与其键合, 以达到本发明的目的, 因此这样 的变形都在本发明的保护范围之内。
本发明第一摩擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6可以采用硬质材料也可以选择 柔性材料, 因为材料的硬度并不影响二者之间的滑动摩擦效果, 本领域 的技术人员可以根据实际情况进行选择。 本实施例中优选第一摩擦层 3 和第二摩擦层 6至少有一个为柔性材料, 可以增大第一摩擦层 3和第二 摩擦层 6的接触面积。
第一摩擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6的厚度对本发明的实施没有显著影响, 只是在设置的过程中需要综合考虑摩擦层强度与发电效率等因素。 本发 明优选第一摩擦层 3和 /或第二摩擦层 6为薄膜或薄片,厚度为 50nm-2cm, 优选 1μπι-50μπι , 50μπι-500μπι , 更优选 500μπι-800πιπι , 更优选 lmm-500mm, 这些厚度对本发明中所有的技术方案都适用。
第一导电层 2和第二导电层 5的材料可以选自金属、 导电氧化物和 导电高分子材料。 金属可以选自金、 银、 铂、 铝、 镍、 铜、 钛、 铬或硒, 以及由上述金属形成的合金。 内芯和外壳的材料选择不特别要求, 可以 为柔性材料也可以为硬性材料。 内芯优选为密度较大的陶瓷、 金属等材 料。 第一导电层 2与内芯, 以及第二导电层 5与外壳之间可以通过粘贴 等方式进行结合, 只要能够使第一导电层 2 附着在内芯的外表面 (或者 第二导电层 5附着在外壳的内表面) 上即可。 第一导电层 2和第二导电 层 5优选为薄膜材料, 而第一摩擦层 3与第一导电层 2之间、 第二摩擦 层 6与第二导电层 5之间需要有良好的接触, 可以采用在第一摩擦层 3 上制备第一导电层 2、在第二摩擦层 6上制备第二导电层 5的方法进行制 备, 例如采用蒸镀、 溅射等方法在摩擦层材料上制备导电层薄膜材料, 能够保证摩擦层材料与导电层材料的良好接触。 根据摩擦层材料和导电 层材料的不同, 本领域技术人员能够选择合适的方法进行制备。
下面以一具体实例来说明本发明实施例一的纳米发电机的实现方 式:第一摩擦层 3采用厚度为 25微米的 PA膜,在 PA膜的一个表面上蒸 镀厚度为 250纳米的 Cu膜(为第一导电层 2), 在第一导电层 2的 Cu膜 表面用银浆连接导线后, 将 PA膜制备有 Cu膜的表面附着在直径为 50 毫米的小球外表面上形成芯体, 芯体的最外层为 PA膜, 将该芯体置于一 个尺寸较大的玻璃球壳内, 该球壳的内表面为直径大于 1 厘米的球面。 第二摩擦层 6采用厚度为 25微米的 PTFE膜, 在 PTFE膜的一个表面上 蒸镀厚度为 250纳米的 Cu膜 (为第二导电层 5), 在第二导电层 5的 Cu 膜表面用银浆连接导线后, 将制备有 Cu膜的 PTFE膜附着在前述玻璃球 壳的内表面形成壳体, 将第一导电层 2和第二导电层 5的导线连出玻璃 球壳后将玻璃球壳进行密封形成封闭结构外壳。 PTFE膜内表面围成的结 构形成封闭的空腔 7, 芯体位于该空腔 7内, PA膜的外表面面向空腔 7。 图 2a为本实施例的摩擦纳米发电机的实物照片,该发电机受到外力作用, 芯体和壳体不断接触和分离, 通过与第一导电层 2和第二导电层 5连接 的导线引出发电机的输出信号, 图 2b示出了摩擦纳米发电机的开路电压 和短路电流随时间变化的测试结果, 从测量结果看出, 该摩擦纳米发电 机的最大开路电压约为 120V, 最大短路电流约为 7μΑ。
下面以图 2所示的摩擦纳米发电机为例, 详细介绍根据本发明的摩 擦纳米发电机的发电过程。 图 3 为根据本发明实施例一的摩擦纳米发电 机的发电过程示意图, 参见图 3, 外力作用在摩擦纳米发电机上, 使芯体 在壳体中运动, 带动 ΡΑ膜(第一摩擦层) 31外表面与 PTFE膜(第二摩 擦层) 61内表面相互接触或摩擦发生表面电荷转移, 由于 PA膜 31外表 面和 PTFE膜 61内表面的材料在摩擦电极序中的位置不同, 形成一层表 面接触电荷(参见图 3a)。 PA膜 31外表面产生正电荷, 而和 PTFE膜 61 内表面产生负电荷, 两种电荷的电量大小相同, 因此在第一导电层 21和 第二导电层 51之间没有电势差, 也就没有电荷流动。 当 PA膜 31外表面 与 PTFE膜 61 内表面分离后, 此时, 由第一导电层 21和 PA膜 31所构 成的整体具有净剩正电荷,而第二导电层 51和 PTFE膜 61所构成的整体 具有净剩负电荷, 因此在第一导电层 21和第二导电层 51之间产生了电 势差。 为平衡摩擦电荷导致的电势差, 电子通过外电路由第二导电层 51 流入第一导电层 21, 从而在外电路产生由第一导电层 21 到第二导电层 51的瞬时电流 (参见图 3b), 当第一导电层 21上的负电荷与 PA膜外表 面的正电荷达到平衡时, 第二导电层 51上的正电荷与 PTFE膜内表面的 负电荷达到平衡时, 在第一导电层 21和第二导电层 51之间没有电势差, 在外电路也就没有电流产生 (参见图 3c)。 PA膜 31的内表面与 PTFE膜 的外表面再次靠近时, 第二摩擦层 61对第一导电层 21 负电荷的排斥增 强, 第一导电层 21上的电子向第二导电层 51流动(参见图 3d) , 形成一 个反向电流信号 (参见图 3d)。 当 PA膜 31的外表面与 PTFE膜 61的内 表面再次发生接触后, 由摩擦电荷导致的电势降低到最小, 参见图 3a。 由此可见, 发电机的芯体在壳体空腔中的往复运动, 会促使内芯 11带动 的第一摩擦层 31和外壳 41带动的第二摩擦层 61发生不断接触和分离, 从而不断地形成电信号输出。 本发明的发电机采用封闭结构外壳, 可以 应用在空气、 液体、 气体环境中以回收震动、 水流、 潮汐或风产生的能 实施例二:
实施例一中, 摩擦纳米发电机的第一摩擦层 3和第二摩擦层 6均为 连续结构, 本实施例与实施例一的区别仅在于, 第一摩擦层和第二摩擦 层中至少有一个为非连续结构, 即第一摩擦层包括互相不连通的多个第 一摩擦单元, 和 /或第二摩擦层包括互相不连通的多个第二摩擦单元。 发 电机各部分的材料可以与实施例一中完全相同。
在本发明中, 第一导电层为第一摩擦层的电极层, 第二导电层为第 二摩擦层的电极层, 因此, 在本实施例中, 所述第一摩擦层包括互不连 通的多个第一摩擦单元, 相应的, 第一导电层也包括互不连通的多个第 一导电单元, 以保证多个第一摩擦单元之间互不连通。 同样, 第二摩擦 层包括互不连通的多个第二摩擦单元, 相应的, 第二导电层也包括互不 连通的多个第二导电单元。
图 4 为根据本发明实施例二的摩擦纳米发电机的结构示意图, 在本 实施例中, 以第一摩擦层包括 2个摩擦单元、 第二摩擦层包括 2个摩擦 单元为例, 具体介绍本实施例中发电机的结构。 参见图 4, 发电机包括壳 体和置于壳体空腔中的芯体, 其中, 所述芯体自内向外依次包括: 内芯 12、 附着在内芯 12外表面的第一导电层以及与第一导电层的外表面接触 设置的第一摩擦层, 其中, 第一导电层包括两个互相不连通的第一导电 单元 221和 222, 相应的, 第一摩擦层包括多个互相不连通的第一摩擦单 元 321和 322, 每个第一摩擦单元的外表面面向壳体的空腔 72。 所述壳 体自外向内依次包括: 外壳 42、 附着在外壳 42内表面的第二导电层以及 与第二导电层内表面接触设置的第二摩擦层, 第二摩擦层的内表面面向 空腔 7, 其中, 第二导电层包括两个互相不连通的第二导电单元 521 和 522,相应的,第二摩擦层包括多个互相不连通的第二摩擦单元 621和 622; 每个第二摩擦单元的外表面面向壳体的空腔 72。 发电机结构中还包括与 发电机结构必然相关的导电单元引出线 (图 4中未标出), 用于将多个第 一导电单元和多个第二导电单元引出发电机后连接负载或测试设备。
多个第一摩擦单元的材料和形状可以相同也可以不同, 同样, 多个 第二摩擦单元的材料和形状可以相同也可以不同。
由于芯体直接置于壳体中, 互相之间不需要连接件进行连接, 在外 力作用下, 芯体在壳体中运动, 使第一摩擦层单元的外表面与第二摩擦 单元的内表面接触和分离, 相应的第一导电单元和第二导电单元向外电 路输出电信号。
本发明的发电机中, 外壳可以为封闭结构的球壳、 柱壳等, 也可以 为非封闭结构的柱形筒状、部分球壳等,参见图 4。优选外壳为封闭结构, 例如可以为球壳、 椭球壳或柱壳等封闭的壳状结构, 封闭结构的外壳将 第二导电层、 第二摩擦层、 芯体都封闭在外壳内。 采用封闭结构外壳的 发电机可以使用在液体、 气体等环境中, 发电过程不受环境的影响。
本实施例所述壳体的空腔 72, 具体为壳体的内表面围成的空间, 对 于第二摩擦层包括多个互相不连通的第二摩擦单元的情况, 空腔为多个 第二摩擦单元的内表面和外壳的部分内表面围成的空间。 对于封闭结构 的外壳, 空腔为密闭结构; 对于非封闭结构的外壳, 空腔为包括开口的 空腔。 外壳可以为柔性也可以为硬性材料, 只需要保证外壳的内表面为 绝缘材料即可, 外壳的材料优选为抗酸碱性的材料, 例如柔性有机物绝 缘材料。
本实施例中, 优选为第二摩擦层包括多个第二摩擦单元, 更优选为 多个第二摩擦单元均匀分布。 本实施例中发电机的一个优选结构可以参 见图 5, 外壳 43为封闭的球壳、 柱壳等对称结构, 第二摩擦层 53包括多 个第二摩擦单元, 并且多个所述第二摩擦单元在外壳的内表面上均匀分 布; 相应的, 第二导电层 63包括多个第二导电单元, 并且每个第二导电 单元位于一个第二摩擦单元与外壳之间, 用于连接第二摩擦单元与外壳 的内表面, 并且为第二摩擦单元充当电极。 第一摩擦层 33和第一导电层 23 可以为连续结构也可以为封闭结构。 这种结构的发电机, 当芯体与第 二摩擦单元发生碰撞时, 与第二摩擦单元接触设置的第二导电单元有电 信号输出, 根据第二摩擦单元或第二导电单元在外壳内表面的位置, 可 以定位发电机受到力的方向。
本实施例中的第一摩擦层和第二摩擦层可以采用与实施例一中相同 的材料, 在此不在复述。 优选的, 第一摩擦层和第二摩擦层至少有一个 为柔性材料, 可以增大第一摩擦层和第二摩擦层的接触面积。
本实施例中, 如果第一摩擦层为包括多个第一摩擦单元的情况, 则 要求内芯的外表面为绝缘材料, 可以采用陶瓷、 有机物等绝缘材料的内 芯。 如果第二摩擦层为包括多个第二摩擦单元的情况, 则要求外壳的内 表面为绝缘材料, 可以采用玻璃、 绝缘橡胶等材料。 这是本领域的技术 人员根据发电机的结构容易想到的, 可以根据具体应用情况进行内芯和 外壳材料的选择, 在此不应限定本发明的保护范围。
实施例三:
实施例二中, 芯体在壳体中的运动不受限制, 可以在三维空间的任 意方向运动。 本实施例与实施例二的区别在于, 芯体在壳体中只能在一 维方向运动。 发电机各部分的材料可以与实施例一或实施例二中完全相 同。
图 6 为根据本发明实施例三的摩擦纳米发电机的结构示意图, 参见 图 6, 发电机包括壳体和置于壳体空腔中的芯体, 其中, 芯体的内芯 14 为柱体, 内芯 14的上、 下表面分别设置第一导电单元 241和 242, 在第 一导电单元 241和 242上分别接触设置第一摩擦单元 341和 342;所述壳 体的外壳 44内表面围成的结构也为柱体, 在外壳 44内表面的上下底面 分别设置第二导电单元 541和 542,在第二导电单元 541和 542上分别接 触设置第二摩擦单元 641和 642。两个第一摩擦单元 341和 342分别与两 个第二摩擦单元 641和 642面对面设置。 第二摩擦单元 641和 642的内 表面 (即面向芯体的表面) 与外壳 44的部分内表面 (未被第二导电单元 覆盖的内表面)围成的空间为壳体的空腔 74。在这里, 第一摩擦单元 341 或 342 面向第二摩擦单元的表面称为第一摩擦单元的外表面, 第二摩擦 单元 641或 642面向第一摩擦单元的表面称为第二摩擦单元的内表面。 芯体在空腔 74中可以沿着外壳内表面围成柱体的轴线方向 (箭头方向) 进行一维运动。 芯体向上运动可以使第一摩擦单元 341 的外表面与第二 摩擦单元 641 的内表面接触, 芯体向下运动可以使第二摩擦单元 342的 外表面与第二摩擦单元 642 的内表面接触。 可以将该实施例中的发电机 看作是两个发电机单元 NG1和 NG2形成的发电机组, 发电机单元 NG1 由第一导电单元 241、 第一摩擦单元 341、 第二导电单元 541和第二摩擦 单元 641共同组成。 另一个发电机单元 NG2由第一导电单元 242、 第一 摩擦单元 342、 第二导电单元 542和第二摩擦单元 642共同组成。
所述的第一摩擦单元的外表面、 第二摩擦单元的内表面的名称只是 为了与实施例一和实施例二中的名称统一, 以方便描述。
这样结构的发电机, 在外力作用下使芯体在壳体中运动, 使第一摩 擦单元 341 的外表面与第二摩擦单元 641 的内表面接触, 或者使第一摩 擦单元 342的外表面与第二摩擦单元 642的内表面接触, 能够在第一发 电机单元 NG1和 /或第二发电机单元 NG2的导电单元向外电路输出电信 号。 这里所述的外力可以是一种振动或者晃动的力, 能够使芯体在壳体 内沿着箭头所示方向进行往复运动; 也可以是将发电机进行快速的上下 翻转的外力, 芯体在自身重力 (主要是内芯 14的重力) 作用下在壳体内 进行往复运动。
为了说明方便, 将第二摩擦单元 642所在的部位称为壳体的底部, 第二摩擦单元 641所在的部位称为壳体的顶部。
下面结合图 7 详细介绍本实施例的发电机的发电过程, 第一发电机 单元 NG1的第一摩擦单元 341与第二摩擦单元 641的材料摩擦电极序不 同, 二者之间存在得电子能力的差异。 同样, 第二发电机单元 NG2的第 一摩擦单元 342与第二摩擦单元 642的材料摩擦电极序不同, 二者之间 存在得电子能力的差异。 以第一摩擦单元 341 (342) 的表面电子能力强 而第二摩擦单元 641 (642) 的表面则更容易失去电子, 通过外力上下翻 转发电机为例, 具体进行说明。 当芯体由于重力的作用在空腔 74中运动 至壳体的底部时, 带动第一摩擦单元 342 的外表面与第二摩擦单元 642 的内表面接触, 使第一摩擦单元 342 表面带有负电荷, 而第二摩擦单元 642表面则带正电荷 (参见图 7a)。 当发电机在外力作用下上下翻转后, 由于重力作用, 芯体向壳体的顶部移动, 第一摩擦单元 342 与第二摩擦 单元 642分离。 为了达到电荷的平衡, 电子会从第一导电单元 242向第 二导电单元 542移动 (参见图 7 b ), 从而对外输出电信号。 当芯体到达 壳体的顶部时, 将带动第一摩擦单元 341 的外表面与第二摩擦单元 641 的内表面接触, 使第二摩擦单元 641 的表面带正电, 第一摩擦单元 341 的表面带负电, 而第一导电单元 242和第一摩擦单元 342组成的整体与 第二导电单元 542与第二摩擦单元 642组成的整体之间的电荷达到平衡 (参见图 7c)。 当发电机再次翻转, 使芯体又向底部移动时, 接触的第一 摩擦单元 341和第二摩擦单元 641分离。 为了达到电荷的平衡, 电子会 从第一导电单元 241 向第二导电单元 541移动, 同时, 电子也会从第二 导电单元 542向第一导电单元 242移动(参见图 7d)。当芯体接触底部后, 第一摩擦单元 342与第二摩擦单元 642的表面电荷完全平衡后, 并没有 电子的流动(参见图 7e)。 当芯体又从底部向顶部移动时, 第一摩擦单元 342与第二摩擦单元 642再次分离,将导致电子从第一导电单元 242向第 二导电单元 542移动, 同时, 电子也会从第二导电单元 541 向第一导电 单元 241移动 (参见图 70, 对外输出电流。 当第一摩擦单元 341的外表 面与第二摩擦单元 641 的内表面完全接触后, 此时, 并没有电子在外电 路中流动, 观察不到电流输出。 此后的整个循环过程如图 7c-7f所示。
本实施例的发电机中, 优选为, 面对面设置的第一摩擦单元与第二 摩擦单元的表面互相平行或图形互补, 以保证第一摩擦单元与第二摩擦 单元每次接触时接触面积最大。 具体的, 第一摩擦单元 341 与第二摩擦 单元 641 的表面互相平行或图形互补, 第一摩擦单元 342与第二摩擦单 元 642的表面互相平行或图形互补。
本实施例的发电机中, 优选为, 外壳为封闭结构, 多个第一导电单 元和第二导电单元的导线引出外壳后, 将芯体、 第二摩擦单元、 第二导 电单元全部密封在所述外壳中。 这样结构的发电机, 为全封闭的发电机, 可以在气体、 液体等环境下进行发电, 工作过程不受环境的影响。 外壳 的材料优选能够抗酸碱的材料, 例如有机绝缘材料等。
优选的, 内芯 14外侧面的尺寸与外壳 44内表面的尺寸相匹配, 在 所述外力作用下, 内芯 14在外壳 44中运动时, 不会改变内芯与外壳的 相对取向, 即内芯在外壳中运动时, 外壳内表面围成柱体的轴线方向与 内芯的轴线方向的夹角基本不变。
本实施例中, 内芯可以为圆柱体、 椭圆柱体、 棱柱体等柱体。 外壳 的内表面围成的结构可以为圆柱体、 椭圆柱体、 棱柱体等柱体结构。 本 发明中所述的椭圆柱体中, 沿着垂直与柱体轴线方向的截面为椭圆。
优选的, 内芯 14的高度小于两个第二摩擦单元 641和 642之间距离 的 10%。 两个第二摩擦单元 641和 642之间的距离优选为大于 5 cm, 内 芯 14的高度小于 5mm。
该实施例的发电机的一种具体实例为: 采用磁控溅射法在两片半径 6cm、 厚度 25μπι的聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE)圆片上表面均匀镀一层 A1薄膜, 冷却后分别在铝 A1薄膜的外侧通过悍接固定导线, 实现铝 A1薄膜与导 线的连接。 采用磁控溅射法在在两半径 6 cm、 厚度 25μπι的聚对苯二甲 酸乙二醇酯 (PET) 的下表面均匀镀上一层铝 A1薄膜, 冷却后分别在铝 A1薄膜的外侧通过悍接固定导线, 实现铝 A1薄层与导线的连接。 以圆柱 型玻璃壳体为外壳, 外壳的内部为半径 7cm、 高度 15cm的圆柱形空腔, 在圆柱形空腔的上下底面分别粘贴上述制备有 A1薄层的 PET圆片,使两 个 PET圆片的上表面面对面设置, PET为第二摩擦单元材料, 完成壳体 的制作。 以半径 6cm、高度 lcm的圆柱形陶瓷柱为内芯, 将上述制备的 2 片半径 6 cm、厚度 25 μπι的聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE)制备有 A1薄膜的表面分别 贴在内芯的上下表面, 完成芯体的制作。 将所有连接在 A1薄膜的导线引 出玻璃外壳, 并用绝缘胶将玻璃外壳的开口密封, 完成全封闭发电机的 制备, 见图 8 的摩擦纳米发电机的实物图片。 当陶瓷内芯在外壳里面上 下移动的时候, 由于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)和聚四氟乙烯 (PTFE) 的不断接触和分离, 电压表有相应的电信号输出, 说明能够将机械能转 化为电能进行发电。
本实施例中, 柱体结构的内芯在壳体中只能沿着一维方向运动的设 计, 能够将往复振动、 翻转等能量转变为电能。 而且, 首次利用重物(内 芯) 在壳体中的上下移动, 通过和摩擦电发电机相结合, 实现将重力能 有效的转化成电能, 具有广泛的应用前景。
本实施例的发电机中, 还可以将两个发电机单元进行并联或串联, 提高发电机的输出性能。 例如, 将两个第一导电单元 241和 242连接在 一起, 将两个第二导电单元 541和 542连接在一起, 实现两个发电机单 元的并联。 将两个第一导电单元 241和 242连接在一起或两个第二导电 单元 541和 542连接在一起, 实现两个发电机单元的串联。
本实施例中, 发电机还可以包括若干个弹性部件, 使第一摩擦单元 与第二摩擦单元接触后, 在弹性部件的作用下, 芯体与壳体能够自动分 离, 而不需要额外施加外力。 弹性部件可以为弹簧、 弹性海绵等常用的 弹性部件。 本实施例中, 弹性部件优选为绝缘材料制成的部件。 所述弹 性部件可以设置在壳体中, 也可以设置在壳体与芯体之间。 图 9和图 10 为包括弹性部件的摩擦纳米发电机的结构示意图, 下面结合附图分别介 绍两种情况。
壳体中包括若干个弹性部件的情况, 第二导电单元通过弹性部件设 置在外壳的内表面, 使所述第二导电单元可以远离或靠近外壳内表面的 上下底面。 参见图 9, 在第二导电单元 541与外壳 44内表面的上底面之 间设置弹性部件 811, 在第二导电单元 542与外壳 44内表面的下底面之 间设置弹性部件 812,使第二摩擦单元 641和第二导电单元 541组成的整 体通过弹性部件 811连接在外壳 44内表面的上底面, 第二摩擦单元 642 和第二导电单元 542组成的整体通过弹性部件 812连接在外壳 44内表面 的下底面。 在外力作用下, 芯体在壳体中运动, 内芯带动第一摩擦单元 341 与第二摩擦单元 641接触, 同时使弹性部件 811被压缩, 弹性部件 811储存能量。 之后, 弹性部件 811弹性回复释放储存的能量, 使第二摩 擦单元 641和第二导电单元 541组成的整体向下运动, 同时芯体在弹性 部件 811的作用下离开第二摩擦单元 641, 向着外壳 44内表面的下底面 运动。 内芯带动第一摩擦单元 342与第二摩擦单元 642接触, 同时使弹 性部件 812被压缩储存能量, 之后, 弹性部件 812弹性回复, 使芯体在 弹性部件 812的作用下离开第二摩擦单元 642,再次向着外壳内表面的上 底面运动, 如此循环。 弹性部件 811和 812的设置, 不需要为发电机施 加周期性外力, 即可使内芯在外壳中往复运动。
图 9中, 弹性部件 811和 812的一端连接在第二导电单元表面的中 部, 另一端连接在外壳内表面的上下底面的中部。 实际中, 弹性部件与 第二导电单元和外壳的连接部位可以任意选择, 而且弹性部件的数量也 不限定在两个, 弹性部件的连接位置和数量只要满足第二导电单元与第 二摩擦单元组成的整体 (541和 641, 541和 642) 在壳体中的运动方向 基本沿着壳体内表面围成柱体的轴线方向即可。 根据实际需要, 可以只 在一个第二导电单元与外壳之间设置弹性部件。
芯体与壳体之间包括多个弹性部件的情况, 具体为: 内芯的上表面 与外壳内表面的上底面之间包括至少一个弹性部件, 内芯下表面与外壳 内表面的下底面之间包括至少一个弹性部件, 使内芯可以远离或靠近外 壳内表面的上下底面。参见图 10, 在芯体和壳体之间包括多个弹性部件, 两个弹性部件 821的一端连接在外壳 44柱形内表面的上底面, 另一端连 接在柱形内芯 14的上表面; 两个弹性部件 822的一端连接在外壳 44柱 形内表面的下底面, 另一端连接在柱形内芯 14的下表面。 外力作用下, 芯体向壳体的底部运动, 使第一摩擦单元 342 的外表面与第二摩擦单元 642的内表面接触或摩擦, 同时, 使弹性部件 822被压缩而弹性部件 821 被拉伸。 弹性部件 821和 822的弹性回复力使芯体向着外壳内表面的顶 部运动, 使第一摩擦单元 341 的外表面与第二摩擦单元 641 的内表面接 触或摩擦, 同时, 使弹性部件 821被压缩而弹性部件 822被拉伸。 由于 弹性部件 821和 822的设置, 芯体可以在壳体中上下往复运动, 而不需 要多次施加外力使芯体在壳体中运动, 也不需要外力将壳体翻转来依靠 芯体自身的重力促使第一摩擦单元与第二摩擦单元的接触。
图 10中, 弹性部件 821和 822的一端连接在柱形内芯的上下表面的 边缘, 另一端连接在外壳内表面的上下底面的边缘。 实际中, 弹性部件 与内芯和外壳的连接部位可以任意选择, 而且弹性部件的数量也不限定 在四个, 弹性部件的连接位置和数量只要满足芯体在壳体中运动时不会 改变内芯与外壳的相对取向即可, 即内芯在外壳中运动时, 外壳内表面 围成柱体的轴线方向与内芯的轴线方向的夹角基本不变。
包括弹性部件的摩擦纳米发电机, 可以应用在车轮等转动装置上, 图 11为包括弹性部件的摩擦纳米发电机在转动装置上应用的示意图, 参 见图 11, 在车轮 9上设置若干个图 9或图 10所示的摩擦纳米发电机 10, 摩擦纳米发电机的设置方向优选为芯体在壳体中的运动方向沿着车轮的 径向, 使壳体的顶部靠近车轮的转动中心, 底部远离车轮的转动中心。 当车轮沿着箭头方向转动时, 芯体在弹性部件作用下在壳体中作往复运 动, 使面对面设置的第一摩擦单元与第二摩擦单元接触和分离, 将车轮 转动的机械能转变为电能。
本发明所有实施例中的发电机都可以与整流器连接, 将发电机产生 的电信号转变为直流电, 为小型用电器或电池供电。
本发明的摩擦纳米发电机的各部分都可以采用现有的技术制备, 具 体的制备方法在这里不做特别限定。
以上所述, 仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已, 并非对本发明作任何形 式上的限制。 任何熟悉本领域的技术人员, 在不脱离本发明技术方案范 围情况下, 都可利用上述揭示的方法和技术内容对本发明技术方案做出 许多可能的变动和修饰, 或修改为等同变化的等效实施例。 因此, 凡是 未脱离本发明技术方案的内容, 依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所 做的任何简单修改、 等同变化及修饰, 均仍属于本发明技术方案保护的 范围内。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 该摩擦纳米发电机包括 壳体和芯体, 其中,
所述芯体置于所述壳体的空腔中, 所述芯体自内向外依次包括: 内芯、附着在所述内芯外表面的第一导电层以及与所述第一导电层的 外表面接触设置的第一摩擦层,所述第一摩擦层的外表面面向所述空 腔;
所述壳体自外向内依次包括: 外壳、 附着在所述外壳内表面的第 二导电层以及与所述第二导电层的内表面接触设置的第二摩擦层,所 述第二摩擦层的内表面面向所述空腔;
在外力作用下, 所述芯体在所述空腔中运动, 使所述第一摩擦层 的外表面与所述第二摩擦层的内表面接触和分离,所述第一导电层和 所述第二导电层向外电路输出电信号。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所述 第一摩擦层的外表面与所述第二摩擦层的内表面的材料之间存在摩 擦电极序差异。
3、 根据权利要求 1或 2所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所述外壳为封闭结构。
4、 根据权利要求 1-3任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在 于, 所述第二摩擦层形成封闭结构。
5、 根据权利要求 1-4任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在 于, 所述第一摩擦层形成封闭结构。
6、 根据权利要求 1-5任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在 于, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面为球面、 椭球面或不规则球面。
7、 根据权利要求 6所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所述 第二摩擦层的内表面为球面、 椭球面、 不规则球面或柱面。
8、 根据权利要求 1-5任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在 于, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面为封闭结构球面, 第二摩擦层的内表面 为封闭结构球面。
9、 根据权利要求 1-5任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在 于, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面围成的结构为柱体。
10、 根据权利要求 9所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所述 柱体为圆柱体、 椭圆柱体或棱柱体。
11、 根据权利要求 10所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所 述第二摩擦层的内表面为球面、 椭球面、 不规则球面或柱面。
12、 根据权利要求 1-3任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在 于, 所述第一摩擦层包括互相不连通的多个第一摩擦单元; 和 /或 所述第二摩擦层包括互相不连通的多个第二摩擦单元。
13、 根据权利要求 12所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所 述外壳为对称结构的球壳或柱壳,所述第二摩擦层包括的多个所述第 二摩擦单元在外壳的内表面上均匀设置。
14、 根据权利要求 12所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所述第一摩擦层包括两个第一摩擦单元,所述第一导电层包括两 个第一导电单元, 所述内芯为柱体, 在所述柱体的上下表面分别设置 第一导电单元,在两个所述第一导电单元上分别接触设置第一摩擦单 元;
所述第二摩擦层包括两个第二摩擦单元,所述第二导电层包括两 个第二导电单元, 所述外壳的内表面围成的结构为柱体, 在所述外壳 内表面的上下底面分别设置第二导电单元,在两个所述第二导电单元 上分别接触设置第二摩擦单元;
两个所述第一摩擦单元分别与两个所述第二摩擦单元面对面设 置, 在所述外力作用下, 所述内芯在所述外壳中沿着外壳内表面围成 柱体的轴线方向运动。
15、 根据权利要求 14所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 面 对面设置的所述第一摩擦单元与第二摩擦单元的表面互相平行或图 形互补。
16、根据权利要求 14或 15所述的摩擦纳米发电机,其特征在于, 所述内芯外侧面的尺寸与所述外壳内表面的尺寸相匹配。
17、根据权利要求 14或 15所述的摩擦纳米发电机,其特征在于, 所述内芯为圆柱体、椭圆柱体或棱柱体; 所述外壳的内表面围成的结 构为圆柱体、 椭圆柱体、 棱柱体结构。
18、 根据权利要求 14-17任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述内芯的高度小于两个第二摩擦单元之间距离的 10%。
19、 根据权利要求 14-18任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述壳体中还包括若干个弹性部件, 所述第二导电单元通过所 述弹性部件设置在所述外壳的内表面。
20、 根据权利要求 14-18任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述芯体与壳体之间包括多个弹性部件, 其中, 所述内芯的上 表面与所述外壳内表面的上底面之间包括至少一个弹性部件;所述内 芯下表面与外壳内表面的下底面之间包括至少一个弹性部件。
21、 根据权利要求 1-20任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面和 /或第二摩擦层的内表面分布有微 米或次微米量级的微结构, 或者纳米材料的点缀或涂层。
22、 根据权利要求 1-21任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面材料和 /或所述第二摩擦层的内表面 材料为绝缘材料或半导体材料。
23、 根据权利要求 22所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 所 述绝缘材料选自下面材料中的一种: 苯胺甲醛树脂、 聚甲醛、 乙基纤 维素、 聚酰胺、 羊毛及其织物、 蚕丝及其织物、 纸、 聚乙二醇丁二酸 酯、 纤维素、 纤维素醋酸酯、 聚乙二醇己二酸酯、 聚邻苯二甲酸二烯 丙酯、 再生纤维素海绵、 棉及其织物、 聚氨酯弹性体、 苯乙烯 -丙烯 腈共聚物、 苯乙烯-丁二烯共聚物、 木头、 硬橡胶、 醋酸酯、 人造纤 维、 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、 聚乙烯醇、 聚酯、 聚异丁烯、 聚氨酯弹性海 绵、 聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、 聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、 丁二烯 -丙烯腈共聚 物、 氯丁橡胶、 天然橡胶、 聚丙烯腈、 聚 (偏氯乙烯 -co-丙烯腈:)、 聚 双酚 A碳酸酯、 聚氯醚、 聚偏二氯乙烯、 聚 (2,6-二甲基聚亚苯基氧 化物)、 聚苯乙烯、 聚乙烯、 聚丙烯、 聚二苯基丙垸碳酸酯、 聚对苯 二甲酸乙二醇酯、 聚酰亚胺、 聚氯乙烯、 聚二甲基硅氧垸、 聚三氟氯 乙烯和聚四氟乙烯;
所述半导体材料选自: 硅、 锗、 第 III和第 V族化合物、 第 II和第 VI族化合物、 由 III- V族化合物和 II -VI族化合物组成的固溶体、 非晶 态的玻璃半导体和有机半导体。
24、 根据权利要求 1-23任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面和 /或第二摩擦层的内表面经过化学 改性, 使得在极性为正的材料表面引入容易得到电子的官能团和 /或 在极性为负的材料表面弓 1入容易失去电子的官能团。
25、 根据权利要求 1-23任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一摩擦层的外表面和 /或第二摩擦层的内表面经过化学 改性, 使得在极性为负的材料表面引入负电荷和 /或在极性为正的材 料表面引入正电荷。
26、 根据权利要求 1-25任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于,用导电材料替换绝缘材料或半导体材料以制备所述第一摩擦层 或第二摩擦层。
27、 根据权利要求 26所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征在于, 构 成所述第一摩擦层或第二摩擦层的所述导电材料选自: 金属、导电氧 化物和导电高分子。
28、 根据权利要求 1-26任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一摩擦层和 /或第二摩擦层为薄膜或薄片。
29、 根据权利要求 1-28任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一摩擦层和 /或第二摩擦层为柔性材料。
30、 根据权利要求 1-28任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一摩擦层和 /或第二摩擦层为硬性材料。
31、 根据权利要求 1-30任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机, 其特征 在于, 所述第一导电层和 /或第二导电层为薄膜或薄片。
32、根据权利要求 1-31任一项所述的摩擦纳米发电机,其特征在 于, 所述外壳为柔性或硬性材料。
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