Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
  • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
  • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
  • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
  • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/02—Combustion or pyrolysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/12—Regeneration of a solvent, catalyst, adsorbent or any other component used to treat or prepare a fuel
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/50—Screws or pistons for moving along solids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/56—Specific details of the apparatus for preparation or upgrading of a fuel
  • C10L2290/562—Modular or modular elements containing apparatus
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
  • C10L5/447—Carbonized vegetable substances, e.g. charcoal, or produced by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

• the field of the present invention relates generally to the production of renewable fuels, and more particularly to methods for the conversion of carbon containing material to produce product streams with specific properties.
• a subfield is a novel staged auger system for the production of renewable fuel.
• This hot coke could be quenched with water, dried, and re -burnt to produce a much hotter, denser fire.
• the emergence of coke proceeds in parallel with the development of metallurgy, which is dependent upon its hotter and cleaner fire along with its reducing capabilities to both extract metals from ore and form them into useful products.
• the process of roasting a combustible material in either a reduced oxygen environment or oxygen-free environment is now called pyro lysis. Pyrolyzing wood and other forms of mixed biomass produces coke (also called biochar) and a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, sometimes referred to as syngas.
• Roasting fossil fuel hydrocarbons in an oxygen-free environment first causes a breakdown of longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter chain hydrocarbons, ultimately resulting in more elemental forms such as methane (CH4), hydrogen, and elemental carbon.
• CH4 methane
• pyrolysis is a fundamental mechanism of petrochemical cracking, which is the backbone of oil refinery processes. More extreme pyrolysis is used in the refinery process to produce hydrogen and high purity carbon.
• biomass which is made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, starches, and lipids
• pyrolysis proceeds through multiple stages of decomposition when subject to the pyrolysis process.
• the composition of the products can be varied.
• high temperatures e.g., 800°C
• pyrolysis ultimately yields syngas.
• an increasing amount of biochar residue remains.
• increasingly complex hydrocarbons and oxygenated hydrocarbons are present in the gas stream from the pyrolyzed biomass.
• Configurations include simple tube furnaces where the biomass is roasted in ceramic boats, ablative pyrolyzers where wood is rubbed against a hot surface, various forms of fluidized bed pyrolyzers where biomass is mixed with hot sand, and various simpler configurations that are based on earlier coking oven designs.
• One common class of pyrolysis systems is the rotary kiln/screw auger that moves material by rotation through a channel using flights on a shaft and providing heat in some method.
• One method to avoid the complications associated with pyrolysis oils is catalytic upgrading of the vapors before condensation. This process makes a fuel that is more stable than the pyrolysis oils. Unfortunately, catalytic conversion of bio vapors is associated with higher coking rates and catalytic deactivation. [0011] The present invention aims to address how biomass may be more effectively fractionated.
• a method and system is described by which carbon containing material such as biomass is heated and thermally decomposed in one or more stages such that one or more vapor streams and one or more solid streams are produced each with beneficial
• Exemplary beneficial characteristics may include lower coking rates in catalytic processes or solids with properties tailored to a specific use.
• a system designed to carry out the method include an auger system having a plurality of biomass processing stations configured in series, each station comprising an auger reactor or portion of said auger including an auger inlet for receiving carbonaceous solid such as biomass and a transfer screw for conveying the solid through the auger reactor.
• novel screw designs improve rigidity of the screw and promote mixing.
• the increased rigidity has benefits in a hot thermal environment.
• Each auger reactor may further comprise a motor for driving the transfer screw and one or a plurality of exit ports for fractions of the pyrolysis vapor and associated systems configured for fractions of a pyrolysis vapor stream originating from the reactor.
• each auger reactor further comprises a heat carrier for heating the biomass and its decomposition products as it is conveyed through the auger reactor.
• the heat carrier may be selected from the group consisting of: heating coils within or surrounding the auger reactor, a hot transfer fluid flowing through the auger reactor, hot particles of sand passing through the auger reactor, and heated ferromagnetic solid particles. Additionally, the transfer screw may be heated by an external source.
• a first auger reactor in the series includes a first type of heat carrier, wherein another auger reactor in the series includes a different type of heat carrier.
• a first auger reactor in the series includes an exit port that terminates in an auger inlet of a second auger reactor, and a last auger reactor in the series terminates in an exit port that removes a biochar product from the system.
• a novel heat carrier is used to transfer heat to the auger.
• Said heat carrier consists of a hollow particle constructed of a metal or ceramic which comprises the shell and containing a material different than the shell such that the internal material can be heated to change phases and whereby heat may be transferred to a thermal conversion process by the appropriate phase change of the internal material.
• the internal phase change material may fill completely or partially the volume within the shell while in the solid or liquid phase.
• the phase change material may be a metal or a salt that phase changes in the temperature range of 300 °C and 1000°C (572°F and 1832°F).
• the pyrolysis may be carried out with an appropriate amount of oxidizer or oxidizer and inert to promote heating.
• a portion of the carbon containing material is oxidized thus providing heat to drive the pyrolysis process.
• a temperature and a pressure within an auger reactor are selectively controllable.
• a temperature within a second auger reactor in the series is incrementally higher than a temperature within a first auger reactor in the series, and wherein a temperature within a third auger reactor in the series is incrementally higher than a temperature within the second auger reactor.
• a pressure within the second auger reactor is incrementally higher than a pressure within the first auger reactor, and wherein a pressure within the third auger reactor is incrementally lower than a pressure within the second auger reactor.
• T 2 may be greater than T ls
• P 2 may be less than Pi
• T n may differ than Ti.
• the pressure may be created by the vapors or by physical compression of the solids by means of changing diameter of the shaft of the auger screw or by varying the linear distance between flights.
• a dimension of each auger reactor is adjustable depending on the residence time for the biomass and vapors at each auger reactor. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that the solid residence time can be varied based on the rotation speed of the auger.
• a method of thermally decomposing biomass in a plurality of pyrolysis stations includes independently operating each of a plurality of pyrolysis stations by independently adjusting temperature and/or pressure, wherein at least one of the temperature and pressure are different; transferring said biomass and/or its subsequent thermal decomposition products into and out of said plurality of pyrolysis stations; wherein at least one, but not all, of said plurality of pyrolysis stations is operated under conditions selected to pyrolyze said biomass or its subsequent thermal decomposition products to produce a vapor stream suitable for fuel production, and directing said fuel-producing vapor stream to a catalytic column for conversion to fuel; wherein at least one, but not all, of said plurality of pyrolysis stations is operated under conditions to provide a second vapor stream, and directing the second vapor stream to a second location for use other than fuel production; and wherein the final station of said plurality of pyrolysis stations is operated under conditions selected to pyrolyze said incoming thermal decomposition
• one or more stations comprises an auger used to convert the biomass to vapor and solid streams
• the method produces at least one solid biochar stream for soil amendment purposes.
• the first station is preceded by one or more stations for drying and/or torrifaction of biomass.
• renewable chemicals are synthesized from one or more vapor products.
• a temperature within a second station in the series is incrementally higher than a temperature within a first station in the series, and wherein a temperature within a third station in the series is incrementally higher than a temperature within the second station.
• the pressure of the first station is lower than the pressure of the second station, and wherein a pressure in the third station is lower than the pressure within the second station.
• a system of thermally decomposing biomass in a plurality of pyrolysis stations includes independently operating each of a plurality of pyrolysis auger reactors by independently adjusting temperature and/or pressure, wherein at least one of the temperature and pressure are different; transferring said biomass and/or its subsequent thermal decomposition products into and out of said plurality of pyrolysis reactors; wherein at least one, but not all, of said plurality of pyrolysis auger reactors is operated under conditions selected to pyrolyze said biomass or its subsequent thermal decomposition products to produce a vapor stream suitable for fuel production, and directing said fuel- producing vapor stream to a catalytic column for conversion to fuel; wherein at least one, but not all, of said plurality of pyrolysis auger reactors is operated under conditions to provide a second vapor stream, and directing the second vapor stream to a second location for use other than fuel production; and wherein the final auger reactors of said plurality of pyrolysis stations is operated under conditions
• decomposition products to produce a biochar and an associated vapor stream, and directing said vapor stream to a location for use other than fuel production.
• one or more stations comprises a plurality of auger reactors used to convert the biomass to vapor and solid streams.
• each auger reactor further comprises a motor for driving the transfer screw.
• an auger can be oriented on a slant of 0° to 85° with respect to horizontal.
• filters, temperature quench, or cyclones are used to remove heavy coke forming or particulate components whereby catalyst coking rates are further decreased.
• each auger reactor further comprises a partial condenser configured to condense fractions of a portion of a pyrolysis vapor stream flowing from the auger reactor to reduce fouling and coking in a subsequent catalyst reactor.
• a catalyst is introduced into an auger reactor together with the biomass or its decomposition products.
• a heat carrier to provide the thermal energy for thermal decomposition of the biomass comprises the selected group: heating coils with or surrounding the reactor, electrically heated within or surrounding the auger, heated particles passing through the reactor, heated ferromagnetic solid particles, heated char particles, heated ash particles, and heated particles with a phase change material internal to the particle.
• a hollow particle constructed of a metal or ceramic which comprises the shell and containing a material different than the shell such that the internal material can be heated to change phases in the temperature range of 300 °C and 1000°C and whereby heat can be transferred to pyrolize the biomass by the appropriate phase change temperature of the internal material.
• an oxidizer is provided to a station to promote heating.
• transfer screw is heated by electrical means.
• the heat carrier for each stage is independent.
• the catalyst process includes a continuously regenerating catalyst system with multiple catalyst reactors.
• the stages are contained within the same auger shell.
• a first auger reactor in the series includes an exit port that terminates in an auger inlet of the second auger reactor.
• a last auger reactor in the series terminates in an exit port that removes a biochar product of the system.
• a plurality of vapor streams are removed from the system.
• a pressure within an auger reactor is selectively controllable by restricting the rate that products are withdrawn from reactor.
• a pressure within an auger is selectively controllable by introducing a gas or vapor stream into the reactor.
• the processing stations comprise a means for compressing ground biomass to control pressure in the solids.
• the means for compressing the biomass comprises a heated pulverizing pyrolysis processing station to control pressure in solids.
• the means for compressing the biomass comprises a continuously varying screw shaft diameter.
• a temperature within a second auger reactor in the series is incrementally higher than a temperature within a first auger reactor in the series, and wherein a temperature within a third auger reactor in the series is incrementally higher than a temperature within the second auger reactor.
• the temperature of each auger comprises a linearly varying temperature.
• each auger reactor are adjustable to allow more or less residence time for the biomass at each auger reactor.
• the pressure of the first auger is lower than the pressure of the second reactor, and wherein a pressure in the third auger is lower than the pressure within the second auger reactor.
• a plurality of systems are arranged in parallel for increased system throughput and optimized vapor and solid streams.
• a transfer screw in another aspect, includes flights and a shaft wherein said flights can be attached to said shaft, wherein structures are implemented connecting two or more of said flights, wherein design of the transfer screw promotes mixing of biomass, wherein design of flights promotes mixing and/or vapor flow to exit ports, whereby design of said shaft promotes vapor flow and/or promotes ease of solids flow.
• said flights have a plurality of portions of the flight that are not present to promote vapor flow and solids mixing.
• said flights have a repeated portion removed which promotes vapor flow to an exit port and promotes solids mixing.
• said flights are connected together without said shaft present.
• the flight is separated into a plurality of
• discontinuous flights whereby vapor can flow between discontinuous flights.
• said structures consists of rods attaching two or more flights.
• said structures consist of paddles attaching two or more flights.
• said structures promote mixing of the biomass and heat carrier.
• said structures promote screw rigidity.
• structures modify the natural frequency of the screw.
• the structures promoting rigidity to allow for screws longer than 5 feet to operate at elevated temperatures.
• said transfer screw is substantially smaller than the auger housing and said screw operates such that the distance from the bottom of the flights to the auger housing is less than the axial length of the particles to be conveyed.
• said transfer screw has continuously decreasing distance between flights whereby the biomass material is compressed and the pressure in the biomass and its thermal decomposition products increases.
• the portion of the flight(s) located in the zone where solid particles are introduced into the auger extend such that the gap from the tip of the flight at its lowest position to the auger housing is greater than the axial length of the particle which is introduced into the auger reactor.
• Figure 1 is a flow diagram illustrating incorporating one to i stream of solids and vapors at N different stations according to one or more embodiments.
• Figure 2 is a sectional view illustrating a biomass fractionation system
• FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a biomass fractioning system comprising a plurality of biomass stations configured in series, in accordance with one or more
• Figure 4 is a flow diagram illustrating an embodiment of the invention in which the carbon-containing input comprises biomass, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
• Figure 5 is an illustration the step in the auger screw flights in the inlet region of the solid feed according to one or more embodiments.
• Figures 6A and 6B are illustrative example auger screw flights connecting structures, in accordance one or more embodiments.
• Figures 7A, 7B, and 7C illustrate flight designs that promote vapor flow and solids mixing, in accordance one or more embodiments.
• Figures 8A and 8B illustrate a screw design that promotes vapor flow and a feature to improve reliability of solids handling.
• Figures 9A and 9B illustrate a heat carrier design with a shell material that differs from the internal material, and demonstrating that the internal material initially may occupy part or all of the internal space.
• Figure 10 is a schematic illustration of a single auger system used to provide multiple processing stations according to one or more embodiments.
• Figure 11 is an illustration of various auger screw designs that can be employed according to one or more embodiments.
• the term 'biomass' includes any material derived or readily obtained from plant or animal sources. Such material can include without limitation: (i) plant products such as bark, leaves, tree branches, tree stumps, hardwood chips, softwood chips, grape pumice, sugarcane bagasse, switchgrass; and (ii) pellet material such as grass, wood and hay pellets, crop products such as corn, wheat and kenaf. This term may also include seeds such as vegetable seeds, sunflower seeds, fruit seeds, and legume seeds.
• the term 'biomass' can also include: (i) waste products including animal manure such as poultry derived waste; (ii) commercial or recycled material including plastic, paper, paper pulp, cardboard, sawdust, timber residue, wood shavings and cloth; (iii) municipal waste including sewage waste; (iv) agricultural waste such as coconut shells, pecan shells, almond shells, coffee grounds; and (v) agricultural feed products such as rice straw, wheat straw, rice hulls, corn stover, corn straw, and corn cobs.
• waste products including animal manure such as poultry derived waste
• commercial or recycled material including plastic, paper, paper pulp, cardboard, sawdust, timber residue, wood shavings and cloth
• municipal waste including sewage waste
• agricultural waste such as coconut shells, pecan shells, almond shells, coffee grounds
• agricultural feed products such as rice straw, wheat straw, rice hulls, corn stover, corn straw, and corn cobs.
• bio-oil means any liquid oxygenated hydrocarbon fuel thermally quenched from the pyrolysis vapors of a biological substrate including, without limitation, an oil containing the elements carbon, hydrogen, or oxygen, and which may be referred to in the art as a “bio-crude” and/or a “pyrolysis oil”.
• vapor means a phase of a substance including a liquid- vapor mixture, saturated vapor, superheated vapor or vapor/gas mixture. It is appreciated that vapor will include both the condensable portions as well as the light gases due to the difficulty of separation.
• gas means a phase of a substance including an ideal gas, real gas, gas mixtures, or a gas/vapor mixture. It is appreciated that a gas may include a condensable component as well as the light gases due to the difficulty of separation.
• shaft means the center structure of the transfer screw to which the flights are attached.
• fires means the structures attached to center shaft of the auger screw which have the primary function to move material through the auger.
• Biochar means the solid carbonaceous material produced after pyrolysis of biomass.
• Biochar may have a plurality of uses including but not limited to a soil amendment, combustion feedstock, or means for sequestering carbon.
• fuel means liquid hydrocarbons that may be used as an energy source.
• Fuel as a liquid hydrocarbon may have a plurality of uses including transportation fuel, fuel for stationary internal combustion engines, and other such purposes common in the world.
• the method and system provides pyrolysis of carbon containing material such as biomass by heating and thermally decomposing the carbon-containing material in one or more stages such that one or more vapor streams and one or more solid streams are produced each with beneficial characteristics. Conditions in each stage can be tailored to optimize products for further processing.
• Figure 1 illustrates one embodiment in which carbon-containing input material 180 is converted to beneficial vapors 161, 162, and/or 163 in one or more stages. Each stage may operate independently with respect to the other stages, and for example, the temperature and pressure can be independently controlled at each stage.
• Carbon containing material 180 such as biomass
• Optional heat carrier and/or oxidizer 171, 172 and/or 173 can be introduced at their respective stages.
• Product vapor stream(s) 161, 162, and/or 163 and solid stream(s) 151, 152, and 153 may be produced.
• Exit solid stream 181 and 182 is conveyed from the exit of each station to the input of the next stage.
• Figure 1 further illustrates where station N has one or more vapor product streams 161, 162, and/or 163.
• Figure 1 further illustrates the method where one or more solid stream(s) 151, 152, and/or 153 may be removed from each station where said solid stream has beneficial characteristics.
• a station will have one vapor stream and a solid stream that is passed to the next station until the last station where a solid is withdrawn. It is contemplated however that more than one vapor, e.g., vapor 11....vapor li, or more than one solid stream, e.g., solid 11....solid li can be removed from multiple locations within the station. To be part of a given vapor stream or solid collection, the collected materials experience same processing conditions.
• the method and system provide a vapor stream for catalytic conversion into fuel that results in increased catalyst life without compromise to the efficiency of fuel production.
• the catalyst process includes catalyst columns that contain catalysts that come into contact with the vapor streams from the pyro lysis process.
• the catalysts convert the components of the vapor stream into renewable fuels.
• Catalyst and catalytic processes for fuel production known and suitable catalyst include hydration catalysts, aromatization catalyst, dehydration catalyst, dehydrogenation catalysts and the like.
• One of the beneficial characteristics of the method and process is increased catalyst life. Catalyst deactivation occurs in different modes. One of the modes is a reversible process called coking. Coke, or carbon deposits, form on the catalyst columns, reducing catalyst efficiencies. By optimizing vapors to have beneficial characteristics, the amount of product that can be made per unit of coke formed and/or the amount of time that a catalyst operates before deactivation by coking can be increased.
• the method and system provide a vapor stream that reduces coking in the downstream catalytic conversion into fuel.
• Processing stages are operated to pretreat a biomass to remove components that are harmful to the catalyst or nonproductive in fuel production before the biomass is fractionated to generate a fuel producing vapor stream.
• acetic acid is a source of coke with little fuel yield.
• a first stage can be operated under conditions that favor the release of acetic acid from the biomass, without significant degradation into pyrolysis gases useful for fuel production.
• the auger is heated externally such that the internal temperature is 250°C (480°F) and the pressure is at atmospheric.
• the vapor product is primarily water and acetic acid, which is removed from the processing stream and diverted from entering the catalyst where it supports coking.
• the system and method is designed to improve the yield of the biofractionation process.
• the pressure I processing stages as the biomass is advanced through the biofractionation process can be reduced.
• the lower pressure helps to volatilize the higher molecular weight components of the solid stream.
• the method and system provide a biochar product that can be optimized for use as a soil amendment or carbon sequestration.
• Processing conditions that optimize the vapor stream composition for catalytic conversion into fuel can produce a solid stream that is not optimal for soil amendment or carbon sequestration.
• the solid stream contains hydrocarbon products that are not sufficiently inert to sequester carbon and/or the solid stream composition lacks the desired features, e.g., pore sizes, free of hydrocarbon contamination, that are desired in soil amendment.
• biomass can be processed in a processing station (optionally after processing to remove an acetic acid-rich vapor stream) to produce a vapor stream suitable for conversion into biofuel.
• Vapor streams rich in one or more of various compounds including but not limited to: (i) long chain dehydrated sugars; (ii) lignin derived aromatics; (iii) lipid based oils; (iv) carbohydrate based furans can be considered suitable for conversion into biofuel.
• the resultant solid stream can be further processed at a subsequent processing station to generate a solid stream that can be used for soil amendment or carbon sequestration.
• the vapor stream (which may not be suitable for fuel production due to low content of fuel-producing components or high content of coke-producing components) can be diverted for other uses (such as for heat or energy production, e.g., by combustion).
• the method and system provide both a vapor stream that reduces coking in the downstream catalytic conversion into fuel and a biochar product that can be optimized for use as a soil amendment or carbon sequestration.
• only vapor streams having a composition optimized for fuel production are used in a downstream catalytic conversion process, while the remaining vapors are directed to uses other than fuel production.
• the vapor streams having compositions that are sub-optimal for fuel conversions as identified and described herein can be used for energy production, such as in a combustion process for the generation of steam.
• the systems and methods described herein may be used in conjunction with other processes or stations to assist in reducing coke formation during catalytic production of fuels.
• the vapor streams removed from the pyrolysis stations for fuel production can pass through a filter used to remove heavy coke forming components or particulate components before entering the catalytic process.
• the vapor streams removed from the pyro lysis stations for fuel production can be subjected to a partial quench to remove or reduce the vapor stream content of heavy coke forming components or particulate components before entering the catalytic process.
• the temperature quench can be accomplished using a condenser.
• the quench is a partial condensation in that it does not remove fuel-forming components from the vapor stream.
• a filter used to remove heavy coke forming components or particulate components before entering the catalytic process can include a catalyst regeneration system that restores catalytic activity.
• the catalytic process can include a continuously regenerating catalyst system with multiple catalytic reactors.
• fluidized bed reactors, tube furnaces and ablative pyrolyzers may be adapted for use according to one or more embodiments.
• a biomass fractionator such as that described in US 8,216,430, assigned to Cool Planet Energy Systems, Inc., which details the placement of biomass in thin sheets in compartments and subjects the biomass to controllable pyro lysis conditions, also may be used.
• the pyro lysis processing stations include one or more rotating screw augers or rotating kilns (herein referred to as auger).
• the auger system pyrolyzes carbon containing material such as biomass to produce the final product and intermediate streams with the beneficial characteristics.
• intermediate streams may include reduced coking in a catalytic process as compared to one stage pyrolysis followed by a catalytic process.
• the beneficial characteristics may also include solids production tailored through the stages to be optimized for biochar as a soil amendment. Auger technology relies on mechanical movement of the solids through the reaction zone. This characteristic means that the auger can be operated across a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and residence times of the solids. Tuning the conditions to produce an optimal vapor for fuel yield is practical when an auger is selected.
• Figure 2 illustrates a carbon containing fractioning system comprising a single auger reactor 220.
• the auger reactor 220 can be used alone with novel features outlined below, or as part of a plurality of auger reactors 220 in series, as illustrated by Figure 3. When used to provide a plurality of processing stations, the single auger may have a plurality of temperature stations contained within the auger.
• the auger reactor(s) can be employed to carry out any of the fractioning and/or pyrolyzing processes set forth herein.
• auger reactor 220 comprises a feeder 230 for receiving biomass, auger 235 for receiving the biomass from feeder 230 and including a transfer screw 240 for conveying the biomass, a motor 245 for driving the transfer screw 240, an exit port 255, and a condenser 260.
• Auger reactor 220 can include a heater 175 for heating the biomass as it is conveyed through auger 235.
• the heater 175 can include one or more heating components.
• auger reactor 220 can heat the biomass by way of hot transfer fluid passing through the auger 235. The heat maybe varied along the auger to create multiple stages for fractionation.
• the transfer screw 240 can itself be heated.
• hot sand is passed through the auger 235 during operation, thereby heating the biomass.
• transfer screw 240 is mounted to rotate inside the auger 235, and is driven by associated external motor 245.
• the auger 235 has an inlet 165 connected to feeder 230.
• biomass is loaded into the feeder 230, which feeds the biomass into auger 235 by way of inlet 165.
• Transfer screw 240 conveys the biomass at a constant and regulated speed through the auger 235.
• the biomass is subjected to heat resulting in its decomposition during transport through the auger. This decomposition creates both sequesterable carbon in the form of biochars 285 and a pyrolysis vapor stream 260.
• Auger reactor 220 may comprise a shaft with one or more flight(s) attached.
• the shaft and attached flight(s) constitute a transfer screw 240.
• the transfer screw rotates relative to a housing 235 that encloses the screw and said housing is
• the rotation may be accomplished by any mechanical driver 245 such as but not limited to electrical motor, engine, gas turbine, or any other suitable mechanical means.
• the rotation of the transfer screw relative to housing transports the carbon containing material through the reaction zone along the length of an auger.
• a series of flights may be joined together without a shaft and in said embodiment the flights alone constitute the transfer screw.
• said transfer screw and housing may be attached together and rotate together.
• the rotation of the screw and housing with respect to the earth transports the carbon containing material through the reaction zone along the length of an auger.
• the auger reactor described in Figure 2 may be used as a single stage in a multistage system, as is described in greater detail below.
• the auger reactor may be capable of establishing different temperatures in different regions along the auger screw length so that different stages are incorporated into the single reactor.
• the independent temperature control can be obtained by introducing a different temperature/heating medium in the zones. The vapors are withdrawn in such a manner as to preferentially only withdraw vapors from that sections.
• the auger transfer screw includes sections wherein the flights on the screw are not notched and hence segment the auger into stations.
• PI is very close in magnitude to P2 and P3 but the temperatures may increase along the length of the reactor.
• the whole thing might be jacketed which provides the heat for zone one and active insulation for the second and third zones.
• a change in flight design creates the zones which are not perfectly isolated from the vapors of the other zones but are substantially isolated because the vapors would have to flow down through the bed of char rather than take the easier route out of the vent.
• the crossover of a small fraction of vapors is not of big concern as long as the streams are substantially isolated. This embodiment is not the current preferred design.
• a condenser 260 may be attached to the vapor outlet(s) 160 and said condenser comprises a vertical condenser having its inlet connected to auger outlet 280.
• the condenser 260 is configured to condense fractions of a portion of the pyrolysis gas stream. These condensable fractions may contribute to catalyst deactivation by coking and it is beneficial to partially separate said fractions. Gas stream extraction of one or more volatile components can be performed while maintaining the temperature of the gas until it reaches the vertical condenser 260. Biochar is recovered from exit port 285, or if the auger is to be used as one of a series of stages in the pyrolysis process, exit port 285 can lead to a next stage in the system.
• the partial condensation can be used to remove suboptimal fractions.
• the sub optimal fractions captured in the condenser can be directed to a combustion process. Removal of suboptimal portions of the vapor stream allow the catalyst to last longer.
• FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a biomass fractioning system 300 for pyrolyzing biomass comprising a plurality of biomass processing stations 321, 322, 323 configured in series following the method described in Figure 1. Each of these stations 321, 322, 323 can comprise an auger reactor 335, 336, and/or 337, such as described by Figure 2.
• each station 321, 322, 323 may comprise an auger 335, 336, 337 including auger inlet 165, 166, and 167 for receiving biomass (or an intermediate thermal decomposition product thereof), a transfer screw 241, 242, 243 for conveying the biomass through the auger reactor, a motor 245, 246, 247 for driving the transfer screw 241, 242, 243, and an exit port 155, 156, 157 for removing the pyrolysis produce, e.g., biochar, from the auger reactor.
• Auger 235, 236, and/or 237 can include an optional heat carrier 175, 176, and/or 177 for heating the biomass as it is conveyed through auger 235, 236, and/or 237.
• Each stage includes an exit port for release of vapor stream 361, 362, 363 generated during use. In this figure the vapors are separated such that the unwanted molecules are mostly in a vapor fraction different than the one sent to the main fuel column.
• Each biomass station 321, 322, 323 represents a stage in the biomass pyrolysis process.
• the first stage terminates when a remaining biomass product exits station 321, and the second stage begins when this product enters the second station 322 at auger inlet 165.
• Each biomass fractionation station may be substantially isolated via mechanical/physical means such as but not limited to a valve system that allows for the intermittent or continuous transfer of solid material to the next auger in the series while restricting vapor transfer between auger stations.
• the final stage at the last station i.e., station 323 in the illustrated embodiment
• the illustrated embodiment features three biomass processing stations, any number of biomass processing stations can be employed without departing from the scope of the invention.
• the system may include additional stations preceding the pyrolysis stations.
• the system may include stations for pre-treatment of the biomass, including stations for drying, torrifaction and acid washing of the biomass.
• heat carrier 175, 176, 177 can include one or more heating components for increasing the temperature within an auger 335.
• heat carrier 175 can comprise heating coils within or surrounding the auger 335, or a hot transfer fluid or hot particles such as sand passing through the auger 335.
• the transfer screw 241 can itself be heated.
• Each reactor stage is capable of independent temperature control.
• the heat carrier 175, 176, 177 is the same across all stages.
• the heat carrier 175, 176, 177 varies across the stages.
• the heat carrier 175, 176, 177 comprises heating coils plus hot gas in the first stage (station 321), yet comprises a hot transfer fluid external jacket plus heated steel spheres in the second and third stages (stations 322 and 323).
• each biomass fractionation station may be substantially isolated, for example by using a valve system
• the pressure in each auger reactor can be independently controlled.
• the pressure is created by the generation of pyrolysis vapors and by introducing gases/vapors from a compressor.
• the pressure is controlled by the outlet valve which provides the back pressure necessary to have a pressure in a stage.
• the control is by the rate at which vapors are removed from the system.
• the temperature T and pressure P within an auger 335, 336, 337 is controllable such that it can be varied in each successive auger station 321, 322, 323.
• the temperature rises in each successive auger station 321 , 322, 323 to an incrementally higher temperature Tl, T2, T3 than the previous station.
• Each temperature stage is selected to drive off an appropriate vapor fraction from the biomass by way of vapor stream 361, 362, 363.
• the pressure PI, P2, P3 drops across each successive auger station 321, 322, 323, thereby facilitating volatilization of heavier components near the end of the pyrolysis stage.
• the temperature and pressure profile of the system may therefore utilized to produce product streams with desirable characteristics.
• one or more of the individual auger reactors may employ a temperature profile along the length of the auger.
• the temperature profile may vary along the length of the reactor. This is by either increasing the temperature of the external electrical heating or by adding solid heat carrier at different inlets along the length.
• the temperature may also vary by introduction of an oxidizer at some point within the stage.
• one or more of the individual auger stations may employ a pressure profile across the length of the auger.
• a pressure profile may be employed through screw design wherein the changing diameter of the screw or distance between the flights increases the pressure on the biomass as it is forced through the system. Exemplary screw designs that provide increasing pressure are shown in Figure 11. Thus, the screw may use a decreasing flight pitch or an increasing shaft diameter to increase pressure on the biomass within a processing station.
• a pressure profile also means different stages are at different pressures.
• each stage can be adjusted to allow more or less residence time at a particular station.
• the length of the auger 335, 336, 337 at each station 321, 322, 323 can be increased for a longer residence time, or decreased for a shorter residence time.
• each auger 335, 336, 337 is depicted as having the same dimensions, and therefore similar vapor residence times.
• the length of one or more augers 335, 336, 337 is varied to achieve a desired residence time at each station.
• the pyrolysis vapor fractions produced in the various auger stages can comprise commercially viable bio-intermediary compounds.
• various temperature stages can be utilized to extract various compounds, including but not limited to: (i) long chain dehydrated sugars; (ii) lignin derived aromatics; (iii) lipid based oils; (iv) carbohydrate based furans; (v) shorter hydrocarbons; (vi) oxygenates such as butane, butanol, acetone, acetic acid, acetylaldehyde, aldehyde, methane, methanol, etc.; and (vii) ultimate syngas components (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide).
• FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of making reduced or negative carbon fuel in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
• the process may be performed by a biomass fractioning method and system including those described by Figures 1, 2, and 3.
• a carbon-containing input 400 is processed in process 450 to produce combustible fuels and chemicals 490 and sequesterable carbon 470.
• Combustible fuels and chemicals 490 can be negative carbon and can include, but are not limited to, gasoline, gasoline-components, jet fuel, diesel, naphtha, oxygenate fuels such as methanol and dimethyl ether, hydrogen, methane, light gas oil, and vacuum gas oil.
• Process 450 refers to any sequence of stages that convert the carbon-containing input 400 into outputs 490 and 470 as separate entities. These processes can include, but are not limited to, a biofractionation process which thermo-chemically converts the input at increasing temperatures under pressure.
• Sequesterable carbon 470 refers to any carbon that is stored for long periods of time, including carbon that is stored underground or used as a soil amendment.
• the carbon-containing input can be biomass.
• Biomass is fed as input into process 450, which concurrently outputs combustible fuel and chemicals 490 and sequesterable carbon 470 as substantially uncontaminated and separate entities.
• biomass is the carbon-containing input
• biofractionation is the process which produces reduced or negative carbon fuel. This process subjects the biomass to decomposition by way of a heat source. In some embodiments, the biomass is subjected to temperature ramps under pressure shocks, as is described in co-owned US Patent 8216430 and US Patent 8367881, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Biomass is inputted into the biofractionation process to produce combustible fuels and chemicals 490 and sequesterable carbon 470. In other embodiments, the biofractionation process will comprise the auger system described herein.
• a modified auger system that improves the feeding and transport of biomass through the auger reactor.
• Certain carbon feeds and heat carriers are rigid or non-breakable and it is possible for the feeder entrance to clog or jam as the particles are fed from a hopper into the narrow opening in the auger reactor.
• the auger reactor screw is modified to facilitate the introduction of material into the reactor system and to reduce jamming.
• the auger system may include a specifically designed "step", shown in Figure 5, at the location where solids and/or heat carrier are introduced into any of the one or more auger reactors.
• the step includes a series of flights 720 that extend radially from the shaft a distance r' (indicated by arrow 725 in Figure 5).
• the distance r' for the flight features 720 located proximate to the material feeder 230 is less than a distance r" (indicated by arrow 745 in Figure 5) that defines the distance from the auger shaft 755 to the reactor wall 735.
• the distance r' is selected to provide a gap 730 from end or tip of the flight to the auger housing 735.
• the gap can be greater than the axial length of the solid non-breakable particles which are introduced into the auger reactor.
• the flights that exhibit this characteristic are those in the section(s) where solids material is introduced into the auger as seen in Figure 5.
• the gap 740 for the flights 730 not in the region of solid entrance 230 may be smaller than the axial length of said solid non-breakable particles.
• the step illustrated in Figure 5 is advantageous for embodiments of the invention where solid non-breakable particles may be fed to the auger.
• the solid non-breakable particles can easily become trapped between the flights and the auger housing and inhibit or stop the movement of the screw relative to the housing.
• the step allows for the easy passage of non-breakable particles and reduces feedstock attrition.
• the step reduces the initial attrition where particles of feedstock become trapped between the flights and the auger housing and are broken up by the force of the screw drive.
• FIG. 6 illustrates yet another embodiment of the auger screw having a modified screw structure.
• Screw structures 860 and 870 connect to two adjacent flights 830 of the screw.
• Figure 6 illustrates two (2) versions of these structures, a paddle 860 and a rod 870.
• the structures span the distance between flights and may be in any number of configurations and orientations. These structures promote mixing of solids.
• a separate function of these structures is to promote screw rigidity.
• Yet another separate function of these structures is to change the natural frequency of the screw.
• the structures may be used for any combination of solids mixing, screw rigidity, and modification of the natural frequency of the screw. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that for long screws the additional rigidity provided by the structures will decrease deflection of the screw.
• the flights 930 may exhibit a design feature 920 in which a portion of the flight is removed as seen in Figure 7 to form smaller 'fins' that precesses along the edge of the screw flights.
• the removed portion may extend from the edge of the flight furthest from the shaft to the shaft to create a notch 910.
• Figure 7A is a view along the screw shaft illustrating this embodiment. In other embodiments, the removed portion may extend only a fraction of the total distance from the edge of the flight to the shaft to create notch 920.
• Figure 7B is a view along the screw shaft illustrating this embodiment.
• the feature maybe periodically repeated along the flight edge as seen in Figure 7C.
• Notch features 910 or 920 promote mixing of material and also allows for vapors produced to flow more easily toward exit ports in auger housing.
• the flights are not continuous but broken into a plurality of flights distributed along the length of the shaft.
• the screw 1010 may be substantially smaller than the auger housing leaving a gap 1030 above the screw.
• the screw would nominally operate such that the distance from the bottom of the flights to the auger housing is less than the axial length of the particles to be conveyed.
• Said embodiment allows for vapor flow above the auger to the one or more exit ports in the auger housing. Due to the clearance space generated in this configuration, the vertical position of the screw can be adjusted for a plurality of reasons including but not limited to clearing of particle jams, operation with larger particles or maintenance. See, Figures 8A and 8B.
• FIG. 9 A and B illustrate two embodiments of a novel heat carrier for pyrolysis reactions.
• Said heat carrier consists of a hollow particle constructed of a metal or ceramic which comprises the shell 1110 and containing a material 1120 different than the shell such that the internal material can be heated to change phases and whereby heat may be transferred to a thermal conversion process by the appropriate phase change of the internal material.
• the internal phase change material may fill completely as shown in Figure 9A or partially as shown in Figure 9B the volume within the shell while in the solid or liquid phase.
• the void space 1130 may be filled with gas as necessary.
• the phase change material 1120 may be a metal or a salt. The selection of the phase change material depends on the process temperatures desired.
• phase change materials are: Zinc, Aluminum, Sulfur, Potassium, Lithium Fluoride, Sodium Chloride, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Chloride, Calcium Hydroxide, Zinc Chloride.
• sodium metal vaporizes at 883 °C (1621°F) at 1 bar.
• the phase change of sodium from vapor to solid can therefore be used to provide process heat for the pyro lysis of biomass.
• Example 1 models a two stage process, in which the first stage is conducted under varying conditions to make vapors for fuel. These vapors were then directed to a catalytic process to produce fuel and several key indicators were observed. The second stage could be conducted under conditions to convert the solid stream into a biochar for soil amendment. The reaction conditions for the first stage were varied and the effect of the reaction conditions on catalyst lifetime and coke production were evaluated.
• the resulting char from the first stage was not suitable for soil amendment and in a second stage this char can be processed to 500°C to make it more suitable for processing as a biochar soil amendment.
• This examples illustrates a three step system where the first step produces vapors not suitable for fuel product and the second step vapors are used to make fuel.
• the third step is to make biochar for soil amendment.
• This example also shows the different use of heating methods and how pressure can be higher in the second stage (compressor).
• biomass, pine chips is fed into the feeding system at point 165 and introduced into the first auger.
• the auger is heated externally such that the internal temperature is 160°C (320°F) and the pressure is at atmospheric.
• the vapor product is primarily water and is withdrawn from port 361 on 321 and sent to a water treatment stage.
• the solids are also introduced into a second auger via a feeding system 166.
• Heated steel shot are fed through the feeding system at point 176 on 322 and introduced into the second auger.
• the second auger 322 operates at a pressure of 60 psig by the introduction of a mixed atmosphere of heated gases pressurized by a compressor.
• the now dried and slightly converted biomass is heated from temperature 160°C to 400°C (320°F to 750°F). This yields a blackened solid product and vapors that are primarily water and the more volatile hydrocarbon vapor products.
• These vapor volatile products are removed from 362 exit port(s) and sent to a catalytic process.
• the residual solids are then transferred to a third auger where final heating to 550°C (1020°F) is accomplished to produce a biochar for a soil amendment process.
• the third auger operates at a near atmospheric pressure.
• additional heating is provided by adding a small amount of oxidizer in the form of air to heat the biomass to a final temperature of 550 °C (1020 °F).
• vapor products are different molecules compared to the products from the second auger.
• the vapor products are in the last stage are expected to include heavy large oxygenates and such.
• Vapor products are removed from ports 163 and sent to a combustion process where they are burned to generate additional energy as steam. The solids are removed and sent to a process to separate the steel shot from the resulting biochar.
• Processing biomass as described in Example 2 diverts the vapor streams generated at the higher temperatures from the catalytic process, where the molecules reduce operation time of the catalyst.
• the vapors coming off the third stage are larger and clog the catalyst pores etc.
• the molecules may be used for a separate beneficial process, e.g., burned to generate additional energy as steam.
• the removal of the heavier volatile components from the solid stream provides a biochar that can be used for carbon
• This example shows a three step system in which the heating of the middle stage is accomplished using electricity through the shaft.
• biomass such as pine chips are fed into the feeding system at point 165 and introduced into the first auger.
• the auger is heated externally such that the internal temperature is 250°C (480°F) and the pressure is at atmospheric.
• the vapor product is primarily water and acetic acid and is withdrawn from port 361 on 321 and sent to another process.
• removal of acetic acid at this stage helps reduce coking during fuel production. This ensures that the vapor stream generated at the lower temperatures are not sent to the catalytic process where said acetic acid is known reduce operation time of the catalyst but rather said vapors may be used for a separate beneficial process.
• Solids then are introduced into a second auger via a feeding system 166.
• the shaft of the auger is heated electrically.
• the second auger 322 operates at a pressure of 60 psig by the introduction of a mixed atmosphere of heated gases pressurized by a compressor.
• a mixed atmosphere of heated gases pressurized by a compressor.
• the now dried and slightly converted biomass is heated from temperature 250°C to 500°C (480°F to 930°F). This yields a blackened solid product and vapors that are the more volatile hydrocarbon vapor products.
• the residual solids are then transferred to a third auger where final heating via electricity to 525°C (975°F) is accomplished to produce a biochar for a soil amendment.
• the third auger operates at a near atmospheric pressure.
• This example shows how stages might be contained within the same auger through staging the heat source and using flight design to partially or substantially isolate the different stages.
• a single auger unit is operated with discrete zones of temperature.
• the biomass is introduced initially at ambient temperature and is transported first through a zone of temperatures of 290 °C (555 °F). Here the biomass undergoes a series of initial reactions in which the product streams are rich in water and acetic acid.
• the biomass continues into a second zone where heated steel shot is introduced.
• the biomass and steel shot then enters the third zone where it is converted to a final solid product.
• the vapors generated in the third zone are withdrawn.
• the vapor exits are positions and the flights are designed such that the vapor products are substantially segmented according to the zone in which said vapors were generated.
• the term “including” should be read as meaning “including, without limitation” or the like; the term “example” is used to provide exemplary instances of the item in discussion, not an exhaustive or limiting list thereof; the terms “a” or “an” should be read as meaning “at least one,” “one or more” or the like; and adjectives such as “conventional,” “traditional,” “normal,” “standard,” “known” and terms of similar meaning should not be construed as limiting the item described to a given time period or to an item available as of a given time, but instead should be read to encompass conventional, traditional, normal, or standard technologies that may be available or known now or at any time in the future.
• a group of items linked with the conjunction "and” should not be read as requiring that each and every one of those items be present in the grouping, but rather should be read as “and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise.
• a group of items linked with the conjunction "or” should not be read as requiring mutual exclusivity among that group, but rather should also be read as “and/or” unless expressly stated otherwise.
• items, elements or components of the invention may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated to be within the scope thereof unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated.

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