WO2014127680A1 - 剪式膨胀锚杆及其应用 - Google Patents

剪式膨胀锚杆及其应用 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014127680A1
WO2014127680A1 PCT/CN2014/000096 CN2014000096W WO2014127680A1 WO 2014127680 A1 WO2014127680 A1 WO 2014127680A1 CN 2014000096 W CN2014000096 W CN 2014000096W WO 2014127680 A1 WO2014127680 A1 WO 2014127680A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
expansion
screw
expansion plate
scissor
anchoring
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2014/000096
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
裴春光
裴志胜
Original Assignee
Pei Chunguang
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from CN 201310052027 external-priority patent/CN103104270A/zh
Application filed by Pei Chunguang filed Critical Pei Chunguang
Publication of WO2014127680A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014127680A1/zh

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F15/00—Safety arrangements for slowing, redirecting or stopping errant vehicles, e.g. guard posts or bollards; Arrangements for reducing damage to roadside structures due to vehicular impact
    • E01F15/02—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes
    • E01F15/04—Continuous barriers extending along roads or between traffic lanes essentially made of longitudinal beams or rigid strips supported above ground at spaced points
    • E01F15/0476—Foundations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
    • E21D21/00—Anchoring-bolts for roof, floor in galleries or longwall working, or shaft-lining protection
    • E21D21/008—Anchoring or tensioning means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16B—DEVICES FOR FASTENING OR SECURING CONSTRUCTIONAL ELEMENTS OR MACHINE PARTS TOGETHER, e.g. NAILS, BOLTS, CIRCLIPS, CLAMPS, CLIPS OR WEDGES; JOINTS OR JOINTING
    • F16B13/00—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose
    • F16B13/04—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose with parts gripping in the hole or behind the reverse side of the wall after inserting from the front
    • F16B13/08—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose with parts gripping in the hole or behind the reverse side of the wall after inserting from the front with separate or non-separate gripping parts moved into their final position in relation to the body of the device without further manual operation
    • F16B13/0808—Dowels or other devices fastened in walls or the like by inserting them in holes made therein for that purpose with parts gripping in the hole or behind the reverse side of the wall after inserting from the front with separate or non-separate gripping parts moved into their final position in relation to the body of the device without further manual operation by a toggle-mechanism

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a bolt in the field of anchoring technology, in particular to a scissor expansion anchor and a method of application thereof. Background technique
  • anchors In the implementation of mines, tunnels, slope protection, foundation pits, dams, etc., the use of anchors to reinforce loose and unstable layers has become an application trend.
  • Existing anchors include the following categories:
  • the adhesive method has been developed.
  • the adhesive-like thing cannot substantially solve the "rooting" problem of the anchor, namely: the bolt head and the base cannot be made Robust and reliable consolidation or locking of the elastic zone or the steady-state solid layer, especially for the suspension or permanent anchoring of the upper part of the surrounding rock or for an immediate anchoring effect, while the adhesive requires a curing period and the adhesive to the application environment
  • the harsh requirements such as the use of defects, such as wet or soft sandstone layer or hole cleaning is not clean, etc., the glue adhesive can not be used at all, not to mention the negative reaction of the adhesive to the application object and the age of use is not yet Forecast
  • the present inventors have provided a scissor expansion bolt disclosed in the Chinese patent of ZL201220376229.1, which comprises a fixing member with an expansion member and a pushing member, the pushing member being engaged with the fixing member and being along the axis of the fixing member
  • the axial direction is hinged;
  • the expansion member is hinged to the top end portion of the fixing member, and the lower end portion of the expansion member has a slope facing the pushing member, and the top end portion of the pushing member can be in contact with the inclined surface of the lower end portion of the expansion member and along the lower end of the expansion member
  • the inclined surface of the portion pushes the expansion member to make the expansion member to the outer side of the pushing member;
  • the fixing member can adopt an ear screw or an ear nut support, and the expansion member can adopt two expansion rods
  • an expansion plate the two expansion rods or expansion plates are hinged between two sides of the support plate with the ear screw or between the two support plates with the ear nut support;
  • the pushing member is a nut
  • the scissor expansion bolt is provided with an expansion member having a beveled end, and the expansion member is hinged to the fixing member, and the bevel end of the expansion member is pushed outwardly by the pushing member, so that the expansion member realizes the scissor expansion, which is extremely convenient.
  • the anchoring or locking is realized, and the anchoring force is extremely strong because the corresponding expansion member can be greatly expanded. Therefore, the scissor expansion bolt can be widely applied to the porous block wall, the solid brick wall, the earth wall, Anchoring on various dense or honeycomb substrates such as concrete structures, wooden structures, and plastic structures, and effectively eliminating the defects of existing types of anchors.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an anchored or reinforced or fixed scissor expansion anchor which can be effectively applied to loose and unstable layers in tunnels, slope protection, foundation pits, dams, mining and the like.
  • the invention comprises an ear nut support with an expansion plate hinged at an upper portion, and a screw matched with the nut holder, the top end of the screw being a curved surface or a hemispherical head, and the top end of the screw is a curved surface or a hemispherical head
  • the rotating screw can directly push the expansion plate to the outer side along the inner edge of the inclined surface of the lower end of the expansion plate;
  • the lower end of the screw is provided with a pallet and
  • a matching nut has a concave curved surface at the bottom of the pallet, and the upper portion of the nut is provided with a convex curved surface matching the concave curved surface of the bottom of the pallet.
  • the force point of the expansion plate of the invention is symmetrically falling on the diameter line of the screw end surface or the hemisphere head, and two expansion plates or single-plate expansion plates are required to be embedded in the ear nut.
  • the fit between the support plates of the support is a close dynamic fit. Such continuous push or force is strong and strong.
  • the expansion plate has a strong ability to resist bending laterally. This is also an ingenious aspect of the present invention, as is the anchoring mechanism of existing expansion anchors.
  • the invention adopts the setting plate and the matching nut as the tightening member, and when the anchoring work is performed, when the anchoring base body is easy to loosen, or the surface is slightly not vertically anchored, the supporting plate is fully tightened by the nut, and the periphery of the supporting plate can also be It is close to the surface of the anchoring base to make it evenly stressed. At the same time, if the grouting is carried out at the same time when the anchor is anchored, the pallet can play a good sealing role.
  • a central wall extending along the outer circumferential surface of the screw is provided at a central hole portion on the concave arc surface of the pallet, and a central wall portion of the bottom bottom of the pallet is fitted in the anchoring hole at an upwardly extending side wall portion, the anchor rod.
  • the edge of the pallet is warped upwards, so that the pallet can further have an elastic buffering effect and can complement the elastic buffering effect of the expansion panel to realize the dynamic balance of the anchoring system according to the present invention.
  • the concave surface of the pallet and the convex surface of the nut may be respectively provided with a lock preventing pattern or a tooth.
  • a grouting hole is arranged in the axial direction inside the screw, and a plurality of grouting holes are arranged in the periphery of the screw.
  • grouting or grouting is applied upwards, it is also possible to form an elastic sealing retaining ring on the screw and a sealing cover at the lower end of the screw. In this way, the weight of the slurry can be distributed to each of the retaining rings to prevent the entire upper end of the slurry from leaking.
  • the injection expansion tube may be consolidated in the middle of the screw, and the tube walls at both ends of the injection expansion tube are slightly thin or slightly wrinkled.
  • the distribution of the expansion force of the expanded pipe after injection is in the form of a "bell", so that the loose layer can be automatically clamped or fixed, and the anchoring force is enhanced.
  • the contact between the upper end arc surface of the screw and the inner edge of the inclined surface of the expansion plate is smooth, and the inner wall of the support plate with the nut nut support
  • the limit columns are respectively disposed, and the limit columns are disposed in opposite directions of the expansion plate expansion direction; of course, the R chamfer may be set at the inner edge of the lower end of the expansion plate to reduce frictional resistance.
  • a ratchet tooth is arranged on the upper end surface of the screw, and the direction of the ratchet tip is opposite to the rotation direction when the screw is propelled, and the self-locking is realized by the ratchet and the inner edge of the lower end of the expansion plate.
  • the expansion plate has an elastic consolidation or locking effect after the scissor expansion and the steady-state solid layer, and the anchoring end or the anchoring section of the expansion plate has elasticity,
  • the anchoring end or the anchoring section of the expansion member is formed into a shape having an elastic buffering effect, that is, the lower end inclined surface of the expansion plate is replaced with a concave curved surface or a convex curved surface, and the anchoring surface of the expansion plate is set to correspond
  • the concave or convex curved surface forms an elastic anchoring surface.
  • the transverse curvature of the elastic anchoring surface should be similar to the curvature of the anchoring wall and can be heat treated.
  • the elastic buffering effect means that the force of the expansion member is elastically increased when the pushing member is advanced, so that the steady-state solid layer is not caused by the excessive expansion force. Damaged, on the other hand, means that the working state after expansion and anchoring is also elastic, so that when the anchoring area is creeping, it passes through the expansion member and receives
  • the common elastic cushioning of the tight parts realizes the self-adaptation of the anchor rod and the anchoring base, and the dynamic balance between the anchor rod and the anchor rod and the anchoring base body (an anchoring system), so that the anchoring effect is optimal, and at the same time Early warning and avoiding brittle collapse.
  • the expansion plate of the present invention may be replaced by a pants-shaped expansion plate
  • the pants-shaped expansion plate includes two angular expansion plates connected at an upper end portion, and the upper end connecting portion is provided with an opening hinge hole.
  • the connected portion should be gradually thinned in the height direction and elastic.
  • the anchoring end of the expansion plate is hinged with movable legs to increase the anchoring force surface.
  • anti-slip patterns or teeth may be provided on the anchoring surface of the expansion plate or the anchoring surface of the movable foot, or the flexible anti-slip non-slip wear-resistant material may be consolidated to enhance the anchoring.
  • the bridge is fixed at the upper end of the two support plates with the nut carrier, the bridge is tapered, which makes the two support plates more stable and secure, and can be directly driven in. Or press the softer anchoring matrix inside.
  • the expansion plate embedded in the bearing nut holder is a special-shaped expansion plate with an arc-shaped end and an oblique shape at one end.
  • the special-shaped expansion plate has a strong expansion arching and locking pull-out capability, and when the arching is anchored
  • the two expansion plates When the special-shaped expansion plate of the hole wall is in an open "one" shape working state, the two expansion plates have the function of retracting and self-locking, and the tightening of the screw or the outward pulling of the screw, the more the expansion plate is opened.
  • the glyph has the maximum anchoring or locking resistance.
  • the arcuate end of the special-shaped expansion plate is provided with a finite position protrusion, and when the limit protrusion is opposite to the bottom surface of the bridge, the irregular expansion plate is restricted to rotate inward; and the expansion plate can also be outside the special-shaped expansion plate.
  • Anti-slip patterns or teeth are provided on the side.
  • the pre-punching step is omitted, and a drill bit is provided at the upper end of the lug bearing, which is coupled to the bridge so that the present invention can be directly drilled into the anchoring body by self-cutting.
  • a self-locking device is arranged at the joint portion of the screw and the ear nut support. Specifically, two structural schemes are provided:
  • the self-locking device comprises a bolt cavity disposed on an upper side of the screw, a bolt and a compression spring are mounted in the bolt cavity, and the compression spring is disposed at a rear end of the bolt, and the front end of the bolt is extended Sliding curved surface is provided, and a finite slot is opened in the middle of the locking tongue, and the limiting screw passes through the limiting slot to limit the distance between the locking tongue; meanwhile, the inner wall of the bearing nut holder corresponds to the setting of the self-locking device Position, set a raised vertical slope; When the screw rotates forward into the bearing nut holder, the sliding surface on the bolt is smoothly slid into the bearing nut holder; when the screw rotates in the opposite direction, the pressure The spring pushes out the locking tongue, and the back surface of the protruding end of the locking tongue abuts against the raised vertical inclined surface of the inner wall of the ear nut bearing, so that the ear nut bearing rotates synchronously with the screw. That is
  • an assembly screw hole is arranged on the upper end side of the nut holder, and a return spring is mounted on the assembly screw hole, and the lower end of the return spring is pressed outside the expansion plate.
  • the back of the lock tongue is provided with a small sliding curved surface, so that the lock tongue does not self-lock when it abuts the portion other than the raised vertical inclined end, and the expansion plate is restored to the original position by the return spring.
  • the screw screwing distance described here refers to the distance from the vertical inclined surface of the protrusion to the lower end of the expansion plate, and the distance is a free stroke, that is, the upper end of the screw includes the locking tongue at the distance.
  • the expansion plate is neither opened nor self-locked to ensure the expansion of the expansion plate during repeated use.
  • the second solution the two sides of the upper end of the screw are provided with a ratchet groove, and the lower end connection faces of the two support plates with the nut nut support are provided with a swinging lock tongue cavity, and the swing lock tongue is embedded in the swing lock In the tongue cavity, the side pressure spring disposed on the side of the tongue gives an inward thrust to the swinging lock tongue; the reverse screw, the swinging lock tongue extends and locks in the ratchet groove at the upper end of the screw, so that the screw and the ear nut are The support rotates synchronously and realizes drilling; the positive rotation screw, the swing lock tongue is squeezed into the swing lock tongue cavity, the screw and the ear nut support are disengaged, and the screw top opens the expansion plate to realize anchoring.
  • the forward rotation (right-handed) or reverse-rotation (left-handed) is set according to the anchoring position. Generally, it is convenient to use the reverse rotation when anchoring the top, and the other is to rotate in the forward direction.
  • the invention can be directly drilled into the anchoring base body by self-cutting, which is beneficial to improve working efficiency and reduce anchoring cost.
  • the outer side of the expansion plate can be set to have a cutting edge shape with a cutting function.
  • the expansion plate is subjected to strong centrifugal force, and the expansion plate is split to both sides, and the edge of the outer surface of the expansion plate is cut against the side wall of the bottom of the anchor hole while being opened.
  • the self-reaming hole of the anchor hole bottom is realized, so that the expansion plate which is opened by the screw is locked or anchored in the reaming area, and the "rooting" effect of the expansion plate is enhanced, for permanent or higher Standard anchoring works are worth doing, and of course, they can be grouted or grouted or filled.
  • the present invention can be further simplified in structure.
  • the nut holder is integral with the riveting shaft, the riveting shaft is biased to one side, and the other side of the lug bearing is provided with a wall.
  • the expansion plate embedded therein is a single-piece open expansion plate, and the hinge hole of the open expansion plate has an open shape, and the hinge hole opening of the open expansion plate has an interference fit with the rivet shaft, and the inner slope of the open expansion plate abuts At the upper end of the wall, the expansion plate is restricted to rotate inwardly.
  • the top end of the screw is provided with a hemispherical head
  • the bottom end is provided with a mounting head instead of a tightening nut
  • the lower end of the screw is provided with a pressure plate instead of the support.
  • the bottom surface of the platen is provided with a concave surface matching the mounting countersunk head.
  • the single-piece open expansion plate can also be converted into a plurality of pieces, and the rivet shafts of the plurality of hinged expansion plates are evenly distributed around the periphery of the ear nut support, and the single-piece open expansion plates are respectively mounted on the corresponding rivet shafts.
  • a plurality of open expansion plates are opened at the same time, and the plurality of expansion plates are simultaneously extended to the outer side, thereby realizing a plurality of expansion plates to be anchored around the hole wall.
  • the upper end of the screw hemispherical head can be made flat, because the head abuts against the bevel plane of the expansion plate, rather than against the edge of the expansion plate.
  • the invention also relates to a method of applying the above-described scissor expansion anchor.
  • the first application method for the guardrail column, comprises the following steps: preserving the installation hole of the guardrail on the screw; pre-drilling the anchor hole on the ground and inserting the scissor expansion anchor into the anchor hole, or directly inserting the scissor expansion anchor
  • the rod is drilled or pressed into the ground; screw into the screw to open the expansion plate; tighten the nut on the screw to anchor the scissor expansion anchor to the ground; connect the guardrail to the screw with a connecting bolt.
  • the method can be used for the installation of guardrails on highways and high-speed railways, saving time and effort, and being convenient and secure to install.
  • the second application method is to apply the invention to the anchoring or reinforcement of the foundation pit or slope protection or dam body, pre-drill the anchor hole on the anchoring base and insert the scissor expansion anchor into the anchor hole, or the scissor expansion anchor
  • the anchoring or reinforcing construction of the present invention is completed by directly drilling or pressing directly into the anchoring base body by cutting the drill bit, causing the expansion plate to be scissor-folded and anchored or locked in a dense and solid region of the anchoring base body, and tightening the nut. It is added here that when the anchoring matrix is a dense soil, an elongated expansion plate can be used, emphasizing the "rooting" effect.
  • the third application method is used for anchoring roadway or tunnel or mine surrounding rock support.
  • the anchoring base comprises a loose layer, a plastic layer and a solid layer, and the following steps are included: pre-drilling the anchor hole in the anchoring base and cutting the scissor
  • the expansion anchor is inserted into the anchor hole, or the scissor expansion anchor directly drills into the loose layer and the plastic layer through the drill bit to the solid layer; the screw is screwed into the shear plate, and the expansion plate is scissor-folded and anchored in the solid layer area; Tighten the nut to complete the anchoring operation.
  • the method can effectively realize anchoring "rooting", and the anchoring support is simple and reliable, and can be disassembled at the same time.
  • grouting or grouting may be performed after the scissor expansion anchor is anchored in the solid layer region, that is, after the high-strength prestressed anchoring is applied to the scissor expansion anchor.
  • Grouting or grouting anchoring may be performed after the scissor expansion anchor is anchored in the solid layer region, that is, after the high-strength prestressed anchoring is applied to the scissor expansion anchor.
  • the fourth application method for simple anchoring, comprises the following steps: first pre-drilling on the anchoring base and the fixed object; inserting the scissor expansion anchor into the borehole; screwing the screw to make the expansion plate scissor Open to achieve anchoring.
  • the invention has simple and ingenious structure, is easy to process and manufacture, is convenient and reliable to use, has low processing cost, and is easy to realize industrialization.
  • Through the expansion plate for scissor expansion the expansion is large, the anchoring force is very strong, a principle, a variety of styles, low precision requirements for anchoring holes, self-cutting or self-tapping or bottoming or hammering or static pressure It can be reused, and it can also achieve grouting and injection.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a front facade of a first embodiment of the present invention
  • Embodiment 1 of the present invention is a schematic structural view of a side elevational surface of Embodiment 1 of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of Figure 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of a scissor-type open state according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic view showing the upper end curved portion of the screw of the present invention being embedded on the screw through the insert pin;
  • Figure 6 is a schematic view showing the structure of the inlaid pin with a curved end according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic structural view of a façade of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • Figure 8 is a schematic structural view of a side elevational surface of Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
  • Figure 9 is a schematic structural view of a second embodiment of the present invention in a scissor-folded state
  • Figure 10 is a schematic structural view of a façade of Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
  • Figure 11 is a schematic structural view of a side elevation of Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
  • Figure 12 is a cross-sectional structural view taken along line B-B of Figure 11;
  • Figure 13 is a partially enlarged structural view showing the side of Figure 11;
  • Figure 14 is a schematic view showing the structure of the embodiment 3 of the present invention in a scissor-folded state
  • Figure 15 is a schematic view of the lock tongue chamber provided on the upper portion of the screw of the present invention.
  • Figure 16 is a schematic view showing the shape of an expansion plate with a finite head according to the present invention.
  • Figure 17 is a perspective view of the bolt of the present invention.
  • Figure 18 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
  • Figure 19 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
  • Figure 20 is a schematic structural view of a façade of Embodiment 7 of the present invention.
  • Figure 21 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 7 of the present invention in a distracted state
  • Figure 22 is a schematic view of the open expansion plate of the present invention
  • Figure 23 is a schematic view showing the integrated nut holder of the present invention integrated with the rivet shaft;
  • Figure 24 is a schematic view showing the structure of the present invention applied to the anchor rail anchoring installation
  • 25 is a schematic structural view of an embodiment of the present invention applied to an anchoring support roadway or a tunnel;
  • Embodiment 2 of the present invention is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 2 of the present invention applied to anchoring a support roadway or tunnel;
  • Figure 27 is a schematic view showing the structure of the third embodiment of the present invention applied to anchoring a roadway or tunnel;
  • Figure 28 is a schematic view showing the structure of a screw with a pressure-injecting expansion tube 47 according to the present invention.
  • Figure 29 is a schematic view showing the collapsed state of the single-angle expansion plate with the movable legs of the present invention.
  • Figure 30 is a schematic view showing the open state of the single-angle expansion plate with the movable legs of the present invention.
  • Figure 31 is a schematic view showing the open state of the double-angle expansion plate with movable legs according to the present invention.
  • Figure 32 is a schematic view showing the shape of an expansion plate having an elastic buffering action according to the present invention.
  • Figure 33 is a schematic view showing the anchoring state of the present invention applied to a building insulation layer or a decorative layer;
  • Figure 34 is a partially enlarged plan view showing the front portion of Figure 12;
  • 35 is a schematic structural view of a second self-locking device scheme according to the present invention.
  • Figure 36 is a schematic view showing the state of anchoring or locking in the anchor hole of the present invention.
  • Figure 37 is a schematic view showing the state of the present invention anchored or locked outside the anchor hole
  • Figure 38 is a schematic view showing the state in which a plurality of open expansion plates of the present invention are embedded in a multi-axis nut nut support
  • Figure 39 is a schematic view showing the state of anchoring or reinforcing support applied to a foundation pit or a slope protection or a dam body according to the present invention
  • Figure 40 is a schematic view showing the shape of the pants-shaped expansion plate of the present invention.
  • the present invention includes an ear nut support 4 and a screw 5 matched with the ear nut support 4, the ear nut support 4 having two oppositely disposed support plates, supported a hinge hole is arranged on the upper part, and a rivet shaft 2 is arranged in the hinge hole; the two expansion plates 1 are combined and embedded between the two support plates of the ear nut support 4, and are hinged to the support plate by the rivet shaft 2; The face 3 is in contact with the inner edge of the inclined surface of the lower end portion of the two expansion plates 1, and is screwed into the screw 5 so as to push the two expansion plates 1 outwardly along the inner corner of the inclined surface of the lower end portion of the expansion plate 1.
  • the distribution of the force points for pushing the expansion plate is symmetrically falling on the diameter line of the screw end face or the hemispherical head, or the projection line of the merged faces of the two expansion plates is falling on the end of the screw.
  • On the diameter line of the curved or hemispherical head such pushing or receiving force is continuous and strong, and the expansion plate is extremely resistant to lateral bending, which requires the two expansion plates to be combined with the ear nut
  • the fit between the two support plates of the seat is a tight fit, not something that is natural and loose.
  • the lower end of the screw 5 is provided with a pallet 7 and a nut 9, and the edge of the pallet 7 is warped upwards, and the degree of warpage should conform to the requirements of elastic cushioning, and the pallet 7 A concave curved surface 11 is raised upward from the bottom, and an upper portion of the nut 9 is raised upwardly by a convex curved surface 8, and the concave curved surface 11 and the convex curved surface 8 have the same curvature.
  • the anchoring substrate surface is slightly not perpendicular to the anchoring hole
  • the pallet is tightened by the nut and the periphery of the pallet can also be closely attached to the surface of the anchoring base to make the force uniform.
  • the upward warping of the edge of the pallet has an elastic cushioning effect and can complement the elastic cushioning effect of the expansion panel to achieve the dynamic balance of the anchoring system of the present invention.
  • the pallet 7 can perform a good sealing function.
  • the bottom portion of the bottom of the pallet is bulged, and the central hole portion is provided with a side wall extending upward along the outer circumferential surface of the screw, which can be embedded in the anchoring just in time.
  • the centering effect of the anchor is good, and the slurry at the time of grouting and anchoring can be evenly distributed around the periphery of the anchor.
  • the axial position of the screw 5 is provided with a grouting hole 6 in the axial direction, and a plurality of grouting holes communicating with the grouting hole 6 are arranged in the radial direction. 12.
  • the elastic sealing retaining ring (not shown) can be set on the screw section, so that the weight of the slurry can be distributed to each retaining ring, in case The upper end of the slurry collapses and the upper end is leaky, and a sealing cover (not shown) is added at the lower end of the screw.
  • the injection expansion pipe 47 may be consolidated in the middle of the screw 5, and the pipe walls at both ends of the injection expansion pipe 47 are slightly thinner or slightly thinner.
  • the folds, the distribution of the expansion force after the injection is in the shape of a "bell", which automatically clamps or fixes the loose layer.
  • a limit step 13 is respectively disposed on the outer side of the root of the support plate on the ear nut support 4, and the lower end portion of the expansion plate 1 is placed on the limit step 13 when not being stretched. , will not turn inward.
  • the inner wall of the support plate on the nut holder 4 is respectively provided with a limiting post 17, which is disposed in the opposite direction of the expanding direction of the expansion plate, so that it is not necessary to consider how to expand.
  • a limiting post 17 which is disposed in the opposite direction of the expanding direction of the expansion plate, so that it is not necessary to consider how to expand.
  • the thread on the screw is reverse threaded (counterclockwise screwing into the screw)
  • the position of the limit column should also be adjusted accordingly; here, it is added that if the limit of the invention is not set With the step 13 and the limiting post 17, when processing the expansion plate 1 of the present invention, an appropriate R chamfer should be given to the inner edge of the lower end of the expansion plate, thereby avoiding improper placement. Frictional resistance .
  • the lower end of the screw 5 may be the lower end of the screw 10 as shown in Figures 1, 2 and 4, or may be a hexagonal or external hexagonal head, or a lifting ring, or a hook , or additional settings for the joint, or the shape required for grouting or grouting or injection.
  • the gap between the two support plates on the lug nut holder 4 can be enlarged or reduced to match the thickness of the expansion plate 1 embedded therein. It should be pointed out here that when the spacing between the two support plates is reduced, the spacing will be smaller than the outer diameter of the matching screw 5, and the portion of the interference screw should be removed so that the screw can be screwed in smoothly. It is also possible to lengthen or shorten the length of the two support plates to match the length of the expansion plate embedded therein. It should be noted that the distance between the two ends of the expansion plate in the longitudinal direction may be Equal, or they can be unequal.
  • the upper end surface of the screw can be provided with ratchet teeth, and the ratchet teeth can be self-locked by engaging the inner edge of the lower end of the expansion plate; the direction of the ratchet tip should be opposite to the direction of rotation when the screw 5 is propelled.
  • the upper end portion of the upper end of the screw can be separately processed, and then coupled with the upper end of the screw 5 through the insert pin 16, where the insert pin 16 and the screw tip end face 3
  • the parts are connected in one piece and can be cold-twisted; of course, when a non-metallic material is used to make the screw, the top curved portion can still be processed separately and joined to the upper end of the screw through the stud.
  • the upper end portion of the expansion plate is angular and is provided with a fitting hole, and the assembling holes of the two expansion plates are respectively
  • a pair of expansion plates are hinged to form a deeper expansion consolidation or locking.
  • the expansion plate and the expansion plate can be hinged in series multiple times, and a return spring can be installed at the end of the expansion plate connected in series. Easy to disassemble.
  • this embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 1, except that, in order to be suitable for higher-strength anchoring, the upper end of the two support plates of the nut holder 4 is fixed over the bridge. 14.
  • the two support plates are made more stable and secure; at the same time, the bridge 14 is tapered, which has the advantage that the invention can be directly driven into or pressed into a softer anchoring base body.
  • the upper end surface of the bridge may be curved or flat, and an anti-slip pattern or tooth may be provided on the end surface.
  • the expansion plate embedded in the nut holder 4 is transformed into a profiled expansion plate 15 having an arc-shaped end and an oblique shape.
  • the profiled expansion plate has a strong expansion arch.
  • the two expansion plates In and out of the pull-out resistance, when the profiled expansion plate 15 that is arched into the anchor hole wall is in an open "g" shape, the two expansion plates have a pull-out self-locking function, and the screw is screwed When the screw is pulled tightly or more outwardly, the larger the opening of the expansion plate is, the deeper the expansion plate is arched into the anchor hole wall.
  • the outer middle portion of the curved end of the irregular expansion plate 15 is the bottom surface of the bridge. Abutting, the working state of the anchor is like a "T" shape, which maximizes the anchoring or locking resistance.
  • this embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 2, except that:
  • the pre-punching step is omitted, and the drill bit 18 is provided at the upper end of the nut holder 4, the drill bit 18 is screwed onto the threaded bridge 26.
  • the invention can thus be drilled directly into the anchoring matrix by self-cutting.
  • a self-locking device Al is arranged at the joint portion between the screw and the ear nut bearing.
  • the self-locking device A1 includes a tongue chamber 23 disposed on the side of the head of the screw 5, and a bolt 29 and a compression spring 24 are mounted in the tongue chamber 23, the lock A finite slot 30 is defined in the tongue 29, and a sliding curved surface 22 is disposed on the front surface of the protruding end of the locking tongue 29.
  • the 20-end of the limiting screw is located in the counterbore 21 of the screw, and one end passes through the limiting slot 30 to enter and exit the locking tongue 29.
  • the compression spring 24 is disposed at the rear end portion of the bolt 29 to give the bolt 29 an outward thrust.
  • a raised vertical slope 19 is provided corresponding to the position of the self-locking device A1.
  • the sliding cam surface 22 on the bolt 29 is slid into the lug bearing 4, and the screw 5 can be pushed forward for a certain distance to normally push the expansion plate toward
  • the outer side of the screw 5 is screwed into a distance from the upper end of the raised vertical inclined surface 19 to the lower end of the expansion plate, and the distance is a free stroke, that is, the upper end of the screw includes a locking tongue.
  • the distance of the distance is neither the expansion of the expansion plate nor the self-locking; when the compression spring 24 pushes the bolt 29 out, the screw 5 is rotated leftward, and the back surface of the extended end of the bolt 29 is disposed on the inner wall of the nut holder 4
  • the raised vertical ramps 19 abut against each other such that the lug support 4 is left-handed in synchronism with the screw 5. That is to say, the left-handed screw 5, the bolt 29 extends out of the bolt chamber 23 and locks the ear nut support 4 to achieve drilling; the right-hand screw 5, the bolt 29 is squeezed into the bolt chamber 23, and the screw 5 is opened
  • the expansion plate achieves anchoring.
  • the front wall of the head lock tongue cavity 23 of the screw 5 is provided with a screw counterbore 21, and the screw counterbore 21 is used for mounting the limit screw 20, the head of the limit screw 20
  • the locking tongue 29 is opened with a limiting slot 30, and the limiting screw 20 is inserted into the limiting slot 30 to control the ingress and egress of the locking tongue in the locking tongue cavity;
  • the return spring described above achieves the repetitive use of the invention with a self-locking device.
  • the second solution as shown in Fig. 35, the two sides of the upper end of the screw 5 are provided with a ratchet groove 57, and the connecting surface 59 of the lower end of the two support plates 60 on the ear nut support 4 is provided with a swing lock.
  • the tongue chamber 58, the swinging bolt 55 is embedded in the swinging bolt cavity 58 and connected by a connecting screw 61.
  • the side pressure spring 56 gives an inward thrust to the swinging bolt, the left-handed screw 5, the swinging bolt 55 is extended.
  • the expansion plate in this embodiment is a limit-shaped expansion plate 28, and the arc-shaped end of the limit-shaped expansion plate 28 has a finite head projection 25.
  • the limit projection 25 abuts against the bottom surface 46 of the bridge, the limit shaped expansion plate 28 can be restricted from rotating inward.
  • an anti-slip pattern or teeth may be provided on the outer side surface of the deformed expansion plate, and the portion of the anchoring end 27 of the expansion plate may be heat-treated.
  • the left-handed or right-handed rotation described above is set according to the anchoring position. Generally, it is convenient to use the left-handed anchor when anchoring the top, and the other is right-handed.
  • this embodiment is basically the same as Embodiment 3.
  • the difference is that: for repeated use, an assembly screw hole is provided on the upper end side of the ear nut support 4, and the return spring 31 is mounted on the assembly screw hole. The lower end of the position spring is pressed against the outer side surface of the limit shaped expansion plate 28. At the same time, with the small sliding arc surface provided on the back of the bolt in the self-locking device, the expanded expansion plate is closed by the return spring, so that the scissor expansion anchor can be disassembled.
  • this embodiment is basically the same as the embodiment 3 except that the cutter head is directly welded to the upper end of the lug nut holder 4 to form a drill bridge 33.
  • the outer side of the expanding plate can be formed into a knife-edge shape having a cutting function on the basis of the above-mentioned Embodiment 3-5.
  • the two expansion plates are subjected to strong centrifugal force, and the expansion plate is split to both sides, and the edge of the outer side of the expansion plate faces the bottom wall of the anchor hole while being opened.
  • Cutting is performed to achieve self-reaming of the bottom of the anchoring hole, so that the expansion plate that is opened by the screw is locked or anchored in the reaming area, and the "rooting" effect of the expansion plate is enhanced, for permanent or A higher standard anchoring project is worth doing.
  • it can be grouted or grouted or injected.
  • Example 7 As shown in Figs. 20 and 21, this embodiment is a simple structure of the present invention.
  • the rivet shaft 40 is integrally formed with the nut holder 36, the rivet shaft 40 may not be centered, and is biased to the left side, and the right side of the ear nut support is provided with a wall 34, if high strength plastic is used.
  • the ear nut holder 36 is formed, and a metal nut 37 may be disposed to be fixed to the bottom of the ear nut support 36; and the expansion plate embedded therein is designed as a single piece open expansion plate as shown in FIG. 41.
  • the hinge hole on the expansion plate is formed into an open shape, and the opening of the open expansion plate 41 is in an interference fit with the rivet shaft 40, and the outer surface of the open expansion plate 41 is provided with anti-slip teeth.
  • the assembly can be assembled by appropriately pressing the opening against the rivet shaft.
  • the left inclined surface of the assembled expansion plate abuts against the upper end portion of the abutment wall 34 to restrict the expansion plate from rotating inward, and the top end of the connecting screw 38 is connected.
  • the hemispherical head 35 is provided, and the lower end is provided with a pressure plate 39.
  • the bottom end portion of the connecting screw 38 is provided with a mounting countersunk instead of the tightening nut.
  • the abutment wall 34 abuts against the screw head to move axially along the axis, and pushes the inclined surface of the expansion plate 41 to open to one side, thereby achieving
  • the purpose of the present invention is simplified.
  • the single-piece open expansion plate 41 can be converted into a plurality of pieces, and the plurality of rivet shafts 40 are evenly distributed around the multi-axis nut nut holder 67, and the single piece is The open expansion plates are respectively mounted on the corresponding rivet shafts 40.
  • the hex bolts 66 are screwed into the multi-axis ear nut support 67 and the plurality of open expansion plates are opened, the plurality of expansion plates are extended to the outside.
  • a plurality of expansion plates are anchored around the wall of the hole; it should be additionally noted that the upper end of the hexagonal bolt can be made flat, because the head abuts against the slope of the expansion plate, instead of abutting the edge. .
  • the anchor end (segment) of the expansion plate can be made into an elastic buffering effect and can be heat-treated (for The steady-state solid layer, the elastic expansion is better than the rigid expansion, and the anti-slip pattern or the tooth can be disposed on the elastic anchoring surface, or the flexible anti-slip wear-resistant material can be consolidated, and the transverse curvature of the elastic anchoring surface It should be similar to the curvature of the anchor hole wall.
  • the elastic buffering effect means that the force of the expansion member is elastically increased when the pushing member is advanced, so that the steady-state solid layer is not caused by the excessive expansion force. Damaged, on the other hand, the working state after expansion and anchoring is also elastic, so that when the anchoring area is creeping, the mutual elastic cushioning of the expansion member and the tightening member realizes the self-adaptation of the anchor rod and the anchoring base. And the dynamic balance between the anchor and the anchor and the anchoring matrix (an anchoring system), the anchoring effect is optimal, and early warning and avoiding brittle collapse can be avoided.
  • the expansion plate of the present invention can also be converted into a pants-shaped expansion plate as shown in Fig.
  • the pants-shaped expansion plate 69 includes two angular expansion plates connected at the upper end portion, and the upper end is connected to the upper portion.
  • An open hinge hole is provided, and the connected portion should be gradually thinned in the height direction, and has elasticity for easy disassembly.
  • the invention has an extremely wide range of uses and applications.
  • the present invention can be used as a guardrail column for highways and high-speed railways. It is only necessary to reserve a mounting hole 42 for installing a guardrail on the screw 5, and the present invention is directly drilled or pressed into the ground 45 by an electric drill. The screw 5 and the nut 44 are tightened, and then the guard rail 43 and the screw 5 are linked by a link bolt, which saves time and trouble, and the installation efficiency is remarkable.
  • FIG. 39 it is a schematic diagram of the anchoring or reinforcing support for applying the present invention to a foundation pit or a slope protection or a dam body.
  • the anchor rod directly drills or presses the invention into the anchoring base body 68 by an electric drill, and the limit shaped expansion plate is limited. 28 scissor expansion and anchoring or locking in the solid and solid area of the anchoring base, tightening the nut 9, complete the anchoring or reinforcement construction of the present invention; here, it is added that when the anchoring matrix is dense soil, the limit can be
  • the shaped expansion plate 28 is made of an elongated type, emphasizing the "rooting" effect.
  • the present invention is applied to the surrounding rock support anchoring in the mining, anchoring the support roadway or tunnel, specifically:
  • the anchor rod is directly drilled into the loose layer 50, the plastic layer 51, and the solid layer 52 by the drill bit 18, and the limit shaped expansion plate 28 is scissor-folded and anchored or locked in the solid layer 52.
  • the anchorage of the present invention is accomplished by the anchor head of the present invention being "rooted" in a solid layer and tightening the nut 9.
  • the present invention is used for anchoring a roadway or a tunnel, and grouting or grouting is performed at the same time.
  • the grouting hole 55 is directly formed by the drill bit 18, and the anchor rod passes through the loose layer 50 and the plastic layer. 51.
  • the solid layer 52, the limited-shaped expansion plate 28 is scissor-folded and anchored or locked in the area of the solid layer 52, and the nut 9 is tightened, and then grouted or grouted to realize the high-strength pre-stress anchoring of the present invention. After grouting or grouting anchoring.
  • the section of the invention with the pressure-expanding expansion pipe 47 for anchoring the roadway or tunnel is still directly formed by the drill bit 18, and the anchor rod passes through the loose layer 50 and the plastic layer. 51.
  • the solid layer 52, the expansion plate 28 is scissor-folded and anchored or locked in the area of the solid layer 52, the nut 9 is tightened, and then the injection pressure expansion tube 47 is pressurized to realize scissor expansion anchoring and pressure expansion. Anchoring combined anchoring.
  • the self-expanding step of the expansion plate is respectively increased. That is: After the drilling is completed, after the scissor expansion anchor is directly drilled directly to the solid layer by the drill bit, the rotation is accelerated at the anchoring position, so that the expansion plate of the scissor expansion anchor is driven to the sides by the centrifugal force. Open, the edge of the outer side of the expansion plate is cut against the side wall of the bottom of the anchor hole, and the bottom of the anchor hole is self-reaming.
  • the simplified invention is applied to the anchoring installation of a building insulation or decorative layer.
  • the anchoring base 53 and the fixed insulating layer 54 are pre-drilled, and the link screw 38 with the shafted nut holder 36 is inserted into the bore, and the pressure plate 39 is pre-fitted on the link screw 38.
  • the link screw 38 is screwed in to open the open expansion plate 41 hinged in the shafted nut holder 36, and the screw 38 is tightened and anchored.
  • the rotating square head 10 is opened and anchored or locked on the wall of the anchoring hole 62, and the nut 9 is tightened.
  • the anchor 63 is fixed to the anchoring surface 64 of the anchoring base 53.
  • the present invention is applied to a state in which the anchoring hole 64 is a through hole.
  • the screw or the square head 10 is quickly rotated, and the deformed expansion plate 15 can be opened and fitted or locked to the anchoring hole 62.
  • the outer upper portion of the profiled expansion plate 15 abuts against the bottom surface 46 of the bridge 14, and the nut 9 is tightened, and the anchor 63 is fixed to the anchoring surface 64 of the anchoring base 53, where a pair of sides can also be provided.
  • the spring 65 is raised so that the profiled expansion plate 15 can be automatically opened.
  • the present invention can be made into a giant size (ground pile) for a building or a structure, and the expansion and shearing of the expansion plate of this specification has a large rigidity and a large opening, thereby generating a large pull-out force.
  • the invention can also be made into small or miniature specifications to meet the use of furniture, electrical appliances, accessories, lamps, kitchen utensils, medical treatment, etc.; the invention can also be used as a bridge, power, communication, probe (column, rod , column) and the like, including the use of various mechanical devices; a plurality of the inventions may be applied in parallel or in series, where the parallel or series connection is constructed by supporting the skeleton, and the support skeleton may be of any shape; The present invention can be linked to a tensile pressure sensor for real-time monitoring.
  • various specifications or styles can be derived by the principles of the present invention to meet the needs of multiple uses, and are not limited herein.

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Abstract

一种剪式膨胀锚杆及其应用，其中剪式膨胀锚杆包括上部铰接有膨胀板（1）的带耳螺母支座（4），以及与带耳螺母支座（4）匹配的螺杆（5）,螺杆（5）的顶端部为弧面（2）或半球头（2），该螺杆（5）的顶端部弧面（2）或半球头（2）与膨胀板（1）下端部斜面的内侧棱角接触，旋转螺杆（5）可使其沿膨胀板（1）下端部斜面的内侧棱角直接持续推动膨胀板（1）向外侧做剪式撑开，在该螺杆（5）的下端套装一个托板（7）和一个与之配套的螺母（9）。该剪式膨胀锚杆在隧道、护坡、基坑、水坝、开采等工程中松动失稳层的锚固、加固或固定的应用。

Description

剪式膨胀锚杆及其应用 技术领域
本发明涉及锚固技术领域中的一种锚杆，具体地说是一种剪式膨胀锚杆，以及其应用方法。 背景技术
在矿山、 隧道、 护坡、 基坑、 水坝等工程实施过程中， 用锚杆加固松动失稳层， 已经成 为一种应用趋势， 现有锚杆包括以下几类：
1.膨胀管类锚杆、 涨壳类锚杆， 此类锚杆由于自身的结构缺陷导致锚杆头部膨胀端的开 合度和刚度以及胀开后的力度有限， 故而不能与锚固基体弹性区或稳态坚固层实现可靠的膨 胀固结或锁合， 抗拔力差， 悬吊和夹紧力不强；
2.为了弥补上述缺陷， 又出现了灌浆类锚杆、 注压膨胀类锚杆， 此类锚杆是通过将若干 松动或碎片层串成一体并通过浆体填充缝隙以及增大锚杆与锚固基体孔壁的整体摩擦力， 实 现所谓 "组合梁"或 "拱效应"， 此类做法纯属避重就轻， 荒废了围岩上部的悬吊根基及侧帮 的依靠根基（根基就是基体弹性区或稳态坚固层）， 退一步说， 即使能指望所谓 "组合梁"或
"拱效应"产生作用， 那么将松动或碎片层串成一体的夹紧力仍然要求锚杆膨胀端的开合度 和刚度强劲有力， 否则锚杆尾部的螺母无法将它们收紧， 锚杆只能起到 "销子" 的作用， 无 法有效实现 "组合梁"或 "拱效应"作用；
3.为了解决锚杆头部的固结问题， 人们又开发了胶粘剂法， 显而易见的是， 胶粘剂类的 东西无法实质性解决锚杆的 "扎根" 问题， 即： 无法使锚杆头部与基体弹性区或稳态坚固层 的牢固可靠的固结或锁合， 特别是针对围岩上部的悬吊或永久性的锚固或必须体现立竿见影 的锚固效果， 而胶粘剂需要固化期， 以及胶粘剂对应用环境的苛刻要求等使用缺陷， 如潮湿 或松软砂石层或孔洞清理不干净等等情况下， 根本无法使用胶粘结剂， 更何况胶粘剂针对应 用对象及使用年限的不同所发生的负面反应尚无法预测；
4.为了弥补不能 "扎根"或 "扎根"不可靠， 人们又采取了通过增加锚固密度、 让松动 层的重量或位移力分摊到更多的锚杆上， 这样一来就大大增加了劳动强度， 降低了工作效率 和施工进度， 综合成本大为上升， 但锚杆的 "扎根" 问题仍然没有解决， 充其量只是在所谓
"组合梁"或 "拱效应" 区域多打了一些 "销子"而已， 治标不治本， 弄得不好还会扰动或 破坏周边的稳定层。
综上所述， 无论采用何种锚杆进行锚固， 锚杆头部膨胀段在工作时必须强劲有力、 牢固 可靠地 "扎根"在锚固基体弹性区或稳态坚固层， 才能实现真正意义上的锚固， 否则就可能 埋下安全隐患。
本发明人提供了一种在 ZL201220376229. 1中国专利中所公开的剪式膨胀螺栓，其包括带 有膨胀件的固定件和推动件， 所述推动件与固定件配合并可沿固定件的轴线同轴向移动； 所 述膨胀件与固定件的顶端部铰接， 该膨胀件的下端部具有一朝向推动件的斜面， 推动件顶端 部可与膨胀件下端部的斜面接触， 并沿膨胀件下端部的斜面推动膨胀件， 使膨胀件向推动件 的外侧作剪式撑开； 其中， 所述固定件可采用一个带耳螺杆或带耳螺母支座， 所述膨胀件可 采用两个膨胀杆或膨胀板， 该两个膨胀杆或膨胀板铰接于带耳螺杆的支撑板的两侧或带耳螺 母支座两个支撑板之间； 所述推动件为一个与带耳螺杆匹配的螺母， 或与带耳螺母支座匹配 的螺杆， 旋转螺栓或螺杆可使其沿膨胀杆或膨胀板下端部的斜面直接推动两个膨胀杆或膨胀 板分别向外侧撑开。
该剪式膨胀螺栓通过设置具有一斜角端的膨胀件， 将膨胀件与固定件铰接， 由推动件推 动膨胀件的斜角端向外侧撑开， 从而使膨胀件实现剪式撑开， 极其方便地实现了锚固或锁定， 且因相应膨胀件可实现大幅度撑开， 其锚固力极强， 因此， 该剪式膨胀螺栓可广泛地应用于 多孔砌块墙体、 实心砖墙、 土墙、 混凝土结构、 木质结构、 塑料结构等各种密实或蜂窝状基 体上的锚固， 并有效消除了现有各类锚固件的缺陷。
但仍然有必要对上述剪式膨胀螺栓进行改进， 使其应用更为广泛， 使用更为便利， 尤其 是针对矿山开采中的围岩支护锚固， 隧道、 护坡、 基坑、 水坝等工程中松动失稳层的锚固或 加固， 以及公路、 铁路、 桥梁、 水利、 通讯、 军工、 建筑、 构筑， 钢构、 装修、 保温系统等 工程中的锚固或固定。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题， 是提供一种可有效应用于隧道、 护坡、 基坑、 水坝、 开采 等工程中松动失稳层的锚固或加固或固定的剪式膨胀锚杆。
本发明包括上部铰接有膨胀板的带耳螺母支座， 以及与带耳螺母支座匹配的螺杆， 所述 螺杆的顶端部为弧面或半球头， 所述螺杆的顶端部弧面或半球头与膨胀板下端部斜面的内侧 棱角接触， 旋转螺杆可使其沿膨胀板下端部斜面的内侧棱角直接持续推动膨胀板向外侧作剪 式撑开； 在所述螺杆的下端套装有一个托板和一个与之配套的螺母， 托板底部设的一个凹弧 面， 所述螺母上部设有与托板底部凹弧面相适配的凸弧面。
需要强调说明的是， 本发明推动膨胀板的受力点是对称地落在螺杆端部弧面或半球头的 直径线上的， 要求两个膨胀板或单片膨胀板嵌装在带耳螺母支座的支撑板之间的配合是紧密 的动配合， 这样的持续推动或受力是刚劲有力的， 膨胀板侧向抵抗弯曲的能力极强， 完全不 同于现有膨胀锚固件的锚固机理， 这也是本发明的巧妙之处。
本发明通过设置托板及配套螺母作为收紧件， 在进行锚固作业时， 当锚固基体易松动， 或表面稍不垂直锚固孔洞时， 托板被螺母充分收紧后， 其托板周边也能紧贴锚固基体表面使 其受力均匀。 同时， 如果在锚杆锚固时同时实施灌浆， 托板能起到良好的密封作用。
此外， 在托板凹弧面上的中心孔洞部位设有沿螺杆外周面向上延伸的边壁， 该托板底部 中心孔沿向上延伸的边壁部分可以吻合地嵌在锚固孔洞处， 锚杆的居中效果好， 尤其是灌浆 锚固时， 灌浆浆体能围绕锚杆周边均匀分布， 大幅度改善锚固效果。
其次， 所述托板的边部向上翘曲， 可使托板进一步具有弹性缓冲效果并能与所述膨胀板 的弹性缓冲效果相得益彰， 实现本发明所述的锚固系统的动态平衡。
为进一步加强锚固收紧稳定性， 所述托板的凹面和螺母的凸面上可分别设置防松花纹或 齿。
为了满足灌浆锚固需要， 在所述螺杆的内部沿轴向设置灌浆孔， 在螺杆外围设置若干出 浆孔。 当朝上打孔灌浆或注浆锚固时， 还可以在螺杆上分段套装弹性封浆挡圈， 在螺杆的下 端增设一个密封盖。 如此可以将浆体的重量分摊到每个挡圈上， 以防浆整体下塌上端漏空。
为了满足注压锚固的需要， 可以在所述螺杆的中段固结注压膨胀管， 注压膨胀管两端的 管壁稍薄或稍薄带褶皱。 这样， 注压后的膨胀管的膨胀力道的分布是呈 " *铃"状， 如此能 自动夹紧或固定松动层， 增强了锚固力。
为了使螺杆旋转推动膨胀板时的摩擦受力更为合理， 保证螺杆的上端弧面与膨胀板的下 端斜面内侧棱角部位的接触推动是顺滑的，在带耳螺母支座的支撑板的内壁分别设置限位柱， 所述限位柱设置于膨胀板撑开方向的相对方向； 当然， 也可以通过在膨胀板的下端斜面内侧 棱角设置 R倒角， 以减少摩擦阻力。
另外， 螺杆的上端弧面上设置棘齿， 所设置的棘齿尖的方向与螺杆推进时的旋转方向相 反， 通过棘齿与膨胀板的下端部斜面内侧棱角咬合实现自锁。
针对稳态坚固层， 为进一步增加锚固稳定性， 使膨胀板在剪式撑开后与稳态坚固层具有 弹性固结或锁定的效果， 所述膨胀板的锚固端或锚固段具有弹性， 可将膨胀件的锚固端或锚 固段做成具有弹性缓冲功效的形状， 即将所述膨胀板的下端部斜面替换为凹弧面或凸弧面， 同时将所述膨胀板的的锚固面设置为对应的凹弧面或凸弧面， 形成弹性锚固面。 弹性锚固面 的横向曲率应当与锚固孔壁的曲率相近， 并可对其热处理。
这里需要进一步说明的是， 所述具有弹性缓冲功效， 一方面是指推动件推进时， 膨胀件 撑开的力道是弹性递增的， 这样就不会因为过强的膨胀力而使得稳态坚固层受损， 另一方面 是指膨胀锚固后的工作状态也是处于弹性的， 这样当锚固区域发生蠕动时， 通过膨胀件和收 紧件的共同弹性缓冲， 实现了锚杆与锚固基体的自适应、 以及锚杆与锚杆与锚固基体相互之 间 （锚固系统） 的动态平衡， 使得锚固效果处于最佳状态， 同时还能提前预警和避免发生脆 性坍塌。
为了降低成本， 还可以将本发明所述的膨胀板替换为裤形膨胀板， 该裤形膨胀板包括两 个在上端部相连的角形膨胀板， 所述上端相连部分上设置有开口铰接孔， 相连部分在高度方 向应逐渐变薄， 并具有弹性。
为了适合松软锚固基体的锚固， 所述膨胀板的锚固端铰接有活动支脚， 以增大锚固受力 面。
同时， 还可在膨胀板的锚固段或活动支脚的锚固面上设置防滑花纹或齿， 或固结柔性抗 压防滑耐磨材料， 增强锚固。
为了适合更高强度的锚固， 在带耳螺母支座的两个支撑板的上端部固结过桥， 该过桥为 锥形， 这使得两个支撑板更加稳固牢靠， 同时， 可直接打入或压人较松软的锚固基体内。
嵌装在带耳螺母支座内的膨胀板为一端为弧形一端为斜角形的异形膨胀板， 该异形膨胀 板具有极强的撑开拱入和锁定抗拔能力， 当撑开拱入锚固孔壁的异形膨胀板处在一个打开的 "个"字形的工作状态时， 其两个膨胀板具有倒拔自锁功能， 螺杆拧的越紧或越往外拉拔螺 杆， 膨胀板打开的幅度越大， 膨胀板拱入锚固孔壁越深， 当达到最大撑开状态时， 其异形膨 胀板的弧形端外侧中部是抵靠在过桥的底面的， 锚杆的工作状态犹如一个 " T "字形， 其锚固 或锁定抗拔能力达到最大。
为防止膨胀板向内转动， 异形膨胀板的弧面端设置有限位凸头， 该限位凸头与过桥底面 相靠时， 限制异形膨胀板向内转动； 还可以在异形膨胀板的外侧面上设置防滑花纹或齿。
为了使用更为方便， 省略预先打孔步骤， 在带耳螺母支座的上端部设置钻头， 所述钻头 与过桥连接， 如此可将本发明通过自切削直接钻入锚固基体内。 同时， 为了方便钻头打孔与 撑开锚固操作互不干扰， 在螺杆与带耳螺母支座的配合部位设置自锁装置。 具体提供两种结 构方案：
第一种方案： 所述自锁装置包括在螺杆的上部侧面设置的锁舌腔， 锁舌腔内安装锁舌和 压簧， 压簧设置在锁舌的后端部， 锁舌伸出端的正面设有滑动弧面， 锁舌中部上开有限位槽， 限位螺丝穿过限位槽对锁舌进出距离进行限位； 同时， 在带耳螺母支座的内壁， 对应于自锁 装置的设置位置， 设置一凸起的竖斜面； 当螺杆正向旋转进入带耳螺母支座时， 锁舌上的滑 动弧面被顺向旋滑进入带耳螺母支座内； 当螺杆反向旋转， 压簧将锁舌顶出， 锁舌伸出端的 背面与设置于带耳螺母支座内壁上的凸起的竖斜面相抵靠， 使得带耳螺母支座与螺杆同步反 向旋转。 就是说， 反旋螺杆， 锁舌伸出锁舌腔外并锁定带耳螺母支座实现钻孔； 正旋螺杆， 锁舌被挤入锁舌腔内， 螺杆顶开膨胀板实现锚固。
为了达到重复使用带有自锁装置的本发明的目的， 在带耳螺母支座的上端侧面设置装配 螺孔， 在装配螺孔上安装回位弹簧， 回位弹簧的下端压在膨胀板的外侧面， 同时锁舌的背面 设有小滑动弧面， 使锁舌与凸起的竖斜面上端以外的部分相靠时不会自锁， 通过回位弹簧将 膨胀板恢复原位。 同时， 凸起的竖斜面上端至未撑开状态下的膨胀板的下端之间设有间距， 在锁舌被挤入锁舌腔内， 螺杆旋进一段距离后可正常推动膨胀板向外侧撑开， 这里所述的螺 杆旋进一段距离是指自凸起的竖斜面上端到膨胀板下端的这段距离， 这段距离为自由行程， 就是螺杆上端部包括锁舌在这段距离的进出是既不顶开膨胀板， 也不自锁， 以保证重复使用 时的膨胀板复位。
第二种方案： 所述螺杆上端部的两个侧面开有棘齿槽， 带耳螺母支座的两个支撑板的下 端连接面上设有摆动锁舌腔， 摆动锁舌嵌装在摆动锁舌腔内， 设置于其侧部的侧压弹簧给摆 动锁舌一个向内的推力； 反旋螺杆， 摆动锁舌伸出并锁定在螺杆上端部的棘齿槽内， 使螺杆 与带耳螺母支座同步转动并实现钻孔； 正旋螺杆， 摆动锁舌被挤入摆动锁舌腔内， 螺杆与带 耳螺母支座脱开， 螺杆顶开膨胀板实现锚固。
所述正向旋转 （右旋） 或反向旋转 （左旋） 是根据锚固部位设定的， 一般来说， 对顶部 实施锚固时采用反向旋转较为方便顺手， 其他采用正向旋转。
通过设置自锁装置， 可将本发明通过自切削直接钻入锚固基体内， 有利于提高工作效率， 降低锚固成本。
再进一步， 如果对锚固孔洞的孔底有扩孔锚固要求的话， 可以将所述膨胀板的外侧面设 置为具有切削功能的刀口形状。 当加快螺杆的反向旋转速度时， 膨胀板由于受到强力的离心 力的作用， 膨胀板向两侧甩开， 在甩开的同时膨胀板外侧面的刀口对着锚固孔底部位的侧壁 进行切削， 从而实现了对锚固孔底的自扩孔， 这样一来， 被螺杆顶开的膨胀板是锁定或锚固 在扩孔区域， 强化了膨胀板的 "扎根"效果， 对于永久性的或更高标准的锚固工程是值得这 样做的， 当然， 还可以再对其实施灌浆或注浆或注压。
此外， 为了适应一般锚固工程的需要， 可对本发明作进一步的结构简化， 带耳螺母支座 与铆轴为整体， 铆轴偏向一侧， 带耳螺母支座的另一侧设有靠壁， 嵌装其内的膨胀板为单片 的开口膨胀板， 该开口膨胀板上的铰接孔为开口形状， 开口膨胀板的铰接孔开口处与铆轴过 盈配合， 开口膨胀板的内侧斜面抵靠在靠壁的上端部以限制开口膨胀板向内转动， 同时， 所 述螺杆的顶端部设有半球头， 底端部设有安装沉头代替收紧螺母， 螺杆的下端套有压盘代替 托板， 压盘底面设有与安装沉头匹配的凹面。 装配膨胀板时只需将膨胀板的铰接孔开口处对 着铆轴适当施压就能实现组装； 当螺杆头部旋进带耳螺母支座时， 靠壁抵靠着螺杆头部一侧 使其沿轴线同轴向移动， 并推动膨胀板的内侧斜面使其向外侧撑开。
必要时， 还可以将单片的开口膨胀板变换为多片， 多个铰接膨胀板的铆轴均布在带耳螺 母支座的周边， 单片的开口膨胀板分别安装在对应的铆轴上， 当螺杆头部旋进带耳螺母支座 内， 同时顶开多个开口膨胀板， 多个膨胀板同时向四周外侧撑开， 进而实现多个膨胀板锚固 在孔壁四周。 这里还需要补充说明的是， 螺杆上端部半球头可以做成平头， 因为该头部是与 膨胀板的斜角平面相抵靠， 而不是与膨胀板的棱角相抵靠。 本发明还涉及上述剪式膨胀锚杆的应用方法。
第一种应用方法， 用于护栏立柱， 包括以下步骤： 在螺杆上预留安装护栏的安装孔； 在 地面预钻锚固孔并将剪式膨胀锚杆插入锚固孔， 或直接将剪式膨胀锚杆钻入或压入地面内； 旋进螺杆， 使膨胀板剪式撑开； 收紧螺杆上的螺母， 将剪式膨胀锚杆锚固在地面上； 将护栏 与螺杆用连接螺栓连接。 该方法可以用于高速公路和高速铁路的护栏安装， 省时省力， 且安 装方便牢靠。
第二种应用方法， 是将本发明用于基坑或护坡或坝体的锚固或加固， 在锚固基体上预钻 锚固孔并将剪式膨胀锚杆插入锚固孔内， 或剪式膨胀锚杆直接通过钻头自切削直接钻入或压 入锚固基体内， 使膨胀板剪式撑开并锚固或锁定在锚固基体的密实坚固区域， 收紧螺母， 就 完成了本发明的锚固或加固施工。 这里补充说明的是， 锚固基体为密实的土壤时， 可以采用 加长型的膨胀板， 强调 "扎根"效果。
第三种应用方法， 用于锚固巷道或隧道或矿山开采中的围岩支护， 其锚固基体包括松动 层、 塑性层及坚固层， 包括以下步骤： 在锚固基体预钻锚固孔并将剪式膨胀锚杆插入锚固孔， 或剪式膨胀锚杆直接通过钻头自切削直接钻入松动层、 塑性层直至坚固层； 旋进螺杆， 使膨 胀板剪式撑开， 并锚固在坚固层区域； 最后收紧螺母， 完成锚固作业。 该方法可有效实现锚 固 "扎根"， 锚固支护简单可靠， 同时可拆卸。
针对上述第三种应用方法， 为进一步提高锚固的永久性， 可在剪式膨胀锚杆锚固在坚固 层区域后实施灌浆或注浆，也就是对剪式膨胀锚杆实施高强预应力锚固后的灌浆或注浆锚固。
也可以采用带有注压膨胀管的剪式膨胀锚杆， 在剪式膨胀锚杆锚固在坚固层区域后， 对 注压膨胀管实施注压， 以实现剪式膨胀锚固和注压膨胀锚固相结合的锚固。
第四种应用方法， 用于简易锚固， 包括以下步骤： 先在锚固基体和被固定物上预钻孔； 将剪式膨胀锚杆穿入钻孔内； 旋进螺杆， 使膨胀板剪式撑开实现锚固。 本发明结构简单巧妙， 容易加工制造， 使用方便可靠， 加工成本低廉， 容易实现产业化， 通过膨胀板作剪式撑开， 撑开幅度大， 锚固力极强， 一种原理， 多种样式， 对锚固孔洞的精 度要求低， 可以自切削或自攻或扩底或锤击或静压， 可以重复使用， 还可以实现灌浆和注压， 最重要的是它彻底解决了锚杆的 "扎根" 问题， 它不仅用于矿山开采中的围岩支护， 还广泛 地适用于隧道、 护坡、 基坑、 水坝等工程中松动失稳层的锚固或加固以及公路、 铁路、 桥梁、 水利、 通讯、 军工、 建筑、 构筑、 钢构、 装修、 保温系统等工程中的锚固或固定， 还包括拓 展应用， 真正实现了剪式膨胀锚杆的安全可靠和通用价值。 附图说明
下面结合附图和具体实施例作进一步说明：
图 1是本发明实施例 1的正立面结构示意图；
图 2是本发明实施例 1的侧立面结构示意图；
图 3是图 2的 A-A剖面示意图；
图 4是本发明实施例 1剪式撑开状态下的结构示意图；
图 5是本发明所述螺杆的上端弧面部分通过镶嵌销嵌装在螺杆上的示意图；
图 6是本发明所述带有弧面端的镶嵌销结构示意图；
图 7是本发明实施例 2的正立面结构示意图；
图 8是本发明实施例 2的侧立面结构示意图；
图 9是本发明实施例 2在剪式撑开状态下的结构示意图；
图 10是本发明实施例 3的正立面结构示意图；
图 11是本发明实施例 3的侧立面结构示意图；
图 12是图 11的 B-B处剖面结构示意图；
图 13是图 11的 I处侧面局部放大结构示意图；
图 14是本发明实施例 3在剪式撑开状态下的结构示意图；
图 15是本发明的在螺杆上部设置锁舌腔的示意图；
图 16是本发明的带有限位凸头的膨胀板的形状示意图；
图 17是本发明的锁舌的轴测示意图；
图 18是本发明实施例 4结构示意图；
图 19是本发明实施例 5结构示意图；
图 20是本发明实施例 7的正立面结构示意图；
图 21是本发明实施例 7在撑开状态下的结构示意图；
图 22是本发明所述开口膨胀板示意图； 图 23是本发明的带耳螺母支座与铆轴连成整体的示意图；
图 24是本发明应用于支撑护栏锚固安装的结构示意图；
图 25是本发明应用于锚固支护巷道或隧道的实施方式一结构示意图；
图 26是本发明应用于锚固支护巷道或隧道的实施方式二结构示意图；
图 27是本发明应用于锚固支护巷道或隧道的实施式三结构示意图；
图 28是本发明所述带有注压膨胀管 47的螺杆结构示意图；
图 29是本发明所述单角膨胀板上带有活动支脚的收拢状态示意图；
图 30是本发明所述单角膨胀板上带有活动支脚的打开状态示意图；
图 31是本发明所述双角膨胀板上带有活动支脚的打开状态示意图；
图 32是本发明所述具有弹性缓冲作用的膨胀板的形状示意图；
图 33是本发明应用于建筑保温层或装饰层的锚固状态示意图；
图 34是图 10的 II处正面局部放大结构示意图；
图 35是本发明所述第二种自锁装置方案的结构示意图；
图 36是本发明锚固或锁定在锚固孔洞内的状态示意图；
图 37是本发明锚固或锁定在锚固孔洞外的状态示意图；
图 38是本发明的多个开口膨胀板嵌装在多轴带耳螺母支座上的撑开状态示意图； 图 39是本发明应用于基坑或护坡或坝体的锚固或加固支护状态示意图；
图 40是本发明的裤形膨胀板形状示意图。
图中： 1-膨胀板 2-铆轴 3-螺杆上端弧面 4-带耳螺母支座 5-螺杆 6-灌浆孔 7-托板 8-凸弧面 9-螺母 10-螺杆下端方头 11-凹弧面 12-出浆孔 13-限位台阶 14-过桥 15-异形膨胀板 16-镶嵌销 17-限位柱 18-钻头 19-凸起的竖斜面 20-限位 螺丝 21-螺丝沉孔 22-滑动弧面 23-锁舌腔 24-压簧 25-膨胀板上的限位凸头 26-带 螺纹过桥 27-膨胀板锚固端 28-限位异形膨胀板 29-锁舌 30-限位槽 31-回位弹簧 32-小滑动弧面 33-带钻头的过桥 34-靠壁 35-半球头 36-带轴的带耳螺母支座 37-镶 嵌螺母 38-链接螺杆 39-压盘 40-铆轴 41-开口膨胀板 42-安装孔 43-护栏 44-定 位螺母 45-地面 46-过桥底面 47-注压膨胀管 48-具有弹性缓冲功效的膨胀板 49-活 动支脚 50-松动层 51-塑性层 52-坚固层 53-锚固基体 54-保温层或装饰层 55-摆 动锁舌 56-侧压弹簧 57-棘齿槽 58-摆动锁舌腔 59-连接面 60-支撑板 61-连接螺 丝 62-锚固孔洞 63-被锚固物 64-锚固面 65-侧涨弹簧 66-六角螺栓 67- 多轴带耳 螺母支座 68-基坑或护坡或坝体 69-裤形膨胀板 A1-自锁装置。 具体实施方式
实施例 1
如图 1、 2、 4所示， 本发明包括一个带耳螺母支座 4及一个与带耳螺母支座 4匹配的螺 杆 5， 带耳螺母支座 4具有两个相对设置的支撑板， 支撑板上部设置铰接孔， 铰接孔内装设 铆轴 2; 两个膨胀板 1合并嵌装在带耳螺母支座 4的两个支撑板之间， 并通过铆轴 2与支撑 板铰接； 螺杆上端弧面 3与两个膨胀板 1的下端部斜面的内侧棱角接触， 旋进螺杆 5， 可使 其沿膨胀板 1的下端部斜面的内侧棱角， 推动两个膨胀板 1分别向外侧撑开。 这里的推动膨 胀板的受力点的分布是对称地落在螺杆端部弧面或半球头的直径线上的， 或者说两个膨胀板 相合并的合并面的投影线是落在螺杆端部弧面或半球头的直径线上的， 这样的推动或受力是 持续的且刚劲有力， 膨胀板侧向抵抗弯曲的能力极强， 这就要求两个膨胀板合并嵌装在带耳 螺母支座的两个支撑板之间的配合是紧密的动配合， 而不是什么任其自然、松松垮垮的东西。
如图 1、 2及 4所示， 在螺杆 5的下端套装有托板 7和螺母 9， 托板 7的边部向上翘曲， 其翘曲的程度应符合弹性缓冲的要求， 托板 7的底部向上隆起一个凹弧面 11， 螺母 9的上部 向上隆起一个凸弧面 8， 凹弧面 11和凸弧面 8的曲率相同。 这样一来， 当锚固基体表面稍不 垂直锚固孔洞时， 托板被螺母收紧后其托板周边也能紧贴锚固基体表面使其受力均匀。此外， 托板边部向上翘曲具有弹性缓冲效果并能与所述膨胀板的弹性缓冲效果相得益彰， 实现本发 明所述的锚固系统的动态平衡。
此外， 如果实施灌浆， 托板 7能起到良好的密封作用， 同时， 托板底部向上隆起的部分， 其中心孔洞部位设有沿螺杆外周面向上延伸的边壁，可以正好吻合地嵌在锚固孔洞的入口处， 锚杆的居中效果好， 灌浆锚固时的浆体能围绕锚杆周边均匀分布。 当然， 还可以在所述凹弧 面和凸弧面上分别设置防松花纹或齿。
为了满足灌浆锚固的需要， 如图 1、 2、 4及图 5所示， 螺杆 5的轴心位置沿轴向设置有 灌浆孔 6， 沿径向设置与灌浆孔 6连通的若干个出浆孔 12。 当朝上打孔灌浆或注浆锚固时， 还可以在螺杆上分段套装弹性封浆挡圈（图中未画出）， 如此可以将浆体的重量分摊到每个挡 圈上， 以防浆整体下塌上端漏空， 并在螺杆的下端增设一个密封盖 （图中未画出）。
同时， 为了满足注压锚固的需要， 作为替代方案， 如图 28所示， 也可以在螺杆 5的中段 固结注压膨胀管 47， 注压膨胀管 47两端的管壁稍薄或稍薄带褶皱， 在注压后的膨胀力道的 分布是呈 " *铃"状， 这样能自动夹紧或固定松动层。
如图 1、 2、 4所示， 在带耳螺母支座 4上的支撑板根部外侧分别设置限位台阶 13， 膨胀 板 1在未被撑开时其下端部斜面靠在限位台阶 13上， 不会向内转动。
如图 1、 2所示， 为了让螺杆上端弧面 3旋转推动两个膨胀板时的摩擦受力更为合理， 应 当注意的是： 左侧膨胀板反时针方向旋放并靠在限位台阶 13上、右侧膨胀板顺时针方向旋放 并靠在限位台阶 13上， 这样摆放的好处是当顺时针旋进螺杆 5时， 螺杆上端弧面 3与两个膨 胀板 1的下端斜面内侧棱角部位的接触推动是顺滑轻松的； 为了保证膨胀板的这种摆放以及 推动时的顺滑轻松， 如图 3所示， 在带耳螺母支座 4上的支撑板的内壁分别设置限位柱 17， 所述限位柱设置于膨胀板撑开方向的相对方向， 如此就不需要考虑如何摆放膨胀板了； 当然， 如果螺杆上的螺纹是反螺纹（反时针旋进螺杆）， 其限位柱的位置也应做出相应的调整； 这里 补充说明的是， 如果不设置本发明所述的限位台阶 13和限位柱 17， 则在加工制造本发明所 述的膨胀板 1时， 应当对膨胀板的下端斜面内侧棱角的部分给予适当的 R倒角， 这样也能避 免因摆放不当产生的摩擦阻力。
针对不同的锚固目的、锚固要求或用途的需要， 螺杆 5的下端可以是如图 1、 2及 4所示 的螺杆下端方头 10， 也可以是内六角或外六角头， 或吊环， 或挂钩， 或附加设置活接， 或符 合灌浆或注浆或注压的使用要求的形状。
另外， 可以通过放大或缩小带耳螺母支座 4上的两个支撑板之间的间距， 达到与嵌装其 内的膨胀板 1的厚度相吻合。 这里需要指出的是， 当缩小两个支撑板之间的间距时， 其间距 会小于与其匹配的螺杆 5的外径， 这时应当将干涉螺杆的部分剔去， 使得螺杆能够顺利旋进。 还可以通过加长或缩短两个支撑板的长度， 达到与嵌装其内的膨胀板的长度相吻合， 这里需 要指出的是， 膨胀板长度方向的两端到其上的铰接孔的距离可以是相等， 也可以是不相等。
此外， 螺杆上端弧面 3可设置棘齿， 通过棘齿与膨胀板的下端部斜面内侧棱角咬合实现 自锁； 所设置的棘齿尖的方向应与螺杆 5推进时的旋转方向相反。
如图 5、 6所示， 从加工的经济性出发， 可以将螺杆上端弧面 3部分单独进行加工， 再通 过镶嵌销 16与螺杆 5的上端联结，这里的镶嵌销 16与螺杆顶端弧面 3的部分是连成一体的， 可采用冷镦工艺； 当然， 当选用非金属材料制作螺杆时， 其顶端弧面部分仍然可以单独加工 并通过镶嵌销与螺杆上端联结。
为了使本发明的锚固效果更好， 特别是针对松软岩层或密实土壤上的锚固或锁定， 所述 膨胀板的上端部为角状且设有装配孔， 两个膨胀板的装配孔分别与另一对膨胀板铰接， 从而 形成更大深度的膨胀固结或锁定， 当然， 膨胀板与膨胀板之间可以多次串联铰接， 还可以在 串联铰接后的膨胀板的末端装设回位弹簧以方便拆卸。
实施例 2
如图 7、 8及 9所示， 本实施例与实施例 1基本相同， 区别在于， 为了适合更高强度的锚 固， 在带耳螺母支座 4的两个支撑板的上端部固结过桥 14， 使得两个支撑板更加稳固牢靠； 同时， 过桥 14为锥形， 其好处是可将本发明直接打入或压人较松软的锚固基体内， 集錾头功 能于一体， 包括可以在过桥的头部和侧面设置自攻螺牙。 当然， 过桥的上端面可以是弧形或 平形， 其端面上可以设置防滑花纹或齿。
如图 7、 8及 9所示， 嵌装在带耳螺母支座 4内的膨胀板变换为一端为弧形一端为斜角形 的异形膨胀板 15， 该异形膨胀板具有极强的撑开拱入和锁定抗拔能力， 当撑开拱入锚固孔壁 的异形膨胀板 15处在一个打开的"个"字形的工作状态时，其两个膨胀板具有倒拔自锁功能， 螺杆拧的越紧或越往外拉拔螺杆， 膨胀板打开的幅度越大， 膨胀板拱入锚固孔壁越深， 当达 到最大撑开状态时， 异形膨胀板 15的弧形端外侧中部是与过桥底面 46相抵靠的， 锚杆的工 作状态犹如一个 "T"字形， 其锚固或锁定抗拔能力达到最大。
实施例 3
如图 10、 11、 14所示， 本实施例与实施例 2基本相同， 区别在于： 为了使用更为方便， 省略预先打孔步骤， 在带耳螺母支座 4的上端部设置钻头 18， 钻头 18旋装在带螺纹过桥 26 上。 如此可将本发明通过自切削直接钻入锚固基体内。
同时， 为了方便钻头打孔与锚固撑开操作互不干扰， 在螺杆与带耳螺母支座的配合部位 设置自锁装置 Al。 具体提供两种结构方案：
第一种方案： 如图 12、 13及 34所示， 自锁装置 A1包括在螺杆 5的头部侧面设置的锁舌 腔 23， 锁舌腔 23内安装了锁舌 29和压簧 24， 锁舌 29上开有限位槽 30， 锁舌 29伸出端的 正面设有滑动弧面 22， 限位螺丝 20—端位于螺丝沉孔 21内， 一端穿过限位槽 30对锁舌 29 进出距离进行限位， 压簧 24设置在锁舌 29的后端部， 给锁舌 29—个向外的推力。 同时， 在 带耳螺母支座 4的内壁， 对应于自锁装置 A1的设置位置， 设置一凸起的竖斜面 19。 当螺杆 5 的头部右旋进入带耳螺母支座 4时， 锁舌 29上的滑动弧面 22旋滑进入带耳螺母支座 4内， 螺杆 5旋进一段距离后可正常推动膨胀板向外侧撑开， 这里所述的螺杆 5旋进一段距离是指 自凸起的竖斜面 19上端到膨胀板的下端这段距离， 这段距离为自由行程， 就是螺杆上端部包 括锁舌在这段距离的进出是既不顶开膨胀板， 也不自锁； 当压簧 24将锁舌 29顶出时， 将螺 杆 5左旋，锁舌 29伸出端的背面与设置于带耳螺母支座 4内壁上的凸起的竖斜面 19相抵靠， 使得带耳螺母支座 4与螺杆 5同步左旋。 就是说， 左旋螺杆 5， 锁舌 29伸出锁舌腔 23外并 锁定带耳螺母支座 4实现钻孔； 右旋螺杆 5， 锁舌 29被挤入锁舌腔 23内， 螺杆 5顶开膨胀 板实现锚固。
进一步来说， 如图 15所示， 螺杆 5的头部锁舌腔 23的前壁上设有螺丝沉孔 21， 螺丝沉 孔 21用于安装限位螺丝 20时， 限位螺丝 20的头部沉入其内； 如图 17所示， 锁舌 29上开有 限位槽 30， 将限位螺丝 20穿入限位槽 30内，控制锁舌在锁舌腔内的进出幅度； 锁舌正面设 有滑动弧面 22， 背面设有小滑动弧面 32， 这样一来， 锁舌 29的正面与凸起的竖斜面 19相靠 就会自锁， 锁舌 29的背面与凸起的竖斜面 19上端以外的部分相靠时就不会自锁， 以满足自 锁钻孔、 解锁锚固的结构要求， 同时配合如实施例 4所述的回位弹簧， 达到重复使用带有自 锁装置的本发明。
第二种方案： 如图 35所示， 螺杆 5上端部的两个侧面开有棘齿槽 57， 带耳螺母支座 4 上的两个支撑板 60的下端的连接面 59上设有摆动锁舌腔 58， 摆动锁舌 55嵌装在摆动锁舌 腔 58内， 并通过连接螺丝 61将其连接， 侧压弹簧 56给摆动锁舌一个向内的推力， 左旋螺杆 5， 摆动锁舌 55伸出并锁定在螺杆 5上端部的棘齿槽 57内， 进而达到螺杆与带耳螺母支座同 步转动并实现钻孔； 右旋螺杆 5， 摆动锁舌 55被挤入摆动锁舌腔 58内， 螺杆与带耳螺母支 座脱开， 螺杆 5顶开膨胀板实现锚固。
另外， 如图 16所示， 本实施例中的膨胀板为限位异形膨胀板 28， 限位异形膨胀板 28的 弧面端带有限位凸头 25。 限位凸头 25与过桥底面 46相抵靠时， 可限制限位异形膨胀板 28 向内转动。 根据锚固的使用要求， 可在异形膨胀板的外侧面上设置防滑花纹或齿， 并可对膨 胀板锚固端 27的部位进行热处理。
上面所述的左旋或右旋是根据锚固部位设定的， 一般来说， 对顶部实施锚固时采用左旋 较为方便顺手， 其他采用右旋。
实施例 4
如图 18所示， 本实施例与实施例 3基本相同， 区别在于： 为了重复使用， 在带耳螺母支 座 4的上端侧面设置装配螺孔， 在装配螺孔上安装回位弹簧 31， 回位弹簧的下端压在限位异 形膨胀板 28的外侧面。 同时， 配合自锁装置中的锁舌背面所设小滑动弧面， 通过回位弹簧收 拢被撑开的膨胀板， 实现剪式膨胀锚杆可拆卸。
实施例 5
如图 19所示， 本实施例与实施例 3基本相同， 区别在于直接将刀头嵌焊在带耳螺母支座 4的上端， 形成一个带钻头过桥 33。
实施例 6
如果对锚固孔洞的孔底有扩孔锚固要求， 可以在上述实施例 3- 5的基础上， 将所述膨胀 板的外侧面做成具有切削功能的刀口形状。 当加快螺杆的反向旋转速度时， 两个膨胀板由于 受到强力的离心力的作用， 膨胀板向两侧甩开， 在甩开的同时膨胀板外侧面的刀口对着锚固 孔底部位的侧壁进行切削， 从而实现了对锚固孔底的自扩孔， 这样一来， 被螺杆顶开的膨胀 板是锁定或锚固在扩孔区域， 强化了膨胀板的 "扎根"效果， 对于永久性的或更高标准的锚 固工程是值得这样做的。 当然， 还可以再对其实施灌浆或注浆或注压。
实施例 7 如图 20、 21所示， 本实施例是本发明的简易结构。 如图 23所示， 将铆轴 40与带耳螺母 支座 36做成整体， 铆轴 40可以不居中， 偏向左侧， 带耳螺母支座的右侧设有靠壁 34， 若使 用高强塑料制作带耳螺母支座 36，可以设置一个金属螺母 37固结在带耳螺母支座 36的底部; 同时将嵌装其内的膨胀板， 设计为如图 22所示的单片的开口膨胀板 41， 将膨胀板上的铰接 孔做成开口形状， 开口膨胀板 41的开口处与铆轴 40为过盈配合， 开口膨胀板 41的外侧面上 设置防滑齿。 装配膨胀板时只需将开口对着铆轴适当施压就能实现组装， 组装后的膨胀板左 侧斜面抵靠在靠壁 34的上端部以限制膨胀板向内转动，连接螺杆 38的顶端部设有半球头 35， 下端套有压盘 39， 连接螺杆 38的底端部设有代替收紧螺母的安装沉头。 当连接螺杆头部旋 进带耳螺母支座 36时， 靠壁 34抵靠着螺杆头部使其沿轴线同轴向移动， 并推动膨胀板 41的 斜面使其向一侧撑开， 从而达到了简化本发明的目的。
实施例 8
如图 38所示， 可以在实施例 7的基础上， 将单片的开口膨胀板 41变换为多片， 多个铆 轴 40均布在多轴带耳螺母支座 67的周边， 单片的开口膨胀板分别安装在对应的铆轴 40上， 当六角螺栓 66头部旋进多轴带耳螺母支座 67内并顶开多个开口膨胀板时， 多个膨胀板向四 周外侧撑开， 进而实现多个膨胀板锚固在孔壁四周； 这里还需要补充说明的是， 六角螺栓上 端部半球头可以做成平头， 因为该头部是与膨胀板的斜面相抵靠， 而不是与棱角相抵靠。
此外， 如图 29、 30和 31所示， 为了适合松软锚固基体的锚固， 上述实施例中， 均可以 在所述膨胀板 1或限位异形膨胀板 28的锚固端铰接一种能增大受力面的活动支脚 49， 在活 动支脚的锚固面上设置防滑花纹或齿， 或固结柔性抗压防滑耐磨材料。
为了使膨胀件在剪式撑开后与稳态坚固层具有弹性固结或锁定的效果，可以将膨胀板的 锚固端 （段） 做成具有弹性缓冲功效的形状， 并可对其热处理 （对于稳态坚固层， 弹性膨胀 比刚性膨胀的锁合效果更好）， 还可以在该弹性锚固面上设置防滑花纹或齿， 或固结柔性抗压 防滑耐磨材料， 其弹性锚固面的横向曲率应当与锚固孔壁的曲率相近。 这里所述的具有弹性 缓冲功效的形状， 即如图 32所示， 就是将所述膨胀板的斜面做成凹或凸弧面， 将所述锚固端 (段） 的锚固面做成渐开式的凹或凸弧面， 斜面与锚固面的凹与凸的方向一致。
这里需要进一步说明的是， 所述具有弹性缓冲功效， 一方面是指推动件推进时， 膨胀件 撑开的力道是弹性递增的， 这样就不会因为过强的膨胀力而使得稳态坚固层受损， 另一方面 是指膨胀锚固后的工作状态也是处于弹性的， 这样当锚固区域发生蠕动时， 通过膨胀件和收 紧件的共同弹性缓冲， 实现了锚杆与锚固基体的自适应、 以及锚杆与锚杆与锚固基体相互之 间 （锚固系统） 的动态平衡， 使得锚固效果处于最佳状态， 同时还能提前预警和避免发生脆 性坍塌。 为了降低成本， 还可以将本发明所述的膨胀板变换成如图 40所示的裤形膨胀板， 裤形膨 胀板 69包括两个在上端部相连的角形膨胀板， 所述上端相连部分上设置有开口铰接孔， 相连 部分在高度方向应逐渐变薄， 并具有弹性， 方便拆卸。
本发明具有极其广泛的用途和应用领域。 现就其应用， 举例以下应用实例：
应用实例 1
如图 24所示， 本发明可以作为高速公路和高速铁路的护栏立柱， 只需要在螺杆 5上预留 安装护栏的安装孔 42， 通过电钻将本发明直接钻入或压入地面 45内， 收紧螺杆 5和螺母 44， 之后将护栏 43与螺杆 5用链接螺栓链接即可， 省时省事， 安装效率显著。
应用实例 2
如图 39所示， 是将本发明用于基坑或护坡或坝体的锚固或加固支护示意图， 锚杆通过电 钻将本发明直接钻入或压入锚固基体 68内， 限位异形膨胀板 28剪式撑开并锚固或锁定在锚 固基体的密实坚固区域， 收紧螺母 9， 就完成了本发明的锚固或加固施工； 这里补充说明的 是， 锚固基体为密实的土壤时， 可以将限位异形膨胀板 28做成加长型的， 强调"扎根"效果。 应用实例 3
如图 25、 26、 27所示， 将本发明应用于矿山开采中的围岩支护锚固， 锚固支护巷道或隧 道， 具体为：
方法之一， 如图 25所示， 锚杆通过钻头 18自切削直接钻入松动层 50、 塑性层 51、 坚固 层 52， 限位异形膨胀板 28剪式撑开并锚固或锁定在坚固层 52的区域， 就是本发明所述的锚 杆头部是 "扎根"在坚固层的， 收紧螺母 9， 就完成了本发明的锚固施工。
方法之二， 如图 26所示， 是将本发明用于锚固支护巷道或隧道， 同时实施灌浆或注浆， 灌浆孔 55通过钻头 18直接成孔， 锚杆穿过松动层 50、 塑性层 51、 坚固层 52， 限位异形膨 胀板 28剪式撑开并锚固或锁定在坚固层 52的区域， 收紧螺母 9， 之后对其实施灌浆或注浆， 实现了本发明的高强预应力锚固后的灌浆或注浆锚固。
方法之三， 如图 27所示， 将带有注压膨胀管 47的本发明用于锚固巷道或隧道的断面示 意， 仍然是由钻头 18直接成孔， 锚杆穿过松动层 50、 塑性层 51、 坚固层 52， 膨胀板 28剪 式撑开并锚固或锁定在坚固层 52的区域， 收紧螺母 9， 之后对注压膨胀管 47实施注压， 实 现了剪式膨胀锚固和注压膨胀锚固相结合的锚固。
方法之四， 在上述三种方法的基础上， 分别增加膨胀板自扩孔步骤。 即： 在钻孔完成后， 在剪式膨胀锚杆直接通过钻头自切削直接钻至坚固层后， 在该锚固位置加快旋转， 使剪式膨 胀锚杆的膨胀板在离心力的作用下向两侧甩开， 膨胀板外侧面的刀口对着锚固孔底部位的侧 壁进行切削， 对锚固孔底进行自扩孔。 应用实例 4
如图 33 所示， 将简化的本发明应用于建筑保温层或装饰层的锚固安装。 先在锚固基体 53和被固定的保温层 54上预钻孔， 将带有带轴的带耳螺母支座 36的链接螺杆 38穿入钻孔 内， 压盘 39预先套装在链接螺杆 38上， 旋进链接螺杆 38， 使铰接于带轴的带耳螺母支座 36 内的开口膨胀板 41向外撑开， 收紧螺杆 38， 锚固安装完毕。
应用实例 5
如图 36所示， 是本发明应用在锚固孔洞 62内的状态示意， 旋动方头 10， 异形膨胀板 15 撑开并锚固或锁定在锚固孔洞 62的孔壁上， 收紧螺母 9， 被锚固物 63被固定在锚固基体 53 的锚固面 64上。
应用实例 6
如图 37所示，是本发明应用在锚固孔洞 64为通孔的状态示意，快速旋动螺杆或方头 10， 异形膨胀板 15就能撑开并贴合或锁定在锚固孔洞 62外的锚固面 64上， 异形膨胀板 15的外 侧上部抵靠在过桥 14的底面 46上， 收紧螺母 9， 被锚固物 63被固定在锚固基体 53的锚固 面 64上， 这里还可以设置一对侧涨弹簧 65， 使得异形膨胀板 15能自动打开。
在拓展应用方面， 可以将本发明做成建筑物或构筑物用的巨型规格（地桩）， 这种规格的 膨胀板剪式撑开后的刚度及开度很大， 进而产生巨大的抗拔力和抗压力； 还可以将本发明做 成小型或微型规格以满足家具、 电器、 饰品、 灯具、 厨具、 医疗等的使用； 还可以将本发明 当作桥梁、 电力、 通讯、 探头 （柱、 杆、 塔） 等的柱基使用， 包括固定各种机械设备； 还可 以将多个本发明并联或串联起来应用， 这里的并联或串联是通过支撑骨架构建起来的， 支撑 骨架可以是任何形状； 还可以将本发明与拉压力传感器链接起来实现实时监控， 总之， 通过 本发明的原理可以派生出多种规格或样式以满足多种用途的需要， 限于篇幅， 这里就不一一 赘述。
值得一提的是： 无论怎样组合应用， 无论采用什么材料和工艺制造本发明产品， 都必须 对其做抗拉、 抗剪及抗拔检验， 在实际应用中， 应当依据本发明的力学参数， 不能单凭传统 锚杆的锚固经验或现有教科书上的东西， 因为本发明的锚杆性能或锚固效果及应用范围已经 不是传统意义上的东西了。

Claims

权利要求书
1.一种剪式膨胀锚杆， 包括上部铰接有膨胀板的带耳螺母支座， 以及与带耳螺母支座匹 配的螺杆， 其特征在于： 所述螺杆的顶端部为弧面或半球头， 所述螺杆的顶端部弧面或半球 头与膨胀板下端部斜面的内侧棱角接触， 旋转螺杆可使其沿膨胀板下端部斜面的内侧棱角直 接推动膨胀板向外侧作剪式撑开；在所述螺杆的下端套装有一个托板和一个与之配套的螺母， 托板底部设的一个凹弧面， 所述螺母上部设有与托板底部凹弧面相适配的凸弧面。
2.根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 托板凹弧面上的中心孔洞部位设 有沿螺杆外周面向上延伸的边壁； 所述托板的边部向上翘曲。
3. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 在所述螺杆的内部沿轴向设置灌 浆孔， 在螺杆外围设置若干出浆孔。
4. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆，其特征在于：所述螺杆的中段固结注压膨胀管， 注压膨胀管两端的管壁稍薄或稍薄带褶皱。
5. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 在带耳螺母支座的支撑板的内壁 分别设置限位柱， 所述限位柱设置于膨胀板撑开方向的相对方向。
6. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 在膨胀板的下端斜面内侧棱角设 置为 R倒角。
7. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 所述膨胀板的下端部斜面替换为 凹弧面或凸弧面， 同时将所述膨胀板的的锚固面设置为对应的凹弧面或凸弧面， 形成具有弹 性的锚固端或锚固段， 该弹性锚固面的横向曲率与锚固孔壁的曲率相近。
8. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 所述膨胀板为裤形膨胀板， 该裤 形膨胀板包括两个在上端部相连的角形膨胀板， 所述上端相连部分上设置有开口铰接孔， 相 连部分在高度方向应逐渐变薄， 并具有弹性。
9. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 所述膨胀板的锚固端设置有增大 锚固面的活动支脚。
10. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 在带耳螺母支座的两个支撑板 的上端部固结过桥； 同时， 嵌装在带耳螺母支座内的膨胀板为一端为弧形一端为斜角形的异 形膨胀板， 该异形膨胀板在最大撑开状态时， 其弧形端外侧中部抵靠在过桥的底面； 所述异 形膨胀板的弧面端设置有限位凸头， 该限位凸头与过桥底面相靠时， 限制异形膨胀板向内转 动； 在该异形膨胀板的外侧面上设置防滑花纹或齿， 或设置为具有切削功能的刀口形状。
11. 根据权利要求 1所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 在带耳螺母支座的两个支撑板 的上端部固结过桥， 在带耳螺母支座的上端部设置钻头， 所述钻头与过桥连接， 或直接将刀 头嵌焊在带耳螺母支座的上端， 形成一个带钻头过桥； 在螺杆与带耳螺母支座的配合部位设 置自锁装置。
12. 根据权利要求 11所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 所述自锁装置包括在螺杆的上 部侧面设置的锁舌腔， 锁舌腔内安装锁舌和压簧， 压簧设置在锁舌的后端部， 锁舌伸出端的 正面设有滑动弧面， 锁舌中部上开有限位槽， 限位螺丝穿过限位槽对锁舌进出距离进行限位; 同时， 在带耳螺母支座的内壁， 对应于自锁装置的设置位置， 设置一凸起的竖斜面； 当螺杆 正向旋转进入带耳螺母支座时， 锁舌上的滑动弧面旋被顺向滑进入带耳螺母支座内， 螺杆正 常推动膨胀板向外侧撑开； 当螺杆反向旋转， 压簧将锁舌顶出， 锁舌伸出端的背面与设置于 带耳螺母支座内壁上的凸起的竖斜面相抵靠， 使得带耳螺母支座与螺杆同步反向旋转实现钻 孔。
13. 根据权利要求 12所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 在带耳螺母支座的上端侧面设 置装配螺孔， 在装配螺孔上安装回位弹簧， 回位弹簧的下端压在膨胀板的外侧面， 同时锁舌 的背面设有小滑动弧面， 凸起的竖斜面上端至未撑开状态下的膨胀板的下端之间设有间距， 使锁舌与凸起的竖斜面上端以外的部分相靠时不会自锁， 通过回位弹簧将膨胀板恢复原位。
14. 根据权利要求 11所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 所述自锁装置包括， 在螺杆上 端部的两个侧面设有棘齿槽， 带耳螺母支座的两个支撑板的下端连接面上设有摆动锁舌腔， 摆动锁舌嵌装在摆动锁舌腔内， 设置于其侧部的侧压弹簧给摆动锁舌一个向内的推力； 反旋 螺杆， 摆动锁舌伸出并锁定在螺杆上端部的棘齿槽内， 使螺杆与带耳螺母支座同步转动并实 现钻孔； 正旋螺杆， 摆动锁舌被挤入摆动锁舌腔内， 螺杆与带耳螺母支座脱开， 螺杆顶开膨 胀板实现锚固。
15. 根据权利要求 1 所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 用于铰接膨胀板的铆轴与带耳 螺母支座上部为整体， 铆轴偏向一侧设置， 带耳螺母支座的另一侧设有靠壁， 嵌装其内的膨 胀板为单片的开口膨胀板， 该开口膨胀板上的铰接孔为开口形状， 开口膨胀板的铰接孔开口 处与铆轴过盈配合，开口膨胀板的内侧斜面抵靠在靠壁的上端部以限制开口膨胀板向内转动， 同时， 所述螺杆的顶端部设有半球头， 底端部设有安装沉头代替收紧螺母， 螺杆的下端套有 压盘代替托板， 压盘底面设有与安装沉头匹配的凹面； 当螺杆头部旋进带耳螺母支座时， 靠 壁抵靠着螺杆头部使其沿轴线同轴向移动， 并推动膨胀板的内侧斜面使其向外侧撑开。
16. 根据权利要求 15所述的剪式膨胀锚杆， 其特征在于： 多个铰接膨胀板的铆轴均布在 带耳螺母支座的周边， 单片的开口膨胀板分别安装在对应的铆轴上， 当螺杆头部旋进带耳螺 母支座内， 同时顶开多个开口膨胀板， 多个膨胀板同时向四周外侧撑开。
17.—种剪式膨胀锚杆的应用方法， 用于护栏立柱， 其特征在于， 包括以下步骤： 在螺杆 上预留安装护栏的安装孔； 在地面预钻锚固孔并将剪式膨胀锚杆插入锚固孔， 或直接将剪式 膨胀锚杆钻入或压入地面内； 旋进螺杆， 使膨胀板剪式撑开； 收紧螺杆上的螺母， 将剪式膨 胀锚杆锚固在地面上； 将护栏与螺杆用连接螺栓连接。
18. 一种剪式膨胀锚杆的应用方法， 用于锚固支护巷道或隧道或矿山开采中的围岩， 其 锚固层包括松动层、 塑性层及坚固层， 其特征在于， 包括以下步骤： 在锚固层预钻锚固孔并 将剪式膨胀锚杆插入锚固孔， 或剪式膨胀锚杆直接通过钻头自切削直接钻入松动层、 塑性层 直至坚固层； 旋进螺杆， 使膨胀板剪式撑开， 并锚固在坚固层区域； 最后收紧螺母， 完成锚 固作业。
19. 根据权利要求 18所述的剪式膨胀锚杆的应用方法， 其特征在于： 在剪式膨胀锚杆直 接通过钻头自切削直接钻至坚固层后， 在该锚固位置加强旋转， 使剪式膨胀锚杆上的膨胀板 在离心力的作用下向两侧甩开， 膨胀板外侧面的刀口对着锚固孔底部位的侧壁进行切削， 对 锚固孔底进行自扩孔。
20. 根据权利要求 18或 19所述的剪式膨胀锚杆的应用方法， 其特征在于： 采用带有注 压膨胀管的剪式膨胀锚杆， 在剪式膨胀锚杆锚固在坚固层区域后， 对注压膨胀管实施注压。
21. 一种剪式膨胀锚杆的应用方法， 用于基坑或护坡或坝体的锚固或加固支护， 其特征 在于， 在锚固基体上预钻锚固孔并将剪式膨胀锚杆插入锚固孔内， 或剪式膨胀锚杆直接通过 钻头自切削直接钻入或压入锚固基体内， 使膨胀板剪式撑开并锚固或锁定在锚固基体的密实 坚固区域， 收紧螺母。
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