WO2014115562A1 - 多能性幹細胞由来細胞による3次元人工組織の作成とそれを用いた骨軟骨再生治療 - Google Patents
多能性幹細胞由来細胞による3次元人工組織の作成とそれを用いた骨軟骨再生治療 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of regenerative medicine. More specifically, the present invention relates to a three-dimensional artificial tissue with improved therapeutic effect and a method for using the same.
- the artificial tissue of the present invention has a biological binding ability and has a remarkable effect in the treatment of osteochondral damage.
- the present inventors have also worked on the development of regenerative treatment in the musculoskeletal tissue and circulatory tissue regions, and have reported a combined method of cell transplantation and growth factors, and a tissue transplant regeneration method by tissue engineering.
- a tissue transplant regeneration method by tissue engineering.
- it is urgently and most important to secure an autologous cell source.
- Many cells of musculoskeletal tissues have high self-repairing ability, and the presence of cells having functions as stem cells has been reported.
- Osteoarthritis is a common disease that causes joint pain, joint deformity and dysfunction, and has spread to hundreds of millions of people worldwide [Non-Patent Document 1].
- Clinical options for OA treatment include total joint replacement, osteotomy and osteochondral transplant, depending on the degree of joint destruction.
- tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches have recently been explored.
- Non-Patent Document 2 a cell sheet engineering technique using a temperature-sensitive culture dish by the group of Okano is representative as a cell transplantation method, and has received international evaluation as an original technique. Yes.
- this cell sheet technology is used, a single sheet is often fragile, and in order to obtain a strength that can withstand surgical operations such as transplantation, it has been necessary to devise operations such as overlapping sheets. .
- Non-Patent Documents 2 to 4 No implantable artificial tissue has been produced.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 it is reported that cells are cultured on a semipermeable membrane using an alginate gel, but this tissue has poor integrity with an extracellular matrix and is scaffold-free. Rather, it is not self-organized, has no self-supporting ability, has no ability to induce differentiation, and has lost its morphological plasticity in the sense of three-dimensionality. In that sense, it is not a preferable organization.
- Patent Document 3 a technology that does not use a scaffold, which has been regarded as important in terms of side effects in transplantation medicine, and filed a patent application.
- Non-Patent Document 5 It has also been reported that mesenchymal stem cells are efficiently induced using a technique (Non-Patent Document 5) that induces differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ES cells) under hypoxia.
- the present invention relates to an artificial tissue having a property that organization is advanced by culturing cells under a specific culture condition of culturing in a medium containing an extracellular matrix production promoting factor, and the tissue is easily detached from a culture dish.
- the cells were improved and mesenchymal stem cells derived from pluripotent stem cells (inducible mesenchymal stem cells) were used, they were found to have significantly improved therapeutic results. provide.
- the present invention finds a preferred artificial tissue (composite tissue) aspect in osteochondral disease, and provides a novel material based on the findings.
- the artificial tissue or composite tissue provided by the present invention does not require a scaffold, is self-supporting, can be easily three-dimensionalized, has morphological plasticity, and has the ability to biologically adhere to the surroundings. It has excellent properties such as differentiation-inducing ability and is effective in replacement therapy and in a treatment method for covering a damaged site. According to the present invention, the fusion of the damaged site is further improved as compared with the conventional artificial tissue, the treatment period is dramatically shortened, ossification is reduced, and a more natural healing in terms of cartilage formation and the like. The treatment results are also very good.
- the artificial tissue or composite tissue of the present invention can be constructed into various shapes, and has sufficient strength so that a surgical operation such as implantation is easy.
- a surgical operation such as implantation is easy.
- 10 6 to 10 8 Individual and a large amount of cells can be easily and reliably supplied locally in the manner of tissue transplantation.
- the matrix is rich in cell adhesion factors such as collagen (for example, type I, type III), fibronectin, vitronectin and the like. In particular, this cell adhesion factor is integrated through this matrix.
- the artificial tissue or composite tissue of the present invention is very excellent in biological adhesion with the surrounding of the transplant, and the artificial tissue or composite tissue and the transplant destination tissue are biologically united in a very short time.
- the present invention particularly regenerates bone where the periosteum and bone cortex are both difficult to treat, and partial layer cartilage damage that does not reach the subchondral bone, and half-moon of avascular area or poor circulation, It is possible to develop treatments for injuries such as tendons, ligaments, intervertebral discs, and myocardium. Furthermore, the treatment results are significantly improved, and patient compliance in the clinic is improved.
- the inventors have previously described a scaffold-independent three-dimensional artificial tissue derived from synovial mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for the purpose of repairing articular cartilage (herein referred to simply as “somatic three-dimensional”).
- MSC synovial mesenchymal stem cells
- TEC tissue engineered construct
- the present inventors have compared pluripotent stem cells (for example, embryonic stem cells (ES cells), inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), etc.) to the somatic three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC).
- -Derived mesenchymal stem cells also referred to herein as “inducible” mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
- ES-MSCs those derived from ES cells
- iPS-MSCs those derived from iPS cells
- 3D (chemical) artificial tissue also referred to herein as “inducible” (MSC)
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- the present inventors have previously developed a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) derived from somatic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) (in this specification, somatic (MSC) ( ⁇ ) three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC)). Have also been applied to cell therapy for cartilage regeneration.
- this 3D artificial tissue can be easily combined with an artificial bone ( ⁇ -TCP, Hydroxyapatite) widely used for bone regeneration treatment, this 3D artificial tissue / artificial bone complex can be used for bone cartilage regeneration.
- ⁇ -TCP artificial bone
- Hydroxyapatite Hydroxyapatite
- somatic MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue involves invasion / injury of the donor (tissue collection) site, so there are problems such as compliance, cell proliferation is limited (quantitative problem), and further, it is accompanied by culture Because of the reduced ability to differentiate cartilage (decreased function, qualitative problem), somatic three-dimensional artificial tissues have limited treatment.
- the inductive MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention has successfully overcome this.
- induction-type MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue unexpectedly promotes cartilage formation (differentiation) ability, and it was also found that ossification can be suppressed in osteochondral treatment. Further, in the inductive MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue, the therapeutic results were improved so as not to be obtained with the somatic MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- Inductive MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissues include cell markers that have not been observed in somatic MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissues, particularly bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A (BMPR1A) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2). It was understood that expression was significantly increased.
- BMPR1A bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A
- BMPR2 bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2
- the inductive MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue has a very renewed ability to form cartilage via the BMP receptor as compared with the somatic MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- induced MSC-three-dimensional artificial tissue has hyaline cartilage-like cartilage differentiation ability.
- ES ⁇ mesenchymal stem cells
- Non-Patent Document 5 mesenchymal stem cells (ES ⁇ ) efficiently induced using a technique (Non-Patent Document 5) for inducing differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ES cells) under hypoxia.
- ES-TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- RT / PCR quantitative RT / PCR showed that collagen type 2 was about 10 times the expression level and very high cartilage differentiation ability.
- a cell sheet is produced by high-density planar culture in which the induced three-dimensional artificial tissue (for example, ES-MSC) of the present invention is added with ascorbic acid, and shear stress is applied. It can be peeled off from the bottom of the culture dish to make it three-dimensional.
- 3D artificial tissue inductive MSC-TEC
- which expressed many adhesion molecules such as fibronectin easily forms a complex with artificial bone. It can be applied to osteochondral regeneration treatment as an artificial bone complex.
- the inventors created osteochondral defects in the interfemoral condyles of a rabbit with a mature skeleton under anesthesia.
- induced MSC mesenchymal stem cells
- pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ES cells) or inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
- ES cells embryonic stem cells
- iPS cells inducible pluripotent stem cells
- the 3D artificial tissue immediately bonded onto the HA block, resulting in a composite with sufficient strength to withstand surgical implantation.
- Osteochondral defects treated with this composite tissue show an earlier repair response of subchondral bone and cartilage with better biological healing with adjacent cartilage compared to HA alone. Indicated.
- stiffness equal to normal osteochondral tissue was restored.
- the present inventors have demonstrated that the composite tissue (hybrid graft) of the present invention significantly improves osteochondral repair both histologically and biomechanically.
- early repair of the subchondral bone, as well as reliable and good tissue biological healing to adjacent host tissue can ensure long-term durability.
- three-dimensional artificial tissue is scaffold independent, it does not contain animal or chemical derived materials, and HA is also widely used clinically. Therefore, the hybrid material by the inventors is suitable for efficient and safe repair of osteochondral damage.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention is notable because the three-dimensional artificial tissue can be developed without an exogenous scaffold, so that transplantation of the three-dimensional artificial tissue can be performed by using an artificial object contained in the scaffold or an exogenous living body. The risk of potential side effects induced by the substance is minimized. Furthermore, an important biological feature of a three-dimensional artificial tissue is its tissue adhesion. This property contributes to the rapid and reliable adhesion of the three-dimensional artificial tissue to the artificial bone. Therefore, hybrid grafts consisting of three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone can be made quickly and easily and may be suitable for repair of clinically relevant osteochondral lesions.
- the effect of the present invention was confirmed by examining the effectiveness of a hybrid graft of TEC and artificial bone using a rabbit osteochondral defect model in one embodiment.
- the present invention also adds a medium (DMEM, ⁇ MEM, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), etc.) that is more eutrophic instead of a medium conventionally considered suitable for MSC (eg, ⁇ MEM).
- DMEM fetal calf serum
- ⁇ MEM basic fibroblast growth factor
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- TEC cartilage differentiation was marked in 3 weeks in a medium containing 1% ITS (insulin-transferrin-selenous acid) + 0.2 mM ascorbic acid diphosphate and 200 ng / ml rhBMP-2) in DMEM. The effect was shown. Evaluation was made by macroscopic macroscopic observation. When evaluated by GAG content, collagen content (hydroxyproline assay), tissue observation, immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative RT-PCR, etc., all showed remarkable effects.
- the present invention provides the following.
- ⁇ Induction TEC itself>
- a transplantable artificial tissue substantially composed of a mesenchymal stem cell derived from a pluripotent stem cell or an equivalent cell thereof, and an extracellular matrix derived from the cell.
- Item 2 The artificial tissue according to Item 1, which is expressed more than the stem cell.
- the artificial tissue according to item 1 or 2 wherein the artificial tissue has enhanced cartilage differentiation ability compared to somatic mesenchymal stem cells obtained from within the body.
- the artificial tissue according to any one of items 1 to 4 wherein the extracellular matrix contains collagen I and / or collagen III, and the amount of collagen I and / or collagen III is greater than that of collagen II.
- the mesenchymal stem cell or an equivalent cell thereof is obtained by suspending the pluripotent stem cell to form an embryoid body and culturing the embryoid body under 1% oxygen conditions.
- the described artificial tissue ⁇ New three-dimensional artificial tissue composite tissue> (8) A composite tissue comprising an artificial tissue according to any one of items 1 to 7 or 7A and an artificial bone for treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition associated with osteochondral defect, The composite tissue, wherein the bone is smaller in size than the depth of the bone defect in the osteochondral defect. (9) The composite tissue according to item 8, wherein the total length of the artificial bone and the length of the three-dimensional artificial tissue is substantially the same as the depth of the osteochondral defect.
- a method for producing an artificial tissue according to any one of items 1 to 7 or 7A comprises: A) from myoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, adipocytes, synoviocytes, and bone marrow cells Providing a cell selected from the group consisting of mesenchymal stem cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or equivalent cells thereof; B) ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid diphosphate or a derivative thereof or a derivative thereof; Placing the cell culture medium containing a factor selected from a salt into a container having a base area sufficient to accommodate a desired artificial tissue size; C) placing the cells in the container with the factor Culturing for a time sufficient to form an artificial tissue having the desired size with the cell culture medium containing the cells to make the cells an artificial tissue; D) peeling the artificial tissue from the container, Artificial tissue selfshrinking, wherein the autocontraction is (a) at least one component selected from the group consisting of sugars, vitamins, etc.
- ES cells are totipotent stem cells with infinite proliferation. If safety is ensured, ES-TEC can be stably supplied as a tissue regeneration engineering product. It is considered big.
- the subchondral bone also has coexisting injury and subsequent secondary degeneration.
- the affected area extends from cartilage to bone.
- the ES-TEC / artificial bone composite can be expected to have a speed, a stable and excellent therapeutic effect that cannot be realized by conventional techniques as a cell transplantation treatment for these osteochondral lesions.
- FIG. 1 shows a comparison of MSC taken from rabbit synovium (left) and MSC derived from ES cells (ESC-MSC; right).
- ESC-MSC has self-renewal capacity and cell surface antigens are also MSC characteristic (eg, PDFGR ⁇ + , CD105 + and CD271 + ), osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipose. It was original.
- FIG. 2 shows a comparison with a cell sheet (left) and a TEC derived from an ES cell which is an example of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows enhanced production of extracellular matrix (collagen) by addition of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate.
- the upper left shows the difference in tissue fragments with and without ascorbic acid diphosphate
- the upper right shows the difference in tissue appearance with and without ascorbic acid diphosphate (the upper part shows no addition of ascorbic acid diphosphate, the lower part Ascorbic acid diphosphate added).
- the lower left column shows the difference in volume (left column) and weight (right column) with and without ascorbic acid diphosphate.
- the two on the left side of the graph are without ascorbic acid diphosphate addition, and the two on the right side are with ascorbic acid diphosphate addition.
- the y-axis indicates volume ⁇ l / weight mg.
- the lower right is a comparison of the amount of hydroxyproline with and without ascorbic acid diphosphate.
- FIG. 4 shows a comparison of monolayer culture generated with ES cells and three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC), which is a representative example of the present invention (before cartilage differentiation).
- the upper row shows the results of monolayer culture, and the lower row shows the results of TEC. From the left, the results of FITC immunofluorescence analysis of H & E staining, collagen 1, collagen 2, and fibronectin are shown.
- FIG. 5 shows that a hyaline cartilage-like tissue is formed by cartilage differentiation of a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FIG. 6 shows that three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, is significantly more glycosaminoglycan (FIG. 6) than conventional three-dimensional artificial tissue. GAG) is generated.
- the left side shows a three-dimensional artificial tissue derived from synovium
- the right side shows a three-dimensional artificial tissue produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention.
- the left side is without cartilage differentiation induction
- the right side is with cartilage differentiation induction.
- p ⁇ 0.05 indicates a statistical advantage. Standard deviation is indicated by a bar.
- FIG. 7 shows FITC immunofluorescence analysis showing that a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, has a hyaline cartilage-like phenotype when cartilage-differentiated.
- the left shows Alcian blue staining, the second from the left shows collagen 1a1, the second from the right shows collagen 2a1, and the leftmost shows a negative control.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FIG. 8 shows the pattern of gene expression before and after induction of cartilage differentiation in a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, which is 10-20 times that of somatic TEC. It shows that expression of a cartilage-related gene is observed.
- Sy-TEC indicates TEC derived from synovial MSC.
- ES-TEC indicates TEC derived from ES cell-derived MSC.
- Hyalin Cartilage is hyaline cartilage-like. No Introduction indicates no guidance. Chondrogenisis indicates after stimulation of cartilage differentiation. p ⁇ 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
- the y-axis indicates the relative expression intensity.
- FIG. 9 shows the result of treating a bone defect using a composite tissue in which a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, is combined with ⁇ TCP.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FIG. 10 shows the results of treatment of bone defects using a composite tissue in which a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, is combined with ⁇ TCP. (Derived from membrane) The results of hematoxylin and eosin staining compared with TEC are shown.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FIG. 11 shows the result of treating a bone defect using a composite tissue obtained by combining three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, with ⁇ TCP after 2 months. It is the result (toluidine blue dyeing
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FIG. 12 shows that, in a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, the expression of BMP receptor is higher than that of somatic (synovial derived) TEC and synovial MSC. Significantly higher.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- Syn-MSCs represents synovial MSC itself
- Syn-TEC represents synovial TEC
- ES-MSC represents TEC produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention.
- the left side shows BMPR1A which is one of BMP receptors
- the right side shows BMPR2 which is another BMP receptor.
- the y-axis indicates the ratio of increase in expression of each marker relative to before differentiation induction.
- FIG. 13 shows the increase ratio of GAG (glycosaminoglycan) after induction of differentiation in vitro.
- synovial membrane-derived three-dimensional artificial tissue (Syn-TEC), MSC prepared from ES cells, three-dimensional artificial organization with ⁇ MEM (ES-aMEM), MSC prepared from ES cells three-dimensionally with DMEM
- An artificial tissue (ES-DMEM) and an MSC prepared from ES cells three-dimensional artificial tissue with ⁇ MEM + bFGF (ES-aMEM + bFGF) are shown.
- the y-axis shows the increase ratio of GAG relative to before differentiation induction.
- FIG. 14 shows the in vivo chondrogenic capacity 4 weeks after transplantation (toluidine blue staining).
- FIG. 15 shows MSCs (iPS-MSCs) derived from human iPS cells (253G1) obtained from RIKEN. When iPS cells (253G1) obtained from RIKEN are cultured at an oxygen partial pressure of 1%, spindle-shaped cells are seen around the colonies.
- FIG. 16 shows a three-dimensional tissue (TEC) (also referred to as iPS-TEC) prepared using MSCs derived from iPS cells.
- FIG. 17 shows the results of preparation of a monolayer culture generated with iPS cells and a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) that is a representative example of the present invention (before cartilage differentiation).
- the upper left shows the results of FITC immunofluorescence analysis of H & E staining
- the upper right shows collagen 1
- the lower left shows collagen 2
- the lower right shows fibronectin.
- This figure shows the state of iPS-TEC at the time of non-differentiation induction, and it is understood that the type 2 collagen of hyaline cartilage is not expressed mainly with fibrous collagen such as type 1 collagen as in the prior art.
- adhesive proteins such as fibronectin are also expressed, which is related to the possibility of transplantation that does not require suturing.
- the thickness is significantly increased, and it is confirmed that the tissue that has undergone self-contraction as it is peeled off from the bottom surface is three-dimensional.
- regeneration refers to a phenomenon in which the remaining tissue grows and is restored when a portion of the tissue of an individual is lost.
- tissue species between animal species or in the same individual, the degree and mode of regeneration varies.
- Many human tissues have limited regenerative ability, and complete regeneration cannot be expected if they are largely lost.
- a tissue with strong proliferative power different from the lost tissue proliferates, and incomplete regeneration may occur in which the tissue is regenerated incompletely and the function cannot be recovered.
- a structure made of a bioabsorbable material is used to prevent the invasion of a tissue having a strong proliferation ability into a tissue defect portion, thereby securing a space in which the original tissue can grow, and further, a cell growth factor.
- Regenerative medicine is performed to replenish the natural tissue and enhance the regenerative capacity of the original tissue. Examples of this include regenerative medicine of cartilage, bone, heart and peripheral nerves. It has previously been thought that cartilage, nerve cells and myocardium are incapable or remarkably incapable of regeneration. The existence of tissue stem cells (somatic stem cells) that have the ability to differentiate into these tissues and the ability to self-proliferate has been reported, and some are being put into practical use, and expectations for regenerative medicine using tissue stem cells are increasing .
- Embryonic stem cells are cells that have the ability to differentiate into all tissues.
- Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are stem cells that can be produced without going through an embryo or fetus, and have the ability to differentiate into all tissues. Somatic stem cells can also be generated from totipotent cells such as ES cells and iPS cells (for reference, de Peppo et al., TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part A, 2010; 16; 3413-3426; Toh et al. , Stem Cell Rev. and Rep., 2011; 7: 544-559; Varga et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res.
- a “cell” is defined in the same way as the broadest meaning used in the art, and is a structural unit of a tissue of a multicellular organism that is enclosed in a membrane structure that isolates the outside world, Refers to a living organism having self-replicating ability and having genetic information and its expression mechanism. Any cell can be targeted in the method of the present invention.
- the number of “cells” used in the present invention can be counted through an optical microscope. When counting through an optical microscope, counting is performed by counting the number of nuclei.
- the tissue is used as a tissue slice, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining is performed, whereby an extracellular matrix (for example, elastin or collagen) and nuclei derived from cells are dyed with a dye.
- HE hematoxylin-eosin
- This tissue section can be examined with an optical microscope, and the number of nuclei per specific area (for example, 200 ⁇ m ⁇ 200 ⁇ m) can be estimated and counted.
- the cells used herein are artificially modified cells, whether they are naturally occurring cells or cells derived from pluripotent stem cells (eg, ES cells, iPS cells, etc.) (For example, a fused cell or a genetically modified cell) may be used.
- the source of cells can be, for example, a single cell culture, or such as cells from a normally grown transgenic animal embryo, blood, or body tissue, or a normally grown cell line Examples include but are not limited to cell mixtures.
- the cells for example, primary cultured cells can be used, but subcultured cells can also be used.
- the cell density can be represented by the number of cells per unit area (for example, cm 2 ).
- stem cells are usually able to regenerate the tissue when the tissue is damaged.
- the stem cells are pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and iPS cells (also referred to as totipotent stem cells when referred to in detail, but are used interchangeably herein) or mesenchyme It can be a tissue stem cell such as a stem cell (also referred to as a tissue stem cell, tissue-specific stem cell or somatic stem cell), but is not limited thereto, and an artificially prepared cell may be used as long as it has the above-mentioned ability
- the ES cell refers to a pluripotent stem cell or a totipotent stem cell derived from an early embryo, which was first established in 1981 and has been applied to the production of knockout mice since 1989.
- tissue stem cells Different from ES cells, the direction of differentiation is limited for tissue stem cells. Cells that are present at specific locations in the tissue and have an undifferentiated intracellular structure, so tissue stem cells have a low level of pluripotency. Has a high nucleus / cytoplasm ratio, organelles poor. Tissue stem cells have pluripotency, a long cell cycle, and proliferative ability beyond the life of the individual. Induction from pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and iPS cells into mesenchymal stem cells, also called mesenchymal stem cells, can be performed using techniques known in the art.
- induction from iPS cells to mesenchymal stem cells is described in Jung et al, STEM CELLS, 2011; doi: 10.1002 / stem. 727 can be implemented.
- induction from ES cells to mesenchymal stem cells is, for example, de Peppo et al., TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part A, 2010; 16; 3413-3426; Toh et al. , Stem Cell Rev. and Rep., 2011; 7: 544-559; Varga et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res.
- tissue stem cells can be divided into, for example, the skin system, digestive system, myeloid system, nervous system, and the like when classified according to the site of origin.
- skin tissue stem cells include epidermal stem cells and hair follicle stem cells.
- digestive tissue stem cells include pancreatic (common) stem cells and liver stem cells.
- myeloid tissue stem cells include hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (for example, fat-derived, bone marrow-derived), and the like.
- Examples of nervous system tissue stem cells include neural stem cells and retinal stem cells. Since these tissue stem cells can be produced by differentiation from ES cells, iPS cells, etc., the classification based on such origin has recently been redefined using the differentiation ability of the stem cells as an index.
- tissue stem cells for example, mesenchymal stem cell
- mesenchymal stem cells can achieve the objectives to be achieved.
- mesenchymal stem cells derived from pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and iPS cells are used, a more remarkable effect is exhibited.
- somatic cell refers to all cells that are cells other than germ cells, such as eggs and sperm, and that do not deliver the DNA directly to the next generation. Somatic cells usually have limited or disappeared pluripotency.
- the somatic cells used in the present specification may be naturally occurring or genetically modified. In this specification, when derived from somatic cells, it is referred to as “somatic”.
- Cells can be classified into stem cells derived from ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm, depending on origin.
- Cells derived from ectoderm are mainly present in the brain and include neural stem cells.
- Cells derived from mesoderm are mainly present in bone marrow, and include vascular stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and the like.
- Endoderm-derived cells are mainly present in organs, and include liver stem cells, pancreatic stem cells, and the like.
- MSC meenchymal stem cell
- Differentiating ability includes differentiation into mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, blood vessels, and myocardium, and can be applied to regenerative medicine such as reconstruction of these tissues.
- somatic stem cells derived from mesenchyme eg, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells contained in bone marrow stromal cells, mesenchymal stem cells contained in synoviocytes
- stem cells derived as such It is.
- Mesenchymal stem cells can be found in the mesenchyme, where the mesenchyme is a stellate or irregular process that fills the gaps between epithelial tissues found in each stage of multicellular animals.
- a tissue formed by a population of free cells and accompanying cell stroma.Mesenchymal stem cells are proliferative and differentiate into bone cells, chondrocytes, muscle cells, stromal cells, tendon cells, and adipocytes.
- Mesenchymal stem cells are used to culture or proliferate bone marrow cells collected from patients, differentiate them into chondrocytes or osteoblasts, or bones such as alveolar bone, arthropathy, cartilage, joints, etc. Therefore, the composite tissue containing mesenchymal stem cells or differentiated mesenchymal stem cells of the present invention is particularly useful when structures are required in these applications. It is.
- MSC mesenchymal stem cell
- differentiation ability osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic
- cell marker eg, PDGF receptor ⁇ + , Vimentin +, CD105 +, and CD271 +
- Confirmation of whether it is a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) can be performed by the method illustrated in an Example in this specification.
- self-replicating ability is defined as the ability to produce (replicate) stem cells similar to self.
- the self-replication ability can be confirmed by the method exemplified in the examples in this specification.
- osteogenesis is defined as the ability to regenerate bone tissue with calcification by osteoprogenitor cells. Such forming ability can be confirmed by attaching a test subject to the conditions of bone differentiation as described herein. Further, confirmation of osteogenesis can be performed by the method exemplified in the examples in this specification.
- cartilage progenitor cells As used herein, “chondrogenic” is defined as the ability to regenerate a cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (including type II collagen, aggrecan, etc.) by cartilage progenitor cells. Such ability to form can be confirmed by subjecting the test subject to conditions for cartilage differentiation as described herein. In addition, the confirmation of cartilage formation can be performed by the method exemplified in the examples in this specification.
- adipogenic is defined as the ability to form adipose tissue by adipose precursor cells. Such ability to form can be confirmed by subjecting the test subject to conditions of fat differentiation as described herein. In addition, confirmation of adipogenicity can be performed by the method exemplified in the examples in this specification.
- isolated means that a substance that naturally accompanies in a normal environment is at least reduced, preferably substantially free.
- an isolated cell, tissue, etc. refers to a cell that is substantially free of other substances (eg, other cells, proteins, etc.) that accompany it in its natural environment.
- an isolated tissue is a substance other than the tissue (for example, in the case of an artificial tissue or complex, the material, scaffold, sheet, coating, etc. used in producing the artificial tissue).
- isolated preferably means that the scaffold is not contained (that is, scaffold free). Accordingly, it is understood that in an isolated state, components used in producing the artificial tissue of the present invention such as a culture medium or a medical device (eg, a complex) containing the artificial tissue may be contained. .
- substrate material scaffold.
- scaffold materials include, but are not limited to, chemical polymer compounds, ceramics, or biologics such as polysaccharides, collagen, gelatin, and hyaluronic acid.
- a scaffold refers to a material that is substantially solid and contains strength that can support cells or tissues.
- the MSC used in the present invention may be an established inductive MSC or an MSC derived from an established ES cell or iPS cell.
- non-embryonic means not derived directly from an early embryo. Therefore, cells derived from body parts other than the early embryo correspond to this, but cells obtained by modifying (eg, genetic modification, fusion, etc.) to embryonic stem cells, iPS cells are also non-embryonic cells. It is in the range.
- differentiated cells refers to cells with specialized functions and morphology (eg, muscle cells, nerve cells, etc.), and unlike stem cells, there is no or almost no pluripotency.
- Examples of differentiated cells include epidermal cells, pancreatic parenchymal cells, pancreatic duct cells, hepatocytes, blood cells, cardiomyocytes, skeletal muscle cells, osteoblasts, skeletal myoblasts, neurons, vascular endothelial cells, pigment cells, Examples include smooth muscle cells, fat cells, bone cells, chondrocytes.
- tissue refers to a cell population having the same function / form in a cell organism. In multicellular organisms, the cells that make up it usually differentiate, function becomes specialized, and division of labor occurs. Therefore, it cannot be a mere assembly of cells, and an organization as an organic cell group or social cell group having a certain function and structure is formed.
- tissues include, but are not limited to, integument tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and the like.
- the tissue of the present invention may be any organ or tissue derived from an organism.
- tissues targeted by the present invention include, but are not limited to, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, meniscus, intervertebral disc, periosteum, dura mater and the like.
- cell sheet refers to a structure composed of a single layer of cells. Such cell sheets have biological connections in at least two dimensions. A sheet having biological bonds is characterized in that the bonds between cells are not substantially broken even when handled alone after being manufactured. Such biological binding includes binding between cells via an extracellular matrix. Such a cell sheet may partially include a two or three layer structure.
- artificial tissue refers to a tissue different from the natural state.
- the artificial tissue is typically prepared by cell culture.
- a tissue that has been extracted from a living organism as it is is not called an artificial tissue in this specification. Therefore, the artificial tissue can include a substance derived from a living body and a substance not derived from a living body.
- the artificial tissue of the present invention is usually composed of cells and / or biological materials, but may contain other materials. More preferably, the artificial tissue of the present invention is substantially composed only of cells and / or biological materials.
- a biological substance is preferably a substance derived from cells constituting the tissue (for example, an extracellular matrix).
- the term “transplantable artificial tissue” can be transplanted in actual clinical practice among artificial tissues, and can also serve as a tissue at a site transplanted at least for a certain period after transplantation.
- An implantable artificial tissue usually has sufficient biocompatibility, sufficient biofixation, and the like.
- the sufficient strength of the implantable artificial tissue varies depending on the portion intended for transplantation, but those skilled in the art can appropriately set the strength. This strength is sufficient for self-supporting and can be set according to the environment to be transplanted. Such strength can be measured by measuring stress and strain characteristics or by performing a creep characteristic indentation test. Strength can also be assessed by observing the maximum load.
- a sufficient size of an implantable artificial tissue varies depending on a portion intended for transplantation, but those skilled in the art can appropriately set the size.
- This size can be set according to the environment to be transplanted. However, when implanted, it is preferable to have at least a certain size, and such a size is usually at least 1 cm 2 in terms of area, preferably at least 2 cm 2 , more preferably at least 3 cm 2 . is there.
- it can be at least 20 cm 2 , but is not limited thereto, and the area can be 1 cm 2 or less or 20 cm 2 or more, depending on the application. It is understood that the essence of the present invention is that any size (area, volume) can be produced, and the size is not limited.
- the size may be at least 2 mm 3, but may be at least 40 mm 3 is not limited thereto, even 2 mm 3 or less, is understood that it may be 40 mm 3 or more.
- the sufficient thickness of the implantable artificial tissue varies depending on the portion intended for transplantation, but those skilled in the art can appropriately set the thickness.
- This thickness can be set according to the environment to be transplanted. It may exceed 5 mm.
- it when applied to bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon, etc., it can typically be at least about 1 mm, such as at least about 2 mm, more preferably at least about 3 mm, at least about 4 mm, more preferably about 5 mm and more. However, it may be less than about 1 mm. It is understood that the essence of the present invention is that any thickness of tissue or composite can be made and is not limited to size.
- the sufficient biocompatibility of an implantable artificial tissue varies depending on the portion intended for transplantation, but those skilled in the art can appropriately set the degree of biocompatibility.
- the desired biocompatibility includes, but is not limited to, performing biological binding with surrounding tissues without causing inflammation or the like and without causing an immune reaction.
- the biocompatibility parameter include, but are not limited to, the presence / absence of an extracellular matrix, the presence / absence of an immune response, and the degree of inflammation.
- Such biocompatibility can be determined by checking the compatibility at the transplant site after transplantation (for example, confirming that the transplanted artificial tissue has not been destroyed) (human transplant organ rejection) Histopathological diagnosis criteria differential diagnosis and biopsy specimen handling (graphs) of kidney transplantation, liver transplantation, pancreas transplantation, heart transplantation, and lung transplantation, see Japanese Society for Transplantation and Japanese Pathology Association, Kanehara Publishing Co., Ltd. (1998) ).
- the transplantable artificial tissue sufficient biofixability varies depending on the portion intended for transplantation, but those skilled in the art can appropriately set the degree of biofixability.
- the biocompatibility parameter include, but are not limited to, biological connectivity between the transplanted artificial tissue and the transplanted site. Such biostability can be determined by the presence of biological binding at the site of transplantation after transplantation.
- preferable bio-fixation property includes that the transplanted artificial tissue is arranged so as to exhibit the same function as the transplanted site.
- self-supporting refers to a property that the artificial tissue is not substantially destroyed when at least one point of the tissue (for example, artificial tissue) is fixed in space.
- the self-supporting property is obtained by picking up a tissue (for example, artificial tissue) with tweezers having a tip having a thickness of 0.5 to 3.0 mm (preferably, a tip having a thickness of 1 to 2 mm is used). Pinch the tissue with tweezers having a 1 mm thick tip; where the tweezers are preferably pre-curved) is observed by not being substantially destroyed.
- tissue for example, artificial tissue
- tweezers having a tip having a thickness of 0.5 to 3.0 mm preferably, a tip having a thickness of 1 to 2 mm is used.
- Such tweezers are commercially available, and are available from, for example, Natsume Seisakusho
- the pick-up force employed here is usually comparable to the force applied by medical personnel when handling tissue. Therefore, the self-supporting ability can be expressed by the feature that it is not destroyed when picked up by hand.
- tweezers for example, a curved tip taperless tweezers (for example, number A-11 sold by Natsume Seisakusho (tip is 1.0 mm thick)), A-12-2 (tip is 0.5 mm)
- the present invention is not limited to these, but it is easier to pick up the artificial tissue, but it is not limited to bend.
- the artificial tissue of the present invention used in such a case has the above-mentioned minimum self-supporting property as strength, Thereafter, the contained cells are replaced with cells in the affected area, forming a matrix, increasing the mechanical strength, and healing proceeds. It will also be appreciated that in one embodiment, the present invention may be used with an artificial joint.
- the present invention it is also important to evaluate the self-supporting property when the artificial tissue is actually produced.
- a sheet of cells is produced in a container, and when the sheet is peeled from the container, the sheet is not destroyed, that is, in the state of a single-layer sheet before peeling.
- the prosthetic tissue of the present invention can be applied to virtually any aspect because it has a strength that can be sufficiently tolerated at the time of separation from the container, that is, has a self-supporting property.
- a single layer includes a layer that can partially have a two- to three-layer structure.
- the self-supporting property of the artificial tissue is usually increased in the present invention after the artificial tissue is prepared and peeled, in the present invention, the self-supporting property is It is understood that evaluation can be an important aspect. In the present invention, naturally, the strength in the transplantation phase is also important, so it may be important to evaluate the self-supporting property after a certain amount of time has elapsed after the production. Therefore, based on such a relational expression, it is understood that those skilled in the art can set the strength and timing at the time of shipment by performing backward calculation in anticipation of the time of use.
- organs and organs are used interchangeably, and a function of a living individual is localized and operated in a specific part of the individual, and the part is morphologically A structure with independence.
- an organ is composed of several tissues having a specific spatial arrangement, and the tissue is composed of many cells.
- Such organs or organs include skin, blood vessels, cornea, kidney, heart, liver, umbilical cord, intestine, nerve, lung, placenta, pancreas, brain, joint, bone, cartilage, extremity, retina, etc. It is not limited to them.
- Such organs or organs also include epidermis, pancreatic parenchymal system, pancreatic duct system, liver system, blood system, myocardial system, skeletal muscle system, osteoblast system, skeletal myoblast system, nervous system, vascular endothelial system, pigment system And organs such as, but not limited to, smooth muscle system, fat system, bone system, and cartilage system.
- the organs targeted by the present invention include, but are not limited to, intervertebral discs, cartilage, joints, bones, meniscus, synovium, ligaments, tendons and the like. In another preferred embodiment, the organs targeted by the present invention include, but are not limited to, osteochondral and the like.
- “wrapping” a composite tissue or the like around a certain part means that the artificial tissue or the like of the present invention is covered so that the part is covered (that is, damage or the like is covered). In this case, it is used interchangeably when the part is “placed to cover”. Whether or not a part is arranged to be covered can be determined by checking a spatial arrangement between the part and the placed artificial tissue or a composite tissue including the same. In a preferred embodiment, the artificial tissue or the like can be wound around a certain part by a winding process so that the artificial tissue is rotated once.
- replace means that a cell or the like that replaces a lesioned part (a part of a living body) is replaced by a cell or the like supplied by the artificial tissue or complex of the present invention.
- diseases for which replacement is appropriate include, but are not limited to, ruptured sites. Replacing can be said to “fill” in another expression.
- the “sufficient time for biological connection” between a “prosthetic tissue” and a “part” varies depending on the combination of the part and the artificial tissue. It can be easily determined as appropriate according to the combination. Examples of such time include, but are not limited to, one week, two weeks, one month, two months, three months, six months, and one year after surgery.
- the artificial tissue preferably contains substantially only cells and a substance derived therefrom, a substance to be removed after surgery is not particularly necessary. It does not matter. And in this invention, it was discovered that such biological coupling
- bonding is shortened notably compared with the case where somatic MSC is used.
- immune response refers to a response due to a failure of immune tolerance between a graft and a host.
- hyperacute rejection within several minutes after transplantation
- acute rejection reaction due to cellular immunity about 7 to 21 days after transplantation
- chronic rejection rejection due to cellular immunity after 3 months
- whether or not to induce an immune response is determined based on the pathology of the species, number, etc. of cells (immune system) infiltration into a transplanted tissue by staining including HE staining, immunostaining, and microscopic examination of tissue sections. It can be determined by histological examination.
- calcification refers to the deposition of calcareous substances in living organisms.
- whether or not to “calcify” in vivo can be determined by measuring alizarin red staining or calcium concentration, removing the transplanted tissue, dissolving the tissue section by acid treatment, etc. Can be measured and quantified with a trace element quantification device such as atomic absorbance.
- in vivo refers to the inside of a living body. In a particular context, “in vivo” refers to the location where the target tissue or organ is to be placed.
- in vitro refers to a state in which a part of a living body is excised or released “outside the living body” (for example, in a test tube) for various research purposes. A term that contrasts with in vivo.
- ex vivo refers to a series of operations when a target cell for gene transfer is extracted from a subject, a therapeutic gene is introduced in vitro, and then returned to the same subject again. It is called ex vivo.
- the “substance derived from a cell” means all substances originating from a cell.
- a substance secreted by a cell examples include, but are not limited to, metabolized substances.
- substances derived from typical cells include, but are not limited to, extracellular matrix, hormones, cytokines and the like. Since a substance derived from a cell usually does not cause a harmful effect on the cell and the host of the cell, such a substance usually does not have an adverse effect even if it is contained in a three-dimensional artificial tissue or the like.
- extracellular matrix is also called “extracellular matrix” and refers to a substance existing between somatic cells regardless of whether they are epithelial cells or non-epithelial cells.
- the extracellular matrix is usually produced by cells and is therefore one of the biological materials.
- the extracellular matrix is responsible not only for tissue support, but also for the construction of the internal environment necessary for the survival of all somatic cells.
- the extracellular matrix is generally produced from connective tissue cells, but some are also secreted from the cells themselves that possess a basement membrane, such as epithelial cells and endothelial cells.
- the fiber component is roughly classified into a fiber component and a matrix filling the space, and the fiber component includes collagen fiber and elastic fiber.
- the basic component of the substrate is glycosaminoglycan (acid mucopolysaccharide), most of which binds to non-collagenous proteins to form a polymer of proteoglycan (acid mucopolysaccharide-protein complex).
- laminin of the basement membrane, microfibril around the elastic fiber, fiber, and glycoprotein such as fibronectin on the cell surface are included in the substrate.
- the basic structure is the same in specially differentiated tissues, for example, hyaline cartilage produces chondrocytes that contain a large amount of proteoglycan, characteristically by chondroblasts, and bone produces bone matrix that causes calcification by osteoblasts. .
- a typical extracellular matrix for example, collagen I, collagen III, collagen V, elastin, vitronectin, fibronectin, laminin, thrombospondin, proteoglycans (for example, decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, lumican, Hyaluronic acid, aggrecan, and the like), but are not limited thereto, and various substances can be used in the present invention as long as they are extracellular matrices responsible for cell adhesion.
- proteoglycans for example, decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin, lumican, Hyaluronic acid, aggrecan, and the like
- an extracellular matrix eg, elastin, collagen (eg, type I, type III, type IV, etc.), laminin, etc.
- the extracellular matrix includes cell adhesion molecules.
- “cell adhesion molecule” or “adhesion molecule” is used interchangeably, and two or more cells approach each other (cell adhesion) or adherence between a substrate and a cell.
- cell adhesion molecules related to cell-cell adhesion and molecules involved in adhesion between cells and extracellular matrix (cell-substrate adhesion) (cell-substrate adhesion molecule) Divided.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention usually contains such a cell adhesion molecule.
- the cell adhesion molecule includes a protein on the substrate side at the time of cell-substrate adhesion, but in this specification, a protein on the cell side (for example, integrin etc.) is also included. Even so, as long as it mediates cell adhesion, it falls within the concept of cell adhesion molecules or cell adhesion molecules herein.
- the artificial tissue included in the composite tissue of the present invention includes a cell and an extracellular matrix purified by the cell itself (autologous). Therefore, complex containing collagen I, collagen III, collagen V, elastin, vitronectin, fibronectin, laminin, thrombospondin, proteoglycans (for example, decorin, biglycan, fibrojuline, lumican, hyaluronic acid, aggrecan, etc.) It has a characteristic composition. No artificial tissue containing such cell-derived components has been conventionally provided. Artificial tissues having such a composition are substantially impossible when artificial materials are used, and the composition itself (in particular, collagen I, collagen III, etc.) is native. It can be said that it is a combination.
- the extracellular matrix contains all of collagen (type I, type III, etc.), vitronectin and fibronectin.
- collagen type I, type III, etc.
- identification markers there may be different cell markers for somatic MSCs and induced MSCs, and such different cell markers (also referred to herein as identification markers) are different from conventional MSCs and the present invention. It will be understood that this is used to identify the MSC to be used. Examples of such identification markers include, but are not limited to, BMP receptors (for example, BMPR1 (BMPR1A, BMPR1B), BMPR2 and the like).
- the phrase “disposed” of the extracellular matrix means that the extracellular matrix is present in the artificial tissue when referring to the artificial tissue of the present invention. It is understood that such an arrangement can be observed by staining the target extracellular matrix by immunostaining or the like and visualizing it.
- the phrase “dispersed” and “arranged” of an extracellular matrix means that the extracellular matrix exists without being localized.
- Such extracellular matrix dispersion is usually about 1:10 to 10: 1, typically about 1: 3 to 3: 1 when comparing the distribution density in any two 1 cm 2 sections.
- cadherin many molecules belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (NCAM, L1, ICAM, fasciclin II, III, etc.), selectins, etc. are known, and each binds the cell membrane by a unique molecular reaction. Is also known. Therefore, in one embodiment, the composition of the three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention, such as the cadherin and the molecule belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, is also the same composition as the site intended for transplantation. Is preferred.
- Whether a molecule is a cell adhesion molecule is determined by biochemical quantification (SDS-PAG method, labeled collagen method), immunological quantification (enzyme antibody method, fluorescent antibody method, immunohistological examination), PCR method, It can be determined by determining that it is positive in an assay such as a hybridization method.
- cell adhesion molecules include collagen, integrin, fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, fibrinogen, immunoglobulin superfamily (eg, CD2, CD4, CD8, ICM1, ICAM2, VCAM1), selectin, cadherin and the like. It is not limited.
- the adhesion factor used in the tissue piece of the present invention is preferably one that transmits such an auxiliary signal for cell activation into the cell. This is because the cell activation can promote the proliferation of cells gathered therein and / or cells in the tissue or organ after being applied to a damaged site in a tissue or organ as a tissue piece.
- Whether such auxiliary signals can be transmitted into cells is determined by biochemical quantification (SDS-PAG method, labeled collagen method), immunological quantification (enzyme antibody method, fluorescent antibody method, immunohistochemistry). It can be determined by determining that it is positive in an assay such as a PCR method and a hybridization method.
- cadherin is known as a cell adhesion molecule widely known in tissue-adherent cell systems, and cadherin can be used in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- Cell adhesion molecules require adhesion to non-adherent cells in order to work in specific tissues. In that case, it is considered that adhesion between cells is gradually strengthened by primary adhesion by a selectin molecule that is constantly expressed and subsequent secondary adhesion by an integrin molecule that is activated. Therefore, as the cell adhesion molecule used in the present invention, such a factor that mediates primary adhesion, a factor that mediates secondary adhesion, or both can be used together.
- actin-regulating substance refers to a substance having a function of changing the form or state of actin by directly or indirectly interacting with intracellular actin. It is understood that the actin depolymerization promoting factor and the actin polymerization promoting factor are classified according to the action on actin. Such substances include, for example, Slingshot, cofilin, CAP (cyclase-related protein), AIP1 (actin-interacting-protein 1), ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), destrin, depactin, actolin, as actin depolymerization promoting factors. , Cytochalasin and NGF (never grow factor).
- actin polymerization promoting factors include RhoA, mDi, profilin, Rac1, IRSp53, WAVE2, ROCK, LIM kinase, cofilin, cdc42, N-WASP, Arp2 / 3, Drf3, Mena, LPA (lysophosphatic acid), insulin, PDG a, PDGFb, there may be mentioned such as chemokines and TGF-beta is understood that the invention is not limited to them.
- actin-modulating substances include substances identified by the following assays.
- actin-regulating substance is used in the present invention to promote separation of artificial tissue or promote stratification.
- actin-regulating substance used in the present invention is derived from a living body, its origin may be anything, and examples thereof include mammalian species such as humans, mice and cows.
- Rho-related actin polymerization control include the following (for example, “I understand the cytoskeleton and movement” (edited by Hiroaki Miki) see Yodosha )
- Actin polymerization (see Takenaka T et al. J. Cell Sci., 114: 1801-1809, 2001) RhoA ⁇ mDi ⁇ Profilin ⁇ Actin polymerization RhoA ⁇ ROCK / Rho ⁇ LIM kinase ⁇ Phosphorylation (inhibition) of cofilin ⁇ Actin polymerization Rac1 ⁇ IRSp53 ⁇ WAVE2 ⁇ Profilin, Arp2 / 3 ⁇ Actin polymerization cdc42 ⁇ N-WASP ⁇ Prophy Phosphorus, Arp2 / 3 ⁇ actin polymerization cdc42 ⁇ Drf3 ⁇ IRSp53 ⁇ Mena ⁇ actin polymerization (in the above, ⁇ indicates a signal transduction pathway such as phosphorylation) In the present invention, any factor involved in such a pathway can be used.
- Actin Depolymerization Slingshot ⁇ Dephosphorylation of Cofilin (Activation) ⁇ Actin Depolymerization Actin depolymerization is controlled by a balance of phosphorylation of cofilin by LIM kinase activity and dephosphorylation by Slingshot. As other factors that activate cofilin, CAP (cycle-associated protein) and AIPI (actin-interacting-protein 1) have been identified, and it is understood that any of them can be used.
- LPA lysophosphatidic acid having any chain length
- chemokine any can be used, and preferred examples include interleukin 8, MIP-1, and SDF-1.
- TGF- ⁇ can be used, but preferably TGF- ⁇ 1 and TGF- ⁇ 3 can be used. Since TGF- ⁇ 1 and TGF- ⁇ 3 also have an extracellular matrix production promoting action, they can be used with care in the present invention.
- tissue strength refers to a parameter indicating the function of a tissue or organ, and is the physical strength of the tissue or organ. Tissue strength can generally be determined by measuring tensile strength (eg, breaking strength, stiffness, Young's modulus, etc.). Such general tensile tests are well known. By analyzing data obtained by a general tensile test, various data such as breaking strength, rigidity, Young's modulus, etc. can be obtained, and such values are also used as an index of tissue strength in this specification. be able to. In the present specification, it is usually required to have a tissue strength that can be clinically applied.
- tensile strength eg, breaking strength, stiffness, Young's modulus, etc.
- the tensile strength of the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention can be measured by measuring stress / strain characteristics. Briefly, a tensile strength is applied by applying a load to the sample, for example, 1ch is strained and 2ch is input to each AD converter (eg ELK-5000) to measure the stress and strain characteristics. Can be determined. Tensile strength can also be achieved by testing creep properties.
- the creep characteristic indentation test is a test for examining how the material expands with time under a certain load. For the indentation test of a minute material, a thin material, etc., an experiment is performed using a triangular pyramid indenter having a tip radius of about 0.1 to 1 ⁇ m.
- an indenter is pushed into the test piece to give an addition. Then, when the test piece is pushed into the test piece by several tens nm to several ⁇ m, the indenter is returned and unloaded. Hardness, Young's modulus, and the like can be obtained from the load applied and the behavior of the indentation depth obtained from this curve.
- the artificial tissue of the present invention may have a low tensile strength. The tensile strength increases as the matrix ratio in the cell / extracellular matrix ratio increases, and decreases as the cell ratio increases.
- One feature of the present invention is that the strength can be freely adjusted as necessary. It is characterized by being able to be relatively strong and weak relative to the tissue to be transplanted. Therefore, it is understood that the purpose can be set according to such an arbitrary place.
- physiologically active substance refers to a substance that acts on cells or tissues. Bioactive substances include cytokines and growth factors.
- the physiologically active substance may be naturally occurring or synthesized. Preferably, the physiologically active substance is one produced by a cell or one having the same action.
- a physiologically active substance can be in protein form or nucleic acid form or other form, but at the point of action, cytokine usually means protein form.
- the physiologically active substance can be used to promote colonization during the transplantation of the artificial tissue of the present invention.
- cytokine is defined in the same manner as the broadest meaning used in the art, and refers to a physiologically active substance produced from a cell and acting on the same or different cells. Cytokines are generally proteins or polypeptides, and have a suppressive action on the immune response, regulation of the endocrine system, regulation of the nervous system, antitumor action, antiviral action, regulation of cell proliferation, regulation of cell differentiation, etc. . As used herein, cytokines can be in protein or nucleic acid form or other forms, but at the point of action, cytokines usually mean protein forms.
- growth factor or “cell growth factor” is used interchangeably herein and refers to a substance that promotes or controls cell growth. Growth factors are also referred to as growth factors or growth factors. Growth factors can be added to the medium in cell or tissue culture to replace the action of serum macromolecules. Many growth factors have been found to function as regulators of the differentiation state in addition to cell growth.
- Cytokines typically include interleukins, chemokines, hematopoietic factors such as colony stimulating factors, tumor necrosis factors, and interferons.
- growth factors include platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFa, PDGFb), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), vascular endothelial growth factor ( Examples thereof include those having proliferative activity such as VEGF).
- physiologically active substances such as cytokines and growth factors generally have a function redundancy, even the cytokines or growth factors known by other names and functions can be used for the physiologically active substances used in the present invention. As long as it has activity, it can be used in the present invention. Cytokines or growth factors can also be used in preferred embodiments of the therapeutic methods or medicaments of the present invention as long as they have the preferred activity herein.
- the present invention provides such a cytokine or growth factor (eg, BMP-2) with the artificial tissue or three-dimensional structure of the present invention at the transplant site (eg, cartilage injury site). Simultaneous administration has been shown to result in the establishment of artificial tissue or three-dimensional structures and improved function at the site of implantation, providing such a combination therapy.
- a cytokine or growth factor eg, BMP-2
- “differentiation” refers to a process of developing a state of a part of an organism such as a cell, tissue, or organ, and forming a characteristic tissue or organ. “Differentiation” is mainly used in embryology, developmental biology and the like. Until a fertilized egg consisting of one cell divides and becomes an adult, an organism forms various tissues and organs. In the early stages of development, such as before division or when division is not sufficient, each cell or group of cells does not show any morphological or functional characteristics and is difficult to distinguish. Such a state is called “undifferentiated”. “Differentiation” also occurs at the organ level, and the cells that make up the organ develop into a variety of distinctive cells or groups of cells.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention may be a tissue containing differentiated cells.
- the tissue when producing the three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention or a composite tissue including the same, if differentiation is required, the tissue may be differentiated before the organization is started, and differentiated after the organization. Also good.
- the “differentiation factor” is also referred to as a “differentiation promoting factor”, and any factor that is known to promote differentiation into a differentiated cell (for example, a chemical substance, temperature, etc.) It may be a factor.
- factors include various environmental factors. Examples of such factors include temperature, humidity, pH, salt concentration, nutrition, metal, gas, organic solvent, pressure, chemical substance. (For example, steroids, antibiotics, etc.) or any combination thereof, but not limited thereto.
- Representative differentiation factors include, but are not limited to, cell bioactive substances.
- DNA demethylating agents such as 5-azacytidine
- histone deacetylating agents such as trichostatin
- nuclear receptor ligands eg, retinoic acid (ATRA)
- vitamins D 3 , T3, etc.
- cell growth factor activin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGFa, PDGFb, TGF- ⁇ , BMP2 / 4, etc.
- cytokine LIF, IL-2, IL-6, etc.
- hexamethylenebis Examples include, but are not limited to, acetamide, dimethylacetamide, dibutyl cAMP, dimethylthiol sulfoxide, iododeoxyuridine, hydroxylurea, cytosine arabinoside, mitomycin C, sodium butyrate, aphidicolin, fluorodeoxyuridine, polybrene, selenium and the like. .
- differentiation factors include the following. These differentiation factors can be used alone or in combination: 1) synovial cells: FGF, TGF- ⁇ (especially TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3); 2) osteoblasts: BMP (especially BMP-2) BMP-4, BMP-7), FGF; 3) Chondroblasts: FGF, TGF- ⁇ (particularly TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3), BMP (particularly BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7) 4) Adipocytes: insulin, IGF, LIF; 5) Muscle cells: LIF, TNF- ⁇ , FGF.
- bone differentiation refers to differentiation of arbitrary cells into bone. Such bone differentiation is known to be promoted in the presence of dexamethasone, ⁇ -glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid diphosphate.
- An osteogenic factor (BMP, (especially BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7)) may be added. This is because bone formation is promoted.
- cartilage differentiation refers to differentiation of arbitrary cells into cartilage. Such cartilage differentiation is known to be promoted in the presence of pyruvate, dexamethasone, ascorbyl diphosphate, insulin, transferrin and selenite. Bone morphogenetic factors (BMP (particularly BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7)), TGF- ⁇ (particularly TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3), FGF, TNF- ⁇ and the like may be added. This is because cartilage formation is promoted.
- BMP bone morphogenetic factors
- TGF- ⁇ particularly TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3
- FGF TNF- ⁇ and the like
- adipose differentiation means that any cell is differentiated into fat. Such adipose differentiation is known to be promoted in the presence of insulin, IGF, LIF and ascorbyl diphosphate.
- graft As used herein, “graft”, “graft”, and “tissue graft” are used interchangeably and are the same or different groups of tissues or cells that are to be inserted into a specific part of the body and inserted into the body. It will be a part of it later. Therefore, the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention can be used as a graft.
- the graft include, but are not limited to, an organ or part of an organ, dura mater, articular membrane, bone fragment, cartilage fragment, corneal bone fragment, and tooth.
- a graft includes everything that is used to fill a defect in a part and make up for the defect.
- the graft include, but are not limited to, an autograft, an allograft (allograft), and a xenograft depending on the type of donor.
- an autograft refers to an individual, and a graft (tissue, cell, organ, etc.) derived from the individual.
- the term “autograft (tissue, cell, organ, etc.)” refers to a graft (tissue, cell, organ, etc.) from another genetically identical individual (eg, monozygotic twin) in a broad sense. May also be included.
- such expression with self is used interchangeably when derived from a subject.
- the expression not derived from a subject has the same meaning as not being self (ie, non-self).
- graft tissue, cell, organ, etc.
- allogeneic allograft tissue, cell, organ, etc.
- graft tissue, cell, Organs
- allogeneic grafts tissues, cells, organs, etc.
- parent-derived grafts tissues, cells, organs, etc.
- the prosthetic tissue of the present invention should be noted in the sense that it can be used with allogeneic grafts and has proven good therapeutic results.
- xenograft refers to a graft (tissue, cell, organ, etc.) transplanted from a xenogeneic individual.
- a graft tissue, cell, organ, etc.
- a xenograft tissue, cell, organ, etc.
- recipient refers to an individual that receives a graft (tissue, cell, organ, etc.) or a transplant (tissue, cell, organ, etc.), and is also referred to as “host”.
- donor an individual that provides a graft (tissue, cell, organ, etc.) or transplant (tissue, cell, organ, etc.) is called a “donor” (donor).
- an artificial tissue derived from any cell can be used.
- the artificial tissue eg, membranous tissue, organ, etc.
- the composite tissue formed by the method of the present invention maintains a tissue damage rate that is not damaged for therapeutic purposes (ie, kept low).
- the desired function can be exhibited. Therefore, there has been a situation in which the tissue or organ itself as it is has been used as a transplant. In such a situation, it has become possible to use such a three-dimensional artificial tissue by being able to form a three-dimensionally connected tissue from cells, and the therapeutic results are more prominent than before.
- the rise is one of the special effects of the present invention that could not be achieved by the prior art.
- subject refers to an organism to which the treatment of the present invention is applied, and is also referred to as a “patient”.
- the patient or subject may preferably be a human.
- the cells contained in the composite tissue of the present invention may be derived from the same line (derived from the self (autologous)), derived from the same species (derived from another individual (other family)), or derived from different species.
- Self-derived cells are preferred because rejection is considered, but they may be allogeneic if rejection is not a problem.
- what causes rejection reaction can also be utilized by performing the treatment which eliminates rejection reaction as needed.
- Procedures for avoiding rejection are well known in the art. For example, the New Surgery System, Vol. 12, Organ transplantation (from heart transplantation / lung transplantation technology and ethical preparation to implementation) (Revised 3rd edition) ), listed in Nakayama Shoten. Examples of such methods include methods such as the use of immunosuppressants and steroids.
- Immunosuppressants that prevent rejection are currently "cyclosporine” (Sandimune / Neoral), “Tacrolimus” (Prograf), “Azathioprine” (Imlan), “Steroid Hormone” (Predonin, Methylpredonin), “T cells There are “antibodies” (OKT3, ATG, etc.), and the method used in many facilities around the world as a preventive immunosuppressive therapy is a combination of three drugs “cyclosporine, azathioprine, steroid hormone”.
- the immunosuppressive agent is desirably administered at the same time as the medicament of the present invention, but it is not always necessary. Therefore, as long as the immunosuppressive effect is achieved, the immunosuppressive agent can be administered before or after the regeneration / treatment method of the present invention.
- the conditions targeted by the present invention include, for example, dural transplantation during brain surgery, joint damage or degeneration, cartilage damage or degeneration, osteonecrosis, meniscal damage or degeneration, disc degeneration, ligament damage or degeneration, fracture, bone defect Include, but are not limited to, joints, cartilage, bone grafts, etc.
- the organ or organ targeted by the present invention may be any organ or organ as long as it is a mesenchymal organ or organ of an organism, particularly an organ or organ containing adipose tissue, bone tissue and / or cartilage tissue.
- the tissue, organ or organ targeted by the present invention may be derived from any kind of animal. Examples of organisms targeted by the present invention include vertebrates.
- the organism targeted by the present invention is a mammal (for example, single pores, marsupials, rodents, wings, wings, carnivores, carnivores, long noses, odd hooves , Cloven-hoofs, rodents, scales, sea cattle, cetaceans, primates, rodents, rabbits, etc.).
- Exemplary subjects include, but are not limited to, animals such as cows, pigs, horses, chickens, cats, dogs and the like.
- the organism targeted by the present invention is a primate.
- the present invention is directed to humans. This is because there are limitations in transplantation treatment and treatment is desired. Moreover, it is because it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be applied to humans based on the results demonstrated in the examples.
- “flexible” artificial tissue refers to resistance to a physical stimulus (for example, pressure) from the external environment.
- the artificial tissue having flexibility is preferable when the site to be transplanted moves or deforms autonomously or under the influence of others.
- an artificial tissue having “stretchability” refers to a property having resistance to stretchable stimuli (for example, pulsation) from the external environment.
- stretchable stimuli for example, pulsation
- a stretchable artificial tissue is preferred when the site to be transplanted is accompanied by a stretch stimulus. Examples of such a site accompanied by elastic stimulation include, but are not limited to, muscles, joints, cartilage, and tendons.
- the term “part” refers to any body part, tissue, cell, organ. Such portions, tissues, cells, organs include, but are not limited to, portions that can be treated with skeletal myoblasts, fibroblasts, synoviocytes, stem cells. As long as it is a specific marker, any parameters such as nucleic acid molecule (mRNA expression), protein, extracellular matrix, specific phenotype, and cell shape can be used. Therefore, even if the marker is not specifically described in the present specification, any marker can be used as long as it can indicate that the marker is equivalent to that part. An organization may be determined.
- Such parts include, for example, somatic or inducible mesenchymal stem cells or parts containing cells derived therefrom, tissues, organs, myoblasts (eg, skeletal myoblasts), fibroblasts Examples include, but are not limited to, cells and synovial cells.
- the following markers can be used as indicators.
- Sox9 is (human: accession number NM_000346) and is a marker specific to chondrocytes. This marker can be confirmed mainly by looking at the presence of mRNA (Kulyk WM, Franklin JL, Hoffman LM. Sox9 expression during chondrogenesis in micromass cultures of embryonic limb mesenchyme. Exp Cell Res. 2000 Mar15; 255 (2) : 327-32.)
- Col1A1 is (human: accession number NC_000017), is a marker specific to bone cells, and decreases in cartilage. This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA (Swartz MF, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2012 Oct 30. PMID23040566.).
- Col2A1 (human: accession number NM_001844) is a marker specific to chondrocytes. This marker can be confirmed mainly by looking at the presence of mRNA (Kulyk WM, Franklin JL, Hoffman LM. Sox9 expression during chondrogenesis in micromass cultures of embryonic limb mesenchyme. Exp Cell Res. 2000 Mar15; 255 (2) : 327-32.)
- Aggrecan (human: accession number NM_001135) is a marker specific to chondrocytes. This marker can be confirmed mainly by looking at the presence of mRNA (Kulyk WM, Franklin JL, Hoffman LM. Sox9 expression during chondrogenesis in micromass cultures of embryonic limb mesenchyme. Exp Cell Res. 2000 Mar 15; 255 (2 ): 327-32.).
- Bone sialoprotein is (human: accession number NM_004967) and is a marker specific to osteoblasts. This marker can be confirmed mainly by looking at the presence of mRNA (Haase HR, Ivanovski S, Waters MJ, Bartold PM. Res. 2003 Aug; 38 (4): 366-74.).
- Osteocalcin is (human: accession number NM199173), a marker specific to osteoblasts. This marker can be confirmed mainly by looking at the presence of mRNA (Haase HR, Ivanovski S, Waters MJ, Bartold PM. Res. 2003 Aug; 38 (4): 366-74.).
- GDF5 is (human: accession number NM_000557) and is a marker specific to ligament cells. This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA (Wolfman NM, Hattersley G, Cox K, Celeste AJ, Nelson R, Yamaji N, Dube JL, DiBlasio-Smith E, Nove J, Song JJ, Wozney JM, Rosen V. Ectopic induction of tendon and ligament in rats by growth and differentiation factors 5, 6, and 7, members of the TGF-beta gene family. J Clin Invest. 1997 Jul 15; 30 (30): 30 ).
- Six1 is (human: accession number NM_005982) and is a marker specific to ligament cells (Dreyer SD, Naruse T, Morello R, Zabel B, Winterpacht A, Johnson RL, Lee B, Oberg KC. Lmx1b expression during joint and tendon formation: localization and evaluation of potential downstream targets. Gene Expr Patterns. 2004 Jul; 4 (4): 397-405. This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA.
- Scleraxis (human: accession number BK000280) is a marker specific to ligament cells (Brent AE, Schweitzer R, Tabin CJ. A somitic compartment of tendon progenitors. Cell. 2003 Apr 18; 113 (2): 235-48.). This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA.
- CD56 is (human: accession number U63041), a marker specific to myoblasts. This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA.
- MyoD is (human: accession number X56777) and is a marker specific to myoblasts. This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA.
- Myf5 is (human: accession number NM_005593), a marker specific to myoblasts. This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA.
- Myogenin (human: accession number BT007233) is a marker specific to myoblasts. This marker can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA.
- markers specific to other tissues can be utilized.
- markers include, for example, Oct-3 / 4, SSEA-1, Rex-1, Otx2, etc. for embryonic stem cells; VE-cadherin, Flk-1, Tie-1, for endothelial cells PECAM1, vWF, c-kit, CD34, Thy1, Sca-1, and the like; skeletal muscles include skeletal muscle ⁇ -actin in addition to those described above; Examples of hematopoietic cell lines include c-kit, CD34, Thy1, Sca-1, GATA-1, GATA-2, and FOG.
- markers characteristic of the induced three-dimensional artificial tissue (MSC-TEC) of the present invention include BMP receptor markers (for example, BMPR1A, BMPR2, etc.).
- BMPR1A is a type 1A bone morphogenetic protein receptor and is a marker represented by human: OMIM: 601299 and accession number: BC028383. This marker can be confirmed mainly by looking at the presence of mRNA or protein.
- BMPR2 is a type 2 bone morphogenetic protein receptor and is a marker represented by human: OMIM: 600799 and accession number: Z48923. This marker is known as a receptor for proteins that induce bone formation extracellularly. Type II receptors bind to ligands in the absence of type I receptors. It can be confirmed mainly by observing the presence of mRNA or protein.
- the term “derived from” means that a certain cell has been separated, isolated, or extracted from the cell mass, tissue, organ, etc. from which the cell originally resided. Or the cell was derived from a stem cell.
- the term “three-dimensional (modified) artificial tissue” refers to an artificial tissue included in the composite tissue of the present invention, which is substantially an extracellular cell derived from the cell. This is composed of a matrix.
- This three-dimensional artificial tissue usually constitutes a three-dimensional structure.
- the “three-dimensional (structure) structure” means a three-dimensional direction including cells in which a matrix is three-dimensionally oriented and cells are arranged three-dimensionally and hold the connection and orientation between cells. An object that spreads out.
- the extracellular matrix includes fibronectin, collagen I, collagen III, and vitronectin, and the extracellular matrix is dispersed in the tissue, and the extracellular matrix and the cells are combined.
- Integrated (biologically bonded or fused) to form a three-dimensional structure, and has the ability to integrate with the surroundings (biologically bonded or fused) when transplanted, and is self-supporting Have sufficient strength to provide
- artificial bone refers to a medical device made of an artificial material that compensates for a bone defect, and is usually made of a material that has a high affinity with the human body. Ingredients are used. Such materials typically include hydroxyapatite and ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate or ceramics such as ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate, bioglass (silicon), bioceramics such as carbon, alumina, zirconia, titanium, It is made of a material selected from the group consisting of materials having high affinity with the human body, such as metals such as tungsten and coral materials.
- the “composite tissue” refers to a composite structure of a three-dimensional artificial tissue and another artificial tissue such as an artificial bone.
- it may be referred to as “hybrid graft”, which is used in the same meaning as “composite tissue”. Therefore, such a composite tissue can be used for treatment of a plurality of tissues (such as osteochondral).
- a composite tissue can be used for the treatment of both cartilage and bone.
- the composite tissue of the present invention is preferably biologically coupled to an implantable (three-dimensional) artificial tissue and other artificial tissues. Such a bond can be made by bringing two tissues into contact and culturing as necessary. Such biological binding is via the extracellular matrix.
- 3D artificial tissue It refers to an object that extends in a three-dimensional direction, including cells in which the matrix is three-dimensionally oriented and the cells are arranged in three dimensions to maintain the connection and orientation between the cells.
- biological union or “biological integration” refers to the relationship between biological entities, and an organism between two biological entities. It means that there is some kind of interaction (in the English language, it is understood that integration and union are used interchangeably).
- biological union or biological union is sometimes referred to as “integration” from the state of union or union, but this is also used interchangeably herein.
- Examples of such interactions include interactions via biomolecules (eg, extracellular matrix), interactions via information transmission, and electrical interactions (electrical coupling such as synchronization of electrical signals). But not limited to them.
- Biological bonds include biological bonds inside the artificial tissue and biological bonds that a certain artificial tissue has with the surroundings (for example, surrounding tissues after transplantation, surrounding cells, etc.).
- an appropriate assay method is used depending on the characteristics of the interaction. For example, when confirming a physical interaction via a biomolecule, the strength (for example, a tensile test) of a three-dimensional artificial tissue or the like is confirmed.
- the strength for example, a tensile test
- whether or not signal transmission is performed is confirmed through gene expression or the like.
- an electrical interaction it can be confirmed by measuring a potential state in a three-dimensional artificial tissue or the like and checking whether the potential is propagating with a constant wave.
- normal biological bonds have biological bonds in all three dimensions.
- a three-dimensional artificial tissue having a slightly weak biological bond in the three directions can also be used.
- the extracellular matrix can be stained and the degree of staining can be observed.
- chondroitinase ABC HeunzikerEBetal., J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 May; 78 (5): 721-33
- the target tissue was excised. After transplanting to the surface and culturing for about 7 days, the subsequent binding is observed histologically. It is understood that the ability to adhere to surrounding cells and / or extracellular matrix can be measured by experiments using such cartilage.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention or a composite tissue containing the same can be provided as a medicine, or can be provided as a medical device, animal medicine, quasi-drug, marine product, cosmetics, etc. by a known preparation method. obtain.
- the medicine of the present invention may further contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and the like.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier contained in the medicament of the present invention include any substance known in the art.
- Such suitable formulation materials or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include antioxidants, preservatives, colorants, flavors, and diluents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, solvents, fillers, bulking agents, buffers.
- suitable formulation materials or pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include antioxidants, preservatives, colorants, flavors, and diluents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, solvents, fillers, bulking agents, buffers. Examples include, but are not limited to, agents, delivery vehicles, diluents, excipients and / or pharmaceutical adjuvants.
- the amount of the pharmaceutical (artificial tissue, composite tissue, pharmaceutical compound used together) used in the treatment method of the present invention is the purpose of use, target disease (type, severity, etc.), patient age, weight, sex, It can be easily determined by those skilled in the art in consideration of the past history, the form or type of tissue, and the like.
- the frequency with which the treatment method of the present invention is applied to the subject (or patient) also depends on the purpose of use, target disease (type, severity, etc.), patient age, weight, sex, medical history, treatment course, etc. In view of this, it can be easily determined by those skilled in the art.
- the frequency can be one because it is often cured by a single treatment. Of course, two or more treatments can be considered while monitoring the course.
- administer means administration of the composite tissue of the present invention or a medicine containing the same alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.
- the following introduction method, introduction form and introduction amount to the treatment site for example, osteochondral defect etc.
- examples of the administration method of the artificial tissue, composite tissue and the like of the present invention include methods such as direct insertion into an impaired site of osteoarthritis.
- the combinations can be administered, for example, either as a mixture simultaneously, separately but simultaneously or in parallel; or sequentially. This includes presentation where the combined drugs are administered together as a therapeutic mixture, and the combined drugs are separate but at the same time (eg, artificial tissue, composite tissue etc. are provided directly by surgery, other drugs Also included is the procedure of administration (if given by intravenous injection). “Combination” administration further includes the separate administration of one of the compounds or agents given first, followed by the second.
- reinforcement refers to improving the function of an intended part of a living body.
- the “instruction” refers to a method of administering or diagnosing the pharmaceutical of the present invention, such as handling, use, preparation, artificial tissue creation, contraction, etc. of artificial tissue, composite tissue, reagents, etc. And the like for doctors, patients, and other persons who perform administration and those who make diagnoses (which may be patients themselves).
- This instruction describes a word indicating a procedure for administering the diagnostic agent or medicine of the present invention.
- This instruction is prepared in accordance with the format prescribed by the national supervisory authority (for example, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, etc. in the United States) where the present invention is implemented, and is approved by the supervisory authority. It is clearly stated that it has been received.
- the instruction sheet is a so-called package insert and is usually provided as a paper medium, but is not limited thereto.
- an electronic medium for example, a homepage (website) provided by the Internet, an e-mail
- It can also be provided in such a form.
- extracellular matrix production promoting factor refers to any factor that promotes the production of extracellular matrix in cells.
- the cell sheet when an extracellular matrix production promoting factor is added to a cell sheet, the cell sheet is provided with an environment in which exfoliation from the culture container is promoted, and such a sheet is biologically bound in a three-dimensional direction.
- biological binding includes binding between cells in the tissue and the extracellular matrix and binding between the extracellular matrices.
- three-dimensionalization is further promoted by self-shrinkage.
- Such factors typically include factors that promote extracellular matrix secretion (eg, TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3, etc.).
- typical extracellular matrix production promoting factors include TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3, ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, a derivative thereof, or a salt thereof.
- the extracellular matrix production promoting factor is the component (s) that promote secretion of the extracellular matrix so that it is similar to the compositional component and / or amount of the extracellular matrix that is intended for application. It is preferable that When such an extracellular matrix production-promoting factor includes a plurality of components, such a plurality of components is configured to be similar to the composition component and / or the amount of the extracellular matrix of the portion intended for application. obtain.
- ascorbic acid or a derivative thereof includes ascorbic acid and analogs thereof (eg, ascorbic acid diphosphate) and salts thereof (eg, sodium salt, magnesium salt, potassium salt, etc.).
- Ascorbic acid is preferably L-form, but is not limited thereto.
- the present invention provides a guided three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- This induced three-dimensional artificial tissue can be used to treat or prevent a disease, disorder or condition associated with osteochondral defects.
- the inducible three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention is substantially a transplantable artificial tissue composed of mesenchymal stem cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or equivalent cells thereof, and an extracellular matrix derived from the cells. Is expressed as
- the cells in the artificial tissue of the present invention are obtained from within the body at least one selected from the group consisting of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A (BMPR1A) and bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2). It is expressed more than the somatic mesenchymal stem cells.
- BMPR1A bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1A
- BMPR2 bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2
- the induced three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention expresses many such markers.
- the induced three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention is characterized by enhanced cartilage differentiation ability, as represented by the high expression of these markers.
- Such an inductive three-dimensional artificial tissue is a feature that cannot be obtained by a conventional three-dimensional artificial tissue generated from somatic cells.
- the artificial tissue has enhanced cartilage differentiation ability compared to somatic mesenchymal stem cells obtained from within the body.
- Cartilage differentiation ability can be confirmed by the expression or increase of a cartilage-specific marker when a cartilage differentiation stimulus is given, and the increased expression of glycosaminoglycan, aggrecan and the like.
- the induced 3D artificial tissue of the present invention is characterized by enhanced cartilage differentiation ability, as represented by the high expression of these markers. This is a feature that could not be obtained with a three-dimensional artificial tissue generated from somatic cells.
- the artificial tissue of the present invention has hyaline cartilage-like cartilage differentiation ability.
- Hyaline cartilage includes articular cartilage that covers the joint surface, tracheal cartilage that surrounds the trachea so as not to collapse, thyroid cartilage, and the like, and is the most commonly seen cartilage. It is homogeneous and unstructured and translucent. In cartilaginous ossification, hyaline cartilage forms a rough shape of bone, which is replaced by bone. Therefore, it is considered to play an important role in healing in osteochondral defects. Therefore, without wishing to be bound by theory, it is considered that the artificial tissue of the present invention can exhibit an improved therapeutic effect by exhibiting a hyaline cartilage-like cartilage differentiation ability.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is generally substantially composed of induced mesenchymal stem cells or equivalent cells and an extracellular matrix derived from the cells.
- the “equivalent cell” refers to a cell that has the same phenotype and / or differentiation ability as that of an induced mesenchymal stem cell and can be used in the three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention. Therefore, such an equivalent cell can be used that is produced by another production method and has the same characteristics (for example, cell marker) as the induced mesenchymal stem cell.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is substantially composed of an induced mesenchymal stem cell or a substance derived from the cell. Biocompatibility and biofixability can be improved by being composed substantially only of inductive mesenchymal stem cells and substances derived from the cells (for example, extracellular matrix).
- substantially composed includes a cell and a substance derived from the cell, as long as no other harmful effects (here, mainly adverse effects on transplantation) are given.
- the substance derived from a cell typically includes an extracellular matrix.
- cells and extracellular matrix are contained in an appropriate ratio.
- Such an appropriate ratio is, for example, a cell to extracellular matrix ratio in the range of 1: 3 to 20: 1, and the tissue strength is controlled by the cell to extracellular matrix ratio, so that It can be used by adjusting the ratio of cells and extracellular matrix according to the application and the mechanical environment at the transplant destination.
- Preferred ratios will vary depending on the treatment intended, but such fluctuations will be apparent to those skilled in the art and can be estimated by examining the ratio of cells and extracellular matrix in the organ of interest. .
- this extracellular matrix comprised in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention comprises fibronectin, collagen I, collagen III and vitronectin.
- various extracellular matrices are all included. They are advantageously mixed together.
- the extracellular matrix is dispersed in the tissue. Alternatively, they are preferably interspersed with extracellular matrix throughout. Such a distribution has a particular effect in that it improves compatibility and affinity with the environment when transplanted.
- the extracellular matrix dispersed in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is about 1: 3-3 when comparing the distribution density in any two 1 cm 2 sections. It is preferable that the ratio falls within the range of 1.
- the extracellular matrix used in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is about 1: 2 to 2: 1 when comparing the distribution density in any two 1 cm 2 sections, Preferably, the ratio falls within the range of about 1.5: 1 to 1.5: 1.
- the distribution of the extracellular matrix arrangement is evenly distributed. Therefore, it may be preferably dispersed substantially uniformly, but is not limited thereto.
- collagen (I, III), vitronectin, fibronectin and the like are included, so that cell adhesion to the substrate, cell spreading, and cell chemotaxis are achieved.
- the extracellular matrix disposed in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention may include collagen I, collagen III, vitronectin, fibronectin and the like.
- an artificial tissue in which collagen (I, III), vitronectin, fibronectin and the like are integrated and contained has not been provided so far.
- collagen (I, III), vitronectin, fibronectin, and the like are thought to play a role in exerting biological integration capabilities with the surroundings. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, it is advantageous that vitronectin is dispersed and arranged on the surface in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention.
- the extracellular matrix included in the present invention comprises collagen I and / or collagen III, the collagen I and / or collagen III being greater than collagen II.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention has a biological binding ability with the surroundings.
- the surroundings typically refer to the environment to be transplanted, and examples thereof include tissues and cells.
- the biological binding ability of surrounding tissues, cells, etc. can be confirmed by, for example, micrographs, physical tests, staining of biological markers, and the like.
- Conventional artificial tissues have little affinity with tissues in the transplanted environment, and it has not been assumed that biological binding ability can be exhibited. Rather, the conventional artificial tissue relies on the regenerative ability of the living body, and plays a role in bridging the self-cells and the like to accumulate and regenerate, and therefore was not intended for permanent use.
- the composite tissue of the present invention can constitute a transplant treatment in a true sense.
- the biological binding ability referred to in the present invention preferably includes the ability to adhere to surrounding cells and / or extracellular matrix. Such adhesive ability can be measured by in vitro culture assays with tissue pieces (eg, cartilage pieces). It has also been demonstrated that by using the composite tissue of the present invention, the biological binding ability is sufficiently exerted, and a favorable healing state has been achieved at a level that could not be achieved in the past.
- the prosthetic tissue or complex of the present invention has biological connections in all three dimensions. Some artificial tissues prepared by conventional methods have some biological binding in the two-dimensional direction, but tissues that are in the three-dimensional direction have not been prepared.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention has the property of being substantially implantable in any application by having biological bonds in all three-dimensional directions.
- biological bonds that serve as indices in the present invention include, but are not limited to, extracellular matrix mutual coupling, electrical coupling, and the presence of intercellular communication.
- the interaction of the extracellular matrix can be observed by appropriately staining the adhesion between cells with a microscope. Electrical coupling can be observed by measuring the potential.
- Fibronectin is also preferably arranged in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention. Fibronectin is known to have a role in regulating cell adhesion, cell shape control, and cell migration. However, an artificial tissue in which fibronectin is expressed has not been provided so far. Without wishing to be bound by theory, fibronectin is also thought to play a role in exerting biological binding ability with the surroundings. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, it is advantageous that fibronectin is also dispersed and arranged on the surface in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention. This is because adhesion, establishment, and stability after transplantation are considered to be significantly different.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention contains abundant adhesion factors such as extracellular matrix such as collagen (I, III, etc.), vitronectin, fibronectin, etc., it is engrafted in surrounding tissues. Thereby, the transplanted cells can be stably engrafted at the transplant site.
- conventional cell transplantation not only cell transplantation without a scaffold but also cell transplantation using an additional stabilization procedure (for example, sewing a patch, use of a scaffold, etc.) Although engraftment at the transplant destination has been difficult in the past, the use of the present invention makes it easy to stabilize. In the case of cells alone, reinforcement by other tissues, fixation of the scaffold itself, and the like were necessary.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention or a composite tissue containing the same is used, there is no need for such a third order.
- Cells that can have pluripotency contained in the original artificial tissue can be stably retained in the transplanted part without additional fixation.
- the extracellular matrix and the induced mesenchymal stem cells are integrated so as to form a three-dimensional structure together.
- it has the ability to integrate with the surroundings when implanted and has sufficient strength to provide self-supporting force.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue that can be used is substantially composed of induced mesenchymal stem cells and an extracellular matrix derived from the cells, the extracellular matrix comprising collagen I and / or collagen III The collagen I and / or collagen III is larger than the collagen II, and the extracellular matrix is dispersed and arranged in the tissue.
- Such a three-dimensional artificial tissue is implantable, has a tissue strength that can be clinically applied, and is also characterized by being scaffold-free.
- mesenchymal stem cells When mesenchymal stem cells are used in the present invention, mesenchymal stem cells that can be used are not somatic forms obtained from actual tissues, but induced mesenchymal stem cells. Any of those may be used as long as they are differentiated from more undifferentiated stem cells, for example, ES cells and iPS cells, and the induction method is not limited. It may be preferable to do so.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention can be a heterogeneous cell, an allogeneic cell, a syngeneic cell, or an autologous cell.
- the present invention is not limited to the treatment such as ex vivo, but also to a treatment method in which an artificial tissue is produced and used by using an inducible mesenchymal stem cell of another person without using an immune rejection inhibitor or the like. I will be enlightened.
- the cells contained in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention may be one type of induced mesenchymal stem cell or a plurality of types of induced mesenchymal stem cells.
- the cells included in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention are derived mesenchymal cells (for example, cells derived from other systems having mesenchymal characteristics or undifferentiated (ES cells or iPS cells)).
- ES cells or iPS cells undifferentiated
- the cells used in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention are advantageously cells derived from a subject to which the present invention is applied.
- the cells used herein are also referred to as autologous cells, but by using autologous cells, immune rejection can be prevented or reduced.
- the cells used in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention may be cells not derived from the subject to which the present invention is applied. Even in this case, since inductive mesenchymal stem cells are used, it is not necessary to usually take a measure to prevent immune rejection, but a measure to prevent immune rejection may be taken as necessary.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention has a tissue strength that can be clinically applied.
- the tissue strength that can be clinically applied varies depending on the site where the application is intended. Such strength can be determined by a person skilled in the art by referring to the disclosure of the present specification and taking into account well-known techniques in the art.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention may have a low tensile strength. Such tensile strength increases as the matrix concentration in the cell / extracellular matrix ratio increases and decreases as the cell ratio increases.
- One feature of the present invention is that the strength can be freely adjusted as necessary. It is characterized by being able to be relatively strong and weak relative to the tissue to be transplanted. Therefore, it is understood that the purpose can be set according to such an arbitrary place.
- the strength of the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is preferably sufficient to have self-supporting properties.
- Conventional artificial tissues did not have self-supporting properties after production. Therefore, when an artificial tissue other than the technique of the present invention is moved, at least a part thereof is damaged.
- an artificial tissue having self-supporting property was provided.
- Such self-supporting property is obtained when the tissue is picked up with tweezers having a tip of 0.5 to 3 mm (preferably a tip having a thickness of 1 to 2 mm, more preferably a tip having a thickness of 1 mm). It is preferred that it is not substantially destroyed.
- portions intended for clinical application include, but are not limited to, bones, joints, cartilage, meniscus, tendons, ligaments, and the like.
- the origin of the cells contained in the artificial tissue of the present invention is characterized in that it is not affected by the clinical application.
- the defect portion is a cartilage portion
- the artificial tissue remains without being artificially fixed after the artificial tissue is transplanted to the defect portion of the intra-articular tissue (for example, after a few minutes).
- the adhesion can be tested.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is a transplantable artificial tissue.
- attempts have been made to produce artificial tissues by cell culture.
- all of them are artificial tissues suitable for transplantation due to their size, strength, physical damage when detached from the culture vessel, etc. There wasn't.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is provided as an implantable artificial tissue by utilizing a tissue culture method as described in detail elsewhere in this specification.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention provides a complex containing cells and components derived from the cells.
- the complex consists essentially of cells and components derived from the cells.
- the composite of the present invention is provided for reinforcing, repairing or regenerating a part of a living body.
- “complex” refers to a complex of a cell and another component due to some interaction. Therefore, it is understood that the composite of the present invention often has an artificial tissue-like appearance, and in this sense, what is referred to as an artificial tissue overlaps. It should be noted that this “complex” is an artificial tissue itself and is different from the “composite tissue”. The “complex” can be a component of the “composite tissue” of the present invention.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is preferably isolated. Isolation means in this case that it is separated from the scaffold, support, culture medium, etc. used for the culture, and means that it is separated from anything other than the artificial bone used for the composite tissue. Should. Due to the substantial absence of a substance such as a scaffold, the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention can suppress adverse reactions such as immune rejection and inflammatory reaction after transplantation.
- the bottom area of the composite tissue of the present invention, and thus the included three-dimensional artificial tissue can be, for example, from about 1 cm 2 to about 20 cm 2 , but is not limited thereto, and can be about 1 cm 2 or less, or about 20 cm 2 or more. . It is understood that the essence of the present invention is that any size (area, volume) can be produced, and the size is not limited.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is thick.
- the wall thickness refers to a thickness that is usually strong enough to fill a site to be transplanted. Such thickness is, for example, at least about 50 ⁇ m or more, more preferably at least about 100 ⁇ m or more, at least about 200 ⁇ m or more, at least about 300 ⁇ m or more, more preferably at least about 400 ⁇ m or more, Or even more preferably at least about 500 ⁇ m or about 1 mm. It will be understood that in some cases, thicknesses of about 3 mm or more and about 5 mm or more can be made. Alternatively, such thickness may be less than about 1 mm. It is understood that the essence of the present invention is that any thickness of tissue or composite can be made and is not limited to size.
- the present invention by providing a scaffold-free artificial tissue, a therapeutic method and a therapeutic agent excellent in the course after transplantation are provided.
- the present invention also results from contamination of the scaffold itself, which is one of the long-term regulatory issues in biologics by utilizing scaffold-free artificial tissue in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention. Solve the problem all at once.
- the therapeutic effect is better than the conventional one.
- the orientation of transplanted cells within the scaffold, cell adhesion problems, changes in the scaffold itself (inflammation) and engraftment of the scaffold to the recipient tissue Can solve problems such as sex.
- an artificial bone an actual bone component is preferably used, and an artificial bone that has already been proven useful and safe as a bone regeneration implant in that a biologic or a synthetic polymer is not used.
- a composite tissue with proven bone it can be said that the usefulness of the use of the artificial tissue in cartilage regeneration is inherited as it is, which is also an advantage over conventional artificial tissues, composite tissues and the like.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is also self-organized and can be distinguished from a conventional method using cell therapy in that biological connection is performed inside.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention should also be noted for its versatility because it can easily form a three-dimensional form and can be easily designed to a desired form.
- the artificial tissue of the present invention has a biological connection within the tissue and between the environment and actually functions in transplantation therapy.
- the composite tissue of the present invention has the ability to biologically bind to the surrounding tissue, cells, etc. after transplantation (preferably due to the extracellular matrix), and thus has an excellent post-operative course.
- the composite tissue of the present invention enables medical procedures that provide a therapeutic effect by filling and replacing diseased parts and / or covering diseased sites.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention has a biological connection with the surrounding tissue and post-transplant environment such as cells, it has excellent post-operative colonization and excellent cell supply. An effect is produced.
- an effect of the present invention there is also a point that complicated treatment can be performed by forming a composite tissue with another artificial tissue or the like because of such good biological connectivity.
- Another effect associated with the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is that differentiation can be induced after being provided as a three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- such a three-dimensional artificial tissue can be formed by inducing differentiation before being provided as a three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- the other effects associated with the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention are, from the viewpoint of cell transplantation, better substitution than conventional cell-only transplantation, transplantation using a sheet, etc. It is in the point where effects, such as a simple cell supply, are show
- the composite tissue of the present invention provides an artificial tissue that has biological binding ability and can be transplanted. Such a tissue has the above-mentioned features and effects, so that it has become possible to treat a site where transplantation with an artificial product has not been considered.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention has biological bonds within the tissue and with other tissues, and actually functions in transplantation therapy. Such an artificial tissue is not provided in the prior art but is provided for the first time.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention has the ability to biologically bind to the surrounding tissues, cells, etc. after transplantation (preferably by an extracellular matrix), and thus has an excellent postoperative course. There is no artificial tissue having such biological binding ability other than the method used in the present invention. Therefore, the present invention has a therapeutic effect that cannot be achieved by the artificial tissue by a method other than this method. It will be.
- the composite tissue of the present invention allows medical procedures that provide a therapeutic effect by filling and replacing the diseased part and / or covering the diseased site.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is biologically bonded in the three-dimensional direction, and is in an adhesive state in connection with the artificial bone, and can be said to be in close contact.
- biological binding is described elsewhere herein, and includes, but is not limited to, physical binding, electrical coupling, etc., by an extracellular matrix.
- it is important that the extracellular matrix within the tissue is biologically bound.
- Such biologically bound artificial tissue is not provided in any way other than the method utilized by the present invention.
- the present invention can provide a composite tissue including an artificial tissue that does not contain cells in the true sense as if the cells were once frozen and then killed. Even in such a case, the point of having adhesion with the surroundings is still unique.
- an extracellular matrix such as fibronectin or vitronectin or a cell adhesion factor is distributed throughout the tissue. is doing.
- the main difference is that in cell sheet engineering, the main body of the sheet is a cell, and the sheet is a mass of cells with an adhesive factor glue attached to the bottom, but our artificial tissue literally wraps the cells in the extracellular matrix.
- the “organization” is significantly different from the conventional one.
- the present invention achieves improved fixation of other artificial tissues such as artificial bones.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is different from a normal artificial tissue in that it includes cells.
- the high density should be noted in that the cell density can include, for example, up to 5 ⁇ 10 6 / cm 2 . It should be noted that it is suitable for transplanting cells rather than transplanting as tissue.
- the mesenchymal stem cells or equivalent cells used in the present invention are produced under hypoxic conditions. More preferably, the mesenchymal stem cell of the present invention or an equivalent cell thereof is subjected to suspension culture of the pluripotent stem cell (for example, ES cell or iPS cell) to form an embryoid body, which is subjected to 1% oxygen condition. It is obtained by culturing. As an example of such low oxygen conditions, the methods described in Non-Patent Document 5 are listed. Alternatively, it is understood that any method illustrated in the examples herein is used.
- the pluripotent stem cell for example, ES cell or iPS cell
- the present invention provides a composite tissue comprising an induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and an artificial bone for treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition associated with osteochondral defect.
- the composite tissue of the present invention has succeeded in healing a disease, disorder or condition associated with osteochondral defects at a level not possible with conventional techniques. Therefore, the present invention has a remarkable effect in terms of dramatic improvement in treatment results. It will be understood that any embodiment described in (guided 3D artificial tissue) can be used as the guided 3D artificial tissue used in the composite tissue of the present invention.
- the composite tissue of the present invention has a considerable degree of repair in one month after the rabbit surgery, an early and more complete healing that cannot be achieved by conventional treatment methods can be achieved. That is, as its characteristic effects, “integration” and the speed of healing (data in one month) are superior to the conventional ones.
- the rabbit model spontaneous healing can be seen after about 6 months, but there is a significant difference in the healing level and the quality of healing such as fusion at the 6-month level, which cannot be achieved by conventional therapies. It can be said that early and more complete healing has been achieved. Since it has been demonstrated in rabbits, the rabbit is an established model for other animals such as humans, and for humans, it is a demonstration example in rabbits, which is an established model for osteochondral defect treatment.
- the artificial bone contained in the composite tissue of the present invention preferably has a size smaller than the depth of the bone defect in the osteochondral defect.
- this size left room for cartilage to be formed in the defect, and that it was found that the biocombination or biological fusion of osteochondria was performed smoothly.
- the osteochondral defect is about 6 mm in a small animal such as a rabbit
- the cartilage portion is about 300 ⁇ m to about 400 ⁇ m, so that the artificial bone is about 4 mm deep.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue is about 0.5 to about 2 mm, this condition is satisfied.
- the thickness of the cartilage varies depending on the animal, and in humans, it varies depending on the region and is said to be about 1 mm to about 5 mm.
- a composite tissue can be produced by adding a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) deeper than 3 mm, for example, about 4 mm, to an artificial bone having a length obtained by subtracting about 4 mm from the depth of the defect. Alternatively, as another embodiment, it can be transplanted at a certain depth regardless of the thickness of the cartilage.
- the artificial bone is about 1 mm or more smaller than the depth of the bone defect in the osteochondral defect.
- the artificial bone has a size smaller than twice the thickness of the cartilage than the depth of the bone defect in the osteochondral defect.
- the artificial bone is about 1 mm or more smaller than the depth of the bone defect in the osteochondral defect and less than twice the cartilage thickness.
- the interface of the TEC / artificial bone complex is preferably located at a depth of about 1 to about 6 mm from the native osteochondral boundary when implanted.
- the artificial bone is advantageously about 2 mm to about 4 mm smaller than the depth of the bone defect in the osteochondral defect. If it is as shallow as about 2 mm, repair of the subchondral bone is quick, but cartilage repair is poor.
- the cartilage repair is good, but the repair of the subchondral bone is prolonged. Therefore, depending on the case, in one embodiment, it can be said that about 3 mm is preferable to the cartilage surface layer.
- the cartilage portion is about 1 to 5 mm, typically about 3 mm in humans, in this typical case, when the artificial bone is at a depth from the osteochondral boundary, the minimum is about Since about 1 mm is preferable, it is preferable to use a depth of about 1 mm as the lower limit and a depth of about 6 mm as the upper limit, which is twice the cartilage portion.
- the composite tissue can be appropriately sized from the depth of the bone part according to the target animal.
- the thickness of the cartilage is known to vary depending on the region, for example, in humans, the thickness of the articular cartilage is from about 1 mm to about 5 mm for the largest patella cartilage. Can do. Other than humans and rabbits are also known in the art, and the cartilage thickness can be determined with reference to the literature described in ⁇ Examples of conventional techniques for animal models> and other well-known literature, etc.
- the composite tissue of the present invention can be constituted.
- the total depth of the artificial bone and the three-dimensional artificial tissue is preferably substantially the same as the depth of the osteochondral defect, and the total depth (length) is an error.
- the error of about 1 mm can be regarded as substantially the same, but is not longer than the depth of the osteochondral defect (for example, the total depth of the artificial bone and the three-dimensional artificial tissue is osteochondral It is preferable that the depth of the defect is about 1 mm shorter.
- this size allows room for cartilage to form in the defect and smooth bioconjugation or biounion of osteochondria. In order to improve treatment results, it may be preferable to specify the size in relation to the depth of such defects.
- the artificial bone has a size smaller than the depth of the bone defect in the osteochondral defect, and the total depth of the artificial bone and the three-dimensional artificial tissue is the bone
- the depth is preferably substantially the same as the depth of the cartilage defect. This is because by combining both of these features, the advantages of both can be utilized.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue and the artificial bone exist in a biphasic manner. That is, in a preferred embodiment, these two components are preferably not mixed and present as substantially separate components in the composite tissue of the present invention.
- the term “biphasic” refers to two or more components that are not mixed and exist as substantially separate components. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, it has been demonstrated that this promotes the formation of subchondral bone in a three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue and the artificial bone are bonded to each other.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention can be bonded or adhered to other artificial tissues such as artificial bones (including calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite-based ones, etc.), and in a form integrated as a composite tissue. Can be provided.
- the composite tissue of the present invention has features that help improve the treatment outcome after transplantation.
- the composite tissue of the present invention can be used in any animal having an osteochondral defect and having osteochondral in the tissue.
- such animals are exemplified by mammals.
- bone and cartilage defects such as primates including humans have been difficult to completely cure, it is noted that the present invention has a remarkable effect in achieving complete cure or a state close thereto. Should be.
- the artificial bone used in the present invention may be any artificial bone as long as it is known as a bone substitute, for example, a material having a good affinity with the bone of the body, Hydroxyapatite, ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate, bioceramics such as silicon, carbon, alumina and zirconia, metals such as titanium and tungsten, and materials such as coral materials are used.
- a bone substitute for example, a material having a good affinity with the bone of the body, Hydroxyapatite, ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate, bioceramics such as silicon, carbon, alumina and zirconia, metals such as titanium and tungsten, and materials such as coral materials are used.
- ⁇ -TCP porous ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate
- NEOBONE registered trademark
- MMT Co., Ltd. which is a hydroxyapatite artificial bone prosthetic material, Apacerum, Superpore , Cell Yard, Biopex-R, Bone Tight, Bone Fill (all are HOYA / Pentax), and the like.
- the artificial bone that can be used in the composite tissue of the present invention can be composed of a material selected from the group consisting of hydroxyapatite and ⁇ -tricalcium phosphate.
- any disease, disorder or condition targeted by the treatment or prevention of the present invention can be targeted as long as it is associated with an osteochondral disorder.
- a disease, disorder or condition can include any disease with osteochondral degeneration, necrosis, injury, etc., particularly osteoarthritis, osteochondral injury, osteonecrosis, osteochondral injury, refractory Fractures, bone tumors and similar diseases (such as bone cysts), osteochondral lesions, osteonecrosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cartilage damage (cartilage full-thickness damage, cartilage partial damage, osteochondral damage, etc.), meniscal damage, ligament damage, ligament Conditions that require repair (oldness, degenerative tears, biological reinforcement during reconstruction surgery, etc.), tendon damage, tendon (including Achilles tendon) repair (oldness, degenerative tears, biology during reconstruction surgery) Conditions that require mechanical reinforcement, conditions that require tendon (including Achilles tendon) repair (such as oldness, degenerative tears, biological reinforcement during
- prophylaxis or “prevention” refers to a certain disease or disorder that prevents or reduces such a condition before it is triggered. Treatment that occurs in a condition or delays the occurrence of the condition.
- treatment refers to preventing a disease or disorder from deteriorating, preferably maintaining the status quo, more preferably reducing, when a certain disease or disorder becomes such a condition. Preferably, it means that it is reduced.
- curative treatment refers to treatment involving the eradication of the root or cause of a pathological process. Therefore, when a radical treatment is given, in principle, the disease will not recur.
- prognosis is also referred to as prognostic treatment, and refers to diagnosing or treating a state after treatment for a certain disease or disorder.
- the composite tissue of the present invention may be provided as a medicine.
- the composite tissue of the present invention may be prepared by a doctor or the like at the medical site, or after the doctor prepares the cell, the cell is cultured by a third party to prepare it as a three-dimensional artificial tissue. It may be used for surgery after being bonded to an artificial bone.
- cell culture can be performed by a person skilled in the art of cell culture without being a doctor. Therefore, those skilled in the art can determine the culture conditions according to the type of cells and the intended transplant site after reading the disclosure in this specification.
- the present invention provides a composite tissue including a scaffold-free three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- a composite tissue including such a scaffold-free artificial tissue a therapeutic method and a therapeutic agent excellent in the course after transplantation are provided.
- the present invention also solves the problem caused by contamination of the scaffold itself, which is one of the long-term regulatory problems in biologics, in that it is a composite tissue including a scaffold-free artificial tissue. To do.
- the therapeutic effect is better than the conventional one.
- a scaffold such as orientation of transplanted cells within the scaffold, cell adhesion problems, changes in the scaffold itself (inflammation) and the engraftment of the scaffold to the recipient tissue, etc.
- the problem can be solved.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention can also be distinguished from conventional cell therapy in that it is self-organized and has biological connections therein.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention should also be noted for its versatility because it can easily form a three-dimensional form and can be easily designed to a desired form. Since the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention has a biological bond with the surrounding tissue and post-transplant environment such as cells, it has excellent post-surgery colonization and excellent supply of cells. The effect is played. If the present invention is used, the adhesiveness is extremely good when forming a composite tissue with other artificial tissues such as artificial bones because of such good biological connectivity. If used, it is possible to perform complicated treatment. Another effect of the composite tissue of the present invention is that differentiation can be induced after being provided as the composite tissue of the present invention.
- differentiation induction can be applied to form such a composite tissue of the present invention.
- the present invention from the viewpoint of cell transplantation, compared with conventional transplantation of only cells, transplantation using a sheet, and the like, there is an effect such as a comprehensive cell supply by coating, which has better replaceability.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is not damaged by proteolytic enzymes typified by dispase, trypsin and the like during culture.
- This three-dimensional artificial tissue can be recovered as a strong cell mass that retains cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix, and extracellular matrix-extracellular matrix protein binding. It retains its function as a cell-extracellular matrix complex as a body without any loss.
- a normal proteolytic enzyme such as trypsin
- the cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix bonds are hardly retained, and the cells are detached in an individual state.
- dispase a proteolytic enzyme, almost destroys the basement membrane protein between cells and substrates, and the resulting artificial tissue is weak.
- the histological score for cartilage repair and the histological score for subchondral bone eg, “O'Driscoll score for bone layer reconstruction”, “surface”, “matrix”, “subchondral bone “Exposure”, “Subchondral bone alignment”, “Biological fusion of bone” (also referred to as “Integration”, “Bone penetration into the defect area”, “Cartilage mineralization” and “Cell morphology” (Cell distribution, cell population viability)
- O'Driscoll SW, Keeley FW, Salter RB. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1988; 70: 595.
- Items that can be examined can be as follows: It can be confirmed whether or not these items are improved as compared with the conventional technology.
- O'Driscoll score for the cartilage layer cell morphology; matrix; tissue staining; superficial continuity; tissue continuity; repaired tissue thickness; fusion with host tissue; cell density, viability; Proportion; host tissue alteration.
- O'Driscoll score for bone layer reconstruction surface; matrix; subchondral bone exposure; subchondral bone alignment; bone biounion (integration); Tide mark formation); cell morphology; cell distribution; cell population viability; subchondral bone exposure.
- the present invention is a method for producing the composite tissue of the present invention, wherein the three-dimensional artificial tissue and the artificial bone are in contact with each other.
- a method comprising the steps of:
- the method of the present invention is advantageous in that a troublesome process such as a conventional composite tissue is not necessary in that the artificial tissue immediately adheres and does not separate when placed on the artificial bone.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone in this specification, (guided three-dimensional artificial tissue), (composite tissue of guided three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) and the following (production of three-dimensional artificial tissue), ( It is understood that any form described in the therapeutic use composite tissue manufacturing kit) and the like can be used. It is understood that any form described in (combined tissue of induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) can also be used for diseases, disorders or conditions related to osteochondral defects, and treatment or prevention. .
- the present invention is a method for producing the induced three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention, and the method includes A) myoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, adipocytes, synovial cells, and bone marrow cells.
- bFGF
- the cell culture medium used in the production method used in the present invention may be any medium as long as the target cells grow.
- DMEM, MEM, F12, DME, RPMI1640 MCDB104, 199, MCDB153, L15, SkBM, Basal medium, etc. with appropriate addition of glucose, FBS (fetal calf serum) or human serum, antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin, etc.) can be used.
- the step D) is a condition in which bFGF is added to ⁇ MEM or a condition of DMEM, but is not limited thereto.
- any form described in (guided three-dimensional artificial tissue) in this specification can be adopted.
- the difference in the composition of DMEM and ⁇ MEM is that the former is 4.5 times the amount of glucose, the amount of vitamins is about 4 times that of the latter, Contains twice as much amino acids.
- the latter contains nucleic acids not included in the former.
- the synthesis of extracellular matrix protein by cells is extremely important for the production of TEC, and ES-TEC prepared by nutritionally significant DMEM showed early cartilage formation after living transplantation.
- TEC formed in vitro showed no chondrogenesis in vivo. It has been demonstrated that the addition of bFGF to ⁇ MEM has made it possible to create TECs that exhibit very strong cartilage-forming ability in vivo. It is understood that this is possible.
- the culture time may be set according to the purpose of use of the composite tissue of the present invention, if necessary.
- the cultured cell sheet or the three-dimensional artificial tissue can be peeled off alone or in close contact with the polymer film.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue can be peeled off in the culture medium in which the cells have been cultured or in other isotonic solutions, and can be selected according to the purpose.
- a polymer film used when adhering a cell sheet or a three-dimensional artificial tissue as necessary for example, polyvinylidene difluoride subjected to hydrophilic treatment (PVDF), polypropylene, polyethylene, cellulose and derivatives thereof, papers such as chitin, chitosan, collagen, Japanese paper and the like, and net-like / surikinite-like polymer materials such as urethane and spandex.
- PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride subjected to hydrophilic treatment
- PVDF hydrophilic treatment
- polypropylene polypropylene
- polyethylene polyethylene
- cellulose and derivatives thereof papers
- papers such as chitin, chitosan, collagen, Japanese paper and the like
- net-like / surikinite-like polymer materials such as urethane and spandex.
- the composite structure of the present invention has a higher degree of freedom and can further increase the contraction / relaxation function.
- the manufacturing method of the three-dimensional structure in this invention is not specifically limited, For example, it can manufacture by utilizing the cultured cell sheet closely_contact
- Artificial tissue composed substantially of cells and extracellular matrix derived from the cells cannot be produced by other methods, and in this respect as well, the present invention provides a composite tissue having remarkable characteristics. I can say that.
- the extracellular matrix used in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention is arranged in the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the present invention by the specific production method used in the present invention. It is understood that it is easily achieved, but it is understood that the manufacturing method is not limited thereto.
- a method of tapping or shaking the cell culture support for the purpose of peeling and collecting the three-dimensional artificial tissue with a high yield, and also using a pipette The method of stirring the medium may be used alone or in combination.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue may be peeled and recovered by washing with a deformation of the bottom surface of the culture vessel, an isotonic solution, or the like, if necessary.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue peeled from the substrate becomes a further oriented three-dimensional artificial tissue by stretching in a specific direction.
- the stretching method is not limited at all, but includes a method using a tensioning device such as Tensilon, or a method of simply pulling with tweezers.
- the (three-dimensional) artificial tissue used in the present invention can be produced as follows.
- This production method generally includes: A) providing a cell; B) a base area sufficient to accommodate a desired artificial tissue size containing a cell culture medium containing an extracellular matrix production promoting factor. And C) culturing the cells in the container for a time sufficient to form an artificial tissue having the desired size.
- the cell used here may be any cell.
- Methods for providing cells are well known in the art. For example, a method of extracting a tissue and separating the cell from the tissue, a method of separating a cell from a body fluid containing blood cells, or a cell line Examples include, but are not limited to, methods prepared by artificial culture.
- the cells used in the present specification can be any stem cells or differentiated cells, and in particular, myoblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, adipocytes, synovial cells, bone marrow cells, and the like can be used.
- mesenchymal stem cells used in the present specification for example, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, bone marrow-derived stem cells, cells differentiated from ES cells, cells differentiated from iPS, and the like can be used.
- a cell culture solution containing an extracellular matrix production promoting factor is used.
- extracellular matrix production promoting factor include ascorbic acid or a derivative thereof, and examples thereof include, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid diphosphate and L-ascorbic acid.
- a container that is normally used in the art can be used.
- a container having a large bottom area for example, 1 cm 2 or more
- a petri dish, a flask, and a mold container may be used.
- Any material may be used for the container, and glass, plastic (for example, polystyrene, polycarbonate, etc.), silicone, and the like may be used, but are not limited thereto.
- the production method utilized in the present invention may further include a step of separating the produced (three-dimensional) artificial tissue.
- “separate” means that the artificial tissue of the present invention is formed in a container and then the artificial tissue is separated from the container. Separation can be achieved by, for example, physical means (for example, pipetting of a medium), chemical means (addition of a substance), and the like.
- the prosthetic tissue can be separated by applying a stimulus by physical means or chemical means around the artificial tissue without actively invading the artificial tissue such as proteolytic enzyme treatment. In this regard, it should be noted that it has the effect of high performance as a graft, such as the convenience that could not be achieved by a method that is not so and the absence of wounds of the artificial tissue that is provided thereby.
- the production method utilized in the present invention further comprises the step of separating the artificially organized cells.
- the separating step can apply a stimulus that causes the artificial tissue to contract. Includes physical stimulation (eg pipetting). It is a preferable feature in the present invention that such physical stimulation does not directly act on the produced artificial tissue. This is because damage to the artificial tissue can be suppressed by not directly acting on the artificial tissue.
- the separating step includes chemical means such as addition of an actin modulating substance.
- an actin regulating substance includes a chemical substance selected from the group consisting of an actin depolymerization promoting factor and an actin polymerization promoting factor.
- actin depolymerization promoting factors include Slingshot, cofilin, CAP (cyclase-related protein), AIP1 (actin-interacting-protein 1), ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), destrin, depactin, actophorin, cytochaerin e and NGF. growth factor).
- actin polymerization promoting factors are RhoA, mDi, profilin, Rac1, IRSp53, WAVE2, ROCK, LIM kinase, cofilin, cdc42, N-WASP, Arp2 / 3, Drf3, Mena, LPA (lysophosphatic acid), insulin, PDGFa, PDGFb, chemokine, TGF- ⁇ and the like can be mentioned.
- actin modulators cause contraction or relaxation of the cytoskeleton of the act-myosin system, thereby regulating the contraction or stretching of the cell itself, and consequently The three-dimensional artificial tissue itself is considered to promote or delay the separation from the bottom surface of the container.
- the production method used in the present invention is characterized by being produced from cells cultured in a single layer.
- a conventional temperature-responsive sheet is used, a plurality of sheets are used. It can be said that this is a remarkable effect for the fact that a thick structure could not be constructed without overlapping.
- a three-dimensional method that does not require feeder cells and can stratify more than ten layers cannot be realized by any other method.
- a cell transplantation method that does not use a scaffold, cell sheet engineering technology using a temperature-sensitive culture dish according to Non-Patent Document 27 is representative, and international evaluation has been obtained as an original technology.
- a single sheet is often fragile, and in order to obtain a strength that can withstand surgical operations such as transplantation, it has been necessary to devise operations such as overlapping sheets. .
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue used in the composite tissue of the present invention can be said to be a cell / matrix complex, and unlike the cell sheet technology, it does not require a temperature-sensitive culture dish and can easily layer cells / matrix. It is a feature. There is no technique other than this method that can produce a composite layered in 10 layers or more without using so-called feeder cells such as rodent stromal cells in about 3 weeks. In addition, by adjusting the matrix production conditions of material cells such as synovial cells, creation of a complex that retains strength that enables surgical operations such as grasping and moving the complex without the need for special instruments The method can be an innovative and innovative technique for reliably and safely performing cell transplantation.
- the extracellular matrix production promoting factor used in the production method utilized in the present invention includes ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (Hata R, Senoo H. J. Cell Physiol. 1989; 138 (1): 8. See -16).
- ascorbic acid 2-phosphate Hata R, Senoo H. J. Cell Physiol. 1989; 138 (1): 8. See -16.
- self-contraction is performed by applying a stimulus for peeling. It is not described in the report of Hata et al. That the tissue is hardened and acquires the property of being easily detached after culturing with the addition of ascorbic acid.
- Hata et al. Differ significantly in the cell density used. Moreover, Hata et al. Do not even suggest a hardening effect, and such hardening and shrinkage effects, and an effect of facilitating peeling are not other than this method, and the artificial tissue used in the composite tissue of the present invention. It can be said that the tissue is at least completely different from that conventionally produced in that it is produced through procedures such as hardening, shrinking, and peeling. It is a surprising effect that when the culture was peeled, it contracted and three-dimensionalization, stratification, etc. were promoted. And it was discovered in this invention that the enhancement of cartilage differentiation ability is achieved by adjusting the conditions during contraction.
- the ascorbic acid diphosphate used in the production process utilized in the present invention is usually present at at least about 0.01 mM, preferably at least about 0.05 mM, more preferably at least about Present at 0.1 mM. More preferably it is present at a concentration of at least about 0.2 mM. More preferably, it is present at a concentration of about 0.5 mM, even more preferably at a concentration of 1.0 mM.
- any concentration can be used as long as it is about 0.1 mM or more, but there may be a situation where it is desirable that the concentration is preferably about 10 mM or less.
- the extracellular matrix production promoter used in the production method utilized in the present invention includes ascorbic acid diphosphate or a salt thereof and L-ascorbine or a salt thereof.
- the production method used in the present invention further includes, after the culturing step, D) a step of peeling and self-contracting the artificial tissue.
- Peeling can be promoted by applying a physical stimulus (for example, applying a physical stimulus (shear stress application, pipetting, deformation of the container, etc.) with a stick or the like to the corner of the container).
- a physical stimulus for example, applying a physical stimulus (shear stress application, pipetting, deformation of the container, etc.) with a stick or the like to the corner of the container.
- Self-shrinking occurs naturally after such debonding when a physical stimulus is applied.
- self-contraction and peeling occur in parallel.
- Self-contraction promotes biological binding, particularly in the third dimension (when referring to tissue on the sheet, the direction perpendicular to the two-dimensional direction).
- the artificial tissue of the present invention takes the form of a three-dimensional structure.
- the sufficient time varies depending on the intended use of the artificial tissue, but preferably means at least 3 days (exemplary periods include 3 to 7 days) be able to).
- the production method used in the present invention may further include a step of differentiating the artificial tissue. This is because, by differentiating, it is possible to adopt a form closer to the desired tissue.
- Examples of such differentiation include, but are not limited to, cartilage differentiation and bone differentiation.
- bone differentiation can be performed in a medium containing dexamethasone, ⁇ -glycerophosphate and ascorbic acid diphosphate. More preferably, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are added. This is because such BMP2, BMP-4, and BMP-7 further promote bone formation.
- BMPs bone morphogenetic proteins
- the production method used in the present invention is a step of differentiating an artificial tissue
- examples of differentiation include a form in which cartilage differentiation is performed.
- cartilage differentiation can be performed in a medium containing pyruvate, dexamethasone, ascorbyl diphosphate, insulin, transferrin and selenite. More preferably, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3) are added. This is because such BMP further promotes cartilage formation.
- BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3 bone morphogenetic proteins
- a point to be noted in the production method used in the present invention is that a tissue having the ability to differentiate into various differentiated cells such as bone and cartilage can be produced. Differentiation into cartilage tissue has been difficult with other scaffold-free artificial tissues. When a certain size is required, in methods other than this method, it was necessary to co-culture with the scaffold, to make it three-dimensional, and to contain a cartilage differentiation medium. Conventionally, it was difficult to differentiate cartilage in a scaffold-free manner. In the present invention, cartilage differentiation in an artificial tissue is also possible. This is a result that has not been demonstrated by a method other than the method used in the present invention, and is one of the characteristic effects of the present invention.
- the present invention can be said to achieve a remarkable effect.
- the significance is deep in that it can be freely manipulated even with differentiated cells, which has been impossible in the past, such as cartilage.
- cells were collected in a pellet form, and the cell mass was differentiated to make about 2 mm 3 , but when exceeding this size, I have to use a scaffold.
- the differentiation step included in the production method used in the present invention can be performed before or after the provision of the cells.
- the cells used in the production method utilized in the present invention can be those of primary culture, but are not limited thereto, and passaged cells (for example, 3 or more generations) can also be used.
- passaged cells for example, 3 or more generations
- cells that have been passaged 4 or more it is preferable to use cells that have been passaged 4 or more, more preferably cells that have been passaged 5 or more, and more preferably cells that have been passaged 6 or more. It is advantageous to use. This is because the upper limit of the cell density increases as the number of passages increases to a certain extent, so it is considered that a denser artificial tissue can be produced. (Eg, 3rd to 8th generation) seems to be appropriate.
- the cells are preferably provided at a cell density of 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 / cm 2 or more, but is not limited thereto. This is because a sufficiently strong artificial tissue can be provided by sufficiently increasing the cell density.
- the lower limit can be lower. It is understood that those skilled in the art can define such a lower limit based on the description herein.
- cells that can be used in the production method utilized in the present invention include, for example, myoblasts, synoviocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal stem cells (eg, derived from adipose tissue or bone marrow, or ES Cell-derived or iPS cell-derived, preferably mesenchymal stem cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or equivalent cells thereof can be used, but not limited thereto.
- mesenchymal stem cells eg, derived from adipose tissue or bone marrow, or ES Cell-derived or iPS cell-derived, preferably mesenchymal stem cells derived from pluripotent stem cells or equivalent cells thereof can be used, but not limited thereto.
- inducible mesenchymal stem cells derived from ES cells or iPS cells are advantageously used.
- Such cells are applicable to, for example, bone, cartilage, tendon, ligament, joint, meniscus and the like.
- a method for producing a three-dimensional artificial tissue having a desired thickness comprises A) providing a cell; B) containing the cell culture medium containing an extracellular matrix production promoting factor (eg, ascorbic acids, TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3, etc.) Placing in a container having a bottom area sufficient to accommodate the size of the three-dimensional artificial tissue; C) the cells in the container together with a cell culture medium containing an extracellular matrix production promoting factor, the desired size Culturing the cells for a time sufficient to form a three-dimensional artificial tissue having a size of, and making the cells into a three-dimensional artificial tissue; and D) Adjusting to a desired thickness, wherein the stimulus is (a) at least one component selected from the group consisting of sugars, vitamins and amino acids, and / or (b) a base for ⁇ MEM Including fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is applied under the conditions enriched
- an extracellular matrix production promoting factor eg, ascorbic acids, TGF- ⁇ 1, T
- examples of the physical or chemical stimulus used include, but are not limited to, pipetting and the use of actin-regulating substances. Preferably, it may be pipetting. This is because pipetting is easy to operate and does not use harmful substances.
- examples of the chemical stimulus used include an actin depolymerization promoting factor and an actin polymerization promoting factor. Examples of such actin depolymerization promoting factor include ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), destrin, depactin, actofrin, cytochalasin, and NGF (nerve growth factor).
- examples of the actin polymerization promoting factor include LPA (lysophosphatic acid), insulin, PDGFa, PDGFb, chemokine, and TGF ⁇ .
- Such polymerization or depolymerization of actin can be observed by looking at the action on actin, and it is possible to assay such action for any substance. It will be appreciated that in producing the prosthetic tissue of the present invention, materials so assayed and identified may be used to achieve the desired thickness. For example, in the present invention, the desired thickness can be adjusted by adjusting the ratio of the actin depolymerization promoting factor to the actin polymerization promoting factor.
- the present invention provides a kit for treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition associated with osteochondral defect, comprising the induced three-dimensional artificial tissue of the present invention and an artificial bone.
- Guided 3D artificial tissue and artificial bone are any of those described in (guided 3D artificial tissue), (composite tissue of guided 3D artificial tissue and artificial bone) (production of 3D artificial tissue) It is understood that the following forms can be used. It is understood that any form described in (combined tissue of induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) can also be used for diseases, disorders or conditions related to osteochondral defects, and treatment or prevention. .
- the kit of the present invention may contain a cell culture composition for producing an induced 3D artificial tissue from pluripotent stem cells or the like instead of the induced 3D artificial tissue itself.
- the present invention is a kit for treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition associated with osteochondral defect, comprising a cell culture composition for producing an induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and an artificial bone. kit. This is because a three-dimensional artificial tissue can be produced using the cell culture composition and the artificial bone can be adhered to the three-dimensional artificial tissue using the kit of the present invention.
- the cell culture composition includes components for maintaining or growing cells (for example, a commercially available medium); and an extracellular matrix production promoting factor.
- this extracellular matrix production promoting factor is ascorbic acid or a derivative thereof (for example, TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3, ascorbic acid 1-phosphate or a salt thereof, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate or a salt thereof, L-ascorbic acid or Its salts).
- ascorbic acid diphosphate or a salt thereof contained in the culture composition of the present invention is present at least 0.1 mM, or in the case of a concentrated culture composition, it is at least 0.1 mM at the time of preparation. include.
- ascorbic acids appear to have little effect if they are 0.1 mM or higher.
- the present invention can provide a composition for inducible three-dimensional artificial tissue production comprising such an extracellular matrix production promoting factor. And in addition to such a composition, you may provide the apparatus which can be culture
- the extracellular matrix production promoting factor used in the cell culture composition used in the present invention contains ascorbic acid diphosphate (Hata R, Senoo HJ Cell Physiol. 1989; 138 (1): 8-16). ).
- the production of extracellular matrix is promoted by adding a certain amount or more of ascorbic acid diphosphate.
- the resulting artificial tissue or complex is cured and easily peeled off. Thereafter, self-contraction is performed by applying a stimulus for peeling.
- the artificial tissue produced by the kit of the present invention has been conventionally produced. It can be said that it is at least completely different from that which has been produced through procedures such as curing, shrinking and peeling.
- the ascorbic acid diphosphate used in the kit of the invention is usually present at least about 0.01 mM at about 1 mm, preferably at least 0.05 mM, more preferably at least 0.1 mM. To do. More preferably it is present at a concentration of at least 0.2 mM, more preferably at a concentration of at least 0.5 mM. More preferably, the minimum concentration can be 1.0 mM.
- the cell density is not particularly limited, but in one embodiment, the cells are placed at 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells to 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells per cm 2 .
- This condition can be applied, for example, to myoblasts.
- the extracellular matrix production promoting factor is preferably provided as at least 0.1 mM as ascorbic acids. This is because a thick artificial tissue can be created. In this case, when the concentration is increased, a dense artificial tissue is formed in the extracellular matrix. When the amount is small, the amount of extracellular matrix decreases, but the self-supporting property is maintained.
- the present invention provides a composite tissue for regenerating cartilage, including an induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and an artificial bone.
- Guided 3D artificial tissue and artificial bone are any of those described in (guided 3D artificial tissue), (composite tissue of guided 3D artificial tissue and artificial bone) (production of 3D artificial tissue) It is understood that the following forms can be used.
- cartilage regeneration it is understood that any form described in (composite tissue of guided three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) can be used as necessary.
- cartilage regeneration the fact that it can be effectively treated with an artificial tissue alone is an exceptional effect that could not be achieved with conventional treatment methods.
- the present invention provides a composite tissue for regenerating an osteochondral system, including an induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and an artificial bone.
- guided type 3D artificial tissue and artificial bone any of those described in (guided 3D artificial tissue), (composite tissue of guided 3D artificial tissue and artificial bone) (production of 3D artificial tissue) It is understood that the following forms can be used. It is understood that any form described in (composite tissue of induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) can be used for the regeneration of the osteochondral system as necessary.
- the transplantation of the complex is superior to the artificial tissue alone.
- the use of such a size promotes the regeneration of subchondral bone in the space between the artificial bone surface and the osteochondral interface, and This is because it has been found that remarkable therapeutic results can be achieved in biological healing.
- the present invention provides a composite tissue for regenerating a subchondral bone, including an induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and an artificial bone.
- a composite tissue for regenerating a subchondral bone including an induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and an artificial bone.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue and the artificial bone it is understood that any form described in (composite tissue of guided three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) (production of three-dimensional artificial tissue) can be used. . It is understood that any form described in (composite tissue of induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) can be used for regeneration of subchondral bone as necessary.
- the cartilage is characterized by being fused with existing cartilage after regeneration.
- fusion with cartilage has not occurred after regeneration, and since it has been regenerated in the form of a collection of substantially different tissue pieces (bone pieces or cartilage pieces), the present invention This is remarkable in that it is possible to perform regeneration that can substantially recover the state before the loss. And the point that ossification can be suppressed and reproduction
- subchondral bone is efficiently formed immediately above, and subsequent cartilage differentiation of undifferentiated cells in the artificial tissue is promoted. Should. Although not wishing to be bound by theory, this is one of the important points since it is known that the formation of cartilaginous bone and the degree of cartilage formation in the artificial tissue are significantly correlated.
- the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a disease, disorder or condition associated with osteochondral defects.
- the method comprises: A) placing the composite tissue of the invention to replace and / or cover the defect; and B) biologically binding the artificial tissue or complex to the portion. Holding for a time sufficient to do.
- composite tissue any form described in (composite tissue of induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and artificial bone) (production of three-dimensional artificial tissue) and the like in this specification is used.
- any form described in (a composite tissue of an induced three-dimensional artificial tissue and an artificial bone) or the like in this specification can be used.
- the arrangement so as to replace a certain part typically means that the affected part is scraped (debridement or curated) as necessary, and the composite tissue of the present invention is arranged in the affected part to promote the replacement. It means to stand as it is.
- Such replacement is intended for cell filling and can be used in combination with techniques known in the art.
- the arrangement so as to cover a certain portion can be performed using a technique well known in the art.
- the sufficient time varies depending on the combination of the portion and the artificial tissue, but those skilled in the art can easily determine as appropriate according to the combination. Examples of such time include, but are not limited to, one week, two weeks, one month, two months, three months, six months, and one year after surgery.
- the artificial tissue preferably contains substantially only cells and a substance derived therefrom, and therefore, a substance to be removed after surgery is not particularly required. It does not matter. Accordingly, in this case, it can be said that the longer it is, the more preferable, but if it is substantially extremely long, it can be said that the reinforcement has been substantially completed, and there is no particular limitation. Since the artificial tissue of the present invention has a self-supporting property, it is also easy to handle, is not destroyed during actual treatment, and has a feature of being easily operated.
- the portion can include bone or cartilage.
- bone or cartilage Such examples include, but are not limited to, half moon, ligament, tendon and the like.
- the methods of the invention can be utilized to treat, prevent or enhance bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon or meniscal disease, disorder or condition.
- the reinforcing method of the present invention includes biological bonds referred to in the composite tissue of the present invention (for example, extracellular matrix mutual coupling, electrical coupling, cell-to-cell information transmission, etc.). .
- This biological linkage is preferably present in all three dimensions.
- the method of the present invention further comprises a step of culturing cells in the presence of an extracellular matrix production promoting factor to form the composite tissue of the present invention.
- transplantation / regeneration techniques including culture in the presence of an extracellular matrix production-promoting factor are methods that have not been provided in the past, and it has been impossible to treat conventionally by such methods. It is now possible to treat certain diseases (eg cartilage damage, refractory fractures, etc.).
- the cells used in the composite tissue of the present invention are cells derived from animals intended for transplantation (ie, autologous cells).
- animals intended for transplantation ie, autologous cells.
- self-cells can be sufficiently used, so that harmful side effects such as immune rejection can be avoided.
- the treatment method of the present invention targets, for example, full-thickness cartilage damage; partial cartilage damage; osteochondral damage; osteonecrosis; osteoarthritis; half-moon damage; ligament repair (oldness, degenerative tears, reconstruction surgery) Tendon (including Achilles tendon) repair (including oldness, degenerative tears, biological reinforcement during reconstruction surgery); Rotator cuff repair (especially oldness, degenerative tears, etc.) It is possible to carry out bone fracture healing, pseudo joints, injuries between bone grafts such as artificial joints and bones, and skeletal muscle repair and regeneration.
- the improvement of the state by the method of the present invention can be determined according to the function of the part to be treated. For example, in the case of bone, improvement in the condition can be determined by measuring its strength or by evaluating bone marrow and / or bone quality by MRI. In the case of cartilage / half moon, the joint surface can be observed by arthroscopy. Furthermore, improvement of the state can be determined by performing a biomechanical examination under arthroscopy. It is also possible to determine improvement of the state by confirming the repair state by MRI. Regarding the ligament, it can be determined by checking whether or not the swaying property exists by the joint braking test. In addition, improvement in the state can be determined by confirming the continuity of the tissue by MRI. For any tissue, it can be confirmed whether the condition has improved by performing a tissue biopsy and performing a histological evaluation.
- the treatment treats, prevents or strengthens a bone, cartilage, ligament, tendon or meniscal disease, disorder or condition.
- the composite tissue is self-supporting.
- the present invention provides a complex of the present invention with a cytokine such as BMP (eg, BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, etc.), TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3, HGF, FGF, IGF, etc.
- a cytokine such as BMP (eg, BMP-2, BMP-4, BMP-7, etc.), TGF- ⁇ 1, TGF- ⁇ 3, HGF, FGF, IGF, etc.
- cytokines used in the present invention are already commercially available (for example, BMP (Astellas Pharma), bFGF2 (Kaken Pharmaceutical), TGF- ⁇ 1 (R & D for research use), IGF (Astellas Pharma), HGF- 101 (Toyobo Co., Ltd.), etc.), those prepared by various methods can be used as long as they are purified to the extent that they can be used as pharmaceuticals.
- BMP Astellas Pharma
- bFGF2 Kaken Pharmaceutical
- TGF- ⁇ 1 R & D for research use
- IGF Astellas Pharma
- HGF- 101 Toyobo Co., Ltd.
- a primary cultured cell or established cell line that produces a certain cytokine can be cultured, separated from the culture supernatant, etc., and purified to obtain the certain cytokine.
- the gene encoding the cytokine is incorporated into an appropriate vector by genetic engineering techniques, inserted into an appropriate host, inserted and transformed, and the desired recombinant from the culture supernatant of this transformant.
- Cytokines can be obtained (see, for example, Nature, 342, 440 (1989), Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-111383, Biochem-Biophys. Res. Commun., 163; 967 (1989), etc.).
- the host cell is not particularly limited, and various host cells conventionally used in genetic engineering techniques such as Escherichia coli, yeast or animal cells can be used.
- the cytokine As long as the cytokine thus obtained has substantially the same action as the natural cytokine, one or more amino acids in the amino acid sequence may be substituted, deleted and / or added.
- the method for introduction into a patient include the Sendai virus (HVJ) liposome method (Molecular Medicine, 30, 1440-1448 (1993), which is a safe and efficient gene introduction method as a method for introducing cytokines in the present invention.
- Experimental Medicine, 12, 1822-11826 (1994) an electrical gene introduction method, a shotgun type gene introduction method, a gene introduction method using ultrasound, and the like.
- the cytokine can be administered as a protein form.
- passage cells were used. Actually conducted cells were tested in primary culture cells, 1 passage, 2 passages, 3 passages, 4 passages, 5 passages, 6 passages, 8 passages, 10 passages. Using these, an artificial tissue was used.
- the medium was changed twice / week until the planned culture period.
- the cell sheet and the dish were separated while pipetting with a 100 ⁇ l pipetteman around the dish. Once separated, the cell sheet was made as flat as possible by gently shaking the dish. Thereafter, 1 ml of the medium was added, the cell sheet was completely suspended, and the cell sheet contracted by being left for 2 hours, and an artificial tissue was prepared by three-dimensionalization.
- HE staining Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining
- deparaffinization for example, with pure ethanol
- water washing were performed, and the sample was immersed in omni hematoxylin for 10 minutes. Thereafter, it was washed with running water and colored with ammonia water for 30 seconds. Thereafter, it is washed with running water for 5 minutes, dyed with a 10-fold diluted solution of eosin hydrochloride for 2 minutes, dehydrated, clarified and sealed.
- Tissue findings show that cells are scattered in multiple layers and are layered.
- normal tissue normal synovial tissue, tendon tissue, cartilage tissue, skin and meniscal tissue
- conventional artificial tissue is not stained with fibronectin and vitronectin. Therefore, this artificial tissue is different from the collagen sponge artificial tissue, and the existing collagen scaffold does not contain fibronectin and vitronectin adhesion factors. In this sense, the original tissue of the present invention was created. Sex becomes clear. No extracellular matrix is stained. Comparing the normal tissue with the artificial tissue of this production example, it is confirmed that the artificial tissue is almost natural.
- collagen content was measured to see the collagen concentration. As a result, it was revealed from the amount of hydroxyproline that when 0.1 mM or more of ascorbic acid diphosphate was added, collagen production was significantly promoted. The production amount was almost proportional to the culture period.
- an artificial tissue was produced using the cells derived from fat. Ascorbic acid diphosphate was used under the conditions of 0 mM (none), 0.1 mM, 0.5 mM, 1.0 mM, and 5.0 mM. The production was carried out according to the above-described method for producing synovial cells (described in Production Example 1). As initial seeding conditions, 5 ⁇ 10 4 cells / cm 2 were used. The culture period was 14 days. Artificial tissues were also created from cells derived from adipose tissue, and fibronectin and vitronectin were abundant as in synovial cell-derived artificial tissues. Collagen I and III were also expressed abundantly.
- this artificial tissue can be used to produce the composite tissue described in the following examples.
- adipocytes have a repair function, similar to a composite tissue made of a synovial cell-derived three-dimensional artificial tissue.
- the artificial tissue of bone or cartilage prepared in this example can be induced to differentiate into cartilage or bone. Bone differentiation was confirmed by confirming that the artificial tissue exhibited Alzarin Red positive reaction in the bone differentiation-inducing medium. In the experiment for induction of cartilage differentiation, it was confirmed that the artificial tissue was differentiated into a cartilage-like tissue positive for Alcian blue by stimulation with a cartilage differentiation induction medium + BMP-2. It has been confirmed that the fat-derived artificial tissue retains the ability to differentiate into bone and cartilage in the same manner as the synovial cell-derived artificial tissue (see Japanese Patent No. 4522994).
- Synovial cells from passage 4 to 5 were treated with trypsin EDTA, 4.0 ⁇ 10 6 synovial cells were dissolved in 2 ml of serum-containing medium containing 0.2 mM ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, and 35 ml culture dish (Falcon And cultured in a CO 2 incubator kept at 37 ° C. for 7 days. Thereby, a cultured cell-extracellular matrix complex is formed.
- the complex is mechanically detached from the culture dish by pipetting around at least 2 hours prior to the planned transplantation procedure. After detachment, the cultured cell-extracellular matrix complex contracts to form a three-dimensional tissue having a diameter of about 15 mm and a thickness of about 0.1 mm.
- synovial specimens are rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), minced, and 0.4% collagenase XI (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, 2 hours at 37 ° C.). MO, USA).
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- collagenase XI Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, 2 hours at 37 ° C.). MO, USA.
- High glucose Dulbecco's modified EM medium HG-DM-DM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FBS; HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) and 1% penicillin / streptomycin (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA) After neutralizing the collagenase with growth medium containing Wako, Osaka, Japan), the cells were harvested by centrifugation, washed with PBS, resuspended in growth medium and plated on culture dishes.
- FBS fetal calf serum
- Gibco BRL penicillin / streptomycin
- rabbit mesenchymal stem cells were similar to human synovial MSCs in terms of morphology, proliferation characteristics and pluripotent differentiation ability (to bone, cartilage and adipose) [Ando W, Tateishi K, Katakai D, Hart DA, Higuchi C, Nakata K, et al., Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14: 2041-2049; Tateishi K, Higuchi C, Ando W, Nakata K, Hashimoto J, Hart DA, et al ., Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15: 709-718].
- these cells were grown in growth medium at 37 ° C. in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO 2 .
- the medium was changed once a week. After 7-10 days of primary culture, when cells reached confluence, they were washed twice with PBS and trypsin-EDTA (0.25% trypsin and 1 mM EDTA: Gibco BRL, Life Technologies Inc., Carlsbad, CA, USA) and was diluted and re-plated to a cell concentration of 1: 3. When the cultured cells almost reached confluence, the cells were continuously subcultured with a 1: 3 dilution. In this application, cells from passage 3 to 7 were used.
- Synovial MSCs are grown to a density of 4.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells / cm 2 in growth medium containing 0.2 mM ascorbate-2-phosphate (Asc-2P), the optimal concentration from previous studies.
- the complex of the cultured cells and the ECM synthesized by these cells was detached from the lower layer by applying shear stress using light pipetting.
- This exfoliated monolayer composite was maintained in suspension and a three-dimensional structure was formed by self-organization shrinkage.
- This tissue was called scaffold-independent (also called scaffold-free) somatic (also called natural) three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC).
- transplantation example transplantation of hybrid graft (composite tissue) to osteochondral defect
- the transplantation was performed as follows.
- a New Zealand white rabbit (24 weeks of age or older) with a mature skeleton was kept in the cage and fed food and water freely. Rabbits were intravenously injected with 1 ml of pentobarbital [50 mg / ml (Nembutal®; Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan)] and 1 ml of xylazine hydrochloride [25 mg / ml (Sercatal®). Anesthetized by Bayer, Germany). After shaving, disinfection and covering with a sterile cloth, a straight 3 cm long medial parapatellar incision was made in the right knee, the patella was moved outward, and the femoral fossa was exposed.
- a full thickness articular osteochondral defect having a diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 6 mm was mechanically created in the femoral fossa of the right distal thigh.
- Hybridization of TEC and artificial bone was performed immediately prior to implantation, and a biphasic graft was implanted into the right knee defect of the rabbit (TEC group).
- TEC group In the control group, only the artificial bone was transplanted into the rabbit's right knee defect. All animals were cast on the right leg for 7 days. They were then euthanized under anesthesia 1 month, 2 months and 6 months after surgery, or after another appropriate period.
- the implantation site was fixed and used for subsequent paraffin sectioning and histological analysis. Other transplant sites were subjected to biomechanical testing.
- tissue were fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin, decalcified with K-CX (Falma, Tokyo, Japan) and embedded in paraffin to produce 4 mm sections. . Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) and toluidine blue.
- the bone and cartilage formation rate of the repaired tissue was calculated at 1 month, 2 months and 6 months.
- the length of the repaired bone tissue was divided by the length of the artificial bone, and the results were expressed as a percentage.
- the cartilage formation rate was also calculated by the same method.
- the correlation between bone formation rate and cartilage formation rate was calculated.
- ES cell colonies were recovered with CTK colony-dissolution solution (0.25% trypsin, 0.1% collagenase IV, 20% KSR, and 1 mM CaCl 2 , phosphate buffered saline (PBS)), and ES cell culture medium
- CTK colony-dissolution solution 0.25% trypsin, 0.1% collagenase IV, 20% KSR, and 1 mM CaCl 2 , phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the cells were washed with (for example, the following rabbit ESC medium) and suspended in culture at a rate of 100 colonies / ml with DMEM (Invitrogen) containing 10% FBS for 4 days.
- DMEM Invitrogen
- the formed embryoid body was attached to a gelatin-coated culture dish, and 5 g of basal medium (basic medium was powdered ⁇ MEM (Invitrogen, GIBCO Cat # 11900-024, lot # 755272), hydrogen carbonate Dissolve 1.1 g of sodium in 500 ml of distilled water, and then add 1% Antibiotic-Antilytic, 100x (Invitrogen, 15240) and 10% FBS (lot # FTM33793, Hyclone, Thermo Scientific), respectively).
- the cells were cultured for 6 days under pressure (1% O2, 5% CO2) conditions. The culture conditions were adjusted to atmospheric pressure with nitrogen. These cultures were performed in a multi-gas incubator (MCO-5M, SANYO Electric Co.
- Adherent cells (EB-derived cells) were treated with trypsin (Invitrogen), washed, resuspended in basal medium, and further cultured for 3 days under extremely low oxygen partial pressure (1% O 2 , 5% CO 2 ) conditions. The proliferated cells were treated with trypsin again, and after limiting dilution, cultured for about 10 days under the same conditions. Single colonies were collected using a glass pipette and used as ES-MSCs clones.
- blastocysts were treated with mitomycin-C (10 ⁇ g / ml in medium for 90 minutes; Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad CA, USA) onto mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells, 20% Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR; Invitrogen), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) / F12 (Invitrogen), 2 mM L-glutamine (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- rESCs were analyzed as previously reported (Suemori, H. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2006, 345: 926-932), CTK colony dissociation solution (0.25% trypsin in PBS, 0.1% collagenase IV, 20% KSR and 1 mM CaCl 2 ).
- rESC colonies are collected with CTK solution, washed once with fresh rESM, then transferred into DMEM (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) for suspension culture It was.
- DMEM Invitrogen
- FCS fetal calf serum
- rESC differentiation potential was performed by teratoma formation assay.
- a cell suspension containing 5 ⁇ 10 6 rESCs was injected subcutaneously into the thigh of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice.
- SCID severe combined immunodeficiency mice.
- Teratomas were collected 8 weeks after the time of cell injection and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histological observation.
- ESCs were passaged on Matrigel (BD Falcon, Bedford, MA, USA) and cultured in MEF-conditioned rESM. 24 ng after the start of Matrigel culture, 8 ng / ml bFGF, 1,000 U / ml leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF; Millipore Billerica, MA, USA), 1 ⁇ M Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor I (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), 1 ⁇ M Specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) / extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) inhibitor PD0325901 (Stemgent, Cambridge, MA, USA) or 0.5 ⁇ M specific activin-like receptor 4/5/7 (ALK4 / 5/7) Inhibitor A83-01 (Stemgent) was added to the culture medium.
- rESCs of 0.25% trypsin (Invitrogen) and 0.04% EDTA (Sigma-Aldrich). , St. Louis, MO, USA) (trypsin-EDTA), dissociated rESCs were plated on gelatin-coated tissue culture dishes, and 10 ⁇ M Rho-linked coiled-coil-forming kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 (Japanese) Single cell digestion assays were performed by culturing in rESM for 24 hours with or without K-27632.
- trypsin-EDTA trypsin-EDTA
- FACS fluorescence activated cell sorting
- rBMMSC rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
- GPDH glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- the blotted membrane was blocked overnight with Block Ace (Block Ace; Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, Osaka) and treated with each primary antibody (Tables 2 and 3) at 4 ° C. overnight.
- Detection was performed using an ECL plus Western blotting detection system (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, UK) and a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -labeled secondary antibody corresponding to each primary antibody (all, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa CA, USA CA, USA). And was implemented by chemiluminescence enhanced by The photolabeled membrane was analyzed with a CCD-based chemiluminescence analyzer LAS 4000 (Fujifilm Corporation, Tokyo).
- rESC-1 cell lines were analyzed using 20% O 2 + 5% CO 2 , 5% O 2 + 5% CO 2 or 1% O 2 + 5% CO. Incubate on Matrigel in MEF-conditioned rESM for 48 hours under 2 conditions. The cells were then dissociated into single cells using trypsin-EDTA, washed twice with PBS containing 2% FCS, and washed at ⁇ 20 ° C. with 99.5% cold ethanol (final concentration 70%). Fixed overnight.
- Embryoid body (EB) formation adhesion and hypoxic treatment of differentiated cells
- Embryoid body suspension culture was initiated by resuspending 100 colonies per ml in 10% FCS-DMEM.
- EBs were maintained in suspension for 4 days with medium changes every 2 days by precipitating EBs in 15 ml centrifuge tubes, aspirating old media and resuspending in fresh media.
- EBs were then transferred onto gelatin-coated dishes and cultured for 6 days in 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM.
- the oxygen concentration was changed to either 20% O 2 , 5% O 2 or 1% O 2 (step 1).
- EB-derived cells were treated with trypsin-EDTA, washed once, resuspended in 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM, and cultured at each O 2 concentration for an additional 3 days. (Step 2). Colony formation assays were performed by trypsin dissociation and dilution of treated cells into 200 cells / 35 mm dishes followed by culturing EB derivatives in step 1 or step 2 for 14 days. To prevent cell death associated with single cell digestion of human ESCs, the suspension medium was supplemented with 10 ⁇ M Y-27632.
- Fibroblast colonies were scraped from the substrate using glass capillaries and transferred into TrypLE Express (Invitrogen) in 96-well multiwell plates to dissociate, which was 10 ng Plated on gelatin coated plates in 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM supplemented with / ml bFGF. The media was changed after the cells attached and every 2 days thereafter. Cells were passaged every 3-4 days using trypsin-EDTA (Invitrogen) and maintained in 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM supplemented with 10 ng / ml bFGF for further experiments.
- TrypLE Express Invitrogen
- rESC-derived MSCs In vitro differentiation assay of rESC-derived MSCs Cells were plated at a density of either 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells / 35 mm dish or 1 ⁇ 10 4 cells / 96-well multiwell plate dish and cultured until confluent. To promote adipogenesis, the medium was added to an adipocyte differentiation medium consisting of 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM supplemented with 10 ⁇ 7 M dexamethasone (Sigma), 0.5 mM isobutylmethylxanthine (Sigma) and 100 ⁇ M indomethacin (Sigma). Switched. Ten days later, the lipid-producing culture was fixed with 10% neutral formalin and stained with Oil Red O solution (Wako Pure Chemical Industries?).
- the medium consists of 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM supplemented with 10 ⁇ 8 M dexamethasone (Sigma), 10 mM 2-glycerophosphate (Sigma) and 50 ⁇ g / ml ascorbic acid (Sigma). Switched to osteoblast differentiation medium for 14 days. After differentiation, the dishes were fixed with 10% neutral formalin and stained with 0.5% alizarin red S (Sigma) solution. To promote cartilage production, 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells are cultured as pellets in 15 ml polypropylene tubes (BD Falcon) or 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells are plated into 96 well plates. Then, the cells were cultured in a chondrocyte differentiation medium (Invitrogen) for 21 days. After chondrocyte differentiation, cells were treated with TRIzol solution (Invitrogen) and RNA was purified and used for further studies.
- a chondrocyte differentiation medium Invitrogen
- TRIzol solution Invitrogen
- rESMSC expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) rESC expressing GFP was prepared by introducing the pCAG-GFP-IRES-Puro vector into the rESC used above.
- the GFP sequence obtained from the pCAG-GFP vector was transformed into the pCAG-IRES-Puro plasmid (Suemori It was cloned into the NotI / EcoRI site of Dr. Hirofumi.
- the pCAG-GFP-IRES-Puro vector was linearized with SspI and electroporated to 3 ⁇ 10 6 rESCs using Gene Pulser II (BioRad laboratories, Hercules, Calif., USA) at 250V, 950 ⁇ F. Performed. rESC cultures were selected for 4 days in rESM supplemented with 10 ⁇ M Y-27632 and 7 ng / ml puromycin. Cells subjected to puromycin selection were treated with trypsin, passed through a cell strainer (BD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif., USA), washed once with rESM, and in rESM supplemented with 10 ⁇ M Y-27632. Resuspended.
- MSC induction was performed according to the procedure described herein. Inducible MSCs derived from rESC lines expressing GFP (rgESMSC-1) were used for transplantation studies after cloning, differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes, and confirmation of MSC marker expression.
- Transplantation assay using rabbit articular cartilage defect Cells were transplanted as sheets (Kaneshiro, N. et al., Eur. Cell. Mater., 2007, 13: 87-92). Since the cell sheet is stable and reproducible and adheres to the defect site after a very short time, transplantation as a cell sheet is quick and simple.
- Cell line rESSMSC-1 was plated directly on a temperature-responsive cell culture dish (35 mm diameter, Cellseed, Tokyo) at a density of 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells per cell. The cells were maintained in 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM supplemented with 10 ng / ml bFGF until the cells reached confluence and formed a cell sheet.
- a sheet of viable cells was collected by lowering the temperature of the culture to room temperature (about 24 ° C.) for 30 minutes according to the protocol previously described.
- skeletal mature JW male rabbits with an average weight of 3.0 kg were used. These rabbits were anesthetized and the right knee joint was approached from the medial parapatellarincision and the patella moved laterally.
- a full-thickness osteochondral defect (diameter 5 mm, depth 3 mm) was established in the femoral pulley sulcus, then This defect was filled with a cell sheet.
- mice After surgery, all rabbits were returned to their cages and allowed to move freely. At 2 and 4 weeks after surgery, animals were euthanized with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium and joint tissues were examined by histological staining, immunofluorescence or FACS. For transplantation experiments, 3 animals were prepared for histological analysis and 3 animals for FACS analysis (6 animals in total).
- the knee joint including the regenerative area, is treated with Milform 10N (4% paraformaldehyde, 4% paraformaldehyde / phosphate buffer for tissue fixation), Wako Pure Chemical Industries, or 4% paraformaldehyde / phosphate.
- Buffer solution for tissue fixation (163-20145, Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), and calcareous material was removed using 85% formic acid and 20% aqueous sodium citrate solution. Samples were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin for histological observation. The sections were then stained with safranin-O or double stained with Alcian blue and Alizarin red.
- FIG. 1 shows a comparison between MSCs (left) taken from the synovial membrane of rabbits produced in the above production example and MSCs (ESC-MSC; right) derived from ES cells in this example.
- ESC-MSC has self-renewal capacity and cell surface antigens are also MSC characteristic (eg, PDFGR ⁇ + , CD105 + and CD271 + ), osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipose. It was original. Although no data is shown, the results are similar to those described in Non-Patent Document 5 (particularly Figures 3, 5, 6, 7). These results can be referred to as necessary.
- ES-TEC embryonic stem cell-derived TEC
- ES-TEC embryonic stem cell-derived TEC
- bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
- bFGF is Wako: recombinant human bFGF: Cat. No. 060-04543: Use 100 ⁇ g, dissolve in PBS containing 0.1% CHAPS (SIGMA) and 0.5% BSA (bovine serum albumin Albumin, from bovine serum, A2153-100G, SIGMA) and dispense. And stored at -20 ° C.
- the TEC was prepared in the same manner as the somatic (synovial) stem cells as described in Production Example 5. Cells are seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 5 cells / cm 2 , and after plane culture for 5-14 days, shear stress is applied to the boundary between the cells and the culture dish by pipetting to form the cell-matrix complex in suspension culture. Created by TEC.
- a culture solution 1) a conventional culture solution for preparing TEC [DMEM (043-30085, lot # TLG7036, Wako), 10% FBS (172012-500ML, SIGMA), 1% Antibiotic-Antilytic, 100x (Invitrogen, 15240)] 2) The above basal medium and 3) the above growth medium.
- 0.2 mM L-ascorbic acid-2-phosphate (SIGMA, Cat # 49752-10G, lot # BCBC4071V) was added to all the culture solutions (1-3).
- the culture period was 14 days because the culture period was 14 days. In 1) and 3), the tissue due to contraction of the cytoskeleton was naturally folded up to 14 days, and it was difficult to continue for 14 days, and the culture period was set to 5 to 12 days.
- FIG. 2 shows a comparison with a cell sheet (left) and a TEC derived from an ES cell which is an example of the present invention.
- the induced TEC of the present invention has a high three-dimensional formation ability.
- the cell sheet the tissue before shearing from the bottom surface by applying shear stress in the TEC formation process in the above example was used. Therefore, as the cell sheet, a cell sheet prepared by planar culture for 5-12 days in a TEC-forming medium was used.
- tissue fragments and tissue appearance with and without ascorbic acid 2-phosphate were observed, and the volume (left column) and weight (right column) with and without ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, and hydroxyproline. The amount difference was evaluated.
- the protocol is shown below.
- ES-MSCs were seeded at a TEC preparation concentration (1.52 ⁇ 10 5 cells / well) in each well of a 12-well plate to prepare a TEC.
- the volume of TEC made from 10 6 cells, 4 ⁇ 10 6 cells, 8 ⁇ 10 6 cells, and 16 ⁇ 10 6 cells / well is expressed as plethysmometer (model TK-101CMP; UNICOM, Chiba, Japan).
- the weight was measured with a scale (Ando W, Tateishi K, Katakai D, Hart DA, Higuchi C, Nakata K, et al., Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14: 2041-2049). Four samples were evaluated at each cell density.
- FIG. 3 shows increased production of extracellular matrix (collagen) by addition of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate.
- the upper left shows the difference in tissue fragments with and without ascorbic acid diphosphate, and the upper right shows the difference in tissue appearance with and without ascorbic acid diphosphate (the upper part shows no addition of ascorbic acid diphosphate, the lower part Ascorbic acid diphosphate added).
- the lower left column shows the difference in volume (left column) and weight (right column) with and without ascorbic acid diphosphate.
- the two on the left side of the graph are without ascorbic acid diphosphate addition, and the two on the right side are with ascorbic acid diphosphate addition.
- the y-axis indicates volume (left, ⁇ l) or weight (right, mg).
- the lower right is a comparison of hydroxyproline amount ( ⁇ g) with or without ascorbic acid diphosphate.
- hydroxyproline amount ⁇ g
- ascorbic acid significantly increased the volume, weight and hydroxyproline production.
- ascorbic acid By adding ascorbic acid, the formation of a vigorous extracellular matrix is recognized, and the effect of organizing like somatic TEC is shown.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FITC immunofluorescence analysis of H & E staining, collagen 1, collagen 2, and fibronectin was performed.
- H & E staining was performed according to a conventional method.
- Iron hematoxylin is composed of I solution: 1 g of hematoxylin, 100 ml of 95% ethanol, II solution: 2 g of ferric chloride, 95 ml of distilled water, and 1 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid. At the time of use, the liquid I and liquid II were mixed and stained.
- TEC was prepared in a 12-well plate.
- the medium used is a medium containing 0.2 mM ascorbic acid in DMEM containing 10% FBS.
- Tissue-like samples should be washed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 24 hours and washed with running water (tap water) for 4 hours, including the following experiments (regardless of in vitro TEC experiments and animal samples). Thereafter, as a degreasing step, 70% ethanol (12 hours), 100% ethanol (3 days), and 70% ethanol (12 hours) were immersed in this order.
- PFA paraformaldehyde
- EDTA special grade ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (dihydrate) (reagent), 000-29135, Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd .; or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tetrasodium salt (dihydrate)
- 000-29295, Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd. 276 g was dissolved in 3 L of DW and autoclaved for 2-4 weeks. If it was cut with a scalpel and softened, the decalcification was completed (therefore, the period was wide).
- the block was prepared by placing it in an embedding machine (LEICAASP200S, Leica Microsystems), and a 3-4 ⁇ m section was prepared and completed.
- the immunostaining is as follows. Proteinase Ready-to-use (Dako, S3020) was added to deparaffinized and rehydrated paraffin sections, and allowed to stand at room temperature for 5 minutes to activate the antigen. The sample was washed 3 times with PBS, and then the sample was blocked with 1% BSA (Albumin, from bovine serum, A2153- 100G, prepared by dissolving SIGMA Life Science in PBS to 1%) for 1 hour, and PBS MouseMonoclonal [COLI] to Collagen (ab90395, Abcam, England) diluted 1/400, or anti-human collagen type II antibody (F-57, Clone No. II-4C11, 1/100 diluted) Incubate overnight at 4 ° C.
- BSA Albumin, from bovine serum, A2153- 100G, prepared by dissolving SIGMA Life Science in PBS to 16%
- PBS MouseMonoclonal [COLI] to Collagen (ab90395, Abcam, England) diluted
- FIG. 4 shows a comparison of monolayer culture produced with ES cells and three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC), which is a representative example of the present invention (before cartilage differentiation).
- the upper row shows the results of monolayer culture, and the lower row shows the results of TEC. From the left, the results of FITC immunofluorescence analysis of H & E staining, collagen 1, collagen 2, and fibronectin are shown.
- This figure shows the state of ES-TEC at the time of non-differentiation induction, and it is understood that the type 2 collagen of hyaline cartilage does not express mainly with fibrous collagen such as type 1 collagen as in the conventional case.
- adhesive proteins such as fibronectin are also expressed, which is related to the possibility of transplantation that does not require suturing.
- the three-dimensional structure is changed from a single layer, the thickness is significantly increased, and it is confirmed that the tissue that has undergone self-contraction as it is peeled off from the bottom surface is three-dimensional.
- Alcian blue staining and safranin O staining were performed in order to show that hyaline cartilage-like tissue was formed by cartilage differentiation. These were performed based on the standard method based on the method described in part in the histology and fluorescence microscopy.
- a tissue sample was prepared and stained.
- pH 1.0 Alcian blue was prepared as follows: 1.0.1N aqueous hydrochloric acid solution (added distilled water to 8.4 ml of HCl to 1000 ml. 2. pH 1.0 Alcian blue staining solution: Alcian .
- Cologne et tae Loro staining solution is prepared as follows: Kerunehiteroto (Nuclear Fast red; C 14 0.1 g of H 8 NO 4 SNa, 5 g of aluminum sulfate (Al 2 (SO 4 )), 100 ml of distilled water, 5 g of aluminum sulfate are dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water, and 0.1 g of Cologne etherate is added and boiled for 5 minutes. After cooling at room temperature, it was filtered to obtain a working solution.
- the staining was as follows (pH 1.0 Alcian blue staining). 1. Deparaffinized, washed with running water for 2-3 minutes and washed with distilled water for 5-10 seconds. 2. Immerse in 0.1N hydrochloric acid for 3-5 minutes. 3. Immerse in pH 1.0 Alcian blue staining solution for 30-120 minutes. 4. Immerse in 0.1N hydrochloric acid (2 tanks) for 2-3 minutes each. 5. Drain directly in alcohol without washing. 6). Clear and enclose.
- Safranin O staining is as follows. For deparaffinization, wash with xylene four times for 5 minutes each, then wash with 100% alcohol 1-2 for 5 minutes each, and with 95%, 80%, and 70% alcohol for 2 minutes each until running water Washing with water was performed for 5 minutes. Thereafter, staining was performed with iron hematoxylin for 5 minutes for nuclear staining, running water staining for 5-10 minutes for coloration, and staining with 0.02% FastGreen for 5 minutes. For fractionation, it was washed with 1% acetic acid for several seconds and stained with 0.1% safranin O for 7 minutes. Thereafter, it was washed with 95% alcohol (2 tanks). Dehydration was performed with 100% alcohol for the first time for 1 minute and the second time for 5 minutes. The last clearing was performed 3 times with xylene for 5 minutes each.
- FIG. 5 shows that a hyaline cartilage-like tissue is formed by cartilage differentiation of a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- the upper row shows Alcian blue staining, and the lower column shows Safranin O staining. With safranin O, the entire tissue is uniformly stained red and exhibits extremely strong cartilage differentiation. Somatic TEC was at a level that could not be confirmed.
- hyaline cartilage is first recognized as chondrocytes with lacunar (small lumen) in the vitreous (non-fibrous) extracellular matrix. Furthermore, the centers of extracellular organs are glycosaminoglycans (red for safranin O, blue for alcian blue and toluidine blue) and collagen type 2. In the conventional treatment with somatic TEC and MSC itself, collagen type 2 is also increased, but collagen type 1 is also strongly expressed. In ES, collagen type 1 has almost disappeared. This is evidence that the tissue prepared in the present invention is very close to the collagen composition of hyaline cartilage. It should be noted that although there is a portion that looks like hyaline cartilage in 6 months of the conventional (somatic) TEC, it cannot be seen in 1 month, and thus the present invention can be said to show a remarkable effect.
- glycosaminoglycan As shown in FIG. 6, the production of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was quantified.
- the protocol is shown below.
- Glycosaminoglycan was quantified using a sulfated glycosaminoglycan quantification kit (Seikagaku Biobusiness Co., Ltd.).
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue TEC was treated at 55 ° C. for 2 hours using the protease attached to the kit, then boiled for 10 minutes and returned to room temperature. 50 ⁇ L of each sample was added to each well of the microplate (attached to the kit), and 50 ⁇ L of reaction buffer II (attached to the kit) was added to each well.
- DMMB dye solution 150 ⁇ L was added to each well, and after standing at room temperature for 5 minutes while shielding light, 530 nm of each well was added using immunomini NT-2300 (Cosmo Bio Inc.). The wavelength was measured.
- the sulfated GAG standard solution (80, 40, 20, 10, 5, 2, 5, 0 ⁇ g / mL) attached to the kit is treated in the same way as the sample, a standard curve is prepared, and the sulfated glycosaminoglycan concentration of the sample was calculated.
- FIG. 6 shows that three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, is significantly more glycosaminoglycan (FIG. 6) than conventional three-dimensional artificial tissue. GAG) is generated.
- the left side shows a three-dimensional artificial tissue derived from synovium
- the right side shows a three-dimensional artificial tissue produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention. In each, the left side is without cartilage differentiation induction, and the right side is with cartilage differentiation induction.
- FITC immunofluorescence analysis and collagen cyan staining on the left were performed on collagen 1a1 and collagen 2a1. These were performed according to the method described above.
- FIG. 7 shows FITC immunofluorescence analysis showing that a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, has a hyaline cartilage-like phenotype when cartilage differentiated.
- the left shows Alcian blue staining, the second from the left shows collagen 1a1, the second from the right shows collagen 2a1, and the leftmost shows a negative control.
- the three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells has a hyaline cartilage-like differentiation ability.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- GPDH housekeeping gene
- RNA concentrations were measured for each sample, and complementary DNA (cDNA) was obtained by RT using random primers with reverse transcriptase (Promega, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA). Samples were performed for qRT-PCR using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa, JP) and custom designed porcine primers. QRT-PCR was then performed using ABI PRISM 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA 94404, USA). Pellets were cultured in HGDMEM supplemented with 10% FBS (without chondrogenic auxiliary components) to compare mRNA levels of differentiated pellets (0, 2 or 10% fetal bovine serum FBS) Reference (for calibration).
- RNA extraction from the cells was performed using RNeasy fibros tissue mini kit (QUIAGEN). After extracting total RNA according to the protocol attached to the kit, the RNA concentration of each sample was measured.
- the complementary DNA (cDNA) in each sample was subjected to a reverse transcription reaction using Superscript III first strand synthesis system (Invitrogen), and the oligo (T) primer attached to the kit was used as a primer.
- QRT-PCR was then performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq (TaKaRa) with a custom designed rabbit primer and ABI PRISM 7900HT (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA 94404, USA).
- Formula 1 ⁇ Ct (Target gene Ct value)-(GAPDHCt value)
- Formula 2 ⁇ Ct (target sample ⁇ Ct value) ⁇ (calibration sample ⁇ Ct value) Equation 3
- Relative value 2 - ⁇ Ct
- Primers were designed with Primer 3 software (open source software) based on sequences in the GenBank database for sequences corresponding to specific gene accession numbers. The following sequences were used.
- pig-GAPDH CTGCCCCTTCTGCTGATGC (SEQ ID NO: 1)
- pig-GAPDH reverse): CATCACGCCACAGTTTCCCA
- pig-aggrecan forward): ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC (SEQ ID NO: 3
- pig-aggrecan reverse): GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC (SEQ ID NO: 4
- pig-collagen1a2 forward): ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC
- pig-collagen1a2 reverse): GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC (SEQ ID NO: 6
- pig-collagen2a1 forward): ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC
- SEQ ID NO: 7 pig-collagen2a1 (reverse): GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC (SEQ ID NO: 8).
- FIG. 8 shows a pattern of gene expression before and after induction of cartilage differentiation in a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, which is 10-20 times that of somatic TEC. It shows that expression of a cartilage-related gene is observed.
- Sy-TEC indicates TEC derived from synovial MSC.
- ES-TEC indicates TEC derived from ES cell-derived MSC.
- Hyalin Cartilage is hyaline cartilage-like. No Introduction indicates no induction. Chondrogenisis indicates after stimulation of cartilage differentiation. p ⁇ 0.05 indicates statistical significance.
- the y-axis indicates the relative expression intensity.
- FIG. 9 shows the result of treating a bone defect using a composite tissue obtained by combining a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, with ⁇ TCP.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FIG. 9 shows the result of treating a bone defect using a composite tissue obtained by combining a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, with ⁇ TCP.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- FIG. 10 shows the results of treatment of bone defects using a composite tissue in which a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, is combined with ⁇ TCP.
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- a toluidine blue staining test was performed for comparison with somatic (synovial derived) TEC for suppression of ossification signal and maintenance of cartilage differentiation after 2 months.
- the transplantation experiment was in accordance with the description in the transplantation example. Toluidine blue staining was performed based on a conventional method. Briefly, deparaffinization and water washing were performed, stained with 0.05% toluidine blue staining solution for 10 to 30 minutes, washed twice with pure ethanol, dehydrated, cleared, and sealed.
- FIG. 11 shows the result of treating a bone defect using a composite tissue obtained by combining three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, with ⁇ TCP after 2 months. It is the result compared with the somatic (synovial origin) TEC about the suppression of the ossification signal and the maintenance of the cartilage differentiation.
- the results on the left are shown in the synovium-derived TEC complex tissue, and the results on the right are the results using the complex tissue in which TEC produced by MSC derived from ES cells is complexed with ⁇ TCP.
- the upper row is an overall photograph, and the lower row is an enlarged view thereof.
- the TEC produced by the inductive MSC of the present invention suppresses the ossification signal and maintains the cartilage differentiation, and has an effect not achieved by the conventional technique.
- Example 3 Induction from pluripotent stem cells (P cells) to P cell-derived MSCs
- pluripotent stem cells (P cells) are cultured in ultra-low adhesion culture dishes (Corning, Corning, NY) to form embryoid bodies.
- Culture medium (1) is DMEM, 15% FBS, 1 mM NEAA, 0.1 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM L-glutamine, 50 U / ml P / S, and embryoid bodies are cultured in suspension for 3 days. Thereafter, after treatment with 0.5 mM retinoic acid, the cells are further cultured for 2 days.
- Embryoid bodies are transferred to a 0.1% gelatin-coated plate, and 10 ng / ml TGF ⁇ 1 is added to the aforementioned culture solution (1) and cultured for 2 days.
- the culture is further continued with a culture solution (2) containing DMEM, 10% FBS and ascorbic acid. After the cells became almost confluent, the cells were detached and collected with trypsin, seeded on a 0.1% gelatin-coated culture dish, and cultured in the aforementioned culture solution (2).
- Use cells after 2 passages. (Reference: Derivation of murine induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) and assessment of their differentiation differentiation toward osteogenic lineage.LiF, Bronson S, Niyibizi C. J Cell Biochem. 2010 Mar1: 3-102. /jcb.22440.)
- iPS murine induced pluripotent stem cells
- Example 4 Alternative method of induction from pluripotent stem cells (P cells) to P cell-derived MSCs
- pluripotent stem cells P cells
- serum-free medium mTeSR1 (StemCell Technologies) and Matrigel-coated culture dishes (Matrigel (BD Bioscience, San Diego)) at a concentration of 100 ug / ml. / -Dissolve in Ham's F12 medium, place in a culture dish, let stand at room temperature for 1 hour, and then remove the culture solution to prepare.
- mTeSR1 StemTeSR1
- Matrigel-coated culture dishes Matrigel-coated culture dishes
- the composite structure can be manufactured by appropriately referring to the manufacturing example as TEC as in Example 2 using the MSC generated using this method.
- Example 5 Experiment in another example of mesenchymal stem cells derived from iPS cells
- mesenchymal stem cells also called mesenchymal stem cells
- a three-dimensional artificial tissue is produced using this, and then a composite tissue is produced in the same manner as in Example 1, It was confirmed that an experiment for an efficient and safe repair of osteochondral damage could be performed by the same method as in the above Examples or Production Examples. Specifically, it is as follows.
- IPS cell-derived MSC establishment method IPS cells (253G1) obtained from RIKEN were obtained. When these iPS cells were cultured at an oxygen partial pressure of 1%, spindle-shaped cells were observed around the colonies.
- CD44 / CD73 / CD105 positive cells were sorted using a flow cytometer, iPS-MSCs differentiated into cartilage, bone, and fat. These experiments were performed based on the procedure described in Example 1. The result is shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 15, it is understood that MSCs (iPS-MSCs) that differentiate into cartilage, bone, and fat could be produced using iPS cells as well as ES cells.
- H & E staining was performed according to a conventional method.
- Iron hematoxylin is composed of I solution: 1 g of hematoxylin, 100 ml of 95% ethanol, II solution: 2 g of ferric chloride, 95 ml of distilled water, and 1 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
- I solution 1 g of hematoxylin
- II solution 2 g of ferric chloride
- 95 ml of distilled water and 1 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
- the liquid I and liquid II were mixed and stained. The results are shown in each photograph of FIG.
- the type 2 collagen of hyaline cartilage is not expressed mainly with fibrous collagen such as type 1 collagen as in the past. It also expresses adhesive proteins such as fibronectin, and can be transplanted without the need for suturing. Furthermore, when the three-dimensional structure is increased from a single layer, the thickness of the tissue increases significantly. It is confirmed that it is dimensioned.
- iPS-TEC can also form a hyaline cartilage-like tissue by cartilage differentiation in the same manner as ES-TEC. It is confirmed that the cartilage differentiation is significantly improved over the somatic TEC. It is also confirmed that iPS-TEC increases collagen type 2 expression and collagen type 1 disappears in the same manner as ES-TEC.
- glycosaminoglycan concentration of sulfated glycosaminoglycan was confirmed to produce significantly more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in iPS-TEC than in conventional somatic three-dimensional artificial tissue, as in ES-TEC.
- iPS-TEC has a hyaline cartilage-like differentiation ability as well as ES-TEC.
- iPS-TEC also increases the expression of cartilage-related genes, similar to ES-TEC. Moreover, when the transplantation example is performed, it is confirmed that the effect is improved over the somatic TEC.
- mesenchymal stem cells also called mesenchymal stem cells
- mesenchymal stem cells are derived from rabbit ES cells, and a three-dimensional artificial tissue is prepared using these cells. It was confirmed that experiments for efficient and safe repair of osteochondral damage could be performed in the same manner as in Example 1. In carrying out the experiment, the experiment will be conducted after obtaining the approval of the Osaka University Animal Experiment Facility and the approval of the genetic recombination experiment.
- mesenchymal stem cells also referred to as mesenchymal stem cells
- mesenchymal stem cells for example, in addition to the methods described so far, de Peppo et al., TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part A, 2010; 16; 3413 -3426; Toh et al., Stem Cell Rev. and Rep., 2011; 7: 544-559; Varga et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2011; doi: 10.1016 / j.bbrc.2011.09.
- MSCs mesenchymal stem cells
- ESCs embryonic stem cells
- MEF feeder cells
- EB embryoid bodies
- ES-MSCs seeded at 4 ⁇ 10 5 cells / cm 2 were cultured in a culture solution (HG-DMEM) containing ascorbic acid 2-phosphate for 2 weeks.
- the TEC was manufactured by peeling off from the bottom surface by shear stress and making it three-dimensional.
- a TEC / artificial bone hybrid implant was prepared by placing TEC on an artificial bone having an arbitrary shape and integrating it with the adhesiveness.
- Example 7 Expression of BMP receptor
- TEC three-dimensional artificial tissue
- MSCs derived from synovium
- RNA samples were collected during normal planar culture.
- TEC preparation medium [DMEM (043-30085, lot # TLG7036, Wako), 10% FBS (172012-500ML, SIGMA), 1% Antibiotic-Antilytic, 100x (Invitrogen, 15240), 0.2 mM L-ascorbic acid Syn-TEC and ES-TEC were prepared by culturing for 10 days with 2-phosphate (SIGMA, Cat # 49752-10G, lot # BCBC4071V)], and RNA samples were collected.
- 2-phosphate SIGMA, Cat # 49752-10G, lot # BCBC4071V
- RNeasy Fibrous Tissue Kit Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA
- Reverse Transcribation System Promega, San LuisOspo, CA, reUSAK for Quantification
- FIG. 12 in the three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) produced by MSC derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention, the expression of BMP receptor is somatic (derived from synovial membrane) TEC and synovial membrane. It is demonstrated to be significantly higher than MSC.
- Syn-MSCs represents synovial MSC itself
- Syn-TEC represents synovial TEC
- ES-MSC represents TEC produced by MSCs derived from ES cells, which is a representative example of the present invention.
- the left side shows BMPR1A which is one of BMP receptors
- the right side shows BMPR2 which is another BMP receptor.
- the y-axis indicates the ratio of increase in expression of each marker relative to before differentiation induction. From this, the TEC produced by the inductive MSC of the present invention expresses BMP receptors such as BMPR1A and BMPR2, which were not found in the conventional somatic TEC, and has an updated cartilage differentiation ability. Is also shown.
- GAG glycosaminoglycan
- Cartilage differentiation induction medium is DMEM (043-30085, lot # TLG7036, Wako), 50mg / ml ITSPremix (BD Biosciences; 6.25mg / ml insulin, 6.25mg / ml transferrin, 6.25ng / ml selenite, 1.25mg / ml BSA, and 5.35 mg / ml linoleic acid), 0.2 mMAsc-2p (SIGMA, Cat # 49752-10G, lot # BCBC4071V), 200 ng / ml recombinant human BMP-2 (OSTEOPHARMA, Japan). The results are shown in FIG.
- the saliency of the present invention in the increase ratio of GAG (glycosaminoglycan) after induction of differentiation in vitro is shown.
- GAG glycosaminoglycan
- Syn-TEC synovial membrane-derived three-dimensional artificial tissue
- MSC prepared from ES cells, three-dimensional artificial organization with ⁇ MEM (ES-aMEM)
- ES-DMEM an artificial tissue
- ES-aMEM + bFGF an MSC prepared from ES cells three-dimensional artificial tissue with ⁇ MEM + bFGF
- the y-axis shows the increase ratio of GAG relative to before differentiation induction.
- an osteochondral defect having a diameter of 5 mm and a depth of 6 mm was created in the femur of the thigh patella joint surface of a 32-week-old rabbit.
- ES-TEC and Syn-TEC created respectively.
- Hybrid TEC-artificial bone was made by combining with ⁇ 5mm high 4mm ⁇ TCP artificial bone and transplanted. It is the result of confirming cartilage formation at 4 weeks with Alcian Blue. The results are shown in FIG.
- Fig. 14 the in vivo chondrogenic ability after 4 weeks of transplantation is demonstrated.
- Synovial membrane-derived three-dimensional artificial tissue Syn-TEC
- MSC prepared from ES cells
- three-dimensional artificial organization with ⁇ MEM ES-aMEM
- MSC prepared from ES cells three-dimensionally with DMEM
- An artificial tissue ES-DMEM
- an MSC prepared from ES cells three-dimensional artificial tissue with ⁇ MEM + bFGF ES-aMEM + bFGF
- a more prominent tendency of early chondrogenesis was observed in ES-DMEM and ES-aMEM + bFGF than ES-aMEM.
- the TEC produced by the inductive MSC of the present invention is a medium enriched in eutrophication (DMEM, or ⁇ MEM with basic fibroblasts) instead of a medium (eg, ⁇ MEM) that has been considered suitable for MSC. It was found that the ability to form cartilage is remarkably enhanced by causing a self-contraction reaction in a factor (bFGF) and the like). Therefore, it is demonstrated that the present invention can provide an improved artificial tissue production method for producing a three-dimensional artificial tissue (TEC) more suitable for osteochondral treatment as compared with the conventional method.
- DMEM eutrophication
- ⁇ MEM medium eg, ⁇ MEM with basic fibroblasts
- the present invention has the utility of providing a fundamental treatment method, technique, medicine, and medical device for diseases that have been difficult to treat.
- the present invention provides epoch-making treatment and prevention in the sense of promoting recovery to a state close to natural, and provides pharmaceuticals, cells, tissues, compositions, systems, kits and the like used therefor. Is understood to be useful.
- the need for joint tissue repair / regeneration centering on bone and cartilage targeted by the present invention is the target of bone regeneration, and the number of fractured patients is several hundred thousand per year.
- the number of potential patients with osteoarthritis is said to be 30 million, the potential market is huge, and its usefulness in the surrounding industries is high.
- Regenerative medicine research targeting joint tissues centering on bone and cartilage has started intense competition in the world, but the artificial tissue of the present invention is a safety created from cells collected from living bodies such as patients. In addition, it is an original material and highly useful in terms of side effects.
- SEQ ID NO: 1 pig-GAPDH forward primer sequence
- CTGCCCCTTCTGCTGATGC Sequence number 2 Pig-GAPDH reverse primer sequence
- CATCACGCCACAGTTTCCCA SEQ ID NO: 3 pig-aggrecan forward primer sequence
- ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC Sequence number 4 Pig-aggrecan reverse primer sequence
- GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC SEQ ID NO: 5 pig-collagen1a2 forward primer sequence
- ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC Sequence number 6 Pig-collagen1a2 reverse primer sequence
- ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC SEQ ID NO: 8 pig-collagen2a1 reverse primer sequence
- GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC Sequence number 9 Rabbit Pou5f1 forward primer sequence
- GATCACTCTGGGCTACACTC Sequence number 10 Rabbit
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Abstract
Description
<誘導TEC自体>
(1)実質的に、多能性幹細胞から誘導された間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞、および該細胞に由来する細胞外マトリクスから構成される移植可能な人工組織。
(2)前記人工組織中の細胞は、骨形成タンパク質レセプター1A(BMPR1A)および骨形成タンパク質レセプター2(BMPR2)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを、身体内から取得された体性間葉系幹細胞より多く発現する、項目1に記載の人工組織。
(3)前記人工組織は、身体内から取得された体性間葉系幹細胞に比べて亢進された軟骨分化能を有する、項目1または2に記載の人工組織。
(4)前記人工組織は、硝子軟骨様の軟骨分化能を有する、項目1~3のいずれかに記載の人工組織。
(5)前記細胞外マトリクスは、コラーゲンIおよび/またはコラーゲンIIIを含み、該コラーゲンIおよび/またはコラーゲンIIIは、コラーゲンIIよりも多い、項目1~4のいずれかに記載の人工組織。
(6)前記細胞外マトリクスが前記組織中に分散して配置される、項目1~5のいずれかに記載の人工組織。
(7)前記間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞は低酸素条件で作製されたものである、項目1~6のいずれかに記載の人工組織。
(7A)前記間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞は、前記多能性幹細胞を浮遊培養して胚様体を形成させ、これを1%酸素条件で培養して得られるものである、項目7に記載の人工組織。
<新規三次元人工組織複合組織>
(8)骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態を治療または予防するための、項目1~7または7Aのいずれかに記載の人工組織と人工骨とを含む複合組織であって、該人工骨は、該骨軟骨欠損における骨部の欠損の深さよりも小さなサイズである、複合組織。
(9)前記人工骨の長さと前記三次元人工組織の長さの合計は、前記骨軟骨欠損の深さと略同じである、項目8に記載の複合組織。
(10)前記人工骨は、前記骨軟骨欠損における骨部の欠損の深さよりも約1mm以上小さいサイズである、項目8または9に記載の複合組織。
(11)前記人工骨は、前記骨軟骨欠損における骨部の欠損の深さよりも約2mm以上~約4mm小さく、および/または軟骨の厚みの2倍以下小さいサイズである、項目8~10のいずれかに記載の複合組織。
(12)前記人工骨は、ヒドロキシアパタイトおよびβ-リン酸三カルシウムからなる群より選択される材料で構成される、項目8~11のいずれかに記載の複合組織。
(13)前記疾患、障害または状態は、変形性関節症、骨軟骨損傷、骨軟骨病変、骨壊死、関節リウマチ、骨腫瘍およびその類似疾患からなる群より選択される、項目8~12のいずれかに記載の複合組織。
<新規三次元人工組織生産法>
(14)項目1~7または7Aのいずれかに記載の人工組織を生産する方法であって、該方法はA)筋芽細胞、間葉系幹細胞、脂肪細胞、滑膜細胞、および骨髄細胞からなる群より選択される細胞、好ましくは多能性幹細胞から誘導された間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞を提供する工程;B)該細胞を、アスコルビン酸、アスコルビン酸2リン酸またはその誘導体あるいはその塩から選択される因子を含む細胞培養液を収容する、所望の人工組織のサイズを収容するに十分な底面積を有する容器に配置する工程;C)該容器中の該細胞を、該因子を含む細胞培養液とともに、該所望の大きさのサイズを有する人工組織を形成するに十分な時間培養して、細胞を人工組織とする工程;D)該人工組織を該容器から剥離して、該人工組織を自己収縮させる工程であって、該自己収縮は、αMEMに対して(a)糖、ビタミン類およびアミノ酸からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの成分、および/または(b)塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)が富化された条件下でなされる、工程、ならびにE)物理的刺激または化学的刺激により、該人工組織の厚さを調節して所望の厚さにする工程、を包含する、方法。
(15)前記自己収縮は、αMEMにbFGFを加えた条件またはDMEMの条件下でなされる、項目14に記載の方法。
りこれら数値は予想大きぐ超えて上昇し、動物実験では従来技術で線維性組織を認めるのみの1ヶ月時点で硝子軟骨様組織による再生が認められた。また2ヶ月時点では硝子軟骨様の修復組織は周囲の不要な骨化傾向を抑制していることからも、従来技術で実現不可能な速度および優れた効果を有した骨軟骨再生治療の方法と考えられる。上記効果は臨床応用において患者の早期回復・入院期間の短縮・社会復帰に大きく貢献する。
以下に本明細書において特に使用される用語の定義を列挙する。
本明細書において使用される「再生」(regeneration)とは,個体の組織の一部が失われた際に残った組織が増殖して復元される現象をいう。動物種間または同一個体における組織種に応じて、再生のその程度および様式は変動する。ヒト組織の多くはその再生能が限られており、大きく失われると完全再生は望めない。大きな傷害では、失われた組織とは異なる増殖力の強い組織が増殖し,不完全に組織が再生され機能が回復できない状態で終わる不完全再生が起こり得る。この場合には,生体内吸収性材料からなる構造物を用いて、組織欠損部への増殖力の強い組織の侵入を阻止することで本来の組織が増殖できる空間を確保し,さらに細胞増殖因子を補充することで本来の組織の再生能力を高める再生医療が行われている。この例として、軟骨、骨、心臓および末梢神経の再生医療がある。軟骨、神経細胞および心筋は再生能力がないかまたは著しく低いとこれまでは考えられてきた。これらの組織へ分化し得る能力および自己増殖能を併せ持った組織幹細胞(体性幹細胞)の存在が報告され、一部は実用化されつつあり、組織幹細胞を用いる再生医療への期待が高まっている。胚性幹細胞(ES細胞)はすべての組織に分化する能力をもった細胞である。誘導多能性幹(iPS)細胞は、胚または胎児を介しないで生産することができる幹細胞であって、すべての組織に分化する能力をもった細胞である。体性幹細胞は、ES細胞およびiPS細胞等の全能性の細胞から作製することもできる(文献として、de Peppo et al., TISSUE ENGINEERING: Part A, 2010; 16; 3413-3426; Toh et al., Stem Cell Rev.and Rep., 2011; 7: 544-559; Varga et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2011; doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.089; Barbet et al., Stem Cells International, 2011, doi:10.4061/2011/368192; Sanchez et al., STEM CELLS, 2011; 29: 251-262; Simpson et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 2011; doi:10.1002/bit. 23301; Jung et al., STEM CELLS,2011;doi:10.1002/stem.727を参照のこと)。
RhoA→mDi→プロフィリン⇒アクチン重合
RhoA→ROCK/Rho→LIMキナーゼ→コフィリンをリン酸化(抑制)⇒アクチン重合
Rac1→IRSp53→WAVE2→プロフィリン、Arp2/3⇒アクチン重合
cdc42→N-WASP→プロフィリン、Arp2/3⇒アクチン重合
cdc42→Drf3→IRSp53→Mena⇒アクチン重合
(以上において、→はリン酸化などのシグナル伝達経路を示す。)
本発明では、このような経路に関与する任意の因子を使用することができる。
Slingshot→コフィリンの脱リン酸化(活性化)⇒アクチン脱重合
コフィリンのLIMキナーゼ活性によるリン酸化とSlingshotによる脱リン酸化のバランスでアクチンの脱重合を制御している。コフィリンを活性化させる他の因子としては、CAP(cyclase-associatedprotein)およびAIPI(actin-interacting-protein1)が同定されており、これらは、任意のものを使用することができることが理解される。
ン、トランスフェリンおよび亜セレン酸の存在下で促進されることが知られる。骨形成因子(BMP(特に、BMP-2、BMP-4、BMP-7))、TGF-β(特にTGF-β1、TGF-β3)、FGF、TNF-αなどを付加してもよい。軟骨形成が促進されるからである。
以下に本発明の好ましい形態を説明する。以下に提供される実施形態は、本発明のよりよい理解のために提供されるものであり、本発明の範囲は以下の記載に限定されるべきでないことが理解される。従って、当業者は、本明細書中の記載を参酌して、本発明の範囲内で適宜改変を行うことができることは明らかである。
1つの局面において、本発明は、誘導型三次元人工組織を提供する。この誘導型三次元人工組織は、骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態を治療または予防するために使用されうる。本発明の誘導型三次元人工組織は、実質的に、多能性幹細胞から誘導された間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞、および該細胞に由来する細胞外マトリクスから構成される移植可能な人工組織として表現される。
1つの局面において、本発明は、骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態を治療または予防するための、誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨とを含む複合組織を提供する。本発明の複合組織は、骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態を従来の技術では不可能であったレベルで治癒させることに成功した。したがって、本発明は治療成績の飛躍的向上という点で顕著な効果を奏する。本発明の複合組織において使用される誘導型三次元人工組織としては、(誘導型三次元人工組織)において記載される任意の実施形態が使用されうることが理解される。
<動物モデルの慣用技術文献例>
・F. Berenbaum, The OARSI histopathology initiative - the tasks and limitations, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S1
・Trattnig S, Winalski CS, Marlovits S, Jurvelin JS, Welsch GH, Potter HG. Magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage repair: a review. Cartilage. 2011;2:5-26.
・Mithoefer K, Saris DBF, Farr J, Kon E, Zaslav K, Cole B, Ranstam J, Yao J, Shive MS, Brittberg M. Guidelines for the design and conduct of clinical studies in knee articular cartilage repair: International Cartilage Repair Society recommendations based on current scientific evidence and standards of clinical care. Cartilage. 2011;2: 100-121.
・Roos EM, Engelhart L, Ranstam J, Anderson AF, Irrgang JJ, Marx R, Tegner Y, Davis AM. Patient-reported outcome instruments for use in patients with articular cartilage defects. Cartilage. 2011;2:122-136.
・Hurtig M, Buschmann MD, Fortier L, Hoemann CD, Hunziker EB, Jurvelin JS, Mainil-Varlet P, McIlwraith W, Sah RL, Whiteside RA. Preclinical studies for cartilage repair: recommendations from the International Cartilage Repair Society. Cartilage. 2011;2:137-153.
・Hoemann CD, Kandel R, Roberts S, Saris D, Creemers L, Manil-Varlet P, Methot S, Hollander A, Buschmann MD. Recommended guidelines for histological endpoints for cartilage repair studies in animal models and clinical trials. Cartilage. 2011;2:154-173.
・C. Wayne McIlwraith and David D. Frisbie, Microfracture : Basic Science Studies in the Horse, Cartilage 2010 1: 87-95
・F. Berenbaum, The OARSI histopathology initiative - the tasks and limitations Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S1
・T. Aigner, J.L. Cook, N. Gerwin, S.S. Glasson, S. Laverty, C.B. Little, W. McIlwraith, V.B. Kraus, Histopathology atlas of animal model systems e overview of guiding principles Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S2-S6
・K.P.H. Pritzker, T. Aigner, Terminology of osteoarthritis cartilage and bone histopathology - a proposal for a consensus Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S7-S9
・R. Poole, S. Blake, M. Buschmann, S. Goldring, S. Laverty S. Lockwood, J. Matyas, J. McDougall, K. Pritzker, K. Rudolphi, W. van den Berg, T. Yaksh, Recommendations for the use of preclinical models in the study and treatment of osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S10-S16
・S.S. Glasson, M.G. Chambers, W.B. Van Den Berg, C.B. Little, The OARSI histopathology initiative e recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the mouse, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S17-S23
・N. Gerwin, A.M. Bendele, S. Glasson, C.S. Carlson, The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the rat, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S24-S34
・V.B. Kraus, J.L. Huebner, J. DeGroot, A. Bendele, The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the guinea pig, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S35-S52
・S. Laverty, C.A. Girard, J.M. Williams, E.B. Hunziker, K.P.H. Pritzker, The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the rabbit, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S53-S65
・J.L. Cook, K. Kuroki, D. Visco, J.-P. Pelletier, L. Schulz, F.P.J.G Lafeber, The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the dog, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S66-S79
・C.B. Little, M.M. Smith, M.A. Cake, R.A. Read, M.J. Murphy, F.P. Barry, The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in sheep and goats, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S80-S92
・C.W. McIlwraith, D.D. Frisbie, C.E. Kawcak, C.J. Fuller, M. Hurtig, A. Cruz, The OARSI histopathology initiative - recommendations for histological assessments of osteoarthritis in the horse, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S93-S105
・P.C Pastoureau, E.B Hunziker, J.-P. Pelletier, Cartilage, bone and synovial histomorphometry in animal models of osteoarthritis, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S106-S112
・N. Schmitz, S. Laverty, V.B. Kraus, T. Aigner, Basic methods in histopathology of joint tissues, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S113-S116
・G.L. Pearce, D.D. Frisbie, Statistical evaluation of biomedical studies, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18 (2010) S117-S122。
1つの局面において、本発明は、本発明の複合組織を生産するための方法であって、前記三次元人工組織と前記人工骨とを、該三次元人工組織と該人工骨とが接触する状態に配置する工程を包含する、方法を提供する。本発明の方法では、人工組織は人工骨の上に置くと即座に接着して離れなくなるという点で、従来の複合組織のような面倒な工程が不要であるという点でも有利である。三次元人工組織および人工骨としては、本明細書において(誘導型三次元人工組織)、(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)および下記(三次元人工組織の生産)、(治療用途複合組織の製造キット)等に記載されている任意の形態を用いることができることが理解される。骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態および治療または予防についても、(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)に記載されている任意の形態を用いることができることが理解される。
1つの局面において、本発明は、本発明の誘導型三次元人工組織を生産する方法であって、該方法はA)筋芽細胞、間葉系幹細胞、脂肪細胞、滑膜細胞、および骨髄細胞からなる群より選択される細胞、好ましくは多能性幹細胞から誘導された間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞を提供する工程;B)該細胞を、アスコルビン酸、アスコルビン酸2リン酸またはその誘導体あるいはその塩から選択される因子を含む細胞培養液を収容する、所望の人工組織のサイズを収容するに十分な底面積を有する容器に配置する工程;C)該容器中の該細胞を、該因子を含む細胞培養液とともに、該所望の大きさのサイズを有する人工組織を形成するに十分な時間培養して、細胞を人工組織とする工程;D)該人工組織を該容器から剥離して、該人工組織を自己収縮させる工程であって、該自己収縮は、αMEMに対して(a)糖、ビタミン類およびアミノ酸からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの成分、および/または(b)塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)が富化された条件下でなされる、工程、ならびにE)物理的刺激または化学的刺激により、該人工組織の厚さを調節して所望の厚さにする工程、を包含する、方法を提供する。ここで、本発明で利用される生産法において使用される細胞培養液は、目的とする細胞が増殖する限りどのような培地であってもよいが、例えば、DMEM、MEM、F12、DME、RPMI1640、MCDB104、199、MCDB153、L15、SkBM、Basal培地などを適宜グルコース、FBS(ウシ胎仔血清)またはヒト血清、抗生物質(ペニシリン、ストレプトマイシンなど)を加えたものが使用され得る。しかしながら、D)工程は、αMEMにbFGFを加えた条件またはDMEMの条件であることが好ましいがこれに限定されない。この方法において採用されうる実施形態としては、本明細書において(誘導型三次元人工組織)に記載される任意の形態を採用することができることが理解される。理論に束縛されることを望まないが、実施例において例示するように、DMEMとαMEM の組成の差としては、前者は後者の4.5倍量のグルコース、約4倍量のビタミン類、約2倍量のアミノ酸類が含有している。一方で後者には前者に含まれない核酸類が含有されている。TECの作成には細胞による細胞外基質蛋白の合成が極めて重要あり、栄養的に有意なDMEMで作成したES-TECは生体移植後、早期軟骨の形成示した。対照的に、ES-MSCに最適化された増殖培地であるαMEMではin vitroで形成されたTECはin vivoで軟骨形成を示さなかった。αMEMにbFGFを添加すれば、in vivo非常に強い軟骨形成能を示すTECの作成が可能であったことが実証されていることからも、特定の成分が増強されることによって軟骨分化能を増強しうることが理解される。
1つの局面において、本発明は、骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態を治療または予防するためのキットであって、本発明の誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨とを備えるキットを提供する。誘導型三次元人工組織および人工骨としては、(誘導型三次元人工組織)、(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)(三次元人工組織の生産)に記載されている任意の形態を用いることができることが理解される。骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態および治療または予防についても、(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)に記載されている任意の形態を用いることができることが理解される。
別の局面において、本発明は、誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨とを含む、軟骨を再生するための複合組織を提供する。誘導型三次元人工組織および人工骨としては、(誘導型三次元人工組織)、(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)(三次元人工組織の生産)に記載されている任意の形態を用いることができることが理解される。軟骨の再生についても、必要に応じて、(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)に記載されている任意の形態を用いることができることが理解される。
別の局面において、本発明は、骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態に関して治療または予防するための方法を提供する。この方法は、A)本発明の複合組織を、該欠損を置換するようにおよび/または被覆するように配置する工程;およびB)該人工組織または複合体と該部分とが生物学的に結合するに十分な時間保持する工程、を包含する。本発明で用いられる「複合組織」は、本明細書における(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)(三次元人工組織の生産)等において記載される任意の形態を利用することができることが理解される。また、骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態についても、本明細書における(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)等において記載される任意の形態を利用することができることが理解される。ここで、ある部分を置換するように配置するとは、代表的には、罹患部を必要に応じて掻爬(debridement、curetage)し、罹患部に本発明の複合組織を配置して、置換が促進されるように静置することをいう。このような置換は、細胞の充填を目的としており、当該分野において公知の技術を組み合わせて用いることができる。ここで、ある部分を被覆するように配置することは、当該分野において周知技術を用いて行うことができる。ここで、十分な時間は、その部分と人工組織との組み合わせによって変動するが、当業者であれば、その組み合わせに応じて適宜容易に決定することができる。このような時間としては、例えば、術後1週間、2週間、1カ月、2カ月、3カ月、6カ月、1年などが挙げられるがそれらに限定されない。本発明では、人工組織は、好ましくは実質的に細胞およびそれに由来する物質のみを含むことから、特に術後に摘出する物質が必要であるというわけではないので、この十分な時間の下限は特に重要ではない。従って、この場合、長ければ長いほど好ましいといえるが、実質的には極端に長い場合は、実質的に補強が完了したといえ、特に限定する必要はない。本発明の人工組織はまた、自己支持性を有することから、ハンドリングが楽で、実際の処置時に破壊されず、手術も容易であるという特徴も有する。
別の局面において、本発明は、BMP(例えば、BMP-2、BMP-4、BMP-7など)、TGF-β1、TGF-β3、HGF、FGF、IGFなどのようなサイトカインと本発明の複合組織とを併用することによる再生療法を提供する。使用される複合組織等は本明細書中(誘導型三次元人工組織と人工骨との複合組織)の節等に記載される任意の形態を利用することができることが理解される。
本例では、対照例として使用した種々の滑膜細胞を用いて三次元人工組織を作製した。以下に説明する。
ブタ(LWD三元交配種、細胞採取時には2~3月齢のものを使用)膝関節より滑膜細胞を採取し、コラゲナーゼ処理後、10%ウシ胎児血清+High Glucose-DMEM培地(ウシ胎児血清はHyCloneから入手可能、DMEMはGIBCOから入手したものを使用)にて培養および継代を行った。継代数について、滑膜細胞においては10継代にても多分化能を有するという報告もあることから、本製造例においては最大10継代まで使用したが、用途に応じてそれ以上の継代細胞も用いることが理解される。実際に人体に移植する場合には自家移植であるが、十分な細胞数の確保しつつ、感染等の危険性を軽減するために培養期間の短縮する必要がある。
35mm皿、60mm皿、100mm皿、150mm皿、500mm皿、6穴培養皿、12穴培養皿、24穴培養皿(BD Biosciences、セルカルチャー皿・マルチウェルセルカルチャープレートの上に4.0x105個/mm2の滑膜細胞を0.1~0.2ml/cm2の10%FBS-DMEM培地にまきこんで培養した。その際にアスコルビン酸を添加した。皿、アスコルビン酸および細胞の濃度は、以下のとおりである。・皿:BD Biosciences、細胞培養皿・マルチウェル細胞培養プレート・アスコルビン酸2リン酸:0mM、0.1mM、0.5mM、1mM、2mM、および5mM・細胞数:5×104細胞/cm2、1×105細胞/cm2、2.5×105細胞/cm2、4.0×105細胞/cm2、5×105細胞/cm2、7.5×105細胞/cm2、1×106細胞/cm2、5×106細胞/cm2、および1×107細胞/cm2。
細胞における支持体の定着・消長を観察するために、HE染色を行った。その手順は以下のとおりである。必要に応じて脱パラフィン(例えば、純エタノールにて)、水洗を行い、オムニのヘマトキシリンでサンプルを10分浸した。その後流水水洗し、アンモニア水で色出しを30秒間行った。その後、流水水洗を5分行い、塩酸エオジン10倍希釈液で2分間染色し、脱水し、透徹し、封入する。
1)凍結ストックから、5μm厚の切片を作製する。
2)-20℃で5-10分間にわたり、アセトン中でこの切片を固定する(パラフィンブロックは、パラフィン除去し再水和する必要がある)。
3)内因性ペルオキシド活性は、メタノール中0.3%H2O2中で20分間室温でブロックする(1ml 30%H2O2+99mlメタノール)。
4)PBSで洗浄する(3×5分)。
5)モノクローナル一次抗体(各種細胞外マトリクスに対するマウスまたはウサギ抗体)(1μl抗体+200μlPBS/スライド)と4℃で湿式チャンバー内で一晩インキュベートする。
6)翌日PBSで洗浄する(3×5分)。
7)抗マウスおよび抗ウサギのno.1ビオチン化結合を、30分-1時間室温で適用する(3滴を直接スライドにたらす)。
8)PBSで洗浄する(3×5分)。
9)ストレプトアビジンHRP no.2を、LSABについてたらし1015分間浸す。
10)PBSで洗浄する(3×5分)。
11)DABをたらす(5ml DAB+5μl H2O2)。
12)茶っぽい色を顕微鏡で観察する。
13)水中に5分ほど浸す。
14)HEを30秒-1分間浸す。
15)数回洗浄する。
16)イオン交換水で1回洗浄する。
17)80%エタノールで1分洗浄する。
18)90%エタノールで1分洗浄する。
19)100%エタノールで1分洗浄する(3回)。
20)キシレンで3回×1分間洗浄する。その後カバースリップをかける。
21)発色を見る。
次に、脂肪組織由来の細胞を用いて人工組織を作製した。
1)膝関節の脂肪パッド(fatーpad)より検体を採取した。
2)この検体をPBSを用いて洗浄した。
3)この検体をできるだけ細かく鋏で切り刻んだ。
4)コラゲナーゼ(0.1%)10mlを加え、37℃水浴にて1時間振盪した。
次に、この脂肪由来の細胞を用いて人工組織を作製した。アスコルビン酸2リン酸は、0mM(なし)、0.1mM、0.5mM、1.0mM、5.0mMの条件を用いた。作製は、上記滑膜細胞を作製した方法(製造例1に記載される)に準じて行った。初期の播種条件としては、5×104細胞/cm2を用いた。培養日数は14日間を採用した。脂肪組織由来の細胞からも人工組織は作成され、滑膜細胞由来人工組織と同様にフィブロネクチンおよびビトロネクチンが豊富に存在していた。またコラーゲンI,IIIについても同様豊富に発現していた。
アスコルビン酸2リン酸 1.0mM:接線係数(ヤング率)1.33。
次に、この人工組織を用いて以下の実施例に記載される複合組織を生産することができる。その結果、脂肪細胞が、滑膜細胞由来の三次元人工組織でできた複合組織と同様に、修復機能を有することがわかる。
本実施例で作製した骨または軟骨の人工組織を、軟骨または骨に分化誘導させたることができる。人工組織は骨分化誘導培地にてアルザリンレッド陽性反応を呈することを確認することによって、骨分化が確認された。軟骨分化誘導実験で人工組織は軟骨分化誘導培地+BMP-2の刺激によりアルシアンブルー陽性の軟骨様組織へと分化することが確認された。脂肪由来人工組織も滑膜細胞由来人工組織と同様に骨・軟骨への分化能を保持していることは確認されている(特許4522994号参照)。
次に、半月板損傷患者からの滑膜細胞採取、さらに人工組織の作製が可能であるかどうかを実証する。
ヒト患者であって、画像により軟骨損傷または半月板損傷と診断された患者の精査として、腰椎麻酔または全身麻酔下において、関節鏡検査を施行する。その際に、数十mg滑膜を採取する。採取した滑膜を50mlの遠心管(Falcon社製)に移し、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)を用いて洗浄し、その後、10cm径の培養皿(Falcon社製)に移し、滅菌した鋏刀を用いて細かく切断する。切断物を、さらに、0.1%コラゲナーゼ(Sigma社製)10mlを加えて、37℃恒温槽中で1時間30分振盪する。溶解液に予め採取しておいた自己血清またはウシ血清(FBS)を含む培地(DMEM、Gibco社製)を10ml加えて、コラゲナーゼを不活化し、1500rpmで5分間遠心分離し、細胞を沈降させる。その後、血清入り培地5mlを再度加え、70μlフィルター(Falcon社製)に通し、25cm2フラスコ(Falcon社製)に移して37℃に保温したCO2インキュベータ内において培養する。
初期培養において、1週間に2回培地交換を行い、コンフルエントの状態になれば、細胞継代を行う。初期継代として、培地を吸引した後、PBSを用いて洗浄し、トリプシン-EDTA(0.25% Trypsin-EDTA(1X),カタログ番号:25200-056 100 mL(1本)あるいは25200-114 20x100 mL、Gibco社製)を加えて、5分間放置する。その後、血清入り培地を加え、溶解物を50ml遠心分離管(Falcon社製)に移し、1500rpm×5分間遠心分離後、沈澱に血清入り培地15mlを加え、150cm2培養皿(Falcon社製)に細胞を播く。以後の継代は、1:3の細胞比となるよう継代を施行し、4~5継代となるまで同様の操作を行う。
4~5継代の滑膜細胞をトリプシン・EDTAによって処理し、滑膜細胞4.0×106個を0.2mMアスコルビン酸2リン酸含有血清入り培地2mlに溶解し、35ml培養皿(Falcon社製)にて37℃に保温したCO2インキュベータにて7日間培養する。これにより、培養細胞-細胞外マトリクス複合体が形成される。この複合体は、移植手術予定の2時間以上前に周囲をピペッティングすることによって機械的に培養皿から剥離させる。剥離後は、培養細胞-細胞外マトリクス複合体は拘縮し、直径約15mm、厚さ約0.1mmの三次元組織となる。
局所麻酔により、ヒト患者の採取予定部(例えば、膝関節周囲)に小切開を加え、脂肪細胞数十mgを採取する。採取した脂肪細胞は、上記製造例、たとえば滑膜細胞と同様の処理を行うことによって、三次元の人工組織を作製することができる。
(滑膜組織の採取と細胞の単離)
全ての動物実験は、大阪大学医学部動物実験施設による承認を得た。ウサギの滑膜を、死後12時間以内に骨格が成熟した(24週齢)ウサギの膝関節から無菌的に採取した。細胞単離のプロトコールは、ヒト滑膜由来のMSCの単離について以前に報告したものと本質的に同じである[Ando W,Tateishi K,Katakai D,Hart DA,Higuchi C,Nakata K,et al.,Tissue Eng Part A 2008;14:2041-2049]。簡単に述べると、滑膜標本をリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(PBS)でリンスし、細かく切り刻み、そして、37℃にて2時間、0.4%コラゲナーゼXI(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO,USA)で処理した。10%胎仔ウシ血清(FBS;HyClone,Logan,UT,USA)と1%ペニシリン/ストレプトマイシン(Gibco BRL,Life Technologies Inc.,Carlsbad,CA,USA)を添加した高グルコースダルベッコ改変イーグル培地(HG-DMEM;Wako,Osaka,Japan)を含有する増殖培地でコラゲナーゼを中和した後、遠心分離により細胞を回収し、PBSで洗浄し、増殖培地中に再懸濁し、そして、培養皿にプレートした。ウサギ間葉系幹細胞の特性は、形態、増殖特性および(骨系統、軟骨系統および脂肪系統への)多能性分化能の点で、ヒト滑膜由来MSCと同様であった[Ando W, Tateishi K, Katakai D, Hart DA, Higuchi C, Nakata K, et al., Tissue Eng Part A 2008; 14:2041-2049; Tateishi K, Higuchi C, Ando W, Nakata K, Hashimoto J, Hart DA, et al., Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007;15:709-718]。細胞増殖のために、これらの細胞を、5% CO2の加湿雰囲気下、37℃にて、増殖培地中で増殖させた。培地は、週に1回交換した。初代培養の7~10日後、細胞がコンフルエンスに達すると、これらを、PBSで2回洗浄し、トリプシン-EDTA(0.25%トリプシンおよび1mM EDTA:Gibco BRL,Life Technologies Inc.,Carlsbad,CA,USA)を用いた処理によって回収し、そして、細胞濃度が1:3となるよう希釈して再度プレーティングした。培養細胞がほぼコンフルエンスに達すると、同様に1:3希釈して、細胞の継代を継続した。本願では継代3~7回の細胞を使用した。
滑膜MSCを、以前の研究からの最適濃度である、0.2mMのアスコルベート-2-リン酸(Asc-2P)を含有する増殖培地中4.0×105細胞/cm2の密度にて、6ウェルプレート(9.6cm2)上にプレートした[Ando W, Tateishi K, Katakai D, Hart DA, Higuchi C, Nakata K, et al., Tissue Eng Part A 2008;14:2041-2049;Ando W, Tateishi K, Hart DA, Katakai D, Tanaka Y, Nakata K,et al., Biomaterials 2007;28:5462-5470; Shimomura K, Ando W, Tateishi K, Nansai R, Fujie H,Hart DA, et al., Biomaterials 2010;31:8004-8011]。1日以内に細胞はコンフルエントになった。さらに7~14日間培養を継続した後、培養細胞とこれらの細胞によって合成されたECMとの複合体を、軽いピペッティングを用いてせん断応力を加えることによって、下層から剥離させた。この剥離した単層の複合体を懸濁液中に維持させ、自己組織収縮によって三次元構造を形成させた。この組織を、スキャフォールド非依存性(スキャフォールドフリーとも呼ぶ)体性(天然型ともいう)三次元人工組織(TEC)と呼んだ。
相互連結した多孔構造をもつ合成HA[直径5mm、高さ4mm(NEOBONE(登録商標);MMT Co.Ltd.,Osaka,Japan)]を人工骨として使用した。TECを、移植手術の直前に培養皿から剥離し、そして、接着剤を用いることなく、人工骨に結合させて、骨軟骨ハイブリッド(複合組織)を作製した。TECは一度人工骨に結合すると、この結合は、強固に結合するため分離するのが困難となる。
移植は以下のように行った。
組織学的評価のために、組織を10%中性緩衝化ホルマリンで固定し、K-CX(Falma,Tokyo,Japan)で脱灰し、パラフィン中に包埋して、4mmの切片を作製した。切片をヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン(H&E)およびトルイジンブルーで染色した。
直径4mm、深さ5mmの円柱形状の標本を、TEC群および対照群の移植部位から摘出した。同様に、未処置の正常膝の大腿骨顆間中央部からも円柱形状の標本を摘出した。AFM(Nanoscope IIIa,Veeco Instruments,Santa Barbara,CA,USA)およびシリコンプローブ(ばね定数:0.06N/m,DNP-S,Veeco Instruments,Santa Barbara,CA,USA)を用いた。各標本をAFMのサンプルステージにマウントし、室温にて生理食塩水溶液中に浸し、これらの標本に対して微小圧縮試験を実施した。さらに30μm×30μmのスキャン領域において接触モードで標本の表面像を取得した後、5.12μm/秒の押込速度にて、標本に対して0.3Hzのスキャン速度の微小圧縮試験をおこなった。
統計的解析は、分散分析(ANOVA)で行い、その後、組織学スコア総合の術後変化および生体工学試験について、事後比較検定を行った)。参照群とTEC群との間の他の実験パラメータの比較は、Mann-Whitney U検定により分析した。骨および軟骨の形成の相関は、Spearman順位相関係数により計算した。結果は、平均±SD(標準偏差)で表す。データは、JMP9(SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA)で分析した。統計学的有意はp<0.05で設定して判断した。
(体性TECの人工骨との複合組織(ハイブリッド)形成)
体性TECは人工骨ブロック上に直ちに結合して、外科的移植に十分な強度を持つ複合体を生じた。
ES細胞のコロニーをCTKcolony-dissociation solution (0.25%トリプシン、0.1%コラゲナーゼIV,20%KSR,および1mMCaCl2、リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(PBS))で回収し、ES細胞培養培地(例えば、以下のウサギESC培地)で洗浄し、10%FBS入りDMEM(Invitrogen)で、100コロニー/mlの比率で浮遊培養を4日間行った。その後、形成された胚様体(EB)をゼラチンコーティングされた培養皿に付着させ、基礎培地(基礎培地は粉末状αMEM(Invitrogen, GIBCO Cat#11900-024, lot#755272)を 5g、炭酸水素ナトリウム1.1gを蒸留水500mlで溶解した後、1%Antibiotic-Antimycotic,100x(Invitrogen,15240) と10%FBS(lot #FTM33793,Hyclone,Thermo Scientific)をそれぞれ添加する。)で極低酸素分圧(1%O2, 5%CO2)条件の下、6日間培養した。窒素で調節し培養条件は大気圧とした。これら培養はマルチガスインキュベーター(MCO-5M, SANYO Electric Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan)内で行った。付着した細胞(EB由来細胞)をトリプシン(Invitrogen)処理し洗浄し、基礎培地で再懸濁し、さらに3日間、極低酸素分圧(1%O2,5%CO2)条件で培養した。増殖した細胞を再度トリプシン処理し、限外希釈ののち、同条件で10日程度培養した。ガラスピペットを用いて単一コロニーを回収し、ES-MSCsクローンとした。
動物の使用は、大阪大学(または他の大学)に規定される倫理規定に準じた。各ウサギを個別の檻に収容し、食餌および水を自由に与えた。動物を、人工的に管理された14時間:10時間の明暗周期に曝した。温度は、換気された室内で20~25℃に維持した。全ての処置は、45mg/kgのペントバルビタールナトリウムの静脈内注射と、エピネフリンを伴った2%キシロカインの局所注射により誘導した麻酔下で実施した。
ダッチベルテッド種の雌ウサギ(北山ラベス株式会社、長野)に、妊馬血清性性腺刺激ホルモン(PMSG;大日本住友製薬、大阪)とヒト絨毛性性腺刺激ホルモン(hCG;大日本住友製薬)を腹腔内注射することによって過排卵させ、次いで、ダッチベルテッド種の雄と交配させた。交配から2日後、受精した4細胞~8細胞期の胚を卵管から流し出して回収し、次いで、拡大した胚盤胞期までインビトロで培養した。
コントロールのMSC系統を、ウサギの骨髄組織から樹立した。幹細胞系統の樹立は、以前に公開されたプロトコール(Sekiya,I.ら、Stem Cells2002,20:530-541;Wang,G.ら、Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,2005,102:186-191)にわずかな改良を加えたものに従って行った。簡単に述べると、骨髄細胞を、大腿骨髄腔および脛骨髄腔をリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水で洗い流し、この流し出した物質を10% FCS-α改変型最小必須培地(αMEM)中10cm皿上にプレーティングすることによって、日本白色種(JW)の雄ウサギ(体重3.0kg)から単離した。プレーティングから3日後、非接着細胞をPBS中に洗い流し、接着細胞をさらに増殖させた。コンフルエントになると、これらの細胞を、トリプシン-EDTAで解離させ、洗浄し、200細胞/35mm皿に希釈し、そして培養した。これらの細胞は、さらなる実験を行う前に、ウェスタンブロット分析によってMSCマーカーであるVimentin、CD29およびCD105について陽性と決定した。樹立したrBMMSCの分化能は、脂肪細胞、骨細胞および軟骨細胞への誘導性分化によって確立された場合、標準的なMSCと匹敵していた(データ示さず)。
ウサギESCを、正常酸素圧(20% O2+5% CO2)の培養条件下で24時間、MEF馴化rESM培地中のマトリゲル(BD Falcon)上で培養し、次いでこれを、20% O2+5% CO2、5% O2+5% CO2または1% O2+5% CO2のいずれかに移して24時間置いた。低酸素雰囲気は窒素によってバランスを保った。全ての条件は、マルチガスインキュベーターMCO-5M(三洋電機株式会社、大阪)によって制御した。実際のO2濃度は、培養期間の全体にわたって、ペーパレスレコーダDXAdvanced DX1000(横河電機株式会社、東京)によって監視した(データ示さず)。
TRIzol試薬(Invitrogen)を用いて総RNAを抽出し、High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA,USA)を用いて逆転写を行った。総cDNAを用いたqRT-PCRは、Thermal Cycler Dice(登録商標)Real Time System(タカラバイオ株式会社、滋賀)にて、95℃で10秒間、次いで、95℃で5秒間、60℃で30秒間の40サイクルで、ウサギ特異的プライマー(表1)と共に、Perfect real-time SYBR green II(タカラバイオ株式会社)を用いて実施した。推定性決定領域Yボックス2(Sox2)、クルッペル様因子4(Klf4)および血小板由来成長因子受容体α(PDGFRα)についてのプライマーを、TA-クローニングおよびBigDyeターミネーター配列決定によって最初に得た配列(データ示さず)において設計した。簡単に述べると、ウサギ推定Sox2、Klf4およびPDGFRαの部分配列を、rESCまたはウサギ骨髄組織由来のマウスおよびヒトの総cDNAにおいて保存された配列について設計されたユニバーサルプライマーと、Platinum Taq PCRx DNAポリメラーゼ(Invitrogen)とを用いて増幅した。次いで、アンプリコンを、pGEM-T easyベクター(Promega Corporation,Madison,WI,USA)内にライゲーションして、E.coli JM109に形質転換し、QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit(QIAGEN,Valencia,CA,USA)により精製し、そして、Big Dye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing ready reaction kit(Applied Biosystems)およびABI3730キャピラリーシーケンサー(Applied Biosystems)を用いて配列決定した。各遺伝子の相対的な発現を定量化するために、Ct(閾値サイクル)値を、内部標準に対して標準化し(ΔCt=Ct標的-Ct内部標準)、そして、「ΔΔCt法(ΔΔCt=ΔCtサンプル-ΔCt標準物質)」(Dussault,A.A.ら、Biol.Proced.2006,Online8:1-10)を用いて標準物質(コントロール)と比較した。内部標準遺伝子に関して、本発明者らは、低酸素実験中の多能性または間葉系遺伝子発現の評価には28s rRNAを用い、そして、インビトロおよびインビボでの軟骨細胞特異的遺伝子の発現の観察にはグリセルアルデヒド3リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(GAPDH)を用いた。
培養物を、Mildform 10N(和光純薬工業)を用いて室温で1時間固定した。固定した細胞をPBSで洗浄し、Block Ace(ブロックエース;大日本住友製薬、大阪)で1時間ブロッキングし、2回以上洗浄し、各一次抗体と共に4℃にて一晩インキュベートした。サンプルを2回洗浄し、次いで、二次抗体(フルオロセイン-イソチオシアネート[FITC]またはテキサスレッドで標識したウサギ、ヤギ、ロバまたはウシのポリクローナル抗体;全て、Santa Cruz Biotechnologyから購入)(表2)と共にインキュベートした。次いで、サンプルをDAPI(PBS中1μg/ml)で対染色し、その後、直接観察した。ネガティブコントロールとして、一次抗体を除いたものを準備した(データ示さず)。
細胞を擦り取って回収し、ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(SDS)バッファー(30% グリセロール中4% SDS、125mM トリス-グリシン、10% 2-メルカプトエタノール、2% ブロモフェノールブルー)中でホモジナイズし、次いで、SDSの存在下でのポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動(PAGE)(SDS-PAGE)に供し、その後、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)メンブレン(Hybond-P;Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,Buckinghamshire,UK)上に電気転写(electrotransfer)させた。ブロットしたメンブレンを、Block Ace(ブロックエース;大日本住友製薬、大阪)で一晩ブロッキングし、各一次抗体(表2および表3)で4℃にて一晩処理した。検出は、ECL plusウェスタンブロッティング検出システム(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech,Buckinghamshire,UK)と、各一次抗体に対応するホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)標識化二次抗体(全て、Santa Cruz Biotechnology,Santa Cruz,CA,USAから購入)によって増強した化学発光によって具体化させた。光標識したメンブレンを、CCDベースの化学発光分析装置LAS 4000(富士フイルム株式会社、東京)によって分析した。
rESC細胞周期に対する低酸素培養の影響を観察するために、rESC-1細胞系統を、20% O2+5% CO2、5% O2+5% CO2または1% O2+5% CO2の条件下で48時間、MEF馴化rESM中のマトリゲル上で培養した。次いで、トリプシン-EDTAを用いて細胞を単細胞へと解離させ、2% FCSを含有するPBSで2回洗浄し、99.5% 冷エタノール(最終濃度70%)を用いて-20℃にて一晩固定した。固定後、細胞をPBSで1回洗浄し、2% FCSを含有するPBS中に再懸濁し、そして、50U DNaseフリーRNase A(Calbiochem,San Diego,CA,USA)と共に37℃にて30分間インキュベートした。インキュベーションの後、細胞を室温にて15分間PIで染色した。FACS Calibur(BD Biosciences,San Diego,CA,USA)を用いてフローサイトメトリー分析を実施し、また、CELLQUESTソフトウェアを用いて細胞周期分析を実施した。1μg/ml コルセミド(Invitrogen)または1μg/ml ノコダゾール(Sigma)と共に6時間培養したrESCをコントロールサンプルとして用いた。
胚様体の懸濁培養は、10% FCS-DMEM中、1mlあたり100コロニーを再懸濁させることによって開始した。15ml遠心管内にEBを沈殿させ、古い培地を吸引して、新しい培地中に再懸濁させることにより、EBを、2日毎に培地交換を行いつつ、懸濁液中に4日間維持した。次いで、EBを、ゼラチンコーティングした皿の上に移し、10% FCS-αMEM中で6日間培養した。接着培養の間、酸素濃度を、20% O2、5% O2または1% O2のいずれかに変えた(ステップ1)。6日間の酸素制御培養の後、EB由来の細胞をトリプシン-EDTAで処理し、1回洗浄し、10% FCS-αMEM中に再懸濁させ、そして、各O2濃度にてさらに3日間培養した(ステップ2)。トリプシン解離を行い、処理した細胞を200細胞/35mm皿に希釈した後、14日間にわたって、ステップ1またはステップ2においてEB派生物を培養することによって、コロニー形成アッセイを実施した。ヒト型ESCの単細胞消化に関連した細胞死を防止するために、懸濁培地に10μMのY-27632を補充した。14日後、培養物を氷冷エタノールで固定し、PBSで2回洗浄し、そして、アルカリホスファターゼ(ALP)活性の分析またはクリスタルバイオレット染色後のコロニーカウントのために使用した。3回の独立した実験によって再現性を確認した。
線維芽細胞コロニーを、ガラス毛細管を用いてその基材から擦り取り、96穴のマルチウェルプレート内のTrypLE Express(Invitrogen)中に移して解離させ、これを、10ng/ml bFGFを補充した10% FCS-αMEM中のゼラチンコーティングプレート上にプレーティングした。細胞が付着した後、そしてその後は2日毎に培地を交換した。細胞を、トリプシン-EDTA(Invitrogen)を用いて3~4日毎に継代し、さらなる実験のために10ng/ml bFGFを補充した10% FCS-αMEM中に維持した。
2×105細胞/35mm皿または1×104細胞/96穴マルチウェルプレート皿のいずれかの密度で細胞をプレーティングし、コンフルエントになるまで培養した。脂質生成を促進するために、培地を、10-7M デキサメタゾン(Sigma)、0.5mM イソブチルメチルキサンチン(Sigma)および100μM インドメタシン(Sigma)を補充した10% FCS-αMEMから成る脂肪細胞分化培地に切り替えた。10日後、脂質を生成する培養物を10%中性ホルマリンで固定し、オイルレッドO溶液(和光純薬工業?)で染色した。骨芽細胞の分化を促進するために、培地を、10-8M デキサメタゾン(Sigma)、10mM 2-グリセロリン酸(Sigma)および50μg/ml アスコルビン酸(Sigma)を補充した10% FCS-αMEMから成る骨芽細胞分化培地に14日間切り替えた。分化後、皿を10%中性ホルマリンで固定し、0.5% アリザリンレッドS(Sigma)溶液で染色した。軟骨生成を促進するために、2.5×105個の細胞を15mlポリプロピレンチューブ(BD Falcon)中でペレットとして培養するか、または、1×105個の細胞を96ウェルプレートにプレーティングして、軟骨細胞分化培地(Invitrogen)中で21日間培養した。軟骨細胞の分化後、細胞をTRIzol溶液(Invitrogen)で処理し、RNAを精製してさらなる研究に使用した。
上記でも使用したrESC中に、pCAG-GFP-IRES-Puroベクターを導入することによって、GFPを発現するrESCを作成した。pCAG-GFP-IRES-Puroベクターを作製するために、pCAG-GFPベクター(Addgene,#11150,Dr.Connie Cepkoより分与されたもの)から得たGFP配列を、pCAG-IRES-Puroプラスミド(末盛博文先生より頂戴したもの)のNotI/EcoRI部位にクローニングした。このpCAG-GFP-IRES-PuroベクターをSspIによって直鎖状にし、Gene Pulser II(BioRad laboratories,Hercules,CA,USA)を250V、950μFにて使用して3×106個のrESCへのエレクトロポレーションを行った。rESC培養物を、10μM Y-27632および7ng/ml ピューロマイシンを補充したrESM中で4日間の選択を行った。ピューロマイシン選択を行った細胞を、トリプシンで処理し、セルストレイナー(BD Biosciences,San Diego,CA,USA)を通過させ、rESMで1回洗浄し、そして、10μM Y-27632を補充したrESM中に再懸濁させた。GFPを発現する細胞を、FACSVantage(BD Biosciences)によってさらに精製した。選別した細胞を、マイトマイシン-C処理したMEFフィーダー細胞上に蒔き、Y-27632を補充したrESM中で24時間培養した。培地は、コロニーが認められるまで、2日毎に新しいrESMと交換した。MSCの誘導は、本明細書に記載した手順により実施した。GFPを発現するrESC系統由来の誘導性MSC(rgESMSC-1)を、クローニング後の移植研究、骨芽細胞および脂肪細胞への分化の決定、ならびに、MSCマーカーの発現の確認に使用した。
細胞をシートとして移植した(Kaneshiro,N.ら、Eur.Cell.Mater.,2007,13:87-92)。細胞シートは、安定的かつ再現性を持って、非常に短い時間の経過後に欠損部位に付着するので、細胞シートとしての移植は迅速かつ簡便である。細胞系統rESMSC-1を、1枚につき2×106細胞の密度で温度応答性細胞培養皿(直径35mm、株式会社セルシード、東京)に直接蒔いた。細胞がコンフルエントに達して細胞シートを形成するまで、細胞を、10ng/ml bFGFを補充した10% FCS-αMEM中に維持した。移植の当日に、以前に記載されたプロトコールに従って、培養物の温度を30分間、室温(約24℃)まで下げることによって、生存細胞のシートを回収した。細胞移植には、平均体重3.0kgの骨格的に成熟したJW種の雄ウサギを使用した。これらのウサギに麻酔をかけ、右膝関節に内側傍膝蓋切開(medial parapatellarincision)からアプローチし、膝蓋骨を横に移動させた。以前に報告されたとおりに(Koga,H.ら、StemCells,2007,25:689-696)、大腿骨の滑車神経溝に全厚の骨軟骨欠損(直径5mm、深さ3mm)を設け、次いで、この欠損を、細胞シートで満たした。手術後、全てのウサギをケージに戻し、自由に動かせた。手術から2週間後および4週間後に、過量のペントバルビタールナトリウムを用いて動物を安楽死させ、関節組織を組織学的染色、免疫蛍光法またはFACSによって調べた。移植実験のために、組織学的分析用に3匹、FACS分析用に3匹の動物をそれぞれ準備した(合計6匹)。
再生部位を含む膝関節を、Mildform 10N(4%パラホルムアルデヒド、(4%パラホルムアルデヒド・りん酸緩衝液 組織固定用)和光純薬工業、または、4%パラホルムアルデヒド・りん酸緩衝液 組織固定用(163-20145,和光純薬工業株式会社))中で固定し、85% ギ酸および20% クエン酸ナトリウム水溶液を用いて石灰質を除去した。組織学的観察のために、サンプルを脱水し、パラフィン中に包埋した。次いで、切片をサフラニン-Oで染色するか、または、アルシアンブルーおよびアリザリンレッドで二重染色した。再生した軟骨におけるGFP発現細胞の蛍光観察のために、脱パラフィン処理し、再水和させたパラフィン切片をBlock Ace(1%ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)、ブロックエース;大日本住友製薬、大阪)で1時間ブロッキングし、PBSで2回洗浄し、1/200希釈した抗GFPウサギポリクローナル抗体(Santacruz biotechnology,sc-8334)と共に4℃にて一晩インキュベートした。次いで、標本を10%のBlock Aceを含有するPBSで2回洗浄し、1/1,000希釈したFITC標識化抗ウサギIgGウシ二次抗体と共にインキュベートした。2回の洗浄後、FITC標識した標本を1/1,000希釈したDAPIで染色し、蛍光顕微鏡(BZ-9000,株式会社キーエンス、大阪)を用いて観察した。
再生した部位をメスを用いて回収し、PBSで2回洗浄し、0.3% ウシ血清アルブミン(Sigma)を補充したDMEM/F12中300U/mg コラゲナーゼ(和光純薬工業)の中で3時間、酵素により解離させた。解離した細胞を回収し、40μmセルストレイナー(BD Falcon)を通過させ、PBSで2回洗浄し、FACSVantageによってソーティングした。偽陽性細胞の混入を避けるために、本発明者らは、2つのバンドパスフィルター(FITC/GFPについては530nm、フィコエリスリン[PE]については585nm)を用いてサンプルを検討し、データは、以前に示唆されたように(Lengner,C.J.ら、Cell Cycle,2008,7:725-728)、FL-1(GFP)対FL-2(PE)の密度プロットとして表示させた。FL-1の細胞を選択し、GFPを発現する移植細胞をさらに分析した。
有意差は、Tukey-KramerのHSD検定またはStudentのt検定によって検出した。0.05未満のp値を有意とみなした。
図1において、上記製造例で製造したウサギの滑膜からとったMSC(左)および本実施例でES細胞から誘導したMSC(ESC-MSC;右)の比較を示す。ESC-MSCは、自己複製能を有しており、細胞表面抗原もMSC特徴的であり(例えば、PDFGRα+、CD105+およびCD271+であった。)、骨原性、軟骨原性、および脂肪原性を有していた。データは示さないが、この結果は、非特許文献5(特に、Figures 3、5、6、7)において記載されるのと同様である。これらの結果は必要に応じて参照することができる。
ES-MSCs各クローンをフィーダーを用いない平面培養で増殖させて細胞数を確保する。培地は増殖培地として前述の基礎培地に10ng/ml塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)を添加したものを使用する。bFGFはWako: recombinant human bFGF:Cat.No.060-04543: 100μgを使用し、CHAPS(SIGMA)を0.1%、BSA(ウシ血清アルブミンAlbumin, from bovine serum、A2153-100G、SIGMA)を0.5%添加したPBSに溶かし、分注して-20℃で保存した。
式1 ΔCt=(標的遺伝子Ct値)―(GAPDHCt値)
式2 ΔΔCt=(標的サンプルΔCt値)-(キャリブレーションサンプルΔCt値)
式3 相対値=2-ΔΔCt
プライマーは、特定の遺伝子アクセッション番号に対応する配列についてGenBankデータベースの配列に基づいて、プライマー3ソフトウェア(オープンソースソフトウェア)で設計した。以下の配列を用いた。
pig-GAPDH(forward):CTGCCCCTTCTGCTGATGC(配列番号1),
pig-GAPDH(reverse):CATCACGCCACAGTTTCCCA(配列番号2),
pig-aggrecan(forward):ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC(配列番号3),
pig-aggrecan(reverse):GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC(配列番号4),
pig-collagen1a2(forward):ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC(配列番号5),
pig-collagen1a2(reverse):GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC(配列番号6),
pig-collagen2a1(forward):ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC,(配列番号7)
pig-collagen2a1(reverse):GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC(配列番号8)。.
図8は、本発明の代表例であるES細胞から誘導したMSCで生産した三次元人工組織(TEC)の軟骨分化誘導前後での遺伝子発現のパターンを示し、体性TECの10-20倍の軟骨関連遺伝子の発現が見られることを示す。Sy-TECは滑膜MSC由来のTECを示す。ES-TECは、ES細胞誘導MSC由来のTECを示す。Hyaline Cartilageは硝子軟骨様を示す。No Introductionは誘導なしを示す。Chondrogenisisは、軟骨分化刺激をした後を示す。p<0.05は統計学的有意を示す。y軸は、相対発現強度を示す。また、本発明の誘導型TECを用いた複合組織の1ヶ月での治療効果をみた。ここでは、移植実施例の記載に準じて、体性TECの人工骨との複合組織の代わりに誘導型TECを用いた複合組織を移植した。結果を図9および10に示す。
実施例1の変法として、多能性幹細胞(P細胞)を超低接着培養皿(Corning, Corning, NY)で培養し胚様体を形成する。培養液(1)はDMEM、15%FBS、1mM NEAA、0.1mM 2-mercaptoethanol、1mM L-glutamine、50 U/ml P/Sとし、胚様体を3日間浮遊培養を行う。その後、0.5mMレチノイン酸 で処理した後、さらに2日間培養する。
実施例1のさらなる変法として、多能性幹細胞(P細胞)を無血清培地mTeSR1(StemCell Technologies)を用い、マトリゲルコート培養皿(Matrigel (BD Bioscience, San Diego) を100ug/ml の濃度で DMEM/-Ham’s F12 mediumに溶解し、培養皿にいれ室温で1時間静置した後に培養液を除去して作製する。)で培養する。細胞がほぼコンフルエントになった状態で、20% KOSR(invitrogen),1mM L-glutamine(invitrogen),10mM non-essential amino acids (invitrogen)を含むDMEM/-Ham’s F12 培地に換え、DMSOに溶解したSB431542(最終濃度 10μM)を添加した。毎日培地交換を行いながら、10日間培養した後、トリプルセレクト(TrypleSelect, Invitrogen)で細胞を剥がして回収し、MSC培養液(DMEM培地(高グルコース,10%FBS,2mM L-グルタミン添加))を用い、通常の培養皿で培養を行った。2継代以降で細胞を使用する(参考文献:Small molecule mesengenic induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells to generate mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Chen YS, Pelekanos RA, Ellis RL, Horne R, Wolvetang EJ, Fisk NM. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2012 Feb;1(2):83-95.)。
本実施例では、iPS細胞から間葉様系幹細胞とも呼ばれる間葉系幹細胞を誘導し、これを用いて三次元人工組織を作製した後、実施例1と同様の方法で複合組織を生産し、上記実施例または製造例と同様の方法で骨軟骨損傷の効率的かつ安全な修復の実験を行なうことができることを確認した。具体的には以下のとおりである。
理化学研究所から得たiPS細胞(253G1)を得た。このiPS細胞を酸素分圧1%で培養すると紡錘形の細胞がコロニー周囲に見られた。それらをフローサイトメーターでCD44/CD73/CD105陽性細胞をソーティングすると、軟骨・骨・脂肪へ分化するiPS-MSCとなった。これらの実験は、実施例1に記載されている手順に基づいて行った。その結果を図15に示す。図15に示すように、iPS細胞を用いても、ES細胞と同様に軟骨・骨・脂肪へ分化するMSC(iPS-MSC)が生産することができたことが理解される。
次に、iPS-MSCをアスコルビン酸を添加した高密度平面培養により細胞シートを作製し、体性MSC、ES-MSCと同様にTECを作製した。これらの生産方法は、基本的には実施例2に記載されている手順に基づいて行った。その結果を図16に示す。図15に示すように、iPS細胞を用いても、ES細胞と同様に軟骨・骨・脂肪へ分化する三次元組織(TEC)(iPS-TEC)が生産することができたことが理解される。なお、iPS細胞から間葉様系幹細胞への誘導は、Jung et al,STEM CELLS,2011;doi:10.1002/stem.727を参照して実施することができる。
このように作製したiPS-TECを用いて、実施例2に示すようにその機能等を確認した。
本実施例では、ウサギES細胞から間葉様系幹細胞とも呼ばれる間葉系幹細胞を誘導し、これを用いて三次元人工組織を作製した後、上記実施例または製造例と同様の方法で複合組織を生産し、実施例1と同様の方法で骨軟骨損傷の効率的かつ安全な修復の実験を行なうことができることを確認した。実施に当たっては、大阪大学動物実験施設の承認、遺伝子組み換え実験の承認を得てから実験を行う。
内部細胞塊を採取してフィーダー細胞(MEF)上で培養してESCsを誘導した。次に胚様体(EB)を作成した後、酸素分圧制御下の平面培養でMSCs(ES-MSCs)へ分化誘導した。
4×105個/cm2で播種したES-MSCsをアスコルビン酸2リン酸入りの培養液(HG-DMEM)で2週間培養した。ずり応力で底面より剥離して3次元化してTECを作製した。さらに任意の形状の人工骨上にTECを載せてその粘着性により一体化させ、TEC・人工骨ハイブリッドインプラントを作製した。
ウサギ膝関節にφ5mm×高さ6mmの骨軟骨欠損にES-MSCsで作製したTECとφ5mm×高さ4mm人工骨を一体化したインプラントを移植した。術後1ヶ月で欠損のみの膝に比してTEC・人工骨ハイブリッドインプラントの治療により明らかな軟骨修復を認めた。
本実施例では、本発明の代表例であるES細胞から誘導したMSCで生産した三次元人工組織(TEC)において、BMP受容体の発現が、体性(滑膜由来)TECおよび滑膜MSCよりも有意に高いことを実証する。
DMEM(043-30085, lot#TLG7036, Wako)とαMEM(Invitrogen, GIBCO Cat#11900-024, lot#755272)の組成の差としては、前者は後者の4.5倍量のグルコース、約4倍量のビタミン類、約2倍量のアミノ酸類が含有している。一方で後者には前者に含まれない核酸類が含有されている。TECの作成には細胞による細胞外基質蛋白の合成が極めて重要あり、栄養的に有意なDMEMで作成したES-TECは生体移植後、早期軟骨の形成示した。対照的に、ES-MSCに最適化された増殖培地であるαMEMではin vitroで形成されたTECはin vivoで軟骨形成を示さなかった。αMEMにbFGFを添加すれば、in vivoで非常に強い軟骨形成能を示すTECの作成が可能であった。
配列番号2:pig-GAPDHリバースプライマー配列;CATCACGCCACAGTTTCCCA
配列番号3:pig-aggrecanフォワードプライマー配列;ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC
配列番号4:pig-aggrecanリバースプライマー配列;GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC
配列番号5:pig-collagen1a2フォワードプライマー配列;ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC
配列番号6:pig-collagen1a2リバースプライマー配列;GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC
配列番号7:pig-collagen2a1フォワードプライマー配列;ATTGTAGGACCCAAAGGACCTC
配列番号8:pig-collagen2a1リバースプライマー配列;GGTCCCAGGTTCTCCATCTC
配列番号9:ウサギPou5f1フォワードプライマー配列;GATCACTCTGGGCTACACTC
配列番号10:ウサギPou5f1リバースプライマー配列;AGATGGTGGTTTGGCTGAAC
配列番号11:ウサギNanogフォワードプライマー配列;TAGTGAAAACTCCCGACTCTG
配列番号12:ウサギNanogリバースプライマー配列;AGCTGGGTCTGGGAGAATAC
配列番号13:ウサギSox2フォワードプライマー配列;GAGTGGAAACCCTTGTGG
配列番号14:ウサギSox2リバースプライマー配列;ATTTATAACCCTGTGCTCCTCC
配列番号15:ウサギKlf4フォワードプライマー配列;AGGAGCCCAAGCCAAAGAG
配列番号16:ウサギKlf4リバースプライマー配列;AATCGCAAGTGTGGGTG
配列番号17:ウサギPDGFRαフォワードプライマー配列;AGTGAGCTGGCAGTACCCGG
配列番号18:ウサギPDGFRαリバースプライマー配列;AGCCAGTGTTGTTCTCCTC
配列番号19:ウサギVimentinフォワードプライマー配列;TTGACAATGCTTCTTTGGC
配列番号20:ウサギVimentinリバースプライマー配列;TTCCTCATCGTGCAGTTTC
配列番号21:ウサギAggrecanフォワードプライマー配列;TTGAGGACAGCGAGGCTAC
配列番号22:ウサギAggrecanリバースプライマー配列;GCCCGATAGTGGAACACA
配列番号23:ウサギCol2A1フォワードプライマー配列;TCGTGGCCGAGATGGAGAG
配列番号24:ウサギCol2A1リバースプライマー配列;TCAAATCCTCCAGCCATTTG
配列番号25:ウサギ28srRNAフォワードプライマー配列;AGCAGAATTCACCAAGCGTTG
配列番号26:ウサギ28srRNAリバースプライマー配列;TAACCTGTCTCACGACGGTC
配列番号27:ウサギGapdhフォワードプライマー配列;GTGAAGGTCGGAGTGAACG
配列番号28:ウサギGapdhリバースプライマー配列;TAAAAGCAGCCCTGGTGAC
Claims (15)
- 実質的に、多能性幹細胞から誘導された間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞、および該細胞に由来する細胞外マトリクスから構成される移植可能な人工組織。
- 前記人工組織中の細胞は、骨形成タンパク質レセプター1A(BMPR1A)および骨形成タンパク質レセプター2(BMPR2)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを、身体内から取得された体性間葉系幹細胞より多く発現する、請求項1に記載の人工組織。
- 前記人工組織は、身体内から取得された体性間葉系幹細胞に比べて亢進された軟骨分化能を有する、請求項1に記載の人工組織。
- 前記人工組織は、硝子軟骨様の軟骨分化能を有する、請求項1に記載の人工組織。
- 前記細胞外マトリクスは、コラーゲンIおよび/またはコラーゲンIIIを含み、該コラーゲンIおよび/またはコラーゲンIIIは、コラーゲンIIよりも多い、請求項1に記載の人工組織。
- 前記細胞外マトリクスが前記組織中に分散して配置される、請求項1に記載の人工組織。
- 前記間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞は低酸素条件で作製されたものである、請求項1に記載の人工組織。
- 骨軟骨欠損に関連する疾患、障害または状態を治療または予防するための、請求項1に記載の人工組織と人工骨とを含む複合組織であって、該人工骨は、該骨軟骨欠損における骨部の欠損の深さよりも小さなサイズである、複合組織。
- 前記人工骨の長さと前記三次元人工組織の長さの合計は、前記骨軟骨欠損の深さと略同じである、請求項8に記載の複合組織。
- 前記人工骨は、前記骨軟骨欠損における骨部の欠損の深さよりも約1mm以上小さいサイズである、請求項8に記載の複合組織。
- 前記人工骨は、前記骨軟骨欠損における骨部の欠損の深さよりも約2mm以上~約4mm小さく、および/または軟骨の厚みの2倍以下小さいサイズである、請求項8に記載の複合組織。
- 前記人工骨は、ヒドロキシアパタイトおよびβ-リン酸三カルシウムからなる群より選択される材料で構成される、請求項8に記載の複合組織。
- 前記疾患、障害または状態は、変形性関節症、骨軟骨損傷、骨軟骨病変、骨壊死、関節リウマチ、骨腫瘍およびその類似疾患からなる群より選択される、請求項8に記載の複合組織。
- 請求項1に記載の人工組織を生産する方法であって、該方法は
A)多能性幹細胞から誘導された間葉系幹細胞またはその等価細胞を提供する工程;
B)該細胞を、アスコルビン酸、アスコルビン酸2リン酸またはその誘導体あるいはその塩から選択される因子を含む細胞培養液を収容する、所望の人工組織のサイズを収容するに十分な底面積を有する容器に配置する工程;
C)該容器中の該細胞を、該因子を含む細胞培養液とともに、該所望の大きさのサイズを有する人工組織を形成するに十分な時間培養して、細胞を人工組織とする工程;
D)該人工組織を該容器から剥離して、該人工組織を自己収縮させる工程であって、該自己収縮は、αMEMに対して(a)糖、ビタミン類およびアミノ酸からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの成分、および/または(b)塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)が富化された条件下でなされる、工程、ならびに
E)物理的刺激または化学的刺激により、該人工組織の厚さを調節して所望の厚さにする工程、
を包含する、
方法。 - 前記自己収縮は、αMEMにbFGFを加えた条件またはDMEMの条件下でなされる、請求項14に記載の方法。
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JP2022013659A (ja) * | 2020-07-03 | 2022-01-18 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 滑膜由来間葉系幹細胞の製造方法および関節治療用細胞製剤の製造方法 |
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EP2949747A1 (en) | 2015-12-02 |
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JP6183814B2 (ja) | 2017-08-23 |
EP2949747B8 (en) | 2017-10-04 |
EP2949747A4 (en) | 2016-07-27 |
US20150367034A1 (en) | 2015-12-24 |
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