WO2014090846A1

WO2014090846A1 - Low-consumption or passive building

Info

Publication number: WO2014090846A1
Application number: PCT/EP2013/076166
Authority: WO
Inventors: Edouard Serras; Daniel Bezes; Daniel Ramey
Original assignee: Tech Ingénierie Sarl
Priority date: 2012-12-11
Filing date: 2013-12-11
Publication date: 2014-06-19
Also published as: FR2999204A1; FR2999204B1

Abstract

A building (12) comprising microporous and thermally insulating load-bearing external walls (16) with air circulation spaces (18) provided between the walls (16) and internal partitions (14) made from a material microporous to water vapour, and means for supplying the spaces (18) with a flow of air with controlled temperature and hygrometry.

Description

BUILDING LOW CONSUMPTION OR LIABILITY

The invention relates to a building low consumption or passive, for example a residential building or another type, commercial, industrial, office or other.

In document FR2933479-A1, it has already been proposed, to reduce the energy consumption of a building for its heating and air conditioning, to install an external thermal insulation on the walls of the building by providing air circulation spaces ( or air gap) between these walls and their thermal insulation, and to circulate outside air in these spaces to selectively heat or cool the walls by absorption or evaporation of water, the walls being stone, bricks, blocks , etc., which are naturally microporous materials with water vapor and moisture while being impermeable to air and water.

In summer, outdoor air has a relatively high temperature and low relative humidity. In contact with this air admitted into the abovementioned spaces with the walls of the building, a certain quantity of water contained in the microporous material of the walls is vaporized and absorbed by the outside air present in the abovementioned spaces, which cools the walls and tends to reduce the temperature inside the building and also to stabilize the relative humidity in the building. The outside air present in the aforementioned spaces, which is charged with water vapor, is discharged to the outside.

In winter, the outdoor air that is admitted into the aforementioned spaces must have a high relative humidity. However, this occurs when the outside temperature is the lowest. The number of times that the outside air can be admitted in the aforementioned spaces to heat the walls is therefore limited. This is nevertheless possible because the thermal capacity of the air is much lower than that of the walls. However, there is no need for a rapid renewal of the outside air in these spaces because then the convection effect would outweigh the heating effect produced by condensation of water vapor from outside air.

When cold outdoor air with high relative humidity is admitted into the aforementioned spaces, the walls in contact with this air absorb some of the water vapor from the outside air and are heated by the latent heat of condensation of the water vapour. This results in a surface temperature of the walls on the "air gap" side which is higher than the set temperature in the building (for example 20 ° C). A heating heat flow is thus generated in the walls, which tends to compensate for overall heat losses in the building and to respect the set temperature. The relative humidity of the air inside the building also tends to increase.

The repetition of the cycles (absorption-diffusion / transfer in the wall-desorption) makes it possible to maintain a desired temperature and hygrometry inside the building.

It was verified on a demonstration home that the annual cost of energy consumption for the regulation of the temperature at about 20 ° C inside the building is thus reduced by about 75% in the Midi Pyrénées region.

However, in winter, when the outdoor air temperature is below 5 ° C, the warming of the walls by the condensation of water vapor from the outside air can be substantially canceled out by the convection cooling of the walls. contact with the cold air, and the aforementioned system loses its effectiveness.

Applications FR1 152307, FR1 152423 and FR1 159335 of the applicant provide a simple, effective and economical solution to this problem.

They propose in particular to adjust the relative humidity of the air admitted into the spaces between the walls and the external thermal insulation, by heating or by cooling and / or by passage of this air in humidifying means arranged upstream of the spaces supra.

The cooling of the air that will be admitted in these spaces For example, its relative humidity can be increased from 40% to 50% to 90% or 95% when its temperature is reduced from approximately 20 ° C to 14 ° C. This cooling can be done advantageously by heat exchange, so without consuming energy, between the air extracted from the building and air taken outside the building. Conversely, if we want to admit air with a lower relative humidity in the aforementioned spaces, we can heat the air by heat exchange between the air taken from inside the building and the air. air taken outside the building.

The humidifying means make it possible to significantly increase the relative humidity and the absolute humidity of the air admitted into the abovementioned spaces, in order to favor the maximum absorption and condensation of water vapor in these walls and the effect of resulting heating. In addition, the heating cycles can be repeated more frequently and spread over 24 hours. Advantageously, the "humidified" air that is admitted into the abovementioned spaces is not outside air, but air taken from inside the building or a mixture of air taken from inside the building. and air taken outside the building.

It is a filtered air, cleaner than the outside air, which is thus allowed in the abovementioned spaces, which avoids a progressive closing of the micropores of the walls by the dust and the like contained in the outside air.

The air taken from inside the building has a temperature in the winter of around 18 to 20 ° C and relatively low relative humidity, for example 40%. The passage of this air in the humidifying means makes it possible to increase its relative humidity at a rate of approximately 90% for example, the temperature of this air being lowered to approximately 14 ° C. when the humidifying means are of the adiabatic type. The absolute humidity of the air is also increased, the quantity of water contained in the air passing for example from 4.31 g of water per kg of dry air to 9.64 g / kg dry air, which allows to recover a greater amount of heat by condensation of the water vapor and / or to extend the duration of the heating cycle.

It is thus possible to circulate, in winter, air at 14 ° C and at about 90% relative humidity in the spaces between the external thermal insulation and the walls of the building, which results in a contribution of higher thermal energy inside the building and by maintaining the relative humidity of the air inside the building at around 60%, giving a greater feeling of comfort in the building.

To humidify the air and heat it, for example, it can be passed into a hot water tank, preferably solar or geothermal or energy recovery, for example on a stove, on a chimney, in a an industrial building or in a shopping mall, etc., or any other free energy means. The passage of air in this tank increases the relative humidity of the air to near saturation, without significantly lowering the temperature of the water in the tank. This provides a source of moist air that is warmer than the outside air, making it possible to maintain a desired temperature and hygrometry in the building, in winter and whatever the climate of the region where the building is located.

It is also proposed that the air substantially saturated with moisture coming out of the humidifying means, is intermittently blown inside the building.

This allows, in winter, to increase very quickly the relative humidity of the air inside the building, for example to about 60%, which results in a greater sensation of comfort, without to increase the temperature of the air which remains substantially constant inside the building.

The methods and devices described in the aforementioned prior applications by the applicant make it possible to ensure, in all seasons and in all climates, a regulation of the temperature and the relative humidity of the air in a building by the admission and the controlled circulation of air in the spaces between the microporous walls of the building and their external thermal insulation, this air having a temperature and hygrometry that are controlled and determined according to the external conditions and those desired in the building.

The admission and the circulation of the air in the abovementioned spaces are controlled according to the hygrometric state of the microporous wall or walls considered. It is indeed necessary to stop the admission and the circulation of the air in the abovementioned spaces when the hygrometric state of the wall (s) no longer allows an absorption of the humidity of the air present in these spaces (in particular in winter or in cold weather) or, on the contrary, an absorption by the air present in these spaces of the humidity of the microporous wall or walls (in particular in summer or in hot weather). In other words, the microporous walls are allowed to charge with moisture and then discharge the absorbed moisture cyclically, and the admission and circulation of the air in the aforementioned spaces is correspondingly controlled.

This known technique described in the Applicant's prior patent applications is intended for buildings whose external walls made of microporous material with water vapor (stones, bricks, blocks, ....) are equipped with a external thermal insulation with the walls of the air circulation spaces, these buildings being either new buildings or old buildings renovated by laying the external thermal insulation and layout of the air space.

The external thermal insulation is however relatively expensive and its installation on the walls with the arrangement of the air space is relatively long and delicate or impossible in certain cases, for example when access to the outside face of a wall is made difficult or impossible by an external obstacle or by another construction.

The present invention is intended to avoid these disadvantages in a simple, effective and inexpensive way.

Its object is a low consumption or passive building aforementioned type whose construction or renovation is simpler and less expensive than in the prior art.

The invention proposes a low consumption or passive building, comprising air circulation spaces formed between internal parts and external parts of the walls of the building, and a controlled mechanical ventilation (VMC) installation for air circulation in the aforementioned spaces, for the extraction of stale air outside the building and for the introduction of fresh air into the building, the VMC installation comprising heating means and air humidification means for be admitted in the abovementioned spaces, characterized in that the outer parts are load-bearing walls and the internal parts are partitions attached to the load-bearing walls and made of microporous material with water vapor, so that the water vapor contained in the air admitted into the spaces can be absorbed by the partitions for heating the interior of the building.

Advantageously, the load-bearing walls are microporous with water vapor and thermally insulating, and are for example brick, stone, block, possibly with thermal insulation panels fixed on their outer face if necessary, or concrete cellular or other microporous material and carrier with thermal insulation properties, and the internal partitions are plaster or a plaster-based material or other microporous material with water vapor, light and cheap.

In the building according to the invention, the internal partitions which are attached to the inner faces of the load-bearing walls and which provide air circulation spaces with these walls are less expensive than external thermal insulation panels and their installation is simpler and faster.

Moreover, the circulation of air at controlled temperature and hygrometry in the spaces between the microporous walls and the internal partitions produces, in winter or in cold weather, a greater heating from inside the building and a greater reduction or even cancellation of thermal losses by the building walls, since the adsorption of water vapor and the resulting heating effect occur both in the walls and in the internal partitions reported on the walls, which results in an increase of between 50 and 100% of the heating power compared to that which could be obtained in the buildings described in the previous applications of the Applicant.

According to other features of the invention, these internal partitions comprise air inlet and outlet openings opening into the abovementioned spaces and which are preferably formed in the vicinity of an upper horizontal edge of the internal partitions.

According to still other features of the invention, the internal partitions are fixed on the load-bearing walls by means of horizontal and vertical peripheral bands made of plaster or plaster, having the desired thickness of the air gap formed. by the aforementioned spaces, and vertical air diffusion blades are fixed at regular intervals between the partitions and walls to standardize the air flow in the aforementioned spaces.

This partitioning technique is simple and well controlled. The air diffusion blades make it possible to standardize the flow of air throughout the volume of the aforementioned spaces and to increase the heating performance by adsorption-desorption of water vapor.

Advantageously, the building also comprises internal walls comprising air circulation spaces or air gaps and formed of two contiguous partitions of the aforementioned type made of microporous material with water vapor, or a load-bearing wall and of a partition above.

This feature of the invention increases the heating power in the building, the heating being produced by both the outer walls and the interior walls of the building.

Advantageously, the means for heating and humidifying the air are multi-stage heating and humidification, which are powered by a domestic hot water system.

The repeated passages of the air in the heating and humidifying means make it possible to raise its temperature and its hygrometry to optimal values allowing a maximum heating of the walls while avoiding any risk of condensation of water in the circulation spaces air, and also increase the absolute humidity of the air circulating in these spaces.

The air is humidified by passing through water or a mist of water droplets or through a porous wet membrane and is heated by heat exchange with the domestic hot water circuit, this air being air extracted from the building.

The building may also comprise means for measuring a difference in temperature between the outer and inner faces of at least one microporous internal partition and means for controlling the admission and the circulation of the air in the abovementioned spaces depending on the derivative of this difference with respect to time.

Since the variation of this difference in temperature is an image of the variation of the derivative of the hygrometric state of the internal partition with respect to time, it is possible, from the variations of this difference of temperature, to control efficiently and simply the admission and circulation of air in the aforementioned spaces.

In addition, by performing this command from the derivative of this temperature difference, it eliminates all the calibration problems and drift temperature sensors used.

These sensors may advantageously be of the thermocouple type, which are simple, reliable, accurate and inexpensive and which directly give a measure of a temperature difference.

In addition, the invention provides for passing air at a constant speed in the abovementioned spaces and to regulate the temperature of this air and its hygrometry for maximum heating of the walls, which makes it possible to avoid all the problems and disadvantages related to the generation of speeds airflow variables.

According to another characteristic of the invention, the building also comprises a heat pump for heating (or cooling) the fresh air admitted into the building to replace the air extracted by the VMC installation, as well as a heat exchange heat pipe between the air leaving the aforementioned spaces and the fresh air intended to be admitted into the building, and means to admit into the building the air leaving the heat pipe or to send this air in the collection circuit of the heat pump, depending on its temperature.

Advantageously, the building also includes a photovoltaic panel and a battery for the power supply of the heat pump and possibly the installation of VMC.

In general, the building according to the invention makes it possible to regulate the temperature and the relative humidity of the air inside the building, to cover all the thermal losses in the building, including those which are due to the standardized use of a controlled mechanical ventilation, and to ensure the heating of the sanitary water and that all year long without consuming energy or producing a surplus of energy.

The invention will be better understood and other characteristics, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly on reading the description which follows, given by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a partial schematic sectional view and perspective of a wall of a building according to the invention;

Figure 2 is a partial schematic sectional view of an interior wall of the building according to the invention;

Figure 3 is a schematic view of a thermal control device of the building according to the invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a heat pump installation for heating the fresh air admitted into the building and domestic hot water.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, each external wall 10 of the building 12 comprises an internal part 14 made of microporous material with water vapor, such as for example a partition made of plaster tiles or the like, from 5 to 10 cm thick for example, and an outer portion 16 preferably of microporous material with water vapor and having thermal insulation properties, such as for example a concrete concrete block bearing wall or the like of a thickness of 24cm. Alternatively, the outer portion 16 may be a traditional brick wall, stone, breeze block, .., which are naturally porous materials with water vapor, and it may include if necessary thermal insulation panels applied and fixed on its outer face.

A space 18 for air circulation or air gap, for example, 2 to 3 cm thick, is provided between the two parts 14, 16 of the wall 10 over substantially the entire surface thereof, by means of horizontal and vertical plasterboard blades 20 which are fixed for example by gluing and pegging on the inner face of the wall 16, these blades having the desired thickness of the air gap 18.

Vertical air distribution slats 22, for example made of honeycomb and made of plastic, having the thickness of the air gap 18, are fixed at regular intervals on the inner face of the outer wall 16 to standardize the speed of the air over substantially the entire height of the air space.

A coating or a water-repellent paint 24 may be applied to the outer face of the outer wall 16.

Air supply and air outlet ports 26 are formed in plaster tiles of the inner partition 14, for example in the vicinity of the upper edge thereof, as shown.

A thermal control device 28 shown in FIG. 3 is used for admission and circulation of air in the air knives 18 of FIGS. building walls, to regulate the temperature and hygrometry in the building. When the outer part 16 of the wall is made of microporous material and thermally insulating, it will charge moisture (or discharge its moisture) at the same time as the inner wall 14 of the wall and it will heat or cool at the same time as this partition interior, which improves the thermal insulation between the inside and the outside of the building by eliminating thermal losses through the walls of the building and increases the heating or cooling performance of the building according to the invention, as will be described in detail in the following.

A cross-sectional view of an interior wall of the building is shown schematically in FIG. 2. The inner wall 30 here consists of two microporous partitions 14 with water vapor of the type described above, for example made of plaster tiles, which are contiguous by providing between them an air circulation space 18 or air gap 18 having a thickness of a few centimeters as described with reference to FIG. The circulation of air at controlled temperature and hygrometry in this space 18 will produce, by adsorption and desorption of water vapor in the partitions 14, a heating effect (or cooling, as needed) which is added to that produced in the exterior walls 10 of the building.

Alternatively, the inner wall 30 of the building may be a carrier and is then formed of a carrier part 16 and a partition 14 as in the representation of Figure 1, with a space 18 of air flow between the carrier part and the partition.

The outer portions 16 of the walls of the building preferably have a microporous structure capable of absorbing and desorbing water vapor and moisture and are impermeable to air and water. They can be made with common products such as bricks, blocks, stones, etc., which naturally have such a microporous structure. These materials are also, to a certain measuring, thermally insulating, their thermal insulation properties increasing with their thickness.

The air supply device 28 for the spaces 18, which is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 3, essentially comprises a dual controlled mechanical ventilation (VMC) installation 32, which is associated at the output with several stages of heating means 34 and humidifying means 36, connected at the outlet to means 38 for distributing air to the above-mentioned spaces 18 or to air blowing mouths 40 inside the building.

The installation of VMC 32 comprises, as input, one or more filters 42 crossed by a controlled flow rate of air 44 extracted from the building, and means 46 for circulating the extracted air, such as fans.

The different stages of heating and humidification are arranged in series, each stage comprising a group 34 of finned tubes (or the like) supplied with hot water from a facility 48 for producing domestic hot water (DHW). free energy, such as a solar-heated, geothermal, heat-recovery plant, etc., and a humidifying means 36 of any suitable type, for example of the adiabatic ultrasonic type, or which is here constituted by means water spray, for example perforated ramp, supplied with water from a network 50 of cold water (water at room temperature generally between 10 and 20 ° C approximately).

The different groups 34 of finned tubes are fed in series (as shown) or in parallel in domestic hot water.

The heating means 34 and the humidifying means 36 are arranged in a chamber 52 supplied with air by the installation of VMC 32, this air being extracted from the building and having for example a temperature of 20 ° C. and a hygrometry of 50%.

The passage of air in the various stages of heating and humidification, allows to raise the temperature of the air to 23 ° C for example and its hygrometry to 90% approximately (to avoid any risk of condensation in spaces 18).

We can reverse the order of passage of air in the heating and humidification means.

The device 28 may also be supplied with outside air 54, or possibly with a mixture of outside air and exhaust air 44.

Admission to the air spaces 18 at 22-23 ° C. and having a humidity of 90% makes it possible to considerably increase the heating power of the walls 10, 30. The heating energy of the walls is multiplied by 5 when the temperature of the admitted air increases from 13 ° C to 23 ° C, for the same conditions of flow and hygrometry.

The energy needs of a house type BBC with a living area of 120m ² are 50kWh / m ² (habitable) / year. The surface of the external walls being of the order of 1 10m ² , these needs are 50kWh / m ² (wall surface) / year, or 137Wh / m ² (wall surface) per day on average.

This thermal input can be provided in a building according to the invention in less than 2 hours of operation of the device 28 with air at 14 ° C and in less than 1 hour with air at 23 ° C. It is necessary to take into account the thermal inertia of the walls: a wall heated during 1 hour will take several hours to cool and to return to its initial temperature. In the building according to the invention, it suffices to heat a wall for 2 hours in total with air at 14 ° C. or for a total of 1 hour with air at 21 ° -22 ° C. to provide the thermal requirements over 24 hours. , on average over the year. A building according to the invention is not only of the "low consumption" type, it is also "passive" or "positive energy" type because it produces more energy than it consumes for heating, air conditioning and air renewal.

The operation is for example the following:

in summer, when the outside air has a relatively high temperature, for example at least 25 ° C, and a low relative humidity, for example less than 40%, the device 28 is controlled to maintain inside the building a temperature below 25 ° C, for example close to 22 ° C, and a relative humidity of the air of about 60%, which corresponds to a pleasant feeling of comfort. For this, outside air is taken outside the building and is injected directly into the spaces 18 formed in the walls 10, 30. The circulation of air at low speed (typically 1 m / s) in the spaces 18 allows absorption by air of the moisture contained in the partitions 14 and the carrying parts 16 and the cooling of the walls by evaporation of a portion of the water they contain.

To maintain a relative humidity of the air close to 50 to 60

Within the building, intermittent air can be blown inside the building from outside air which has passed through the humidifying means 36 and whose relative humidity has been raised by 30-40%. about 90%. This maintains a feeling of comfort inside the building, avoiding that the relative humidity of the air in the building becomes too low for a given temperature, which would result in a sensation of cold.

The device 28 can also be used to circulate outside air at a higher speed in the spaces 18, especially during the night, when the outside air is at a temperature below 20 ° C., to cool the walls by convection .

It is also possible, intermittently, to blow outside air relatively cold inside the building, for example when the heat was very strong during the day, to evacuate calories.

In winter, when the outside air is at a relatively low temperature, for example at less than 5 ° C, it is advantageous to circulate in the spaces 18 of the air 44 extracted from the building and whose rate of increase has been noted. relative humidity to a value of about 90% and the temperature to 22 ° C for example, with a high absolute humidity. The circulation of this air in the spaces 18 is done at a relatively slow speed (for example 0.6-1 m / s) or intermittently, so that the walls can recharge in moisture and are warmed by the latent heat of condensation of the water vapor of the air which has been brought into the spaces 18. The walls then give up this heat and this moisture to the air contained in the building, this which raises its temperature and its relative humidity. The operation of the device is cyclic, air being admitted into the spaces 18 for a given time, then this air intake is stopped while the wall radiates heat inside the building and that it occurs desorption in the spaces 18 of water vapor contained in the wall, after which air is again admitted into the spaces 18, etc.

The distribution means 38 allow, if necessary, to quickly inject a large amount of hot and humidified air inside the building, this air being blown by the mouths 40 connected to the distribution means 38.

In an exemplary embodiment where the device 28 is installed in a medium-sized dwelling house, the VMC 32 installation makes it possible to inject into the interior of the house a fresh air flow preheated by heat exchange with the air extracted 44 in the installation 32, about 150 m ³ / h for the renewal of air in the house, the fans 46 then being driven at low speed.

The renewal of the air contained in the spaces 18 can be ensured in a few minutes by the installation 32, with a treated air flow rate ranging from 150 to 500 m ³ / h, the humidifying means 36 being able to ensure a flow rate of air of 500 m ³ / h with a relative humidity of about 60% and a temperature of about 20 ° C in the building. The device 28 can provide a thermal power of about 100 W / m ² for 15 minutes every 2 hours, by condensation of the water vapor contained in the air present in the spaces 18.

When the installation 32 is used in addition to heating by air blowing in the house, the treated air flow rate is for example 500 m ³ / h, comprising 150 m ³ / h of fresh air 54 and 350 m ³ / h of extract air 44, air being heated by means 34 supplied with domestic hot water.

The control of the air flows in the device 28 is carried out for example from measurements of the temperature differences between the inner and outer faces of at least one of the microporous partitions 14. It uses for this purpose temperature sensors of a any suitable type and preferably thermocouple sensors which provide output signals representing a temperature difference between their cold junctions and their hot junctions, as described in one of the Applicant's prior applications.

To overcome all the problems of calibration and drift temperature sensors, the invention provides to use as a control variable, not the difference in temperature itself, but its derivative as a function of time. Over time, this derivative varies between a maximum value and a substantially zero value towards which it tends asymptotically.

It is therefore possible, from a measured value of the derivative with respect to the time of the temperature difference between the two faces of the wall, to know the hygrometric state of the wall and consequently to control the admission and circulation of the wall. air in the space 18, this air having a temperature and a hygrometry determined to ensure optimal regulation of the temperature and hygrometry in the building.

In any case, it is avoided to supply the spaces 18 with air saturated with moisture, so as not to cause condensation of water inside these spaces.

The invention also proposes to use a heat pump

(PAC) to use the thermal energy of the air coming out of the air gaps or spaces 18 in order to heat (in winter or in cold weather) or cool (in summer or in hot weather) the new outside air allowed in building. It is thus possible, for example, to give fresh air admitted into the building a temperature of about 20 ° C when the outside air is at an initial temperature of between -8 ° C and + 40 ° C. For this and as represented in 4, a heat pump 56 associated with a heat pipe 58 is mounted between an air outlet of the spaces 18 and air intake means in the building, such as the air blower 40 of the figure 3.

An inlet of the heat pipe 58 is supplied with air 60 leaving the spaces 18, this air having a temperature of approximately 20 ° C., and another inlet of the heat pipe is supplied with fresh outside air having a temperature of between approximately -5 ° C. and + 40 ° C for example. An outlet of the heat pipe is connected to means such as a valve 63 controlled as a function of temperature, blow mouths 40 and the capture circuit 68 of the heat pump. The air 60 which has circulated in the heat pipe is rejected outside at 64 and the fresh air 62 which has circulated in the heat pipe out of it at 66, or to be admitted into the building by the blast openings 40 when its temperature is 18 ° C to 20 ° C, either to enter the capture circuit 68 of the heat pump 56 when its temperature is below 18 ° C, this air then being discharged outside 70.

The heat pipe 58 allows a transfer of thermal energy between the air

60 leaving the spaces 18 and the fresh air 62 with a yield greater than

90%. Thus, in winter or in cold weather, when the outside air 62 is at a negative temperature, the capture circuit 68 of the heat pump is always supplied with air at a positive temperature, which avoids any risk of icing of this circuit .

The heating circuit 72 of the heat pump is supplied with fresh outside air 74, when the temperature of this air is typically between -5 ° C and + 5 ° C. The air 76 leaving the circuit 72 has a temperature of about 18-20 ° C and is admitted into the building through the blowing outlets 40.

The heating circuit 72 of the heat pump is also connected to the domestic hot water installation 48 for heating or preheating the sanitary water intended to be stored in a hot water tank at a temperature of the order of 60-65 ° C (the heating of water Sanitary being, for example, made for the rest by a solar panel heating "greenhouse effect").

When the outside air temperature 62 is for example greater than 10 ° C, can be passed through the heat pipe 58 a larger outside air flow and share the air 66 in a flow that will be admitted into the building by the blowing outlets 40 and at a rate that will pass into the capture circuit 68 of the heat pump for heating the domestic water.

It is possible under these conditions to heat the water of a 300 liter flask in about 3 hours using a low power heat pump (1 to 2 KW) having a high coefficient of performance (COP), which can be greater than 5 because of the temperature of the air supplying the capture circuit 68.

The heat pump 56 is electrically powered by a small photovoltaic panel 78 installed on the roof of the building 12 and a 48 volts battery 80 for storing the electrical energy produced by the panel 78. Advantageously, the thermal energy generated by operation by the panel 78 is recovered and transferred to the capture circuit 68 of the heat pump. It is also possible to supply the VMC 32 installation of FIG. 3 with the energy produced by the photovoltaic panel 78.

Conventionally, it is possible to control the operation of the heat pump 56 at the temperature of the outside air 74 so as to obtain a substantially constant temperature of the air injected into the building through the mouths 40.

Advantageously, the heat pump 56 is of the reversible type, so that it can cool, in summer or in hot weather, the outside air admitted into the building.

In general, the installation of FIG. 4 allows, by consuming only free electrical energy produced by a photovoltaic panel, to renew the air of a building with fresh air. having a predetermined temperature substantially constant throughout the year, for example from about 18 to 20 ° C, and heating a hot water tank of a standard volume. The renewal of the air extracted by a VMC of the building by fresh air at 18-20 ° C (instead of 0-5 ° C in winter or 30-35 ° C in summer in the prior art) reduces strongly needs heating in winter and cooling in summer.

Claims

1. Low-energy or passive building, comprising air circulation spaces (18) between internal parts (14) and external parts (16) of the building walls, and a mechanical ventilation (VMC) installation (32) for the circulation of air in the abovementioned spaces, for the extraction of stale air outside the building and for the introduction of fresh air into the building, the VMC installation comprising heating means (34) and humidifying means (36) for the air to be admitted into the above-mentioned spaces (18), characterized in that the outer parts (16) are load-bearing walls and the internal parts (14) are partition walls on the bearing walls (16) and made of microporous material with water vapor, so that the water vapor contained in the air admitted into the spaces (18) can be absorbed by the partitions (14) for the heating of inside the building.

2. Building according to claim 1, characterized in that the load-bearing walls (16) are made of bricks, stones, blocks, cellular concrete or other carrier material with thermal insulation and microporous properties with steam. water and in that the internal partitions (14) are made of plaster or a plaster-based material.

3. Building according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the internal partitions (14) comprise orifices (26) inlet and outlet air opening into the spaces (18) above.

4. Building according to claim 3, characterized in that the orifices (26) inlet and outlet air are formed adjacent an upper horizontal edge of the internal partitions (14).

5. Building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the internal partitions (14) are fixed to the load-bearing walls (16) via peripheral strips (20) horizontal and vertical plaster or plaster base and in that vertical air diffusion blades (22) are fixed at regular intervals between the partitions (14) and the walls (16) to standardize the air flow in the spaces (18) above.

6. Building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises internal walls (30) having spaces (18) above air flow and formed of two walls (14) contiguous microporous material to the water vapor, or a supporting wall and a partition (14).

7. Building according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises a heat pump (56) for heating or cooling the fresh air (76) admitted into the building to replace the air extracted by the VMC installation (32).

8. Building according to one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises a heat pipe (58) for heat exchange between the air (60) outgoing spaces (18) above and the fresh air (62) to be admitted to the building.

9. Building according to all of claims 7 and 8, characterized in that it comprises means (63) to admit into the building air (66) leaving the heat pipe (58) or to send this air in the circuit sensing (68) of the heat pump (56) as a function of its temperature.

10. Building according to claim 7, characterized in that it comprises a photovoltaic panel (78) and a battery (80) for the power supply of the heat pump (56) and possibly the installation of VMC (32). ).