Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
  • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
  • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
  • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
  • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
  • C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/122—Halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/10—Components
  • C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
  • C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
  • C09K2205/40—Replacement mixtures

Definitions

• This invention relates to compositions, methods and systems having utility particularly in refrigeration applications, and in particular aspects to refrigerant compositions useful in systems that typically utilize the refrigerant R-410A and/or R-32 for heating and cooling applications.
• Fluorocarbon based fluids have found widespread use in many commercial and industrial applications, including as the working fluid in systems such as air conditioning, heat pump and refrigeration systems, among other uses such as aerosol propellants, as blowing agents, and as gaseous dielectrics.
• Heat transfer fluids to be commercially viable, must satisfy certain very specific and in certain cases very stringent combinations of physical, chemical and economic properties.
• systems based on the vapor compression cycle usually involve the phase change of the refrigerant from the liquid to the vapor phase through heat absorption at a relatively low pressure and compressing the vapor to a relatively elevated pressure, condensing the vapor to the liquid phase through heat removal at this relatively elevated pressure and temperature, and then reducing the pressure to start the cycle over again.
• fluorocarbons have been a preferred component in many heat exchange fluids, such as refrigerants, for many years in many applications.
• Fluoroalkanes such as chlorofluoromethanes and chlorofluoroethanes
• many of the refrigerants commonly utilized in vapor compression systems are either single components fluids, or zeotropic, azeotropic mixtures.
• chlorofluorocarbons CFCs
• hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs
• the like chlorofluorocarbons
• HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
• GWP global warming potential
• any potential substitute refrigerant must also possess those properties present in many of the most widely used fluids, such as excellent heat transfer properties, chemical stability, low- or no- toxicity, low or non-flammability and lubricant compatibility, among others.
• thermodynamic performance or energy efficiency may have secondary environmental impacts through increased fossil fuel usage arising from an increased demand for electrical energy.
• refrigerant substitutes it is generally considered desirable for refrigerant substitutes to be effective without major engineering changes to conventional vapor compression technology currently used with existing refrigerants, such as CFC-containing refrigerants.
• Flammability is another important property for many applications. That is, it is considered either important or essential in many applications, including particularly in heat transfer applications, to use compositions which are non-flammable or of relatively low flammability.
• nonflammable refers to compounds or compositions which are determined to be nonflammable as determined in accordance with ASTM standard E-681, dated 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• HFCs and HFOs which might otherwise be desirable for used in refrigerant compositions are flammable.
• fluoroalkane difluoroethane HFC-152a
• fluoroalkene 1 ,1,1-trifiuorpropene HFO-1243zf
• compositions and particularly heat transfer compositions, that are potentially useful in numerous applications, including vapor compression heating and cooling systems and methods, while avoiding one or more of the disadvantages noted above.
• the present invention relates to compositions, methods, uses and systems which comprise or utilize a multi-component mixture comprising: (a) from about 60% to about 70% by weight of HFC-32; (b) from about 20% to less than about 40% by weight of a compound selected from unsaturated -CF3 terminated propenes, unsaturated -CF3 terminated butenes, and combinations of these; and (c) from greater than about 0% to about 10% by weight of n-butane, isobutane, and combinations thereof, provided that the amount of component (c) is effective to improve one or more of the composition's glide; heating capacity, cooling capacity, heating efficiency, cooling efficiency; and/or discharge temperature, as compared to compositions lacking component (c).
• a multi-component mixture comprising: (a) from about 60% to about 70% by weight of HFC-32; (b) from about 20% to less than about 40% by weight of a compound selected from unsaturated -CF3 terminated propenes, unsaturated -CF3 terminated but
• the composition includes (a) from about 63% to about 69% by weight of HFC-32; (b) from about 25% to less than about 37% by weight of a compound selected from unsaturated -CF3 terminated propenes, unsaturated -CF3 terminated butenes, and combinations of these; and (c) from greater than about 0% to about 6% by weight of n-butane, isobutane, and combinations thereof, provided, again, that the amount of component (c) is effective to improve one or more of the composition's glide; heating capacity, cooling capacity, heating efficiency, cooling efficiency; and/or discharge temperature, as compared to compositions lacking component (c).
• component (b) of the present invention comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of HFO-1234ze.
• HFO-1234ze is used herein generically to refer to 1 ,1,1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene, independent of whether it is the cis- or transform.
• cisHFO-1234ze and “transHFO-1234ze” are used herein to describe the cis- and trans- forms of 1 ,1 ,1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene respectively.
• the term “HFO-1234ze” therefore includes within its scope cisHFO-1234ze, transHFO-1234ze, and all combinations and mixtures of these.
• the HFO-1234ze comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of transHFO-1234ze.
• components (a), (b), and/or (c) may be provided in effective amounts to form an azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions. That is in certain aspects, butane or isobutane and HFO-1234ze are provided in amounts effective to from an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition.
• butane or isobutane and HFC-32 are provided in amounts effective to from an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition
• butane or isobutane, HFC-32 and HFO-1234ze are provided in amounts effective to from an azeotrope or azeotrope-like composition
• the present invention provides also methods and systems which utilize the compositions of the present invention, including methods and systems for transferring heat, and methods and systems for replacing an existing heat transfer fluid in an existing heat transfer system, and methods of selecting a heat transfer fluid in accordance with the present invention to replace one or more existing heat transfer fluids. While in certain embodiments the compositions, methods, and systems of the present invention can be used to replace any known heat transfer fluid, in further, and in some cases preferred embodiments, the compositions of the present application may be used as a replacement for R-410A and/or R-32.
• Refrigeration systems contemplated in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, automotive air conditioning systems, residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems, residential refrigerator systems, residential freezer systems, commercial refrigerator systems, commercial freezer systems, chiller air conditioning systems, chiller refrigeration systems, heat pump systems, and combinations of two or more of these.
• the refrigeration systems include stationary refrigeration systems and heat pump systems or any system where R-410A and/or R-32 is used as the refrigerant.
• FIG. 1 i llustrates the change to a composition of R32/R 1234/e/Butane as a Refrigerant Vapor Phase Leak Progresses.
• FIG 2 illustrates the change to a composition of R32/R 1234/.e/Isobutanc as a Refrigerant Vapor Phase Leak Progresses
• FIG.3 illustrates the burning v elocity of R32/R 1234/e/Butane (67/28/5).
• DETAILED DESCRI PTION OF PREFERRED EM BODIMENTS R-410A is commonly used in air conditioning systems, particularly stationary air conditioning units, and heat pump sy stems. It has an estimated Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 2088, which is much higher than is desired or required.
• GWP Global Warming Potential
• compositions provide alternatives and/or replacements for refrigerants currently used in such applications, particularly and preferably R-410A. that at once have lower GWP values and have a close match in heating and cooling capacity to R-4 1 OA in such sy stems.
• compositions of the present invention arc generally adaptable for use in heat transfer applications, that is. as a heating and or cooling medium, but are particu larly well adapted for use. as mentioned above, in AC and heat pump sy stems that have hereto for used R-4 1 OA and/or R-32. Applicants have found that use of the components of the present invention within the stated ranges is important to achieve the important but difficult to achieve combinations of properties exhibited by the present compositions, particularly in the preferred systems and methods.
• the HFC-32 is present in the compositions of the invention in an amount of from about 60 wt. % to about 70 wt. % by weight of the compositions. In certain preferred embodiments, the HFC-32 is present in the compositions of the invention in an amount of from about 63 wt. % to about 69 wt. % by weight.
• the compound selected from unsaturated -CF3 terminated propenes, unsaturated -CF3 terminated butenes, and combinations of these comprises
• HFO-1234ze preferably where such compounds are present in the compositions in amounts of from about 20 wt. % to about or less than about 40 wt.% by weight. In further embodiments, this component is provided in an amount from about 25 wt. % to about or less than about 37 wt.% by weight.
• the second component consists essentially of, or consists of, HFO-1234ze, and in certain preferred embodiments, the second component comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of transHFO-1234ze.
• compositions of the invention include at least n-butane, in an amount from greater than about 0 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. In further embodiments, n-butane is provided in an amount from greater than about 0 wt. % to about 6 wt. %.
• compositions of the present invention may include between, about 1% to about 8% by weight of n-butane; from about 1% to about 6% by weight of n-butane; from about 2% to about 8% by weight of n-butane; from about 2% to about 6% by weight of n-butane; from about 3% to about 8% by weight of n-butane; from about 3% to about 6% by weight of n-butane; from about 4% to about 8% by weight of n-butane; from about 4% to about 6% by weight of n-butane; or about 5% by weight of n-butane.
• compositions of the invention include at least isobutane, in an amount from greater than about 0 wt. % to about 10 wt. %. In further embodiments, isobutane is provided in an amount from greater than about 0 wt. % to about 6 wt. %. In further embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may include from about 1% to about 6% by weight of isobutane; from about 2% to about 6% by weight of isobutane; from about 3% to about 6% by weight of isobutane; from about 4% to about 6% by weight of isobutane; or about 5% by weight of isobutane.
• the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly, the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly, the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly, the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly, the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly, the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly, the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly, the amounts of two or more of HFO-1234ze (particularly
• transHFO-1234ze HFC-32
• a butane include either isobutane or n-butane
• HFC-32 HFC-32
• a butane n-butane
• the term "azeotrope-like" is intended in its broad sense to include both compositions that are strictly azeotropic and compositions that behave like azeotropic mixtures.
• thermodynamic state of a fluid is defined by pressure, temperature, liquid composition, and vapor composition.
• An azeotropic mixture is a system of two or more components in which the liquid composition and vapor composition are equal at the stated pressure and temperature. In practice, this means that the components of an azeotropic mixture are constant-boiling and cannot be separated during a phase change.
• Azeotrope-like compositions are constant boiling or essentially constant boiling.
• the composition of the vapor formed during boiling or evaporation is identical, or substantially identical, to the original liquid composition.
• the liquid composition changes, if at all, only to a minimal or negligible extent.
• non-azeotrope-like compositions in which, during boiling or evaporation, the liquid composition changes to a substantial degree.
• azeotrope-like compositions there is a range of compositions containing the same components in varying proportions that are azeotrope-like or constant boiling. All such compositions are intended to be covered by the terms
• azeotrope-like and "constant boiling.”
• the composition of a given azeotrope will vary at least slightly, as does the boiling point of the composition.
• an azeotrope of A and B represents a unique type of relationship, but with a variable composition depending on temperature and/or pressure. It follows that, for azeotrope-like compositions, there is a range of compositions containing the same components in varying proportions that are azeotrope-like. All such compositions are intended to be covered by the term azeotrope-like as used herein.
• azeotrope-like and azeotropic compositions refers to the amount of each component which upon combination with the other component, results in the formation of an azeotrope-like composition of the present invention.
• compositions which are not necessarily azeotrope-like compositions With respect to compositions which are not necessarily azeotrope-like compositions, the term
• Applicants have surprisingly and unexpectedly found that the inclusion of n-butane and/or isobutane in a 1234/32-based composition decreases the resulting glide; improves heating capacity and efficiency; improves cooling capacity and efficiency and/or improves the discharge temperature in one or both a heating or cooling application (particularly in extreme operating conditions).
• glide refers to the difference between the starting and ending temperatures of a phase-change process by a refrigerant within a refrigerating system. An increase in glide typically forces the system to work at lower suction pressures, which results in a decrease in performance.
• n-butane and/or isobutane to compositions including HFO-1234 and HFC-32 surprisingly and unexpectedly decrease composition glide, thus improving system capacity, efficiency and/or discharge temperature.
• these features are provided because the amounts of components (a)-(c) are effective to form one or more an azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions, particularly, though not exclusively, one or more of the following azeotrope or azeotrope-like compositions: HFC-32 and n-butane; HFC-32 and isobutane; HFO-1234ze and n-butane; and HFO-1234ze and isobutane.
• compositions of the present invention are also advantageous as having low GWP.
• Table A illustrates the substantial GWP superiority of certain compositions of the present invention, which are described in parenthesis in terms of weight fraction of each component, in comparison to the GWP of R-410A, which has a GWP of 2088.
• compositions of the present invention may include other components for the purpose of enhancing or providing certain functionality to the composition, or in some cases to reduce the cost of the composition.
• refrigerant compositions according to the present invention especially those used in vapor compression systems, include a lubricant, generally in amounts of from about 30 to about 50 percent by weight of the composition, and in some case potentially in amount greater than about 50 percent and other cases in amounts as low as about 5 percent.
• Commonly used refrigeration lubricants such as Polyol Esters (POEs) and Poly Vinyl Ethers (PVEs), PAG oils, mineral oils, alkybenezenes, polyalphaolefins (PAOs) and silicone oils that are used in refrigeration machinery with hydro fluoro carbon (HFC) refrigerants may be used with the refrigerant compositions of the present invention.
• Commercially available esters include neopentyl glycol dipelargonate, which is available as Emery 2917 (registered trademark) and Hatcol 2370 (registered trademark).
• Other useful esters include phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, and fluoroesters.
• Preferred lubricants include POEs and PVEs. Of course, different mixtures of different types of lubricants may be used.
• present methods, systems and compositions are thus adaptable for use in connection with a wide variety of heat transfer systems in general and refrigeration systems in particular, such as air-conditioning (including both stationary and mobile air conditioning systems), refrigeration, heat-pump systems, and the like.
• air-conditioning including both stationary and mobile air conditioning systems
• refrigeration heat-pump systems
• refrigeration systems contemplated in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, automotive air conditioning systems, residential air conditioning systems, commercial air conditioning systems, residential refrigerator systems, residential freezer systems, commercial refrigerator systems, commercial freezer systems, chiller air conditioning systems, chiller refrigeration systems, heat pump systems, and combinations of two or more of these.
• compositions of the present invention are used in refrigeration systems originally designed for use with an HCFC refrigerant, such as, for example, R-410A and/or R-32.
• refrigeration systems may include, but are not limited to, stationary refrigeration systems and heat pump systems or any system where R-410A and/or R-32 is used as the refrigerant.
• compositions of the present invention tend to exhibit many of the desirable characteristics of R-410A and/or R-32 but have a GWP that is substantially lower than that of R-410A and/or R-32 while at the same time having a capacity that is substantially similar to or substantially matches, and preferably is as high as or higher than R-410A and/or R-32.
• GWPs global warming potentials
• the present invention provides retrofitting methods which comprise replacing the neat transfer fluid (such as a refrigerant) in an existing system with a composition of the present invention, without substantial modification of the system.
• the replacement step is a drop-in replacement in the sense that no substantial redesign of the system is required and no major item of equipment needs to be replaced in order to accommodate the composition of the present invention as the heat transfer fluid.
• the methods comprise a drop-in replacement in which the capacity of the system is at least about 70%, preferably at least about 85%, even more preferably at least about 90%, and even more preferably at least about 95% of the system capacity prior to replacement, and preferably not greater than about 130%, even more preferably less than about 115%, even more preferably less than about 110%, and even more preferably less than about 105%.
• the methods comprise a drop-in replacement in which the suction pressure and/or the discharge pressure of the system, and even more preferably both, is/are at least about 70%, more preferably at least about 90% and even more preferably at least about 95% of the suction pressure and/or the discharge pressure prior to replacement, and preferably not greater than about 130%, even more preferably less than about 115, even more preferably less than about 110%, and even more preferably less than about 105%.
• the methods comprise a drop-in replacement in which the mass flow of the system is at least about 80%, even more preferably at least 90%, and even more preferably at least 95% of the mass flow prior to replacement, and preferably not greater than about 130%, even more preferably less than about 115, even more preferably less than about 1 10%, and even more preferably less than about 105%.
• the refrigeration compositions of the present invention may be used in refrigeration systems containing a lubricant used conventionally with R-410A and/or R-32, such as polyolester oils, and the like, or may be used with other lubricants traditionally used with HFC refrigerants, as discussed in greater detail above, including, but not limited to, Poly Vinyl Ethers (PVEs), PAG oils, mineral oil, alkybenezenes, polyalphaolefins (PAOs) and silicone oils.
• PVEs Poly Vinyl Ethers
• PAG oils PAG oils
• mineral oil alkybenezenes
• PAOs polyalphaolefins
• silicone oils silicone oils.
• refrigeration system refers generally to any system or apparatus, or any part or portion of such a system or apparatus, which employs a refrigerant to provide heating or cooling.
• air refrigeration systems include, for example, air conditioners, electric refrigerators, chillers, or any of the systems identified herein or otherwise known in the art.
• EXAMPLE 1 Heat Pump Performance of R32/HFO-1234ze(E)/Butane blends
• This ducted unit was tested in Honeywell's Buffalo, New York application laboratory.
• the ducted unit is a 3-ton (10.5 kW cooling capacity) 13 SEER (3.8 cooling seasonal performance factor, SPF) with a heating capacity of 10.1 kW and an HSPF of 8.5 (rated heating SPF of ⁇ 2.5), equipped with a scroll compressor.
• This system has tube-and-fin heat exchangers, reversing valves and thermostatic expansion valves for each operating mode. Due to the different pressures and densities of the refrigerants tested, some of the tests required the use of Electronic Expansion Valves (EEV) to reproduce the same degrees of superheat observed with the original refrigerants.
• EEV Electronic Expansion Valves
• Tests shown in tables 1 and 2 were performed using standard [AHRI, 2008] operating conditions. All tests were performed inside environmental chambers equipped with
• the AHRI MOC condition tests the equipment at extreme ambient temperatures to verify that all parameters do not exceed the design limits for the equipment.
• One of the important parameters is the discharge temperature, which should lower than 115 deg C if the current compressor technologies are used.
• Table 5 shows clearly that compositions containing lower amount of R32 (example: HDR90 with 68% ⁇ 2%) maintain this parameter inside the acceptable range.
• the condenser temperature is set to 45.0°C, which generally corresponds to an outdoor temperature of about 35.0°C.
• the degree of sub-cooling at the expansion device inlet is set to 5.55°C.
• the evaporating temperature is set to 7.0°C, which corresponds to an Indoor ambient temperature of about 20.0°C.
• the degree of superheat at evaporator outlet is set to 5.55°C.
• Compressor efficiency is set to 70%, and the volumetric efficiency is set to 100%.
• the pressure drop and heat transfer in the connecting lines (suction and liquid lines) are considered negligible, and heat leakage through the compressor shell is ignored.
• Several operating parameters are determined for the compositions identified above in accordance with the present invention, and these operating parameters are reported below, based upon R41 OA having a COP value of 1.00 and a capacity value of 1.00.
• isobutane (R600a) added to the binary mixture of R32 and R1234ze reduces the glide which leads to improvement in capacity. This result is unexpected since isobutane has a lower capacity than R1234ze under similar conditions. The addition of isobutane also reduces the discharge temperature.
• the condenser temperature is set to 40.0°C, which generally corresponds to an indoor temperature of about 21.1°C.
• the degree of sub-cooling at the expansion device inlet is set to 5.5°C.
• the evaporating temperature is set to 2.0°C, which corresponds to an outdoor ambient temperature of about 8.3°C.
• the degree of superheat at evaporator outlet is set to 5.55°C.
• Compressor isentropic efficiency is set to 70%, and the volumetric efficiency is set to 100%.
• the pressure drop and heat transfer in the connecting lines (suction and liquid lines) are considered negligible, and heat leakage through the compressor shell is ignored.
• the condenser temperature is set to 57.0°C, which generally corresponds to an outdoor ambient temperature of about 46.0°C.
• the degree of sub-cooling at the expansion device inlet is set to 5.5°C.
• the evaporating temperature is set to 7.0°C, which corresponds to an indoor temperature of about 20.0°C.
• the degree of superheat at evaporator outlet is set to 5.55°C.
• Compressor isentropic efficiency is set to 70%, and the volumetric efficiency is set to 100%.
• the pressure drop and heat transfer in the connecting lines (suction and liquid lines) are considered negligible, and heat leakage through the compressor shell is ignored.
• One of the important parameters in these conditions is the discharge temperature, which should lower than 115 deg C if the current compressor technologies are used.
• Table 10 compares compositions of interest to the baseline refrigerant, R-410A, a 50/50 near- azeotropic blend of R-32 and R- 125 in typical medium temperature application.
• compositions exceed the efficiency of the baseline refrigerant, R-41 OA and are within 10% of the capacity. In addition with a modest 12% increase in the displacement of the compressor, equivalent capacity is reached.
• compositions were evaluated against other refrigerant compositions at conditions typical of low temperature refrigeration. This application covers the refrigeration of frozen food. The conditions at which the compositions were evaluated are shown in Table 11 :
• Table 12 compares compositions of interest to the baseline refrigerant, R-410A, a 50/50 near- azeotropic blend of R-32 and R- 125 in typical medium temperature application.
• compositions of interest HDR-90 (68% R-32 / 27% R-1234ze(E) / 5% n-butane) was experimentally evaluated to determine its miscibility with a lubricant supplied by Emerson's Copeland division termed "Ultra 22" POE lubricant that has a viscosity of 22 cSt at 40°C. It showed a marked improvement over pure R-32 which was immiscible over this range tested (-40°C to 70°C) except for small quantities of refrigerant ( ⁇ 5% refrigerant in oil between 12°C and 62°C).
• the 73% R-32 / 27% 1234ze(E) blend was miscible between -5°C to 65°C but HDR-90 showed miscibility down to -26°C and up to 76°C for all concentrations and it showed miscibility down to -40°C for 5% refrigerant in oil. This improved miscibility at low temperature is especially important for heat pump and refrigeration applications.
• Figure 1 and Figure 2 show that as a vapor phase leak progresses with the blend of R32/R1234ze/Butane or R32/R1234ze/Isobutane the concentration of the hydrocarbon remains the same while R32 is depleted and the concentration of R1234ze is enriched. This is both important and unexpected because as the leak progresses, the liquid phase does not grow in butane or isobutane concentration which also manages the flammability as R1234ze does not exhibit flame limits at room temperature and the worst case flammability can be defined as the initial blended composition.

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