WO2014073529A1 - アレルギー疾患に関連する、CD300a発現細胞の活性調節剤を含有する医薬品、ならびにCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスおよびCD300a発現細胞の活性調節剤の使用 - Google Patents
アレルギー疾患に関連する、CD300a発現細胞の活性調節剤を含有する医薬品、ならびにCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスおよびCD300a発現細胞の活性調節剤の使用 Download PDFInfo
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- A01K2267/03—Animal model, e.g. for test or diseases
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- G01N2800/24—Immunology or allergic disorders
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a drug containing an activity regulator for CD300a-expressing cells and use of an activity regulator for CD300a gene-deficient mice and CD300a-expressing cells related to allergic diseases.
- pathogens bacteria, viruses, parasites, etc.
- host human body or animal body
- endogenous flame retardants are generated
- arterioles at the site of pathogens or the site where the flame retardants are generated After contracting temporarily, the blood reaches expansion and hyperemia, and an inflammatory reaction occurs in which the blood flow at the site where the pathogen invades or the site where the inflammatory substance is generated becomes locally slow.
- leukocytes adhere to the blood vessel wall and migrate through the blood vessel wall by amoeba-like movement by the action of chemical mediators released from various immune system cells.
- chemical mediators histamine, serotonin, lymphokine and the like are known.
- Mast cells that produce and release histamine and serotonin are one of the lymphocytes that play a central role in the inflammatory response.
- Macrophages also produce and release chemical mediators such as TNF, similar to mast cells.
- the pathogen When the migrated leukocytes are attracted to a pathogen or the like by an inflammatory reaction, the pathogen is removed from the body by humoral immunity involving an antigen-antibody reaction or cytotoxic T cells involved in the pathogen ( Clearance) and spread of infection is prevented.
- humoral immunity involving an antigen-antibody reaction or cytotoxic T cells involved in the pathogen ( Clearance) and spread of infection is prevented.
- the inflammatory response and the immune response based thereon are extremely important for maintaining the homeostasis of the living body.
- the inflammatory reaction together with the above-mentioned biological defenses, shows defective signs / symptoms such as redness, fever, swelling, pain, and dysfunction. Specific examples of such symptoms include allergic diseases and various acute or chronic inflammations.
- tissue injury occurs due to an inflammatory reaction.
- pathogens that cause inflammatory reactions can be killed by various antibiotics (antibacterial agents), or drugs that improve immune function in vivo can be administered. It is important to remove pathogens before they are over-enhanced.
- an agent that decreases the activated immune function, such as suppressing the release of chemical mediators, It is known to calm down.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a dendritic cell function activator responsible for activating various immune system cells as an antigen-presenting cell as an immunoactive agent, specifically selected from isoleucine, leucine and valine. And at least one branched chain amino acid as an active ingredient.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a drug containing a SPARC (Secreted protein whis is acidic and rich in cysteine) peptide and a pharmacological carrier as an anti-inflammatory agent.
- SPARC Secreted protein whis is acidic and rich in cysteine
- MAIR Myeloid Associate Ig like Receptors
- CD300a which is also known as CD300a (sometimes referred to as “LMIR1” or “CLM-8”)
- LMIR1 myeloid IL-1
- CLM-8 granulocyte
- ITIM Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif
- the ligand of the receptor is unknown and has become a so-called orphan receptor.
- periostin made by stimulating substances (interleukins 4 and 13) secreted from activated immune cells with allergic substances (antigens) enters the body, and the surface of keratinocytes on the skin It is caused by causing inflammation by binding to another protein "integrin".
- Non-patent Document 3 When periostin binds to integrin, a new pro-inflammatory substance is produced, and symptoms continue to become chronic without an antigen. Experiments using mice have shown that atopic dermatitis does not occur when binding of periostin and integrin is inhibited by an inhibitor (Non-patent Document 3).
- atopic dermatitis Although the main etiology of atopic dermatitis has been clarified, further elucidation of the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis and analysis of the relationship with other inflammatory diseases, pharmaceuticals for atopic dermatitis that can be used in combination with the above inhibitors, etc. Is also desired.
- bronchial asthma is caused by chronic bronchial inflammation caused by allergic reaction or bacterial / viral infection, resulting in increased airway hypersensitivity and reversible airway narrowing, and seizure wheezing It is a respiratory disease that causes symptoms such as cough.
- bronchial asthma is caused by a combination of airway hypersensitivity, allergic constitution, and environment. It manifests itself in the form of recurrent symptoms such as wheezing, apnea, chest tension and cough, especially at night or early morning.
- Inflammation is associated with plasma exudation, edema, smooth muscle hypertrophy, mucus plugging and epithelial changes. Inflammation also causes a related increase in the bronchial hyperresponse present to various stimuli.
- Airway inflammation leads to airway smooth muscle atrophy, microvascular rupture and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Higher airway responsiveness makes the symptoms more severe and persistent, and the magnitude of daytime fluctuations in lung function. The mechanism by which airway inflammation is related to bronchial responsiveness is unclear, and tools and pharmaceuticals useful for elucidating the pathogenesis of asthma have been desired.
- An object of the present invention is to provide pharmaceuticals for allergic diseases, tools useful for pathological analysis of allergic diseases, and the like.
- the ligand of CD300a is phosphatidylserine (phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylserine) (PS).
- PS phosphatidylserine
- Ii When PS binds to CD300a such as mast cells, the inhibitory signaling of CD300a is enhanced, and activation of mast cells and the like is also suppressed.
- CD300a such as mast cells and PS
- a phosphatidylserine-binding substance or a CD300a-binding substance suppressive signaling of CD300a is suppressed, and the activity of mast cells and the like is suppressed. Is also maintained.
- Allergic diseases and the like can be treated through the suppression or maintenance of the above activation.
- the CD300a gene-deficient mouse can be a tool for conducting pathological analysis of allergic diseases, screening of active ingredients of pharmaceuticals, and the like.
- An allergy comprising, as an active ingredient, an activity regulator containing a substance that inhibits the binding between CD300a and phosphatidylserine and suppressing an inhibitory signaling of myeloid cells expressing CD300a.
- An activity regulator containing a substance that inhibits the binding between CD300a and phosphatidylserine and suppressing an inhibitory signaling of myeloid cells expressing CD300a.
- a medicinal product for treating or preventing a disease comprising, as an active ingredient, an activity regulator containing a substance that inhibits the binding between CD300a and phosphatidylserine and suppressing an inhibitory signaling of myeloid cells expressing CD300a.
- the pharmaceutical product of [1], wherein the substance that inhibits the binding between CD300a and phosphatidylserine is a phosphatidylserine-binding substance.
- the phosphatidylserine-binding substance is MFG-E8, MFG-E8 mutant (D89E MFG-E8), T cell immunoglobulin, soluble TIM-1, soluble TIM-4, soluble stabilizer. And at least one selected from the group consisting of soluble integrin ⁇ v ⁇ 3.
- the pharmaceutical product according to [1], wherein the substance that inhibits the binding between CD300a and phosphatidylserine is a CD300a-binding substance.
- the CD300a binding substance has the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3 or 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions or deletions with respect to the amino acid sequence.
- H chain variable region consisting of a sequence and the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4, or an amino acid sequence having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions or deletions to the amino acid sequence
- the pharmaceutical agent according to [4] which is an anti-human CD300a antibody having an L chain variable region consisting of
- the following invention is provided as another aspect of the said invention.
- treatment or prevention of allergic diseases characterized by inhibiting binding of CD300a and phosphatidylserine and suppressing inhibitory signaling of myeloid cells expressing CD300a.
- a method is provided. The method can be applied both in vivo (ex vivo) and ex vivo (in vitro). When applied in vivo, the species is human or non-human. Or (for example, a mammal such as a mouse).
- a medicament for treating or preventing allergic diseases which contains as an active ingredient an activity regulator that inhibits inhibitory signaling of CD300a-expressing cells.
- a CD300a gene-deficient mouse or the like can be used as a model mouse or the like useful for elucidating or treating the allergic disease.
- FIG. 1 shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 1A.
- FIG. 2A shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 1B.
- FIG. 2B shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 1B.
- FIG. 2C shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 1C.
- FIG. 2D shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 1D.
- FIG. 2E shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 1D.
- FIG. 2F shows the results of immunoblot analysis obtained in Reference Example 1E.
- FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the CD300a gene in the wild-type allele, the targeting vector used to create the CD300a-deficient mouse, and the targeting allele.
- FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the CD300a gene in the wild-type allele, the targeting vector used to create the CD300a-deficient mouse, and the targeting allele.
- FIG. 3B is an electrophoretogram showing the PCR products of the wild type allele and the mutant allele.
- FIG. 3C shows the results of Western blot analysis using wild-type mice and CD300a-deficient mice.
- FIG. 3D shows the results of flow cytometry analysis of WT mice and CD300a gene-deficient mice.
- FIG. 4A shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 2A.
- FIG. 4B shows the analysis result of the optical microscope obtained in Reference Example 2C.
- FIG. 4C shows the analysis result of the laser scanning confocal microscope obtained in Reference Example 2C.
- FIG. 4D shows the results obtained in Reference Example 2C showing the ratio of the number of cells in NIH3T3 in which thymocytes were taken into the cytoplasm or in each transformant.
- FIG. 5A shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 2B.
- FIG. 5B shows the results of RT-PCR analysis obtained in Reference Example 2B.
- FIG. 6A shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 3A.
- FIG. 6B shows the analysis result of the ⁇ -hexaminidase assay obtained in Reference Example 2A.
- FIG. 7A shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 3B.
- FIG. 7B shows the results of the increase rates of the release amounts of various cytokines and chemokines obtained in Reference Example 3C.
- FIG. 7C is a diagram showing the results of increase rates of the release amounts of various cytokines and chemokines obtained in Reference Example 3E.
- FIG. 3E is a diagram showing the results of increase rates of the release amounts of various cytokines and chemokines obtained in Reference Example 3E.
- FIG. 7D shows the result of immunoblotting analysis obtained in Reference Example 3F.
- FIG. 7E is a diagram showing the results of immunoblotting analysis obtained in Reference Example 3G.
- FIG. 7F is a graph showing the increase rate of TNF- ⁇ obtained in Reference Example 3G.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 3D.
- FIG. 9A shows the results of densitometric analysis obtained in Reference Example 4B.
- FIG. 9B shows the results of densitometric analysis obtained in Reference Example 4B.
- FIG. 10A is a diagram showing a calculation result of CFU of anaerobic bacteria obtained in Reference Example 4C.
- FIG. 10B shows the numbers of neutrophils and macrophages obtained in Reference Example 4C after induction of CD300a neutrophils.
- FIG. 10A is a diagram showing a calculation result of CFU of anaerobic bacteria obtained in Reference Example 4C.
- FIG. 10B shows the numbers of neutrophils and macrophages
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the cell number ratio of each macrophage phagocytosed in E. coli obtained in Reference Example 4C.
- FIG. 12A is a diagram showing a flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 4D.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram showing the survival rate of each mouse obtained in Reference Example 4D.
- FIG. 12C is a diagram showing bacterial clearance in the intestines of each mouse in Reference Example 4D using bacterial CFU.
- FIG. 12D is a diagram showing the results of flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 4E.
- FIG. 12E shows the survival rate of each mouse after TX41 was administered in Reference Example 4F.
- FIG. 12F is a diagram showing intestinal clearance after administration of TX41 in Reference Example 4G.
- FIG. 12A is a diagram showing a flow cytometry analysis obtained in Reference Example 4D.
- FIG. 12B is a diagram showing the survival rate of each mouse obtained in Reference Example 4D.
- FIG. 12C is a diagram showing
- FIG. 12G is a diagram showing the results of analyzing changes in the number of neutrophil cells after administration of TX41 in Reference Example 4G.
- FIG. 13A is a diagram showing a protocol when inducing asthma with chicken ovalbumin.
- FIG. 13B shows the total number of cells in the alveolar lavage fluid of each mouse on Day 25 from the start of induction of asthma for Example 1A.
- FIG. 13C shows the ratio of eosinophils in the alveolar lavage fluid of each mouse on Day 25 from the start of induction of asthma for Example 1B.
- FIG. 14 shows the serum IgE value of each mouse on Day 14 from the start of induction of asthma for Example 1B.
- FIG. 13A is a diagram showing a protocol when inducing asthma with chicken ovalbumin.
- FIG. 13B shows the total number of cells in the alveolar lavage fluid of each mouse on Day 25 from the start of induction of asthma for Example 1A.
- FIG. 13C shows the ratio of eosinophils
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing the change over time (by day) in the number of scratching behaviors every 30 minutes for each mouse sensitized with OVA (Example 2A).
- FIG. 16 shows a section of the skin of each mouse at the third weekend after OVA sensitization (Example 2B).
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the results of toluidine blue staining of a skin sample of each mouse as of the third weekend after OVA sensitization (Example 2C).
- FIG. 18A is a graph showing the number of cell layers in the epidermis of each mouse at the third weekend after OVA sensitization (Example 2D).
- FIG. 18B shows the number of eosinophils and the number of mast cells infiltrated into the dermis for each skin sample of each mouse as of the third weekend after OVA sensitization (Example 2E).
- FIG. 19 shows the results of Langerin immunostaining of each skin sample of each mouse as of the third weekend after OVA sensitization (Example 2F).
- FIG. 20 shows counterstaining of each sample in FIG.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a state in which mast cells and Langerin positive skin cells interact (Example 2H).
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a test schedule for confirming the effect of treatment with TX41.
- FIG. 23 shows the serum total IgE concentration measured by ELISA for each WT mouse after TX74 or TX41 administration.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing the number of scratching behaviors for each WT mouse after administration of TX74 or TX41.
- FIG. 25 is a diagram showing the results of H & E staining of skin sections of WT mice after administration of TX74 or TX41.
- FIG. 26 is a view showing a state in which a skin section of each WT mouse after TX74 or TX41 administration is counterstained with toluidine blue staining.
- FIG. 27 shows the results of homology analysis of the H chain and L chain of TX41 and TX49, respectively.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing a protocol when CD300a gene-deficient mice and wild-type mice were induced with chicken ovalbumin to induce asthma (Examples 2M and 2N).
- FIG. 29 is a diagram showing the airway pressure of CD300a gene-deficient mice and wild-type mice when asthma was induced as shown in FIG. 28 (Example 2M).
- FIG. 30 is a graph showing the total number of cells and the number of eosinophils in the bronchial lavage fluid of CD300a gene-deficient mice and wild type mice when asthma was induced as shown in FIG. 2M).
- FIG. 31 is a diagram comparing the amount of IgE when inducing asthma in a CD300a gene-deficient mouse and a wild-type mouse as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 32 is a view comparing the amount of IgG1 specific for chicken ovalbumin when inducing asthma as shown in FIG.
- FIG. 33 is a diagram comparing the amount of IgG2c when inducing asthma in a CD300a gene-deficient mouse and a wild-type mouse as shown in FIG. 28 (Example 2N).
- FIG. 34 is a diagram comparing the amount of IgG2b when inducing asthma in a CD300a gene-deficient mouse and a wild-type mouse as shown in FIG. 28 (Example 2N).
- FIG. 35 is a diagram comparing the amount of IgG3 when inducing asthma as shown in FIG. 28 between a CD300a gene-deficient mouse and a wild-type mouse (Example 2N).
- FIG. 33 is a diagram comparing the amount of IgG2c when inducing asthma in a CD300a gene-deficient mouse and a wild-type mouse as shown in FIG. 28 (Example 2N).
- FIG. 34 is a diagram comparing the amount of IgG2b when inducing asthma in a CD300a gene-deficient mouse and
- FIG. 36 is a photograph in which mediastinal lymph nodes of CD300a gene-deficient mice and wild-type mice were collected 3 days after induction of asthma as shown in FIG. 28 (Example 2O).
- FIG. 37 is a diagram showing the results of examining the number of cells in each mediastinal lymph node of the CD300a gene-deficient mouse and wild-type mouse of FIG. 36 (Example 2O).
- FIG. 38 shows medial mediastinal lymph nodes of CD300a gene-deficient mice and wild-type mice collected 7 days after induction of asthma as shown in FIG. 28, and transcription factor FOXP3 of regulatory T (Treg) cells by flow cytometry. It is a figure which shows the result of having investigated the expression level of (Example 2P).
- FIG. 37 is a diagram showing the results of examining the number of cells in each mediastinal lymph node of the CD300a gene-deficient mouse and wild-type mouse of FIG. 36 (Example 2O).
- FIG. 38 shows
- FIG. 39 shows the expression of a transcription factor GATA3 specific to T cells by flow cytometry after collecting mediastinal lymph nodes of CD300a gene-deficient mice and wild-type mice 7 days after induction of asthma as shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows the result of having investigated the quantity (Example 2P).
- FIG. 40 shows the expression of transcription factor T-bet involved in Th1 differentiation by flow cytometry after collecting mediastinal lymph nodes of CD300a gene-deficient mice and wild type mice 7 days after induction of asthma as shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows the result of having investigated the quantity (Example 2P).
- FIG. 41 shows the results of analyzing and gating spleen cells expressing CD300a by flow cytometry (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 42 shows the amount of spleen cells (CD11b + CD11c +) expressing CD300a (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 43 shows the amount of spleen cells (CD11b + CD11c ⁇ ) expressing CD300a (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 44 shows the amount of spleen cells (CD11b-CD11c-) expressing CD300a (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 45 shows the results of analyzing and gating the mediastinal lymph node cells expressing CD300a by flow cytometry (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 46 shows the amount of mediastinal lymph node cells (CD11b + CD11c +) expressing CD300a (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 47 shows the amount of mediastinal lymph node cells (CD11b + CD11c ⁇ ) expressing CD300a (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 48 shows the amount of mediastinal lymph node cells (CD11b ⁇ CD11c +) expressing CD300a (Example 2Q).
- FIG. 49 is a diagram showing a protocol for confirming the influence of TX41 antibody administration on asthma pathology (Example 2R).
- FIG. 50 shows the influence on the total cell number when TX41 antibody was administered to wild-type mice in which asthma was induced (Example 2R).
- FIG. 51 shows the influence on the number of eosinophils (eosinophil number) when TX41 antibody is administered to wild-type mice in which asthma has been induced (Example 2R).
- FIG. 52 shows the effect on serum IgE (Serum IgE) when TX41 antibody is administered to wild-type mice in which asthma has been induced (Example 2R).
- FIG. 53 shows the results of confirming the presence or absence of increase in regulatory T cells in mediastinal lymph nodes by administration of D89E MFG-E8 (Example 2S).
- Activity regulators in the present invention include those for suppressing and enhancing inhibitory signaling of myeloid cells expressing CD300a.
- CD300a myeloid cells expressing CD300a
- mast cells mast cells
- macrophages macrophages
- neutrophils neutrophils
- dendritic cells CD11b + dendritic cells, etc.
- CD300a is a generic term for those expressed in humans, mice, and other mammals, and the biological species is not particularly limited.
- inhibitory signal transduction is signal transduction caused by association of the inhibitory receptor CD300a with a dephosphorylating enzyme via an ITIM (Immunoceptor tyrosine-based inhibitor motif) sequence in the intracellular region.
- ITIM Immunoceptor tyrosine-based inhibitor motif
- the 1st activity regulator by this invention contains the component which has the effect
- a substance that inhibits the binding between phosphatidylserine and CD300a that is, a phosphatidylserine-binding substance and a CD300a-binding substance can be used as such a component.
- the first activity regulator may contain either one of these or both of them.
- phosphatidylserine-binding substance A phosphatidylserine-binding substance, which is one of the first activity regulators, binds to phosphatidylserine (PS), which is a ligand of CD300a, and interacts (bonds) with phosphatidylserine and CD300a expressed in myeloid cells. As long as it inhibits, there is no particular limitation.
- PS phosphatidylserine
- phosphatidylserine-binding substance examples include MFG-E8 (Milk Fat Global Protein EGF-8), T cell immunoglobulin, soluble TIM-1, soluble TIM-4, soluble stabillin and possible Examples include soluble proteins such as soluble integrin ⁇ v ⁇ 3, among which MFG-E8 is preferred.
- the phosphatidylserine-binding protein is not limited to a native protein such as MFG-E8, and one or several amino acids are deleted, substituted or added as long as the binding to phosphatidylserine is not lost. It may be one having a modified amino acid sequence (mutant) (for example, “D89E MFG-E8” in the Examples).
- soluble protein is a native protein that is insoluble in diluents and body fluids such as membrane proteins, which will be described later, and a hydrophobic domain is deleted by a known genetic recombination technique. Or a protein that has been modified so as to be soluble in a diluent or body fluid by adding a hydrophilic peptide.
- the CD300a-binding substance that is one of the first activity regulators is not particularly limited as long as it binds to CD300a and inhibits the interaction (binding) between CD300a expressed in myeloid cells and phosphatidylserine. .
- the CD300a binding substance include neutralizing antibodies against CD300a.
- the neutralizing antibody may be a specific type of monoclonal antibody or a combination of two or more types of monoclonal antibodies (or polyclonal antibodies). Further, the neutralizing antibody may be a full-length antibody or a fragmented antibody (such as Fab fragment or F (ab ′) 2 ).
- the neutralizing antibody can be prepared by a known method.
- an anti-CD300a monoclonal antibody can be prepared by procedures such as immunization using CD300a, preparation of a hybridoma, screening, culture, and recovery.
- an appropriate monoclonal antibody having a binding inhibitory ability (neutralizing action) between preferred CD300a and phosphatidylserine and exhibiting the action and effect of the present invention may be selected.
- TX41 is an anti-mouse CD300a monoclonal antibody (rat IgG2a)
- TX49 is an anti-human CD300a monoclonal antibody (mouse IgG1).
- Both are monoclonal antibodies prepared and used in the examples described later, and are excellent as a CD300a-binding substance in the present invention because they are excellent in the function of suppressing the signal transduction by inhibiting the binding between CD300a and phosphatidylserine.
- the anti-CD300a antibody that can be used in the present invention is not limited to TX41, TX49, and similar antibodies (having variable regions consisting of equivalent amino acid sequences).
- the TX41 heavy chain variable region has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1
- the TX41 light chain variable region has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2
- the TX49 heavy chain variable region has the SEQ ID NO: 3
- the variable region of the L chain of TX49 has the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4.
- these variable regions include three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and four framework regions.
- FIG. 27 shows the result of analyzing the homology between the amino acid sequences of the variable regions of TX41 and TX49 (H chain and L chain, respectively).
- variable region of the H chain consists of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1
- variable region of the L chain consists of an amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2. It is preferable to use an antibody.
- variable region of the H chain consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3, and consists of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4 as the variable region of the L chain It is preferable to use an antibody.
- substitution, addition, insertion or deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acids in the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 in the variable region of the H chain An amino acid sequence having an amino acid sequence, or an amino acid comprising an L chain variable region having 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions or deletions relative to the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 2
- An antibody comprising a sequence can also be used (one of the H chain and the L chain may have the above mutation, or both of them may have the above mutation).
- variable region of the H chain contains 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions or deletions to the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 3.
- an antibody comprising an amino acid sequence or an amino acid sequence in which the variable region of the L chain has 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 amino acid substitutions, additions, insertions or deletions relative to the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 4
- one of the H chain and the L chain may have the above mutation, or both of them may have the above mutation).
- the site causing such mutation avoids the CDR or a site in the vicinity thereof in the variable region.
- conservative amino acid substitution performed between amino acids having similar side chain structures and / or chemical properties is preferable.
- the constant region of the anti-CD300a antibody that is, the region of the Fab region other than the variable region as described above and the form of the Fc region (amino acid sequence, amino acid length) hardly affect the binding property to CD300a, that is, the neutralizing action. Therefore, it can design suitably in the range which does not inhibit the effect of this invention.
- an anti-CD300a antibody can be produced as a fusion protein comprising the amino acid sequence of the predetermined variable region and amino acid sequences of various known constant regions.
- Such an anti-CD300a antibody can be prepared by a known technique.
- expression of the anti-CD300a antibody gene is performed by synthesizing DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of the predetermined variable region and ligating it with DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of the constant region and other necessary DNA (such as transcription factors).
- a vector can be constructed. If this vector is introduced into a host cell and expressed, the target anti-CD300a antibody can be produced.
- TX41, TX49, and similar antibodies as described above may be used for purposes other than the purpose of inhibiting inhibitory signal transduction caused by the binding of phosphatidylserine and CD300a according to the effects of the present invention.
- siRNA against the CD300a gene is also a kind of substance that inhibits the binding of CD300a and phosphatidylserine in the present invention.
- the 1st activity regulator in this invention can be used in order to suppress the inhibitory signal transmission of the myeloid type
- the myeloid cells may be in vivo, isolated from in vitro, or cultured in vitro.
- the first activity regulator can be used as an active ingredient of a predetermined pharmaceutical that will be described later. Moreover, it can also be used as an active ingredient of a drug as a comparative analysis tool for improving and comparing the pathology of allergic diseases (such as asthma and atopic dermatitis) in experimental animals.
- D89E MFG-E8 which is one of the first activity regulators, has the effect of increasing the number of regulatory T cells that suppress inflammation as shown in the Examples below, Useful as a comparative analysis tool.
- a CD300a-binding substance TX41, TX49, etc.
- neutralizing antibodies and phosphatidylserine-binding substances (MFG-E8, D89E MFG-E8, etc.) can be therapeutic agents.
- a 2nd activity regulator contains the component which has the effect
- a substance that enhances the binding between phosphatidylserine and CD300a, particularly phosphatidylserine, which is a ligand of CD300a can be used.
- the second activity regulator is used as a tool for comparative analysis when conducting pathological analysis for allergic diseases or screening candidate substances that can be active ingredients of therapeutic or preventive drugs thereof. be able to.
- CD300a gene-deficient mouse provided by another aspect of the present invention, there is a possibility that an agonist (low molecular compound, antibody, etc.) against CD300a having the same action as phosphatidylserine may be found, They can also be used as substances that enhance the binding between phosphatidylserine and CD300a.
- Phosphatidylserine is a CD300a ligand expressed in myeloid cells, and the inhibitory signaling of CD300a-expressing cells is enhanced by the interaction (binding) between PS and CD300a.
- the activity of mast cells related to inflammatory reactions, such as release of chemical mediators such as histamine, cytokines, and chemokines is suppressed through this inhibitory signaling.
- PS is produced industrially and can be easily obtained.
- apoptotic cells in a state in which PS is presented can also be a second activity regulator.
- liposomes or the like in which a lipid membrane containing PS is formed on the outside may be used as the second activity regulator.
- the second activity regulator may contain a calcium salt (for example, calcium chloride) that generates calcium ions by ionization. preferable.
- the content of the calcium salt in the second activity regulator can be appropriately determined in consideration of the concentration of calcium ions at the administration site, the amount of PS contained in the second activity regulator, and the like.
- the second activity regulator according to the present invention can be used to enhance inhibitory signaling of myeloid cells expressing CD300a.
- the myeloid cell may be in vivo, isolated from the living body, or produced by in vitro culture.
- the second activity regulator can be used, for example, as an active ingredient of a drug as a comparative analysis tool for exacerbating and analyzing allergic diseases (asthma and atopic dermatitis) in laboratory animals.
- the pharmaceutical product contains the activity regulator as described above as an active ingredient, and further contains various pharmaceutically acceptable additives (for example, carriers) as necessary. Also good.
- Such a pharmaceutical can be formulated for treating or preventing a disease or symptom (particularly an inflammatory reaction) involving inhibitory signaling of myeloid cells expressing CD300a.
- a pharmaceutical for treating or preventing allergic diseases can be prepared by blending the first activity regulator as an active ingredient.
- the administration site of the drug can be a site where an excessive immune function (inflammatory reaction) occurs depending on the disease or medical condition to be applied, and is not particularly limited.
- an excessive immune function inflammatory reaction
- myeloid cells expressing CD300a are usually present in mammalian submucosa or connective tissue, it is preferable that the pharmaceutical is directly administered to or near the submucosa or connective tissue of the above site.
- Such administration can be performed by injection administration such as intravenous injection, intraarterial injection, subcutaneous injection, intradermal injection, intramuscular injection, intraperitoneal injection and the like.
- intraperitoneal injection is preferred when treating or preventing inflammatory infections (such as bacterial peritonitis).
- the dose per administration and the number of administrations of pharmaceuticals (or active ingredients contained therein) are determined based on the patient's age, sex, body weight and symptoms, degree of required therapeutic effect, administration method, treatment time, active ingredient It may vary depending on the type and may be adjusted as appropriate.
- the frequency of administration is, for example, once to several times per day.
- a pharmaceutical product contains a phosphatidylserine-binding substance as an active ingredient among the first activity regulators
- the pharmaceutical is usually administered at a single dose of the phosphatidylserine-binding substance per kg of human or animal to be administered.
- the preparation may be 3 to 15 mg, preferably 5 to 10 mg.
- the pharmaceutical product When a pharmaceutical product contains a CD300a binding substance as an active ingredient among the first activity regulators, the pharmaceutical product usually has a dose of 50 to 1 per kg of a human or animal to be administered.
- the preparation may be 150 mg, preferably 50 to 100 mg.
- the pharmaceutical product according to the present invention may contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as necessary.
- the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is not particularly limited as long as it is not contrary to the purpose of the pharmaceutical product.
- a diluent such as an aqueous diluent or a non-aqueous diluent, an antioxidant (sulfite, etc.), etc.
- examples include tonicity agents and other additives.
- the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the present invention is an injection
- diluents examples include aqueous diluents such as physiological saline or commercially available distilled water for injection, and non-aqueous diluents such as alcohols such as polyethylene glycol and ethanol.
- a pharmaceutical product whose dosage form is an injection may be sterilized by filtration using a filter or sterilized by blending a bactericide or the like according to a conventional method.
- the pharmaceutical product according to the present invention when administered as an injection, it may be in the form of preparation at the time of use.
- a solid preparation containing the first activity regulator can be prepared by lyophilization and the like, and an injection can be prepared by dissolving or dispersing in a diluent before use.
- ⁇ Pharmaceuticals for asthma Inhibition of phosphatidylserine binding to CD300a-expressing cells can suppress eosinophilic airway inflammation and reduce total serum IgE concentration. Therefore, a pharmaceutical agent for asthma can be obtained by using the first activity regulator as an active ingredient. For example, as shown in the Examples below, administration of TX41, one of the first activity regulators, reduces the airway pressure in the asthmatic patient, the total number of bronchial lavage cells, and the number of eosinophils contained therein. Since it can be reduced to reduce the pathological condition of asthma, a drug useful for asthma can be obtained by using TX41 as an active ingredient.
- D89E MFG-E8 increases the number of regulatory T cells that suppress inflammation and can reduce the pathology of asthma. Therefore, D89E MFG-E8 is also useful as an active ingredient in pharmaceuticals for asthma treatment.
- CD300a is strongly expressed in CD11b + CD11c + dendritic cells
- a drug delivery system that targets CD11b and / or CD11c together with CD300a such as TX41 (anti-CD300a antibody), anti-CD11b antibody and / or anti-CD11c antibody
- Liposome preparations having a bound hydrophilic polymer (eg, PEG) on the surface can also be mentioned as an embodiment of a pharmaceutical product.
- ⁇ Pharmaceuticals for atopic dermatitis Inhibition of phosphatidylserine binding to CD300a expressing cells is known to interact with eosinophils, mast cells (which interact with cutaneous Langerin positive dendritic cells in the dermis and activate CD4 positive T cells) and single cells. It can suppress cell infiltration of nuclei and hyperplasia of epidermis (fibroblasts), and can reduce the total serum IgE concentration. Therefore, a pharmaceutical against atopic dermatitis can be obtained by using the first activity regulator as an active ingredient.
- D89E MFG-E8 which is one of the first activity regulators
- a pharmaceutical product having a high inflammation suppressing effect due to an increase in the number of regulatory T cells can be obtained.
- steroids are widely used as therapeutic agents for atopic dermatitis, but anti-itch action is said to be insufficient, and immunosuppressants such as tacrolimus are also used. Side effects are also a problem.
- the above-mentioned pharmaceuticals can be expected as new therapeutic agents for allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, which have anti-itch action and few side effects.
- the amount of IgG2c and the amount of IgG2c are significantly increased, and IgE and chicken ovalbumin (OVA) specific IgG1 are significantly decreased.
- What kind of mechanism in relation to wild type mice) is an indicator of such an asthma symptom observed in such a CD300a-deficient mouse or an index that is apparently unrelated to the mildness of asthma symptom. It is useful to analyze what is caused by the difference) and what are the factors associated with such mechanisms.
- the CD300a gene-deficient mouse can be used as a model mouse that is unlikely to develop asthma when a substance that induces asthma is administered, and further, for elucidation of a signal transduction pathway when causing asthma, pathological analysis, etc. Can be used as a tool.
- ⁇ Uses related to atopic dermatitis> Based on the knowledge obtained in the present invention, when a substance (such as mite antigen, chicken ovalbumin, etc.) that induces atopic dermatitis is administered to CD300a gene-deficient mice, the symptoms of atopic dermatitis are higher than those of wild mice. Is alleviated.
- a substance such as mite antigen, chicken ovalbumin, etc.
- the CD300a gene-deficient mouse can be used as a model mouse that hardly develops atopic dermatitis. Furthermore, the CD300a gene-deficient mice can be used for analysis of signal transduction pathways related to atopic dermatitis, pathological analysis, etc. in relation to IL-4 and IL-13 production.
- the CD300a gene-deficient mouse of the present invention is a mouse deficient in the function of the CD300a protein by replacing the CD300a gene on the chromosome with an inactive CD300a gene.
- “Inactive CD300a gene” means a partial deletion of the CD300a gene, insertion of another nucleotide sequence into the coding region of the CD300a gene, a point mutation in the CD300a gene, a mutation in the expression regulatory region of the CD300a gene, etc. Refers to a gene that cannot express normal CD300a protein. Examples of the defective CD300a gene include, but are not limited to, a gene in which at least one of exons 1 to 6 contained in the CD300a gene is deleted.
- Determination of the function of the CD300a protein means that at least a part of the function of the CD300a protein involved in inhibitory signaling involved in the present invention has been lost (for example, one allele such as a hetero knockout mouse). Only the inactive form is substituted, and the function of the CD300a protein is partially lost.), Preferably the function is completely lost.
- a general method for obtaining a CD300a gene-deficient mouse using a gene cassette is as follows.
- the CD300a gene-deficient mouse of the present invention is not limited to that obtained by this method.
- a targeting vector having a targeting allele (mutant allele) in which an exon of the Cd300a gene in the wild type allele is replaced with an antibiotic resistance gene (marker gene) cassette is prepared.
- a chimeric mouse is obtained using the targeting vector and ES cells.
- the chimeric mouse and wild-type mouse are mated to obtain a offspring mouse (heterozygote (+/ ⁇ )), and offspring mice are mated to obtain a grandchild mouse.
- Genomic DNA was extracted from the grandchild mouse, and the presence or absence of the wild-type allele and the mutant allele in the genomic DNA was confirmed by PCR, and the grandchild mouse (homozygote ( ⁇ /-)). Further, in order to confirm that CD300a is not expressed, the cells derived from the mouse are confirmed by Western blot analysis using an anti-CD300a antibody to obtain a CD300a gene-deficient mouse.
- MFG-E8 was provided by Masato Tanaka (RCAI, Yokohama, Japan).
- D89E MFG-E8 is a variant of MFG-E8 obtained by introducing a site-specific mutation into the RGD motif of MFG-E8, as described in Reference 4 below.
- D89E MFG-E8 the 89th amino acid from the N-terminus is substituted from aspartic acid to glutamic acid.
- MFG-E8 (native) binds to both phosphatidylserine (PS) and ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin to crosslink apoptotic cells and phagocytic cells expressing ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin (Reference 4 below).
- D89E MFG-E8 binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) but does not bind to ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin.
- CLP cecal ligation and puncture
- CD300a gene-deficient (Cd300a ⁇ / ⁇ ) mouse Exons 1 to 6 of the Cd300a gene in the wild-type allele were used in a neomycin resistance gene cassette (PGK-GB2-neo) using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) system. Replacement and targeting alleles (mutant alleles) were prepared (FIG. 3A). Subsequently, according to a conventional method, a chimeric mouse is obtained, and the chimeric mouse and a wild type mouse are further mated to obtain a child mouse (heterozygote (+/ ⁇ )), and further offspring mice are mated with A mouse was obtained.
- PGK-GB2-neo neomycin resistance gene cassette
- BAC bacterial artificial chromosome
- CD300a-deficient (Cd300a ⁇ / ⁇ ) mouse In order to select a CD300a-deficient (Cd300a ⁇ / ⁇ ) mouse from among the grandchild mice, genomic DNA was extracted from the tail of each grandchild mouse, and the genomic DNA was subjected to PCR method to detect WT alleles and mutations in the genomic DNA. The presence or absence of the type allele was confirmed.
- the PCR product showing the WT allele and the PCR product showing the mutant allele are detected as bands of about 540 bp and about 700 bp, respectively.
- cells derived from CD300a gene-deficient mice were subjected to Western blot analysis using an anti-CD300a antibody.
- the wild-type mouse showed a band derived from CD300a at about 50 kDa, whereas this band was not detected in the CD300a gene-deficient mouse.
- Kit W-sh / W-sh mouse C57BL / 6J-kit W-sh / W-sh mouse (hereinafter “kit W-sh / W-sh mouse” or “mast cell-deficient mouse”) ) Provided by RIKEN BioResource Center (Tsukuba, Japan).
- the mouse is a mouse deficient in mast cells (Reference 21 below), and after DNA is taken up by phagocytic cells without undergoing apoptotic DNA fragmentation, DNA is degraded in the phagocytic cells. Is known to occur (Document 12 below).
- CAD-deficient mouse A CAD (Caspase-activated DNase) -deficient mouse is the one described in Reference 12 below.
- mice 24 hours after CLP, anti-Gr-1 antibody was injected into the abdominal cavity of mice to remove neutrophils. Note that the preparation and evaluation tests using mice in this example all complied with the guidelines prepared by the Animal Ethics Committee of the University of Tsukuba Life Science Animal Resource Center.
- BMMC Bone marrow derived mast cells
- SCF cell growth factor
- FBS calf serum
- BMMC bone marrow-derived mast cells
- Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM ⁇ ) Mouse bone marrow cells 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells were cultured in a complete RPMI 1649 medium containing M-CSF (10 ng / mL) and calf serum (FBS) (10%) for 1 week in a 10 cm dish, and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM ⁇ ) ) was prepared.
- the prepared plasmid was transduced (transfected) with NIH3T3 cells to obtain transformants that stably express CD300a or CD300d.
- the obtained transformant stably expressing CD300a and transformant stably expressing CD300d are referred to as “NIH3T3 transformant (CD300a)” and “NIH3T3 transformant (CD300d)”, respectively.
- NIH3T3 cell transformants that stably express TIM-4 are T.I. Provided by Kitamura (University of Tokyo). This transformant is referred to as “NIH3T3 transformant (TIM-4)”.
- evaluation methods The conditions for the evaluation method are described below. In the survival test, Kaplan-Meier log-rank test was used, and in other evaluation tests, unpaired student's test was used. Analysis was carried out. P ⁇ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
- Binding assay etc. (i) Binding assay Cells were stained with CD300a or human IgG for control for 30 minutes in a phosphate buffer containing 2% FBS in the presence or absence of 1 mM CaCl 2. Was washed twice with the buffer and incubated with the F (ab ′) 2 fragment of FITC-conjugated goat anti-human IgG. Cells were then incubated with Annexin V for 15 minutes at room temperature in 10 mM HEPES-NaOH buffer containing 140 mM NaCl and 2.5 mM CaCl 2 for staining with Annexin V.
- Binding inhibition assay Cells were preincubated with monoclonal antibody against mouse CD300a (TX41), control isotype antibody or MFG-E8 for 30 minutes and then stained with CD300a-Fc as in the above binding assay. In addition, in order to analyze whether or not CD300a-Fc was bound to phospholipid, a PIP strip assay (manufactured by Echelon Biosciences) was performed according to the manufacturer's instruction manual.
- Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM ⁇ ), bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) or IL-3-dependent hematopoietic cell lines (BaF / 3 cells) (2 ⁇ 10 5 cells each) obtained in “1.
- Preparation Example CD300a-Fc (1 ⁇ g), and PBS (phosphate buffered saline) containing calcium chloride (1 mM), incubated at 20 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody (0.1 ⁇ g) and iodine Staining was carried out using a buffer containing propidium iodide (PI) (1 ⁇ g).
- PI propidium iodide
- FIG. 1A The results of flow cytometry analysis using BMM ⁇ , BMDC, and BaF / 3 cells are shown in FIG. 1A, FIG. 1B, and FIG. 1C, respectively (the control test is shown in “Ctrl Ig”).
- mouse CD300a-Fc was found to bind PI ⁇ cells (live cells) but not PI + cells (dead cells) when calcium chloride was included. . That is, it is suggested that the mouse CD300a ligand is expressed in dead cells.
- Thymocytes derived from C57BL / 6 mice were incubated with dexamethasone (manufactured by Sigma) (10 ⁇ M) in RPMI medium to prepare thymocyte apoptotic cells.
- the obtained apoptotic cells (2 ⁇ 10 5 cells) were cultured at 20 ° C. in a medium (PBS) containing CD300a-Fc (1 ⁇ g), APC-conjugated annexin V (BD Pharmingen) (1 ⁇ l) and calcium chloride (1 mM). , Incubated for 30 minutes, and then stained with a buffer containing FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody (0.1 ⁇ g) and propidium iodide (PI) (1 ⁇ g).
- PBS medium
- FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG antibody 0.1 ⁇ g
- PI propidium iodide
- Each stained cell was analyzed using flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, FACSCalibur, model number “E6133”) (result: FIG. 2A). Moreover, it used for the analysis using the flow cytometry similarly to the said test conditions except having used the medium which does not contain calcium chloride instead of the medium containing calcium chloride (result: FIG. 2B).
- mouse CD300a-Fc in the presence of calcium chloride, does not bind to annexin V (Annexin V ⁇ ) thymocytes, whereas it binds to thymocytes stained with annexin V. I understand. That is, mouse CD300a-Fc is shown to bind to apoptotic thymocytes.
- mouse CD300a-Fc does not bind to apoptotic thymocytes. From this test result, it can be understood that mouse CD300a binds to apoptotic cells in a calcium ion-dependent manner.
- PBS medium
- PI propidium iodide
- TX41 used herein is an anti-mouse CD300a monoclonal antibody, which blocks the binding between mouse CD300a and a ligand.
- MFG-E8 binds to both phosphatidylserine (PS) and ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin, and is known to crosslink apoptotic cells and phagocytes expressing ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin ( Document 4) below.
- mouse CD300a does not bind to apoptotic cells.
- mouse CD300a-Fc has a binding property to PS (the ligand of CD300a is PS).
- Jurkat cells human T cell lineage
- RPMI1640 medium RPMI1640 medium
- the medium was irradiated with ultraviolet rays for 60 minutes to prepare Jurkat cell apoptotic cells.
- apoptotic cells As the apoptotic cells, the above “Jurkat cell-derived apoptotic cells” were used instead of wild-type mouse thymocyte-derived apoptotic cells, and “human CD300a-Fc” was used instead of “mouse CD300a-Fc”. In the same manner as in the test conditions of Reference Example 1A, analysis was performed using flow cytometry (result: FIG. 2D).
- apoptotic cells the above “Jurkat cell-derived apoptotic cells” are used instead of wild-type mouse thymocyte-derived apoptotic cells, “human CD300a-Fc” is used instead of “mouse CD300a-Fc”, and , Except that “TX49” or “control human IgG1” was used instead of “TX41”, analysis was performed using flow cytometry in the same manner as in the test conditions of Reference Example 1B (Result: FIG. 2E “TX49” Or “HuIgG1”). “TX49” is an anti-human CD300a antibody (monoclonal antibody) that blocks the binding between CD300a and a ligand.
- human CD300a-Fc also binds to annexin V + cells, but not in the presence of anti-human CD300a antibody. That is, it is suggested that human CD300a binds to apoptotic cells as well as mouse CD300a-Fc.
- Example liquid A liquid (sample liquid) containing various phospholipids (PS, PC, PE) (100 pmol) is spotted on a membrane (PIP-strip (manufactured by Echelon Bioscience)), and various phospholipids are adsorbed on the membrane. It was.
- the membrane was immersed in a TBST buffer solution (pH 8.0) containing calcium chloride (1 mM) containing mouse CD300a-Fc (1.5 ⁇ g / mL) and BSA at 20 ° C. for 2 hours.
- PE phosphatidylethanolamine
- PC phosphatidylcholine
- PS phosphatidylserine
- FIG. 2F shows that CD300a does not bind to either PE or PC, but specifically binds to PS. From the results of Reference Examples 1A to 1E, it can be understood that CD300a binds to phosphatidylserine (PS) in a calcium ion-dependent manner (the ligand of CD300a is PS).
- PS phosphatidylserine
- PS is also known to mediate so-called “eat me” signals in phagocytic cells (macrophages and the like) that express CD300a (References 10 to 11 below).
- the tests described in Reference Examples 2A to C below were conducted to verify whether CD300a is involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells.
- macrophages derived from CD300a gene-deficient mice (2 ⁇ 10 5 cells) were apoptotic derived from CAD-deficient mice in 8-well Lab-TeKII chamber slides (manufactured by Nalge Nunc). The cells were co-cultured with thymocytes at a ratio of 1: 5 (macrophages: apoptotic thymocytes (number of cells)) at 37 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the co-cultured macrophages were washed with cold PBS, fixed with a fixative containing paraformaldehyde (1%), and then FITC-labeled dUTP (Roche).
- the sample was subjected to TUNEL staining using a buffer solution containing
- the stained macrophages of 50 cells or more are randomly analyzed with a laser scanning confocal microscope (Olympus, “FV10i”, model number: 1B22358), and the number of TUNEL positive cells (apoptotic cells) contained in one macrophage cell was measured.
- the ratio of macrophages containing 0 to 8 apoptotic cells (phagocytosis rate) was calculated with the total number of macrophages being 100% (result: FIG. 4A “Cd300a ⁇ / ⁇ ”).
- the phagocytosis rate was measured in the same manner as the above test conditions except that the macrophage derived from the wild type mouse was used instead of the macrophage derived from the CD300a gene-deficient mouse (result: FIG. 4A “WT”).
- Bone marrow-derived mast cells (2 ⁇ 10 5 cells), PE (Phycoerythrin) -conjugated anti-TIM-1 monoclonal antibody (0.1 ⁇ g), APC-conjugated anti-TIM-4 monoclonal antibody (0.1 ⁇ g) and Alexa Incubation was carried out at 20 ° C. for 30 minutes in medium (PBS) containing conjugated anti-mouse CD300a monoclonal antibody (TX41) (0.5 ⁇ g).
- PBS medium
- TX41 conjugated anti-mouse CD300a monoclonal antibody
- FIG. 5A peritoneal macrophages
- FIG. 5B peritoneal macrophages
- FIG. 5A peritoneal macrophages
- cDNA was prepared from peritoneal macrophages and BMMC using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (manufactured by Applied Biosystems), and each of the prepared cDNAs was used for stabilin 2, BAl-1, ⁇ v integrin, Cd300a and ⁇
- the expression level of actin (loading control) was analyzed by RT-PCR (result: FIG. 5B).
- FIGS. 5A and 5B unlike macrophages, mast cells express CD300a and ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin but are PS receptors involved in phagocytosis TIM-1, TIM-4 and stabilin 2 Is expressed only at a low level.
- NIH3T3 transformant (CD300a) (6 ⁇ 10 4 cells) was co-cultured with FITC-labeled cells (apoptotic thymocytes or thymocytes (live cells)) for 2 hours, washed with PBS, and then light microscope ( (Result: FIG. 4B).
- FIG. 4C a green part (indicated by an arrow) indicates an encapsulated cell (apoptotic thymocyte or thymocyte (live cell)).
- NIH3T3 non-transformed cells negative control
- NIH3T3 transformant TIM-4
- positive control negative control
- analysis was performed using an optical microscope and a laser scanning confocal microscope.
- NIH-3T3 and “NIH-3T3 / Tim4” in FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C are the light microscope using “NIH3T3” (untransformed cells) and “NIH3T3 transformant (TIM-4)”, respectively. An image of a laser scanning confocal microscope is shown.
- CD300a NIH3T3 transformant
- PS receptors are known to bind directly or indirectly to PS, and are known to contribute to the uptake of apoptotic cells (Reference 13 below). Therefore, in order to verify whether CD300a also has such a function (whether there is a functional duplication that takes in apoptotic cells), the following tests shown in Reference Examples 3A to 3C were performed.
- BM cells Bone marrow cells (BM cells) of CD300a gene-deficient mice (2 ⁇ 10 8 ) in 10 cm dish, cell growth factor (SCF) (10 ng / mL), IL-3 (4 ng / mL) and calf serum (FBS) (10 %) was cultured for 4 weeks in complete RPMI1649 medium to prepare bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) of CD300a gene-deficient mice. BMMC was passaged with a new medium every week.
- SCF cell growth factor
- FBS calf serum
- BMMC was incubated at 4 ° C. for 30 minutes in RPMI1649 medium containing FITC-conjugated anti-Fc ⁇ RI ⁇ antibody (0.1 ⁇ g) and PE-conjugated anti-c-Kit antibody (0.1 ⁇ g / mL). Analysis was performed by flow cytometry (result: FIG. 6A “CD300a ⁇ / ⁇ ”).
- BMMC bone marrow cells derived from wild type mice were used instead of bone marrow cells derived from CD300a gene-deficient mice.
- WT bone marrow cells derived from CD300a gene-deficient mice
- each BMMC 1 ⁇ 10 5 cells to 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were cultured overnight at 37 ° C. in a 24-well plate coated with gelatin (manufactured by Sigma), and biotin-conjugated mouse anti-trinitrophenol was then cultivated. Incubation was carried out at 37 ° C. for 1 hour in a medium containing IgE (0.5 mg / mL) and no supplement.
- streptavidin was added to the above medium to crosslink the biotin-conjugated mouse anti-trinitrophenol IgEs and incubated at 37 ° C. for 45 minutes, and then the supernatant was collected.
- the absorbance at a wavelength of 415 nm generated by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl- ⁇ -D-glucosamide was measured to release ⁇ -hexosaminidase The amount was quantified. Furthermore, the increase rate (%) of the release amount of ⁇ -hexosaminidase with respect to each BMMC not subjected to the above treatment is shown in FIG. 6B.
- FIG. 6B shows the percentage of BMMC that released ⁇ -hexosaminidase.
- Fc ⁇ RI ⁇ and c-Kit mast cell marker protein
- ⁇ -hex ⁇ -hex
- BMMC BMMC
- the stained cells were subjected to analysis using flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, FACSCalibur, model number “E6133”) (result: FIG. 7A “MFG-E8”).
- CD300a-Fc binds to apoptotic cells (annexin V + ) in the presence of control IgG, whereas in the presence of MFG-E8 (PS binding substance) It can be seen that the binding is specifically inhibited.
- cytokine and chemokine are BD Pharmingen (TNF- ⁇ and IL-6) and R & D Systems (MIP-2, MCP-1, IL-13 and MIP-).
- TNF- ⁇ and IL-6 BD Pharmingen
- MIP-2, MCP-1, IL-13 and MIP- R & D Systems
- Cytokine and chemokine concentrations are then determined using ELISA kits from BD Pharmingen (TNF- ⁇ and IL-6) and R & D Systems (MIP-2, MCP-1, IL-13 and MIP-1 ⁇ ). The measurement was performed three times, and the increase rate of the release amount of each cytokine and chemokine of BMMC not subjected to the above LPS treatment was calculated (result: FIG. 7B “Cd300a ⁇ / ⁇ ”).
- the release amount of various cytokines was increased by LPS in any BMMC.
- TNF- ⁇ , IL-13, and MCP-1 were significantly increased in BMMC derived from CD300a gene-deficient mice compared to BMMC derived from wild-type mice.
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- flow cytometry analysis was performed in the same manner as the above test conditions except that BMMC derived from a wild type mouse was used instead of BMMC derived from a CD300a gene-deficient mouse (result: arrow (3) in FIG. 8). . Furthermore, instead of using various fluorescently labeled antibodies against various cytokines and chemokines, a control antibody was used in the same manner as the above test conditions, and flow cytometric analysis was performed (control test (result: arrow (4 in FIG. 8)). ))).
- the graph of FIG. 8 shows the amount of increase in MFI with respect to BMMC not treated with LPS by measuring MFI values (mean fluorescence intensity) for each cytokinin and chemokine in each BMMC.
- FIG. 8 shows that the amount of cytokinin and chemokine increased in the cytoplasm of any BMMC compared to the case where LPS was not treated.
- cytoplasm of BMMC derived from a CD300a gene-deficient mouse It can be seen that TNF- ⁇ and the like were significantly increased compared to the cytoplasm of BMMC derived from wild type mice.
- D89E MFG-E8 is a variant (mutant) of MFG-E8 containing a point mutation (D89E) in the RGD motif, and has the binding property of binding to PS but not ⁇ v ⁇ 3 integrin.
- TNF- ⁇ , IL-13, MCP-1 and IL-6 were quantified in the same manner as in the above test conditions except that BMMC derived from a wild type mouse was used instead of BMMC derived from a CD300a gene-deficient mouse. (Result: FIG. 7C "WT").
- CD300a has an immunoreceptive inhibitory tyrosine motif (ITIM) at an intracellular site, and it is known that SHP-1 is induced when crosslinked with an anti-CD300a antibody (Reference 14 below).
- ITIM immunoreceptive inhibitory tyrosine motif
- SiRNA targeting SHP-1 gene (Ptpn6 gene) in BMMC SHP-1 siRNA
- BMMC SHP-1 siRNA
- siRNA tranfection refection restriction reagent manufactured by injection into BMMC
- BMMC (CD300a ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ Ptpn6-KD) was prepared.
- BMMC derived from a wild-type mouse knocked down with SHP-1 was used in the same manner as in the above test conditions except that BMMC derived from a wild-type mouse was used instead of BMMC derived from a CD300a gene-deficient mouse. (WT ⁇ Ptpn6-KD)) was prepared.
- BMMC CD300a ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ Ptpn6-KD
- BMMC WT ⁇ Ptpn6 -KD
- BMMC CD300a ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ Ptpn6-KD
- BMMC WT ⁇ Ptpn6-KD
- apoptotic cells 10: 1 (cell number ratio)
- RPMI calcium chloride
- LPS lipopolysaccharide
- BMMC derived from CD300a gene-deficient mice produced TNF- ⁇ significantly more than BMMC derived from wild-type mice.
- BMMC derived from wild mice or CD300a gene-deficient mice when SHP-1 siRNA was transduced, both wild-derived BMMCs and BMMCs derived from CD300a gene-deficient mice, The amount of TNF- ⁇ released was similar, and there was no significant difference between the two.
- CD300a when PS binds to CD300a, CD300a induces SHP-1 and mediates a BMMC activation suppression signal, resulting in suppression of TNF- ⁇ secretion.
- Peritoneal perfusate was collected before CLP or 4 hours after CLP. Subsequently, APC-conjugated annexin V (1 ⁇ g) and CD300-Fc (1 ⁇ g) were added to the peritoneal perfusate, and then stained with FITC-conjugated anti-human IgG and PI (propidium iodide) and analyzed by flow cytometry. (Result: FIG. 12A).
- FIG. 12A shows the result that it can be confirmed that the peritonitis site is a site where many cells lead to apoptosis, as described in Reference 20 below. That is, it is suggested that CD300a affects the immune control of mast cells at the membrane inflammation site.
- CLP was performed on wild-type mice and mast cell-deficient mice (kit W-sh / W-sh mice) in the same manner as in Reference Example 4A.
- the peritoneal perfusate of each mouse was collected, and the collected peritoneal perfusate was collected using the Proteome Profiler Array (manufactured by R & D Systems) according to the manufacturer's instructions. It was used for proteome analysis of chemokines.
- FIG. 9A shows the results of densitometric analysis (proteomic analysis) using peritoneal perfusate of wild-type mice and mast cell-deficient mice (kit W-sh / W-sh mice) (“PC” in FIG. 9A represents Positive control is shown.)
- FIG. 9B shows the pixel density of each chemokine and cytokine signal obtained from the densitometric image of each signal shown in FIG. 9A.
- the concentration of chemokine in the peritoneal cavity is higher in kit W-sh / W-sh mice than in wild-type mice.
- the same result was obtained even if this test was implemented twice.
- BM-derived macrophages were prepared from wild-type mice or mast cell-deficient mice (kit W-sh / W-sh mice). These macrophages (cell number: 1 ⁇ 10 6 ) were co-cultured in a medium containing fluorescein-labeled E. coli for 1 hour in a 24-well plate, and the number of cells of each macrophage that phagocytosed E. coli was measured by flow cytometry. The ratio of macrophages that were in contact was calculated (result: FIG. 11 “BM macrophage”).
- mast cell-deficient mice (kit W-sh / W-sh mice) 4 hours after CLP have less bacterial CFU in the abdominal cavity than wild-type mice, and neutrophils It turns out that there are many cells.
- FIG. 10B and FIG. 11 the number of cells and phagocytosis of macrophages were not significantly different between the two genotypes.
- the survival rate of the mice was measured in the same manner as in the above test conditions except that BMMC derived from a CD300a gene-deficient mouse was used instead of BMMC derived from a wild type mouse (result: FIG. 12B “CD300a ⁇ // - BMMCs ⁇ Kit W-sh / Kit W-sh "). Note that “Kit W-sh / Kit W-sh ” in FIG. 12B indicates the survival rate of mast cell-deficient mice (Kit W-sh / W-sh mice) in which CLP was performed without administration of BMMC.
- mast cell-deficient mice Kit W-sh / W-sh mice
- BMMC derived from wild-type mice were compared with the case where BMMC was not administered. A high survival rate was shown.
- CLP was performed on mice injected with the mixed BMMC in the same manner as in Reference Example 4A, and peritoneal perfusate was collected 4 hours after CLP.
- Each BMMC contained in the peritoneal perfusate was subjected to analysis using flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, FACSCalibur, model number “E6133”) (result: FIG. 12D).
- BMMC derived from CD300D gene-deficient mice (CD300a ⁇ CFSE + cells) was significantly larger than BMMC derived from wild-type mice (CD300a + CFSE + cells). It can be seen that TNF- ⁇ is produced.
- the survival rate of the mice was measured in the same manner as in Reference Example 4D (result: FIG. 12E “Antibody to CD300a”).
- mast cells via receptors (for example Toll-like receptors) against pathogen-related molecular patterns (PAMPs). It is known (Documents 15, 23 and 24 below). Mast cells are also known to play an important role in the immune response against pathogens.
- receptors for example Toll-like receptors
- PAMPs pathogen-related molecular patterns
- a phosphatidylserine-binding substance such as MFG-E8 or a CD300a-binding substance (such as a neutralizing antibody against CD300a) blocks the interaction between PS and CD300a in mast cells and activates mast cells, or It is understood that the activity is maintained.
- these substances are useful as active ingredients of pharmaceuticals used for prevention of various inflammatory infections induced by LPS (and sepsis caused thereby), for example.
- ⁇ Asthma> (Materials and methods) (mouse) C57BL / 6J mice were purchased from Clare Japan.
- a CD300a gene-deficient mouse (CD300a ⁇ / ⁇ mouse) was obtained by crossing 12 generations of a Balb / c CD300a gene-deficient mouse prepared in our laboratory and a purchased WT C57BL / 6J mouse and performing backcrossing. It was. At the start of induction of asthma, 8-10 week old male or female mice were used.
- FIG. 13A shows a protocol for asthma induction with chicken ovalbumin.
- OVA chicken ovalbumin
- AUM aluminum hydroxide gel
- FIGS. 13A and 13B (Bronchoalveolar lavage BAL) The mouse trachea was incised, washed 3 times with 1 mL of 2% FBS / PBS, the washing solution was collected, and the number of cells was measured. As shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B, the number of cells in the alveolar lavage fluid (BAL fluid) of each mouse on the 25th day from the start of induction of asthma is the total number of cells, the number of eosinophils, and the number of CD300a gene deficient mice Were significantly less than WT mice. This result shows that CD300a exacerbates eosinophilic airway inflammation caused by ovalbumin (OVA), and that CD300a gene-deficient mice have improved symptoms of eosinophilic airway inflammation.
- OVA ovalbumin
- Example 1B Analysis of cells in alveolar lavage fluid
- FIG. 13C From the collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells were stained with CD45.2-FITC, Siglec-F-PE, CD11b-APCCy7, CD11c-PECCy7, F4 / 80-Alexa (all purchased, BD) CD45 + SiglecF-CD11b + CD11c-F4 / 80- were analyzed as a eosinophil fraction by flow cytometry (FACS).
- FACS flow cytometry
- Example 1C (Measurement of serum IgE value) (FIG. 14) Serum IgE was measured by ELISA using rat anti-mouse IgE (BD) and biotinylated anti-mouse IgE (BD).
- CD300a gene-deficient mice significantly reduced serum IgE levels at the time of asthma sensitization induced by chicken ovalbumin.
- serum IgE values of WT mice on the 14th day of the asthma model induced by OVA the serum IgE value of the index indicating the degree of allergy is significantly higher in the CD300a gene-deficient mice than in the WT mice. It was low.
- Serum IgE is considered to be significantly suppressed in asthma induced by chicken ovalbumin by administering an anti-CD300a antibody that suppresses CD300a signaling.
- mice (Experimental animals) Balb / c mice were purchased from Clea and bred in the inventors' laboratory under approved breeding conditions. Of the mice used in this study, 8 mice were deficient in the CD300a (MAIR-I) gene, and the other 8 mice were Balb / c species wild type (WT) mice. During the experiment, each mouse was given food and water ad libitum and was maintained under normal laboratory conditions.
- MAIR-I CD300a
- WT Balb / c species wild type mice
- OVA chicken ovalbumin
- phosphate buffered saline 100 ⁇ L of chicken ovalbumin (OVA) in 100 ⁇ L of phosphate buffered saline was placed on a band aid (registered trademark) tape gauze and affixed to 5 bodies of each group of mice subjected to tape stripping. PBS was affixed to the remaining three mice with tape. The tape was renewed once on the second day and OVA sensitization was performed daily with the tape for one week.
- band aid registered trademark
- Each mouse was released from OVA sensitization in the second week. In the third week, it was again subjected to the same OVA sensitization as described above. At the end of the third week, each mouse was sacrificed and samples for histology and ELISA were taken.
- Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Sakura Fine Index Japan) and toluidine blue (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). The initial appearance of the tissue was evaluated for the level of epidermal thickness (cell layer), infiltration of eosinophils, mononuclear cells and mast cells, and fibroblast hyperplasia.
- FIG. 15 shows the number of scratching behaviors of each mouse every 30 minutes. Pruritus (a disease with only itch but no rash) is a common condition of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, during OVA sensitization, the number of scratching behaviors is carefully counted by observing each animal for 30 minutes and evaluated based on this.
- the WT mice ( ⁇ ) sensitized with OVA showed a state of severe scratching behavior after OVA sensitization, and the number of scratching behaviors was higher than that of CD300a gene-deficient mice ( ⁇ ) sensitized with OVA.
- the highest, highest number of scrubbing behaviors was observed at the end of the fourth OVA sensitization.
- FIG. 16A shows the skin of a WT mouse that was not sensitized with OVA.
- FIG. 16B shows an enlarged view of the upper rectangular region. The length of the thick bar is 10 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 16C cell infiltration was not observed in the epidermis of CD300a gene-deficient mice that had not been subjected to OVA sensitization, and thin skin was observed as in FIG. 16A.
- FIG. 16D in the skin of a CD300a gene-deficient mouse after OVA sensitization, the thickness of the epidermis was surprisingly increased, but no hyperplasia of the epidermis was observed. Furthermore, no cell infiltration or fibroblast hyperplasia was observed in the dermis.
- Example 2C Mast cell staining (see FIG. 17) As shown in FIG. 17, toluidine blue staining was performed on skin samples of all mice. Toluidine blue staining is a staining method that favorably stains intracellular granules of mast cells.
- FIG. 17A shows the skin of a WT mouse that was not sensitized with OVA.
- FIG. 17B shows the skin of a WT mouse subjected to OVA sensitization.
- FIG. 17C shows the skin of a CD300a gene-deficient mouse that was not sensitized with OVA.
- FIG. 17D shows the skin of a WT mouse subjected to OVA sensitization. Stained mast cells are indicated by white arrows. As shown in FIG. 17, after OVA sensitization, an increase in the number of mast cells was observed in the skin of WT mice, and the epidermis was also thicker than in CD300a gene-deficient mice.
- Example 2D Measurement of the number of cell layers (FIG. 18A) The number of cell layers in the epidermis was counted in all mouse skin samples (see FIG. 18A). After OVA sensitization, WT mice showed the highest number of cell layers. In contrast, the CD300a gene-deficient mice subjected to OVA sensitization had less than half of them.
- FIG. 18B Measurement of eosinophil count and mast cell count (FIG. 18B) As shown in FIG. 18B, the number of eosinophils and the number of mast cells, which are indicators of atopic dermatitis infiltrating into the dermis, were measured in all mouse epidermis samples. The largest number of cells was observed in the epidermis of WT mice after sensitization with chicken ovalbumin.
- IL-31 is secreted by the interaction of infiltrated eosinophils with hyperplastic fibroblasts. This IL-31 is an itching-inducing cytokine (Reference 34 below: Wong CK et al., 2012). Therefore, after OVA sensitization, WT mice are more severely characterized by atopic dermatitis than CD300a gene-deficient mice.
- Langerin immunostaining (FIG. 19) The epidermis of each mouse was examined for positiveness for Langerin, a dendritic cell marker at the time of immunostaining.
- Langerin is one of the C-type lectins expressed in Langerhans cells. It is also expressed in a part of dermal dendritic cells, and is used for the formation of Barbeck granules responsible for antigen recognition and uptake and intracellular antigen transport. concern.
- FIG. 19 (A) shows the epidermis of untreated (no OVA sensitization) WT mice.
- FIG. 19B shows the epidermis of WT mice sensitized with OVA.
- FIG. 19C shows the epidermis of an untreated CD300a gene-deficient mouse.
- FIG. 19 (D) shows the epidermis of CD300a gene-deficient mice sensitized with OVA. Note that a, b, c, and d are enlarged views of rectangular regions in the upper drawing.
- FIG. 20 Langerin immunostaining counter-staining (FIG. 20) Immunity of Langerin antibody was evaluated by counterstaining with toluidine blue. The skin of WT mice showed an increase in the number of Langerin positive cells in the dermis. In the dermis, some Langerin positive cells interacted with mast cells. Mast cells are stained purple. The scale bar indicates 10 ⁇ m.
- Langerhans cells and skin dendritic cells are the main antigen-presenting cells in the skin. Langerhans cells are positive for Langerin antigen in their cell membrane, and some skin dendritic cells are positive for Langerin antigen (Reference 35 below: Nakajima S. et al., 2012).
- CD300a (MAIR-I) positive cells are greatly increased after OVA sensitization (FIG. 20). This result further confirms that CD300a (MAIR-I) positive cells play an important role in atopic dermatitis.
- TX74 is a TX41 isotype control antibody, and has no neutralizing action as shown below.
- Antibody dilution was performed using sterile PBS, and 150 ⁇ L was injected at a time with an antibody concentration of 1600 ⁇ g / mL.
- FIG. 22 shows the procedure for blocking CD300a (MAIR-I) antigen in Balb / cWT mice.
- the thick line indicates the period of OVA sensitization. Arrows indicate the schedule of injection of each antibody.
- Serum total IgE was evaluated at the end of each sensitized week. Histological samples were collected after successive sensitization. Anti-rat CD300a (MAIR-I) antibody IgG2a ⁇ (TX41) and its isotype control antibody (TX74) were used for intravenous injection.
- MAIR-I MAIR-I antibody IgG2a ⁇
- TX74 isotype control antibody
- ELISA Peripheral blood is collected from the retro-orbital cavity using a plain glass hematocrit tube (Drummond Scientific Hook Company, Bloomall, Pennsylvania, USA) and centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 minutes. went.
- Serum was collected by cutting the tube and the whole serum was diluted with blocking serum before use in ELISA.
- ELISA experiments were performed according to the standard protocol for total IgE by BD Biosciences, California, USA.
- FIG. 21 shows the non-treated epidermis of WT mice, and (B) shows the OVA-sensitized epidermis of WT mice.
- WT mouse epidermis showed significantly immunopositive cells after OVA sensitization.
- the epidermis of CD300a gene-deficient mice showed no immunopositive reaction.
- Arrows in (B) indicate CD300a (MAIR-I) positive cells.
- the scale bar indicates 10 ⁇ m.
- Example 2I Treatment by administration of CD300a antibody (Fig. 23) (ELISA) As shown in FIG. 22, TX41 and TX74 were respectively administered to WT mice according to the above-described procedure, and IgE concentration as an index of atopic dermatitis was measured.
- FIG. 23 shows the serum total IgE concentration measured by the ELISA method. IgE values after OVA sensitization were higher in mice injected with TX74 than in mice injected with TX41.
- Example 2J Treatment by administration of anti-CD300a antibody (FIG. 24) As shown in FIG. 24, after OVA sensitization, WT mice injected with TX74 showed higher symptoms of scratching behavior than WT mice injected with TX41.
- H & E staining (FIG. 25) As shown in FIG. 25, H & E staining was performed on the skin section of each WT mouse of Example 2I. After OVA sensitization, the skin of WT mice injected with TX74 showed more epidermal hyperplasia and mononuclear cell infiltration than the skin of WT mice injected with TX41. In addition, the scale bar at the lower right of each photograph in FIG. 25 indicates 10 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 26 Toluidine blue staining (FIG. 26) As shown in FIG. 26, toluidine blue staining was performed on the skin of each WT mouse. After OVA sensitization, relatively more mast cells were observed in the skin of WT mice injected with TX71 than WT mice injected with TX41. As in FIG. 25, the scale bar indicates 10 ⁇ m.
- CD300a (MAIR-I) has an important function in atopic dermatitis, and the effect of TX41, which is an anti-CD300a antibody, as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis. confirmed.
- the bronchial lavage fluid was centrifuged to analyze the cell population from the surface marker by flow cytometry.
- Example 2N IgE value of CD300a gene-deficient mice Method: Asthma was induced as in Example 2M (Fig. 28). On the 25th day, serum was collected, and IgE, OVA specific IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2c, and IgG3 in the serum were measured by ELISA. Results: In the CD300a gene-deficient mice, IgE and OVA-specific IgG1 decreased as compared to wild-type mice, while IgG2b and IgG2c increased (FIGS. 31 to 35).
- the blood concentration of IgG2c, which is an index of immune response by Th1 cells is higher in CD300a gene-deficient mice than in WT mice, and Th1 cell immune responses are enhanced in CD300a gene-deficient mice compared to WT mice. As a result. This enhanced immune response of Th1 cells indicates that the immune response of Th2 cells was relatively reduced (FIG. 33).
- mice administered with TX41 antibody airway pressure upon inhalation of mesacholine was lower than in mice administered with control antibody, and the total number of cells in bronchial lavage fluid and the number of eosinophils Decreased (FIGS. 50 to 52). It can be seen that the TX41 antibody (anti-CD300a antibody) has the effect of reducing the pathology of asthma.
- Example 2S Confirmation of presence or absence of increase in regulatory T cells in mediastinal lymph node by administration of D89E MFG-E8 Method: Intraperitoneal administration of OVA 100 ⁇ g / aluminum hydrogel 100 ⁇ L to wild type mice On the 7th day, mediastinal lymph nodes were collected. At this time, D89E MFG-E8 or control protein (EPT MFG-E8) was intraperitoneally administered on the 1st and 2nd days. Mediastinal lymph node cells were isolated and stained, and the expression of intracellular transcription factors was analyzed by flow cytometry.
- mice had increased CD25-positive FOXP3-positive cells in CD4-positive cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes compared to control protein (EPT MFG-E8) -treated mice (FIG. 53). It has been suggested that D89E MFG-E8 has an effect of reducing the pathology of asthma by increasing Treg cells having various immunosuppressive functions.
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Abstract
Description
(i)CD300aのリガンドは、ホスファチジルセリン(フォスファチジルセリン、ホスホファチジルセリン)(PS)である。
(ii)PSがマスト細胞等のCD300aへ結合すると、CD300aの抑制性シグナル伝達が亢進し、マスト細胞等の活性化も抑制される。
(iii)ホスファチジルセリン結合性物質またはCD300a結合性物質が共存することにより、マスト細胞等のCD300aとPSとの結合が阻害されると、CD300aの抑制性シグナル伝達が抑制され、マスト細胞等の活性化も維持される。
(iv)上記の活性化の抑制または維持を通じて、アレルギー疾患などを治療できる。
(v)CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスは、アレルギー疾患の病態解析や医薬品の有効成分のスクリーニングなどを行うためのツールとなり得る。
[1] CD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害する物質を含有する、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を抑制するための活性調節剤を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする、アレルギー疾患を治療または予防するための医薬品。
[3] 前記ホスファチジルセリン結合性物質が、MFG-E8、MFG-E8変異体(D89E MFG-E8)、T細胞免疫グロブリン、可溶型TIM-1、可溶型TIM-4、可溶型スタビリンおよび可溶型インテグリンαvβ3からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種類である、[2]に記載の医薬品。
[5] 前記CD300a結合性物質が、配列番号3で表されるアミノ酸配列または当該アミノ酸配列に対して1,2,3,4または5個のアミノ酸の置換、付加、挿入または欠失を有するアミノ酸配列からなるH鎖可変領域と、配列番号4で表されるアミノ酸配列または当該アミノ酸配列に対して1,2,3,4または5個のアミノ酸の置換、付加、挿入または欠失を有するアミノ酸配列からなるL鎖可変領域とを有する、抗ヒトCD300a抗体である、[4]に記載の医薬品。
[8] アレルギー疾患について、病態解析を行うための、またはその治療薬もしくは予防薬の有効成分となりうる候補物質をスクリーニングするための、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの使用であって、
前記CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスを、アレルギー疾患を誘導させる物質を投与したときにアレルギー疾患を誘発しにくいモデルマウスとして使用することを特徴とする、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの使用。
CD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を亢進する物質を含有する、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を亢進するための活性調節剤の使用。
上記[1]に係る発明の別の側面として、CD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害し、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を抑制することを特徴とする、アレルギー疾患を治療または予防する方法が提供される。当該方法は、生体内(in vivo)、生体外(ex vivo, in vitro)を問わずに適用可能であり、また生体内で適用される場合、その生物種は、ヒトであるか、ヒト以外であるか(たとえばマウス等の哺乳類)であるかを問わない。
本発明における活性調節剤は、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を、抑制するためのものと、亢進するためのものを包含する。
本発明による第1の活性調節剤は、CD300aを介した抑制性シグナル伝達を抑制する作用を有する成分を含有する。本発明ではそのような成分として、ホスファチジルセリンとCD300aとの結合を阻害する物質、すなわちホスファチジルセリン結合性物質およびCD300a結合性物質を用いることができる。第1の活性調節剤は、これらの何れか一方を含んでいてもよいし、これら両方を含んでいてもよい。
第1の活性調節剤の一つであるホスファチジルセリン結合性物質は、CD300aのリガンドであるホスファチジルセリン(PS)に結合して、ホスファチジルセリンとミエロイド系細胞に発現したCD300aとの相互作用(結合)を阻害するものである限り特に限定されない。
また、上記「可溶型蛋白質」とは、膜蛋白質など、後述するような希釈剤や体液に対して不溶性である、ネイティブの蛋白質において、公知の遺伝子組み換えの技術によって、疎水性ドメインを削除したり、親水性のペプチドを付加したりして、希釈剤や体液に対して可溶性になるように改変した蛋白質を指す。
第1の活性調節剤の一つであるCD300a結合性物質は、CD300aに結合して、ミエロイド系細胞に発現したCD300aとホスファチジルセリンとの相互作用(結合)を阻害するものである限り特に限定されない。
TX41は抗マウスCD300aモノクローナル抗体(ラットIgG2a)であり、TX49は抗ヒトCD300aモノクローナル抗体(マウスIgG1)である。どちらも後記実施例において作成、使用されたモノクローナル抗体であり、CD300aとホスファチジルセリンとの結合を阻害してシグナル伝達を抑制する機能に優れているため、本発明におけるCD300a結合性物質として好ましい。ただし、本発明に用いることのできる抗CD300a抗体は、TX41、TX49およびこれらに類する(同等のアミノ酸配列からなる可変領域を有する)抗体に限定されるものではない。
たとえば、ヒトの定常領域を利用することにより、ヒトキメラ抗体として抗ヒトCD300a抗体を作製することは、好ましい実施形態の一つである。このような抗CD300a抗体は、公知の手法により作製することが可能である。
また、CD300aの遺伝子配列(DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank=INSD等のDNAデータベースから入手可能)を元に設計されたsiRNAにより、罹患部位におけるミエロイド系細胞におけるCD300aの発現を抑制することで、CD300a遺伝子を欠損させた状態またはCD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害した状態と同様に、上記の各種疾患に対する治療効果を得ることができる。換言すれば、CD300a遺伝子に対するsiRNAも、本発明におけるCD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害する物質の一種といえる。
本発明における第1の活性調節剤は、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を抑制するために使用することができる。この際、ミエロイド系細胞は、生体内にあるものであっても、生体外に分離されたものまたは生体外で培養されたものであってもよい。
第2の活性調節剤は、CD300aを介した抑制性シグナル伝達を亢進する(つまり、CD300aの活性シグナリングを抑制する)作用を有する成分を含有する。本発明ではそのような成分として、ホスファチジルセリンとCD300aとの結合を亢進する物質、特にCD300aのリガンドであるホスファチジルセリンを用いることができる。
ホスファチジルセリン(PS)は、ミエロイド系細胞に発現しているCD300aのリガンドであり、PSとCD300aとの相互作用(結合)によって、CD300a発現細胞の抑制性シグナリングが亢進する。たとえば、マスト細胞においては、この抑制性シグナリングを介して、ヒスタミンや、サイトカイン、ケモカインなどのケミカルメディエーターを放出するという、炎症反応に関連するマスト細胞の活性が抑制される。PSは工業的に生産されており、容易に入手することができる。
PSとマスト細胞におけるCD300aとの相互作用は、カルシウムイオンを必要とすることから、第2の活性調節剤は、電離によってカルシウムイオンを発生するカルシウム塩(たとえば、塩化カルシウム等)を含有することが好ましい。
本発明に係る第2の活性調節剤は、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を亢進するために使用することができる。この際、ミエロイド系細胞は、生体内にあるものであっても、生体外に分離されたものまたは生体外で培養により生産したものであってもよい。
本発明に係る医薬品(医薬組成物)は、上述したような活性調節剤を有効成分として含有し、必要に応じて薬学的に許容される各種の添加剤(たとえば担体)をさらに含有していてもよい。
本発明に係る医薬品は、必要に応じて、薬学的に許容され得る担体を含んでいてもよい。
CD300a発現細胞に対するホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害すると、好酸球性気道炎症を抑制し、総血清IgE濃度を低減することができる。したがって、第1の活性調節剤を有効成分として使用することにより、喘息に対する医薬品が得られる。
例えば、後記実施例に示すように、第1の活性調節剤の一つであるTX41の投与により、喘息患者における気道内圧と、気管支洗浄細胞の総細胞数およびこれに含まれる好酸球数を低下させて喘息の病態を軽減させることができるため、TX41を有効成分として使用することにより、喘息に対して有用な医薬品が得られる。
また、D89E MFG-E8の投与により炎症を抑制する制御性T細胞数が増加し、喘息の病態を軽減させることができるため、D89E MFG-E8も喘息治療用の医薬品の有効成分として有用である。
さらに、CD300aは、CD11b+CD11c+樹状細胞に強く発現するため、CD300aとともにCD11bおよび/またはCD11cを標的とするドラッグデリバリーシステム、たとえばTX41(抗CD300a抗体)と、抗CD11b抗体および/または抗CD11c抗体とが結合した親水性高分子(PEG等)を表面に有するリポソーム製剤も医薬品の一実施形態として挙げられる。
CD300a発現細胞に対するホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害すると、好酸球、マスト細胞(真皮内の皮膚ランゲリン陽性樹状細胞と相互作用し、CD4陽性T細胞を活性化することが知られている)および単核球の細胞浸潤や、表皮(繊維芽細胞)の過形成を抑制し、総血清IgE濃度を低減することができる。したがって、第1の活性調節剤を有効成分として使用することにより、アトピー性皮膚炎に対する医薬品が得られる。例えば、第1の活性調節剤の一つであるD89E MFG-E8を有効成分とすることで制御性T細胞数の増加による炎症抑制効果が高い医薬品が得られる。
現状、アトピー性皮膚炎の治療剤としてステロイド剤が広く用いられているが、抗かゆみ作用は不十分といわれており、また、タクロリムス等の免疫抑制剤も用いられているが、これら既存の薬剤の副作用も問題となっている。上記医薬品は、抗かゆみ作用を有し、副作用が少ない、喘息やアトピー性皮膚炎等のアレルギー疾患の新たな治療薬として期待できる。
<喘息に関する用途>
本発明で得られた知見により、CD300a欠損マウスに対して、喘息を誘導する物質(ダニ抗原、鶏卵白アルブミン等)を投与して喘息を誘導させた場合、野生のマウスよりも喘息の症状、病態が軽度である。
例えば、後記実施例に示すように、鶏卵白アルブミン(OVA)で喘息を誘導した場合に、CD300a欠損マウスでは、野生型マウスに比べて、気道抵抗および気管支洗浄細胞(特に好酸球、樹状細胞、B細胞、T細胞)の数が減少するとともに、縦隔リンパ節の大きさ及び細胞数、免疫応答の抑制的制御(免疫寛容)を司る制御性T細胞(Treg)の数、IgG2bの量、およびIgG2cの量が有意に増加し、IgEと鶏卵白アルブミン(OVA)特異的IgG1が有意に減少する。そのようなCD300a欠損マウスに認められる、そのような喘息の症状の軽さを示す指標、あるいは喘息の症状の軽さとは一見関係性が不明な指標について、どのようなメカニズム(野生型マウスとの相違)によってもたらされているか、さらにそのようなメカニズムに関連している因子は何なのかといったことを解析することは有用である。
本発明で得られた知見により、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスに対して、アトピー性皮膚炎を誘導する物質(ダニ抗原、鶏卵白アルブミン等)を投与した場合、野生のマウスよりもアトピー性皮膚炎の症状が緩和される。
本発明のCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスは、染色体上のCD300a遺伝子が不活性型CD300a遺伝子に置換されたことにより、CD300aタンパク質の機能が欠損したマウスである。
1.調製例
(1)CD300a-Fc融合タンパク質、MFG-E8およびD89E MFG-E8の調製
(1-1) ヒトIgGのFc部位を有するCD300aの融合タンパク質(CD300a-Fc)を、下記文献25に記載されているように、マウスまたはヒトCD300aの細胞外ドメイン全体をコードする遺伝子のcDNAとヒトIgG1Fcをコードする遺伝子のcDNAとを含むキメラcDNAから調製した。なお、上記融合タンパク質において、CD300aの細胞外ドメインが、マウス由来のものおよびヒト由来のものを、それぞれ「マウスCD300a-Fc」および「ヒトCD300a-Fc」と称する。
(1-3) D89E MFG-E8は、下記文献4に記載されているように、MFG-E8のRGDモチーフに部位特異的突然変異を導入して得られたMFG-E8の変異体である。
本実施例で使用されたノックアウトマウスは、以下のように作製あるいは提供されたものである。
野生型アレル中のCd300a遺伝子のエクソン1~6を、細菌人工染色体(BAC)システムを用いて、ネオマイシン耐性遺伝子カセット(PGK-GB2-neo)で置き換え、標的化アレル(変異型アレル)を調製した(図3A)。次いで、常法に従い、キメラマウスを得、さらに該キメラマウスと野生型マウスとを交配させて、子マウス(ヘテロ接合体(+/-))を得、さらに子マウス同士を交配させて、孫マウスを得た。
さらにCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスに、CD300aが発現していないことを確認するために、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス由来の細胞を抗CD300a抗体を用いたウエスタンブロット分析に供した。図3Cに示されるように、野生型マウスでは、約50kDaにCD300aに由来するバンドが示される一方で、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスでは、このバンドは検出されなかった。
C57BL/6J-kitW-sh/W-shマウス(以下、「kitW-sh/W-shマウス」または「マスト細胞欠損マウス」)は、理研バイオリソースセンター(日本国つくば市)から提供されたものである。なお、該マウスは、マスト細胞を欠損したマウスであること(下記文献21)および、アポトーシス性のDNA断片化を経ずに、貪食細胞によってDNAが取り込まれた後に、貪食細胞内でDNAの分解が生じることが知られている(下記文献12)。
下記文献30の記載に基づき、クロドン酸リポソームおよびコントロール用PBSリポソーム(Encapsula NanoSciences)を調製した。次いで、CLP後24時間目に、これらのリポソーム0.5mLをマウス腹腔内に注入して、マクロファージを除去した。
なお、本実施例におけるマウスを用いた調製および評価試験の実施は何れも、筑波大学生命科学動物資源センター動物倫理員会作製のガイドラインを遵守したものである。
各種抗体の購入先および調製方法を下記表1に示す。
各種細胞は、以下のように調製されたものである。
(i)骨髄由来マスト細胞(BMMC)
マウス骨髄細胞2×108個を、10cmmディッシュにて、細胞増殖因子(SCF)(10ng/mL)、IL-3(4ng/mL)および仔牛血清(FBS)(10%)を含むコンプリートRPMI1649メディウム中で5週間以上培養して骨髄由来マスト細胞(BMMC)を調製した。BMMCは、毎週新しいメディウムで継代した。調製されたBMMCのうち、95%超は、フローサイトメトリー分析によって、c-Kit+FcεRI+細胞であることが示された。
マウス骨髄細胞2×106細胞を、10cmmディッシュにて、M-CSF(10ng/mL)および仔牛血清(FBS)(10%)を含むコンプリートRPMI1649メディウム中で1週間培養して骨髄由来マクロファージ(BMMφ)を調製した。
常法に基づいて、Flagタグ付きCD300aのcDNAまたはFlagタグ付きCD300dのcDNAを含むpMX-neoレトロウイルスベクタープラスミドを調製した。
以下に、評価方法の条件を記載する。なお、生存試験においては、カプラン・マイヤーログランク検定(Kaplan-Meier log-rank test)を用い、その他の評価試験においては、アンペアード・スチューデントt検定(unpaired Student's t test)を用いて統計学分析を行った。P<0.05を統計学的有意差とみなした。
(i)結合アッセイ
細胞を、2%FBSを含むリン酸緩衝液中、1mMCaCl2の存在下または非存在下でCD300aまたはコントロール用ヒトIgGを用いて30分間染色し、同一の緩衝液で2回洗浄して、FITC結合型のヤギ抗ヒトIgGのF(ab')2フラグメントとともにインキュベートした。次いで、アネキシンVで染色するために、細胞を、140mM NaClおよび2.5mMCaCl2を含む10mM HEPES-NaOH緩衝液中で、アネキシンVとともに15分室温でインキュベートした。
細胞を、マウスCD300aに対するモノクローナル抗体(TX41)、コントロール用アイソタイプの抗体またはMFG-E8とともに、30分間プレインキュベートした後、上記結合アッセイのように、CD300a-Fcで染色した。また、CD300a-Fcがリン脂質へ結合したか否かを分析するために、PIPストリップアッセイ(Echelon Biosciences社製)を製造元の取扱説明書に準拠して実施した。
マウスの腹膜灌流液の段階希釈液をプレーティングして、該希釈液をブレインハートインフュージョン(BHI)寒天を含むプレート上で、37℃、48時間培養した。次いで、好気性細菌のCFUを、下記文献27に記載されているように、腹膜灌流液1mL中のコロニー数を計測して算出した。
[参考例1A]
各種造血幹細胞系列細胞株または腫瘍細胞系列細胞株におけるマウスCD300aリガンドの発現を確認するために、以下のような試験を行った。
また、マウスCD300a-Fcの代わりにコントロール用ヒトIgG(1μg)を用いたこと以外は上記試験方法と同様にして、対照試験も実施した。
マウスCD300a-Fcが、死細胞の一種であるアポトーシス細胞に結合するか否かを検証するために、以下のような試験を行った。
また、塩化カルシウムを含むメディウムの代わりに塩化カルシウムを含まないメディウムを用いたこと以外は、上記試験条件と同様にして、フローサイトメトリーを用いた分析に供した(結果:図2B)。
本試験結果から、マウスCD300aは、カルシウムイオン依存的に、アポトーシス細胞に結合することが理解できる。
参考例1Bで得られたアポトーシス細胞(細胞数2X105)を、マウスCD300a-Fc(1μg)、APC結合型アネキシンV(BD Pharmingen社製)(1μl)、コントロール用ヒトIgG1(1μg)および塩化カルシウム(1mM)を含むメディウム(PBS)中で20℃、30分間インキュベートし、次いで、FITC結合型抗ヒトIgG抗体(0.1μg)およびヨウ化プロピジウム(PI)(1μg)を含む緩衝液を用いて染色した。
また、「MFG-E8」は、フォスファチジルセリン(PS)とαvβ3インテグリンとの両方に結合し、アポトーシス細胞とαvβ3インテグリンを発現する貪食細胞(phagocyte)とを架橋することが知られている(下記文献4)。
この点を鑑みると、マウスCD300a-Fcは、PSに対する結合性を有すること(CD300aのリガンドはPSであること)が示唆される。
ヒトCD300aも、マウスCD300aと同様に、アポトーシス細胞に結合するのか否かを検証すべく、以下の試験を行った。
メンブレン(PIP-strip(Echelon Bioscience社製))に、各種リン脂質(PS、PC、PE)(100 pmol)を含む液(試料液)をスポットして、該メンブレン上に各種リン脂質を吸着させた。
一部のPS結合性受容体は、貪食細胞において発現し、生理学的および病理的状況下で、アポトーシス細胞の除去に関与することが知られている(下記文献4~9)。
CAD欠損マウスに由来する胸腺細胞を、参考例1Bと同様にして、アポトーシス胸腺細胞を調製した。
マスト細胞は、公知のPS受容体(TIM-1、TIM-4、スタビリン2、インテグリンαvβ3)を発現するか否かを検証するために、以下の試験を行った。
図5Aおよび図5Bを参照すると、マクロファージの場合とは異なって、マスト細胞は、CD300aおよびαvβ3インテグリンを発現するものの、貪食作用に関与するPS受容体であるTIM-1、TIM-4およびスタビリン2を低いレベルでしか発現していないことが分かる。
NIH3T3形質転換体(CD300a)(細胞数6X104)を、FITCで標識化した細胞(アポトーシス胸腺細胞または胸腺細胞(生細胞))とともに、2時間共培養し、PBSで洗浄した後、光学顕微鏡(Keyence社製、BZ-9000)で分析した(結果:図4B)。
参考例2A~Cの結果から、CD300aは、マクロファージによるアポトーシス細胞の貪食作用に関与しないことが理解できる。
図5に示すように、マスト細胞は、CD300aを発現するものの、マクロファージとは異なって、PS受容体であるTIM-1、TIM-4、スタビリンを発現しない。
CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの骨髄細胞(BM細胞)2×108個を10cmmディッシュにて、細胞増殖因子(SCF)(10ng/mL)、IL-3(4ng/mL)および仔牛血清(FBS)(10%)を含むコンプリートRPMI1649メディウム中で4週間培養して、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの骨髄由来のマスト細胞(BMMC)を調製した。なお、BMMCは、毎週新しいメディウムで継代した。
まず、対数増殖期における各BMMC1×105細胞~2×105細胞を、ゼラチン(Sigma社製)でコートされた24穴プレート中で37℃、一昼夜培養し、ビオチン結合型マウス抗トリニトロフェノールIgE(0.5mg/mL)を含み、サプリメントを含まないメディウム中において、37℃、1時間インキュベートした。
すなわち、骨髄細胞からの分化やFceRI介在性の脱顆粒化には、CD300aは影響を与えるものではないことが分かる。
CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス由来のBMMCおよび、参考例1Bで得られたアポトーシス細胞(BMMC:アポトーシス細胞=10:1(細胞数比))を、塩化カルシウム(1mM)、APC結合型アネキシンV(1μl)、CD300a-Fc(1μg/mL)およびMFG-E8(5μg)を含むPBS中で20℃、30分間インキュベートし、次いで、FITC結合型抗ヒトIgG抗体(0.1μg/mL)およびヨウ化プロピジウム(PI)(1μg)を含む緩衝液を用いて染色した。
BMMCおよびアポトーシス細胞が共存する場合、LPS(リポポリサッカリド)の刺激によって、各種サイトカインの放出量が変化するか否かを検証すべく、以下のような試験を行った。
さらに、各BMMCの細胞内中の各種サイトカインおよびケモカインの増加率を検証すべく、以下の試験を行った。
D89E MFG-E8は、RGDモチーフにおいて点変異(D89E)を含むMFG-E8のバリアント(変異体)であり、PSに結合するが、αvβ3インテグリンに結合しないという結合特性を有する。
CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス由来のBMMCおよびアポトーシス細胞を含むメディウム中に、LPSとともにD89E MFG-E8(5μg/mL)を添加したこと以外は、参考例3Cと同様にして、TNF-α、IL-13、MCP-1およびIL-6を定量した(結果:図7C「CD300a-/-」)。
CD300aは、細胞内部位において免疫受容抑制性チロシンモチーフ(ITIM)を有し、抗CD300a抗体で架橋されると、SHP-1が誘導されることが知られている(下記文献14)。
この結果からも分かるように、BMMCがアポトーシス細胞と共培養された場合、LPS刺激に応答して、SHP-1を誘導(リクルート)することが分かる。しかしながら、D89E MFG-E8の存在下においては、CD300aはSHP-1をリクルートしなかった。
すなわち、LPS刺激の応答に対するCD300aによるSHP-1の誘導(リクルート)には、PSがCD300aへ結合することが必要であると考えられる。
SHP-1が、CD300a介在性のシグナリングに関与しているかどうかを調べるために、まず、野生型マウス由来のBMMCにおいて、siRNAでPtpn6(SHP-1遺伝子)をノックアウトして、SHP-1欠損(Ptpn6-KD)野生型マウス由来のBMMCを以下の条件で作製した。また、同様にして、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス由来BMMCからSHP-1欠損(Ptpn6-KD)CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス由来のBMMCを作製した。
マスト細胞が産生するTNF-α、IL-3およびMCP-1は、好中球の化学誘引物質であり、CLP腹膜炎マウスにおいて、細菌クリアランスに重要な役割を果たすことが知られている(下記文献15~19)。
そこで、CD300aが細菌クリアランス機能を有するか否かを検討するために、下記参考例4A~4Hを行った。
野生型マウスの盲腸(腹側域)上において、1~2cmの正中線切開を実施し、その末端部を結紮した。次いで、結紮部位において、27ゲージ針を用いて2回穿刺した後、該盲腸を腹部に戻し、無菌食塩水1mLを皮下注射して補水した後、切開部を縫合して切開部分を閉じた。なお、上記のCLPの詳細内容・条件は、下記文献16に記載されている。
すなわち、CD300aは、膜炎部位のマスト細胞の免疫制御に影響を与えることが示唆される。
CD300aとマスト細胞の免疫制御との関係を検証すべく、以下のようにプロテオーム解析を行った。
CLP実施から4時間経過後、各マウスの腹膜灌流液を採取して、採取された腹膜灌流液を、製造元の説明書に準拠して、Proteome Profiler Array(R&D Systems社製)を用いてサイトカインおよびケモカインのプロテオーム解析に供した。
図9Bに示されるように、CLP後4時間目において、腹腔内のケモカインの濃度は、野生型マウスよりもkitW-sh/W-shマウスにおいて高いことが分かる。なお、本試験は、2回実施しても同様の結果が得られた。
参考例4Bと同様にして、野生型マウスおよびマスト細胞欠損マウス(kitW-sh/W-shマウス)から腹膜灌流液を採取した(各n=3)。
さらに、野生型マウスまたはマスト細胞欠損マウス(kitW-sh/W-shマウス)からBM由来マクロファージを調製した。これらのマクロファージ(細胞数:1X106)を、フルオレセイン標識化大腸菌を含むメディウム中で、24穴プレートで1時間共培養し、フローサイトメトリーで大腸菌を貪食した各マクロファージの細胞数を測定し、貪食しているマクロファージの比率を算出した(結果:図11「BM macrophage」)。
CD300aが好中球の誘導(リクルート)に関与するか否かを検証するために、以下の実施例を行った。
BMMCをマスト細胞欠損マウス(KitW-sh/W-shマウス)の腹腔内に投与することで、TNF-αの放出量が増加するか否かを検証するために、以下の実施例を行った。
抗CD300aモノクローナル抗体(TX41)を投与した場合、CD300aにおいてどのような影響があるのかを検証するために、以下のような実施例を行った。
参考例4Fにおける、CLP後4時間目の各マウスから腹膜灌流液を採取した。得られた腹膜灌流液を用いて、参考例4Cと同様にして、細菌CFUおよび好中球の細胞数を測定した(コントロール用抗体:n=5および、抗CD300aモノクローナル抗体:n=5)(それぞれ図12Fおよび図12G)。
図12Fおよび図12Gに示されるように、CLP実施の1時間または18時間前において野生型マウスに腹腔内注射によってTX41を投与した場合、腹腔内において、有意に好中球の細胞数は増加し、細菌クリアランスも向上した。
なお、生理的状況下においては、多くの細胞がアポトーシスに至っている。ここで、アポトーシス細胞の取り込みには、PS受容体は中心的な役割を果たし、自己免疫疾患の進展を防ぐのに必須なものである(下記文献22)。
(材料と方法)
(マウス)
C57BL/6Jマウスはクレア日本社より購入した。CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス(CD300a-/-マウス)は、当研究室で作成したBalb/cのCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスと、購入したWT C57BL/6Jマウスとを12世代交配し、バッククロスを行うことにより得た。喘息の誘導開始時にはいずれも8-10週の雄または雌マウスを用いた。
図13Aに、鶏卵白アルブミンで誘導喘息のプロトコールを示す。喘息誘導開始から0、7、14日目に、100μgの鶏卵白アルブミン(OVA、鶏卵のアルブミン, シグマ社製)と100μLのアルミニウム水酸化物ゲル (ALUM、ALhydrogel 2%, インビトロジェン社製)を混和したものを各マウスに腹腔内注射した。
(気管支肺胞洗浄BAL)
マウスの気管を切開し、1mLの2%FBS/PBSで3回洗浄し、洗浄液を回収し、細胞数を測定した。図13AおよびBに示すように、喘息誘導開始から25日目の各マウスの肺胞洗浄液(BAL液)中の細胞数は、総細胞数について、好酸球数についても、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの方がWTマウスよりも有意に少なかった。この結果は、CD300aが卵白アルブミン(OVA)による好酸球性気道炎症を増悪させており、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスは好酸球性気道炎症の症状が改善されることを示している。
回収した気管支肺胞洗浄液から1×106個の細胞をCD45.2-FITC、Siglec-F-PE、CD11b-APCCy7、CD11c-PECCy7、F4/80-Alexa(いずれも購入,BD)で染色し、 CD45+SiglecF-CD11b+CD11c-F4/80-を好酸球分画としてフローサイトメトリー(FACS)にて解析した。
血清IgEの測定はラット抗マウスIgE(BD)とビオチン化抗マウスIgE(BD)を用いて、ELISA法にて測定した。
CD300aがアトピー性皮膚にどのように関与しているのか、調べた。
以下、材料と方法、および各実施例を示す。
Balb/cマウスは、Clea社から、購入し、承認された飼育舎条件下、発明者らの実験室で飼育した。本研究に用いたマウスのうち、8匹はCD300a(MAIR-I)遺伝子欠損であり、他の8匹のマウスはBalb/c種の野生型(WT:Wild Type)のマウスであった。実験期間中、各マウスは餌および水を自由に与えられ、通常の実験室条件で維持された。
各マウスに対し、イソフルラン(マイラン制約株式会社、大阪、日本)により穏やかに麻酔を行った後、電気シェーバーで背部の剃毛を行った。各マウスにつき背面皮膚の一箇所(1cm2)に、粘着性セロファンテープを用いて、少なくとも10回テープストリッピングを行った。
擦過行動数は、第1~3週の各週の終わりに各マウスを注意深く観察することにより、30分間カウントすることにより計測した。
組織学的観察のために、各マウスのOVA感作部位の皮膚を採取した。採取した全ての皮膚のサンプルを小さな組織ブロックにカットし、4%のパラホルムアルデヒドに4℃で24時間浸漬した。
組織初見の評価は、表皮厚(細胞層)、好酸球、単核細胞およびマスト細胞の浸潤、繊維芽細胞の過形成のレベルについて行った。
図15に各マウスの30分毎の擦過行動数を示す。そう痒症(発疹がないのに、かゆみだけがある疾患)は、アトピー性皮膚炎の一般的な条件である。したがって、OVA感作時に擦過行動数を慎重に30分間、それぞれの動物を観察することによってカウントし、これに基づいて評価している。
OVA感作をした各マウスの皮膚について観察した。
図16(A)にWTマウスでOVA感作をしなかったマウスの皮膚を示す。鶏卵白アルブミン感作を行わなかったWTマウス未処理では、真皮で細胞浸潤は見られず、薄い表皮が観察される。なお、図16の下側のパネルは、上段の矩形領域の拡大図を示している。また、太いバーの長さは、10μmを示す。
図16(D)に示すように、OVA感作後のCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの皮膚では、驚くべきことに、表皮の厚さは増加したが、表皮の過形成は観察されなかった。さらに、その真皮では、細胞浸潤や線維芽細胞の過形成が認められなかった。
図17に示すように、すべてのマウスの皮膚サンプルでトルイジンブルー染色を行った。トルイジンブルー染色は、マスト細胞の細胞内顆粒を好適に染色する染色法である。
図17に示すように、OVA感作後、WTマウスの皮膚でマスト細胞の数の増加が観察され、表皮もCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスに比較してより厚くなった。
すべてのマウスの皮膚サンプルで表皮内の細胞層数を計数した(図18A参照)。OVA感作後、WTマウスで最も多い細胞層数を示した。これに対して、OVA感作を行ったCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスでは、その半数以下であった。
図18Bに示すように、全てのマウスの表皮サンプルで真皮内に浸潤したアトピー性皮膚炎の指標である好酸球数とマスト細胞数の計測を行った。鶏卵白アルブミン感作後のWTマウスの表皮で最も多い細胞数が観測された。
したがって、OVA感作の後において、WTマウスは、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスと比べて、アトピー性皮膚炎の特徴がより重度に表れる。
連続皮膚切片上のCD300a(MAIR-I)およびランゲリン抗原の検出を行うために、酵素免疫組織化学の1工程または2工程の方法を行った。まず、全ての切片を0.05%Tween添加リン酸緩衝食塩水(TPBS,pH7.4)で3回すすいだ。その後、これらを冷無水メタノールおよび0.5%H2O2にそれぞれ30分ずつ浸漬した。
各マウスの表皮について、免疫染色時の樹状細胞マーカーであるランゲリンについて、陽性であるか否かを調べた。ランゲリンは、ランゲルハンス細胞に発現するC型レクチンの1つであり,真皮樹状細胞の一部にも発現し、抗原認識と取り込み、細胞内の抗原輸送を担うバーベック顆粒(Birbeck granules)の形成に関与する。
図19(A)は、未処理(OVA感作なし)のWTマウスの表皮を示す。図19(B)は、OVA感作をしたWTマウスの表皮を示す。図19(C)は、未処理のCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの表皮を示す。図19(D)は、OVA感作をしたCD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの表皮を示す。なお、a、b、cおよびdは、それぞれ上段の図面の矩形領域を拡大した図である。
ランゲリン抗体の免疫陽性をトルイジンブルーによるカウンター染色で評価した。WTマウスの皮膚は、真皮内のランゲリン陽性細胞数の増加を示した。真皮では、いくつかのランゲリン陽性細胞はマスト細胞と相互作用していた。マスト細胞は紫色に染色されている。スケールバーは10μmを示す。
したがって、このことから、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの皮膚と比べてWTマウスの皮膚においてアトピー性皮膚炎が重度に発現することを導き出すことができる。これらの結果から、CD300a(MAIR-I)がアトピー性皮膚炎において重要な働きを有していることが示唆される。
(抗CD300a(MAIR-I)抗体での処置)
本実験では、6匹の7週齢Balb/cマウスを使用した。図22に示したプロトコールに従い、6動物のうち3動物については、抗CD300a(MAIR-I)ラットIgG 2aλ(TX41)を静注し、残りの3動物については、ラットIgG 2aλコントロール抗体(TX74)を静注した。これらの抗体は、両方とも、発明者らの実験室で調製しチェックした。「TX74」は、TX41のアイソタイプコントロール抗体であり、以下に示すように中和作用を有さない抗体である。抗体の稀釈は滅菌PBSを用いて行い、抗体濃度1600μg/mLにて150μLを一度に注射した。
図22に、Balb/cWTマウスでCD300a(MAIR-I)抗原をブロックする手順を示す。太い線は、OVA感作の期間を示す。矢印は、各抗体の注射の日程を示す。
末梢血を、プレーン(plain)のガラス製ヘマトクリット管(ドラモンド サイエンティフック カンパニー,ブルームオール,ペンシルバニア,米国)を用いて後眼窩洞 (retro-orbital cavity)から採取し、12000rpmで5分間遠心分離を行った。
(ELISA)
図22に示すようにWTマウスに対して、それぞれTX41とTX74を上述した手順に従って投与し、アトピー性皮膚炎の指標であるIgE濃度を測定した。
図23に、ELISA法により測定した血清総IgE濃度を示す。OVA感作後のIgE値は、TX41を注射したマウスより、TX74を注射したマウスの方が高かった。
図24に示すように、OVA感作後、TX74を注射したWTマウスは、TX41を注射したWTマウスより高い擦過行動の症状を示した。
図25に示すように、実施例2Iの各WTマウスの皮膚切片でH&E染色を行った。OVA感作後、TX74を注射されたWTマウスの皮膚は、TX41を注射されたWTマウスの皮膚よりも表皮の過形成および単核細胞の浸潤を示した。なお、図25の各写真右下のスケールバーは10μmを示す。
図26に示すように、各WTマウスの皮膚について、トルイジンブルー染色を行った。OVA感作後、TX41を注射したWTマウスよりも、TX71を注射したWTマウスの皮膚の方が、相対的に多くのマスト細胞が観測された。図25と同様に、スケールバーは10μmを示す。
全IgEおよび擦過行動数は、TX41を注射されたマウスよりもTX74を注射されたマウスの方が高かった(図23および図24参照)。表皮厚、浸潤細胞数、線維芽細胞数および肥満細胞数もまた、TX41を注射されたマウスよりもTX74を注射されたマウスの方が高かった(図25および図26参照)。
方法:CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス及び野生型マウスにOVA100μg/アルミニウムハイドロゲル(aluminium hydrogel)100μLとしたものを0,7,14日目に腹腔内投与し、21,22、23日目に10%OVA/PBSとした噴霧液を鼻腔投与して喘息を誘導した(図28)。25日目にメサコリンを吸入させ、高性能呼吸機能解析システム(プライムテック株式会社製「FLexivent(TM)」)にて気道内圧を測定した。また、PBS 3mLにて気管支を洗浄し、洗浄液を回収した。気管支洗浄液は細胞を遠心分離し、フローサイトメトリー法にて表面マーカーから細胞集団を解析した。
結果:CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスでは野生型マウスと比較して、メサコリンを吸入させた際の気道内圧が低下しており(図29)、また、気管支洗浄液中の総細胞数、及び好酸球数が低下していた(図30)。CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスは野生型マウスに比べて喘息の病態が軽減されていることが分かる。
方法:実施例2Mと同様に喘息を誘導した(図28)。25日目に血清を回収し、血清中のIgE, OVA特異的IgG1,IgG2b, IgG2c, IgG3をELISA法にて測定した。
結果:CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスでは野生型マウスと比較して、IgE, OVA特異的IgG1が低下しており、一方で、IgG2b, IgG2cの増加が認められた(図31~図35)。
Th2細胞による免疫応答の指標であるIgEおよびOVA特異的IgG1が低下したことは、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスではTh2細胞の誘導が減ってアレルギー反応が軽減されることを示している(図31、図32)。
また、Th1細胞による免疫応答の指標であるIgG2cの血中濃度については、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの方がWTマウスよりも高く、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスではTh1細胞の免疫反応がWTマウスよりも増強される結果となった。このTh1細胞の免疫反応の増強は、Th2細胞の免疫反応が相対的に低減されたことを示している(図33)。
方法:CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス及び野生型マウスにOVA100μg/アルミニウムヒドロゲル(aluminium hydrogel)100μLとしたものを腹腔内投与して3日目に縦隔リンパ節を採取し、細胞を単離して細胞数を測定した。
結果:CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスでは野生型マウスと比較して、縦隔リンパ節の腫大が認められ(図36)、その細胞数も増加していた(図37)。
方法:CD300a遺伝子欠損マウス及び野生型マウスにOVA100μg/アルミニウムハイドロゲル(aluminium hydrogel)100μLとしたものを腹腔内投与して7日目に縦隔リンパ節を採取した。細胞を単離して染色し、細胞内転写因子の発現をフローサイトメトリー法にて解析した。
結果:CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスでは野生型マウスと比較して、縦隔リンパ節におけるCD4陽性細胞中のCD25陽性FOXP3陽性細胞、つまりCD4+CD25+FOXP3+Treg細胞が増加していた(図38~図40)。各種の免疫抑制機能を有するTreg細胞が増加していることは、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスが野生型マウスより免疫機能が抑制された状態にあり、結果的に喘息の病態が軽減されることが示唆されている。
方法:脾臓、及び縦隔リンパ節におけるCD300aの発現をフローサイトメトリー法にて解析した。
結果:CD300aは、野生型マウスの脾臓細胞および縦隔リンパ節細胞のいずれにおいても、CD11b陽性CD11c陽性細胞で強い発現が認められた(図41~図48)。
方法:野生型マウスにOVA100μg/アルミニウムハイドロゲル(aluminium hydrogel) 100μLとしたものを0日目、7日目、14日目に腹腔内投与し、21日目、22日目、23日目に10%OVA/PBSとした噴霧液を鼻腔投与して喘息を誘導した(図49)。この際、0、3、7、10日目にTX41抗体もしくはコントロールIgG抗体を300μgずつ腹腔内投与した。25日目にメサコリンを吸入させ、高性能呼吸機能解析システム(プライムテック株式会社製「FLexivent(TM)」)にて気道内圧を測定した。また、PBS 3mLにて気管支を洗浄し、洗浄液を回収した。気管支洗浄液は細胞を遠心分離し、フローサイトメトリー法にて好酸球数を解析した。
結果:TX41抗体を投与したマウスではコントロール抗体を投与したマウスと比較して、メサコリンを吸入させた際の気道内圧が低下しており、また、気管支洗浄液中の総細胞数、及び好酸球数が低下していた(図50~図52)。TX41抗体(抗CD300a抗体)は喘息の病態を軽減する効果を有することが分かる。
方法:野生型マウスにOVA100μg/アルミニウムハイドロゲル(aluminium hydrogel) 100μLとしたものを腹腔内投与して7日目に縦隔リンパ節を採取した。この際、1、2日目にD89E MFG-E8もしくはコントロールタンパク質(EPT MFG-E8)を100μg腹腔内投与した。縦隔リンパ節の細胞を単離して染色し、細胞内転写因子の発現をフローサイトメトリー法にて解析した。
結果:D89E MFG-E8投与マウスではコントロールタンパク質(EPT MFG-E8)投与マウスと比較して、縦隔リンパ節におけるCD4陽性細胞中のCD25陽性FOXP3陽性細胞が増加していた(図53)。D89E MFG-E8は、各種の免疫抑制機能を有するTreg細胞を増加させることで、喘息の病態を軽減する効果を有することが示唆されている。
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Claims (9)
- CD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害する物質を含有する、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を抑制するための活性調節剤を有効成分として含有することを特徴とする、アレルギー疾患を治療または予防するための医薬品。
- 前記CD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害する物質がホスファチジルセリン結合性物質である、請求項1に記載の医薬品。
- 前記ホスファチジルセリン結合性物質が、MFG-E8、MFG-E8変異体(D89E MFG-E8)、T細胞免疫グロブリン、可溶型TIM-1、可溶型TIM-4、可溶型スタビリンおよび可溶型インテグリンαvβ3からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種類である、請求項2に記載の医薬品。
- 前記CD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を阻害する物質がCD300a結合性物質である、請求項1に記載の医薬品。
- 前記CD300a結合性物質が、配列番号3で表されるアミノ酸配列または当該アミノ酸配列に対して1,2,3,4または5個のアミノ酸の置換、付加、挿入または欠失を有するアミノ酸配列からなるH鎖可変領域と、配列番号4で表されるアミノ酸配列または当該アミノ酸配列に対して1,2,3,4または5個のアミノ酸の置換、付加、挿入または欠失を有するアミノ酸配列からなるL鎖可変領域とを有する、抗ヒトCD300a抗体である、請求項4に記載の医薬品。
- 前記CD300a結合性物質が、配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列または当該アミノ酸配列に対して1,2,3,4または5個のアミノ酸の置換、付加、挿入または欠失を有するアミノ酸配列からなるH鎖可変領域と、配列番号2で表されるアミノ酸配列または当該アミノ酸配列に対して1,2,3,4または5個のアミノ酸の置換、付加、挿入または欠失を有するアミノ酸配列からなるL鎖可変領域とを有する、抗マウスCD300a抗体である、請求項4に記載の医薬品。
- 前記アレルギー疾患が、アトピー性皮膚炎または喘息である、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の医薬品。
- アレルギー疾患について、病態解析を行うための、またはその治療薬もしくは予防薬の有効成分となりうる候補物質をスクリーニングするための、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの使用であって、
前記CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスを、アレルギー疾患を誘導させる物質を投与したときにアレルギー疾患を誘発しにくいモデルマウスとして使用することを特徴とする、CD300a遺伝子欠損マウスの使用。 - アレルギー疾患について、病態解析を行う際、またはその治療薬もしくは予防薬の有効成分となりうる候補物質をスクリーニングする際の、比較解析用のツールとしての、
CD300aとホスファチジルセリンの結合を亢進する物質を含有する、CD300aを発現するミエロイド系細胞の抑制性シグナル伝達を亢進するための活性調節剤の使用。
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WO2019107445A1 (ja) * | 2017-11-30 | 2019-06-06 | 国立大学法人筑波大学 | 活性調節剤 |
Also Published As
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JP6226333B2 (ja) | 2017-11-08 |
US20150299332A1 (en) | 2015-10-22 |
JPWO2014073529A1 (ja) | 2016-09-08 |
EP2918289A4 (en) | 2016-06-15 |
EP2918289A1 (en) | 2015-09-16 |
US9850309B2 (en) | 2017-12-26 |
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