WO2014026538A1 - Double dispositif de refroidissement de recirculation des gaz d'échappement - Google Patents

Double dispositif de refroidissement de recirculation des gaz d'échappement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014026538A1
WO2014026538A1 PCT/CN2013/080351 CN2013080351W WO2014026538A1 WO 2014026538 A1 WO2014026538 A1 WO 2014026538A1 CN 2013080351 W CN2013080351 W CN 2013080351W WO 2014026538 A1 WO2014026538 A1 WO 2014026538A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
pressure end
gas recirculation
valve seat
cooler
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/CN2013/080351
Other languages
English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
王玉军
段昭
李祎旻
刘正东
曹震
逄小凤
Original Assignee
上海汽车集团股份有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 上海汽车集团股份有限公司 filed Critical 上海汽车集团股份有限公司
Priority to GB1502089.4A priority Critical patent/GB2520647B/en
Publication of WO2014026538A1 publication Critical patent/WO2014026538A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/42—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories having two or more EGR passages; EGR systems specially adapted for engines having two or more cylinders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
    • F02M26/24—Layout, e.g. schematics with two or more coolers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/29—Constructional details of the coolers, e.g. pipes, plates, ribs, insulation or materials
    • F02M26/30—Connections of coolers to other devices, e.g. to valves, heaters, compressors or filters; Coolers characterised by their location on the engine
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
    • F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
    • F02M26/29—Constructional details of the coolers, e.g. pipes, plates, ribs, insulation or materials
    • F02M26/32—Liquid-cooled heat exchangers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
    • F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
    • F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
    • F02M26/06—Low pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger turbine and reintroduced into the intake system upstream of the compressor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

Definitions

  • Double exhaust gas recirculation cooling device Double exhaust gas recirculation cooling device
  • the present invention relates to the field of automobile engines, and more particularly to a Twin Exhaust Gas Recirculation (TWIN EGR) cooling device.
  • TWIN EGR Twin Exhaust Gas Recirculation
  • Exhaust gas recirculation technology can reduce the temperature of the exhaust gas, increase the density of the recirculated exhaust gas, and have a significant effect on the reduction of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas.
  • the exhaust gas recirculation cooler generally uses a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation scheme.
  • the engine emissions need to reach the Euro 6 level, some technical routes will increase the low-pressure exhaust gas recirculation to meet the new regulatory requirements. .
  • arranging high pressure and low pressure exhaust gas recirculation in a limited engine space would be very difficult and complicated to install, which would increase labor costs and reduce engine competitiveness in the market.
  • the main technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to solve the problem that the high and low pressure exhaust gas recirculation coolers existing in the prior art are difficult to arrange in a limited space and the assembly process is complicated.
  • the present invention provides a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device, which includes:
  • a low pressure end valve seat having a low pressure end exhaust gas inlet and a low pressure end exhaust gas outlet
  • a low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve detachably fixed to the low pressure end valve seat
  • the high pressure end valve seat detachably fixed to the cooler, the high pressure end valve seat having a high pressure end exhaust inlet and a high pressure end exhaust outlet;
  • a high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve detachably fixed to the high pressure end valve seat
  • exhaust gas enters from the low pressure end exhaust gas inlet of the low pressure end valve seat, through the low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve and the cooler, from the low pressure end valve seat
  • the low pressure end exhaust gas outlet flows out, the low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve controls a flow rate of the exhaust gas in the first exhaust gas recirculation circuit
  • the high pressure of the exhaust gas from the high pressure end valve seat An exhaust gas inlet enters through the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve, from the The high pressure end exhaust gas outlet of the high pressure end valve seat flows out, and the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve controls the flow rate of the exhaust gas in the second exhaust gas recirculation circuit.
  • the low pressure end valve seat and the low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve are fixed by fixing bolts, and are passed through a low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve gasket. seal.
  • the low pressure end valve seat and the cooler are fixed by fixing bolts and sealed by a low pressure end seat gasket.
  • the high pressure end valve seat and the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve are fixed by fixing bolts, and are passed through a high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve gasket. seal.
  • the high pressure end valve seat and the cooler are fixed by fixing bolts and sealed by a high pressure end seat gasket.
  • the dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device further includes a coolant inlet and an outlet pipe, and in the coolant circulation circuit, the coolant is discharged from the coolant inlet Intake, through the cooler, from the outlet pipe, the coolant exchanges heat with the exhaust gas passing through the cooler in the first exhaust gas recirculation circuit in the cooler.
  • a cooling water jacket in liquid communication with the cooler is disposed inside the low pressure end valve seat, and the coolant enters from the coolant inlet The cooler and the cooling water jacket are discharged from the outlet pipe.
  • a cooling water jacket is disposed inside the high pressure end valve seat, and the coolant inlet communicates with the high pressure end valve seat, in the coolant
  • the coolant enters the high pressure end valve seat through the coolant inlet, and is divided into two paths in the high pressure end valve seat, and the first passage flows through the cooler into the low pressure end valve seat
  • the cooling water jacket is then returned to the cooler and flows out through the outlet pipe; the second passage flows through the cooling water jacket in the high pressure end valve seat, enters the cooler and passes through the outlet The water pipe flows out.
  • the cooler includes a casing, and a plurality of reinforcing ribs are disposed on the casing.
  • the dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device can easily arrange the exhaust gas recirculation cooling module by integrating the high pressure exhaust gas recirculation with the low pressure exhaust gas recirculation, thereby solving the high pressure exhaust gas recirculation and the low pressure exhaust gas recirculation.
  • the arrangement that occurs when the cycle is arranged together is difficult, the problem of assembly is impossible, and a large number of potential risks can be reduced, and the engines of Euro IV and Euro V can be easily upgraded to meet the emission requirements of Euro 6.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a first exhaust gas recirculation circuit of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a view showing a second exhaust gas recirculation circuit of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device according to an embodiment of the present invention. Schematic; and
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a coolant circulation circuit of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device according to an embodiment of the present invention. detailed description
  • the present invention provides a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device in view of the problem that the high and low pressure exhaust gas recirculation coolers existing in the prior art are difficult to arrange in a limited space and the assembly process is complicated.
  • 1 shows a structural view of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 of a specific embodiment includes a low pressure end valve seat 1, and a low pressure.
  • the end valve seat 4 is detachably fixed to the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 5, wherein the low pressure end valve seat 1 has a low pressure end exhaust gas inlet 11 and a low pressure end exhaust gas outlet 12, and the high pressure end valve seat 4 has a high pressure end exhaust gas inlet 41 and a high pressure The exhaust gas exits P 42 .
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a first exhaust gas recirculation circuit of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the exhaust gas enters from the low pressure end exhaust gas inlet 11 of the low pressure end valve seat 1, through the low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 3 and the cooler 2, from the low pressure end.
  • the low pressure end exhaust gas outlet 12 of the valve seat 1 flows out, and the low pressure side exhaust gas recirculation valve 3 controls the flow rate of the exhaust gas in the first exhaust gas recirculation circuit.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic diagram of a second exhaust gas recirculation circuit of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the exhaust gas enters from the high pressure end exhaust gas inlet 41 of the high pressure end valve seat 4, through the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 5, from the high pressure end valve seat 4
  • High pressure exhaust gas outlet 42 flows out, and the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 5 controls the flow rate of the exhaust gas in the second exhaust gas recirculation circuit.
  • the low pressure end valve seat 1, the low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 3 and the cooler 2 constitute a low pressure exhaust gas recirculation portion of the dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 of the present invention
  • a high pressure end valve seat 4 and a high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 5 constitutes a high-pressure exhaust gas recirculation portion of the dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 of the present invention.
  • the dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 of the present invention subtly integrates the low pressure exhaust gas recirculation portion with the high pressure exhaust gas recirculation portion.
  • the low pressure end valve seat 1 and the low pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 3 are fixed by fixing bolts 6 and sealed by the low pressure side exhaust gas recirculation valve gasket 31.
  • the low pressure end seat 1 and the cooler 2 are fixed by fixing bolts 6 and sealed by the low pressure end seat gasket 13.
  • the high pressure end valve seat 4 and the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve 5 are fixed by fixing bolts 6 and sealed by the high pressure end exhaust gas recirculation valve gasket 51.
  • the high pressure end seat 4 and the cooler 2 are fixed by fixing bolts 6 and sealed by the high pressure end seat gasket 43.
  • the dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 of the present invention further includes a coolant inlet 21 and an outlet pipe 22 in which the coolant enters from the coolant inlet 21
  • the cooler 2 flows out of the outlet pipe 22, and the coolant exchanges heat with the exhaust gas passing through the cooler 2 in the first exhaust gas recirculation circuit in the cooler 2.
  • the cooler 2 can be a shell and tube heat exchanger.
  • the cooler 2 includes a housing in which a certain number of tube bundles are disposed. The coolant flows through the outside of the tube bundle, and the exhaust gas flows through the inside of the patent tube bundle, and the coolant outside the tube bundle exchanges heat with the exhaust gas inside the tube bundle, so that the coolant absorbs heat from the exhaust gas to cool the exhaust gas.
  • a plurality of reinforcing ribs 23 are provided on the housing, and the reinforcing ribs 23 can enhance the rigidity of the housing.
  • a cooling water jacket in fluid communication with the cooler 2 is disposed inside the low pressure end valve seat 1 to reduce the influence of the exhaust gas temperature on the low pressure side exhaust gas recirculation valve 3.
  • the coolant enters the coolant inlet 21 and passes through the cooler 2 and the cooling jacket in sequence, and flows out of the outlet pipe 22.
  • a cooling water jacket is disposed inside the high pressure end valve seat 4 to reduce the influence of the exhaust gas temperature on the high pressure side exhaust gas recirculation valve 5, and the coolant inlet 21 communicates with the high pressure end valve seat 4.
  • FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a coolant circulation circuit of a dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • a coolant enters a high pressure through a coolant inlet 21.
  • the end valve seat 4 is divided into two paths in the high pressure end valve seat 4, and the first passage flows through the cooler 2 into the cooling water jacket in the low pressure end valve seat 1 and then flows back to the cooler 2 and flows out through the outlet pipe 22; The two paths flow through the cooling water jacket in the high pressure end valve seat 4, enter the cooler 2 and flow out through the outlet pipe 22.
  • the dual exhaust gas recirculation cooling device 100 can easily arrange an exhaust gas recirculation cooling module by integrating high pressure exhaust gas recirculation with low pressure exhaust gas recirculation, thereby solving high pressure exhaust gas recirculation and low pressure exhaust gas.
  • the arrangement that occurs when recycling is arranged together is difficult, the problem of assembly is impossible, and a large number of potential risks can be reduced.
  • the occurrence of the Euro IV and Euro V engines can be easily upgraded to meet Euro 6 emission requirements.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust-Gas Circulating Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un double dispositif de refroidissement de recirculation des gaz d'échappement comprenant un siège de soupape d'extrémité basse pression ayant une entrée et une sortie de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité basse pression, un refroidisseur fixé de manière amovible au siège de soupape d'extrémité basse pression, une soupape de recirculation des gaz d'échappement d'extrémité basse pression fixée de manière amovible au siège de soupape d'extrémité basse pression, un siège de soupape d'extrémité haute pression fixé de manière amovible au refroidisseur et ayant une entrée et une sortie de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité haute pression, et une soupape de recirculation des gaz d'échappement d'extrémité haute pression fixée de manière amovible au siège de soupape d'extrémité haute pression. Dans une première boucle de recirculation des gaz d'échappement, les gaz d'échappement entrent depuis l'entrée de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité basse pression, passent à travers la soupape de recirculation de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité basse pression et le refroidisseur, et s'écoulent hors de la sortie de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité basse pression ; et la soupape de recirculation de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité basse pression régule l'écoulement des gaz d'échappement dans la première boucle de recirculation des gaz d'échappement. Dans une seconde boucle de recirculation des gaz d'échappement, les gaz d'échappement entrent depuis l'entrée de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité haute pression, passent à travers la soupape de recirculation de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité haute pression, et s'écoulent hors de la sortie de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité haute pression ; et la soupape de recirculation de gaz d'échappement d'extrémité haute pression régule l'écoulement des gaz d'échappement dans la seconde boucle de recirculation des gaz d'échappement.
PCT/CN2013/080351 2012-08-15 2013-07-29 Double dispositif de refroidissement de recirculation des gaz d'échappement WO2014026538A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1502089.4A GB2520647B (en) 2012-08-15 2013-07-29 Twin exhaust gas recirculation cooling device

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201210289485.1A CN103590928B (zh) 2012-08-15 2012-08-15 双废气再循环冷却装置
CN201210289485.1 2012-08-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2014026538A1 true WO2014026538A1 (fr) 2014-02-20

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/CN2013/080351 WO2014026538A1 (fr) 2012-08-15 2013-07-29 Double dispositif de refroidissement de recirculation des gaz d'échappement

Country Status (3)

Country Link
CN (1) CN103590928B (fr)
GB (1) GB2520647B (fr)
WO (1) WO2014026538A1 (fr)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104343583B (zh) * 2014-08-29 2017-05-10 长城汽车股份有限公司 双回路egr阀及具有其的车辆
CN108612603A (zh) * 2018-04-18 2018-10-02 上汽通用汽车有限公司 混合冷却废气再循环系统
CN115559835A (zh) * 2022-09-30 2023-01-03 中船动力研究院有限公司 一种双燃料发动机废气再循环系统

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WO2009076342A2 (fr) * 2007-12-11 2009-06-18 Borgwarner Inc. Module intégrant diverses combinaisons d'un refroidisseur d'air d'échappement, soupape, soupape d'étranglement, mélangeur et séparateur de particules, dans un boîtier commun
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CN1735747A (zh) * 2002-11-13 2006-02-15 霍尼韦尔国际公司 与涡轮增压发动机一起使用的双重混合egr系统
CN201258801Y (zh) * 2008-08-29 2009-06-17 浙江银轮机械股份有限公司 一种双排管束的重型柴油机用egr冷却器
CN101718237A (zh) * 2008-10-09 2010-06-02 通用汽车环球科技运作公司 用于废气再循环的三模式冷却器
CN102297014A (zh) * 2010-06-14 2011-12-28 福特环球技术公司 具有egr分支的双涡旋涡轮增压器
CN102374075A (zh) * 2010-08-05 2012-03-14 福特环球技术公司 高压和低压废气再循环的协同

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN103590928A (zh) 2014-02-19
GB2520647A (en) 2015-05-27
GB201502089D0 (en) 2015-03-25
CN103590928B (zh) 2016-01-13
GB2520647B (en) 2018-12-26

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