WO2014016799A2 - Récolteuse à pyrolyse pour cultures pour la production de biocarburant - Google Patents

Récolteuse à pyrolyse pour cultures pour la production de biocarburant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014016799A2
WO2014016799A2 PCT/IB2013/056111 IB2013056111W WO2014016799A2 WO 2014016799 A2 WO2014016799 A2 WO 2014016799A2 IB 2013056111 W IB2013056111 W IB 2013056111W WO 2014016799 A2 WO2014016799 A2 WO 2014016799A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pyrolysis
chamber
pyrolysis chamber
biomass
char
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2013/056111
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English (en)
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WO2014016799A3 (fr
Inventor
Shmuel Gan-Mor
Beni LEV
Ellen GRABER
Yiftach VAKNIN
Oren OSTERZETSER
Yosef KASHTI
Original Assignee
The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization (Aro) (Volcani Center)
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Application filed by The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization (Aro) (Volcani Center) filed Critical The State Of Israel, Ministry Of Agriculture & Rural Development, Agricultural Research Organization (Aro) (Volcani Center)
Publication of WO2014016799A2 publication Critical patent/WO2014016799A2/fr
Publication of WO2014016799A3 publication Critical patent/WO2014016799A3/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C10B53/02—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form of cellulose-containing material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B47/00—Destructive distillation of solid carbonaceous materials with indirect heating, e.g. by external combustion
    • C10B47/28—Other processes
    • C10B47/32—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means
    • C10B47/44—Other processes in ovens with mechanical conveying means with conveyor-screws
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11B—PRODUCING, e.g. BY PRESSING RAW MATERIALS OR BY EXTRACTION FROM WASTE MATERIALS, REFINING OR PRESERVING FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES, e.g. LANOLIN, FATTY OILS OR WAXES; ESSENTIAL OILS; PERFUMES
    • C11B1/00—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials
    • C11B1/10—Production of fats or fatty oils from raw materials by extracting
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops.
  • the present invention relates to the production of biodiesel from various plants, including har/esting, compacting and processing the various crops, and converting them to bio- fuel by means of a pyrolysis system.
  • Fuel crops such as jatropha and the castor oil plant, generate less than 5000 liters of bio-fuel fuel per hectare a year, when all of the bio-fuel is produced from the seeds. Most parts of the plants are left unused in the field. In the case of jatropha and the castor oil plant, the plants are toxic to animals and non-recyclable.
  • An additional problem with the production of bio-fuel from these seeds is the cost of collection of seeds and treating them in the field, as well as considerable loss due to the most practical method for these purposes: use of a combine that harvests the plants and separates the seeds from the rest of the plant in the field.
  • Separation and sorting performed in a static factory is significantly less costly than performing the same process on a large number of combines.
  • Use of a harvester that harvests without separating the seeds from the plant is also less expensive, and thus could considerably decrease expenses as well as the loss of energy plants.
  • This biomass plants and seeds
  • This biomass will be processed in a regional factory, so that the seeds will be separated from the plants by static machinery at low costs.
  • the seeds will be converted to bio-fuel by conventional methods, and the remaining biomass will be treated with pyrolysis and be converted to additional liquid fuel.
  • Pyrolysis is a process of anaerobic thermal decomposition of biomass.
  • the products of the process are biochar (solid), syngas (containing incondensible gases: CO, H 3 ⁇ 4 C0 2 , CH 4 ), and liquid (biofuel) from condensed vapors.
  • the parameters of pyrolysis temperature and duration of biomass heating can be adjusted to achieve optimal results of conversion of up to 40% of the biomass into liquid biofuel.
  • the pyrolysis process is an exothermal process and the syngas (the excess that is not recycled into heating the pyrolysis device) serves to generate heat and electricity, while the biochar serves as an energy source or as a fertilizer for agricultural soil.
  • Prior art commercial pyrolysis devices process only trimmed foliage and woodchips, of a small diameter (a few millimeters).
  • the product bio-fuel has several disadvantages: high percentages of water and oxygen, high corrosiveness, low stability, no solubility in fossil fuels, high acidity and viscosity, and low caloric value.
  • a pyrolysis system including: (a) a pyrolysis chamber; (b) a feeding mechanism for feeding biomass into the pyrolysis chamber; (c) a heating mechanism for heating the pyrolysis chamber, the heating mechanism producing exhaust gas; and (d) an air exclusion mechanism, for excluding air from the pyrolysis chamber, that includes a channel for conveying the exhaust gas from the heating mechanism to the feeding mechanism.
  • a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons including the steps of: (a) feeding biomass into a pyrolysis chamber; (b) using a heating mechanism to heat the pyrolysis chamber, thereby pyrolyzing the biomass to produce the liquid hydrocarbons, the heating mechanism producing exhaust gas; and (c) excluding air from the pyrolysis chamber at least in part by directing the exhaust gas through at least a portion of the biomass as the biomass is fed into the pyrolysis chamber.
  • a pyrolysis system including: (a) a pyrolysis chamber having an output end; (b) an accumulation chamber for receiving char from the pyrolysis chamber; (c) a removal mechanism for removing the char from the accumulation chamber; and (d) an exclusion mechanism, for excluding air from the pyrolysis chamber, that includes a sensor for sensing whether there is sufficient char in the accumulation chamber to block the output end so that a portion of the char can be removed from the accumulation chamber without allowing air to enter the pyrolysis chamber from the accumulation chamber.
  • a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons including the steps of: (a) pyrolyzing biomass in a pyrolysis chamber, thereby producing the liquid hydrocarbons and char; (b) receiving the char into an accumulation chamber via an output endt of the pyrolysis chamber; and (c) removing a portion of the char from the accumulation chamber while leaving sufficient char in the accumulation chamber in a manner that blocks air from entering the output end from the accumulation chamber.
  • a pyrolysis system including: (a) a pyrolysis chamber; (b) an accumulation chamber for receiving char from the pyrolysis chamber; and (c) a removal mechanism, for removing the char from the accumulation chamber, that is adapted to actively cool the char below a temperature of spontaneous ignition.
  • a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons including the steps of: (a) pyrolyzing biomass, thereby producing the liquid hydrocarbons and char, the char being produced at a temperature above a temperature of spontaneous ignition; and (b) actively cooling the char below the temperature of spontaneous ignition.
  • a pyrolysis system including: (a) a pyrolysis chamber including: (i) a first end for receiving biomass to be pyrolyzed, and (ii) a second end wherefrom char emerges; (b) a heating mechanism for heating the pyrolysis chamber in a manner that maintains a thermal gradient within the pyrolysis chamber, so that first vapors that are produced by the pyrolyzing near the first end are predominantly steam and so that second vapors that are produced by the pyrolyzing near the second end are predominantly hydrocarbons; (c) a first port for collecting the first vapors; and (d) a second port for collecting the second vapors.
  • a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons including: (a) feeding biomass into a pyrolysis chamber at a first end of the pyrolysis chamber; (b) heating the pyrolysis chamber to pyrolyze the biomass, while maintaining a thermal gradient between the first end of the pyrolysis chamber and a second end of the pyrolysis chamber, so that first vapors that are produced near the first end are predominantly steam and so that second vapors that are produced near the second end are predominantly hydrocarbons; (c) collecting the first vapors from a first location in the pyrolysis chamber closer to the first end than to the second end; and (d) collecting the second vapors from a second location in the pyrolysis chamber between the first location and the second end.
  • a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons including: (a) harvesting plants that include seeds and stems; (b) separating the seeds from the stems; (c) extracting a first portion of the liquid hydrocarbons from the seeds, thereby providing the first portion of the liquid hydrocarbons and a seed cake; and (d) pyrolyzing both the stems and the seed cake, thereby providing a second portion of the liquid hydrocarbons.
  • a first aspect of the present invention includes a pyrolysis system and a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons.
  • a basic such pyrolysis system includes a pyrolysis chamber, a feeding mechanism for feeding biomass into the pyrolysis chamber, a heating mechanism for heating the pyrolysis chamber, and an air exclusion mechanism for excluding air from the pyrolysis chamber.
  • the heating mechanism produces exhaust gas.
  • the air exclusion mechanism includes a channel for conveying the exhaust gas from the heating mechanism to the feeding mechanism.
  • the feeding mechanism includes a hopper for receiving the biomass and a chute for conveying the biomass from the hopper to the pyrolysis chamber.
  • the channel conveys the exhaust gas to the hopper.
  • the channel is thermally coupled to the chute so that the exhaust gas serves to at least partially dry the biomass before the biomass is fed into the pyrolysis chamber.
  • a basic such method includes the steps of feeding biomass into a pyrolysis chamber, and using a heating mechanism to heat the pyrolysis chamber, thereby pyrolyzing the biomass to produce the liquid hydrocarbons (as vapors that subsequently are condensed).
  • the heating mechanism produces exhaust gases, and air is excluded from the pyrolysis chamber at least in part by directing the exhaust gas through at least a portion of the biomass as the biomass is fed into the pyrolysis chamber.
  • the exhaust gas is thermally coupled to the biomass, either directly
  • a second aspect of the present invention includes a pyrolysis system and a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons.
  • the system includes a pyrolysis chamber that has an output end, an accumulation chamber for receiving char from the pyrolysis chamber, a removal mechanism for removing the char from the accumulation chamber, and an exclusion mechanism for excluding air from the pyrolysis chamber.
  • the exclusion mechanism includes a sensor for sensing whether there is sufficient char in the accumulation chamber to block the output end so that a portion of the char can be removed from the accumulation chamber without allowing air to enter the pyrolysis chamber from the accumulation chamber.
  • the method includes the steps of pyrolyzing biomass in a pyrolysis chamber to produce the liquid hydrocarbons (as vapors that subsequently are condensed) and char, receiving the char into an accumulation chamber via an output end of the pyrolysis chamber, and removing a portion of the char from the accumulation chamber while leaving enough char in the accumulation chamber to block air from entering the output end from the accumulation chamber
  • a third aspect of the present invention includes a pyrolysis system and a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons.
  • a basic such system includes a pyrolysis chamber, an accumulation chamber for receiving char from the pyrolysis chamber, and a removal mechanism for removing char from the accumulation chamber.
  • the removal mechanism actively cools the char below the lowest temperature at which the char would spontaneously ignite upon contact with air. In the appended claims, this temperature is called the “temperature of spontaneous ignition” of the char. "Active" cooling is by contrast to just letting the char cool off passively.
  • the active cooling is effected at least in part by spraying a liquid such as water onto the char.
  • the pyrolysis chamber includes a first end for receiving biomass to be pyrolyzed and a second end wherefrom the char emerges.
  • the system also includes a heating mechanism for heating the pyrolysis chamber in a manner that maintains a thermal gradient within the pyrolysis chamber so that vapors that are produced by the pyrolyzing near the first end are predominantly (at least about 85% by volume) steam.
  • the system also includes a condenser for receiving and condensing the vapors to provide the cooling liquid.
  • biomass is pyrolyzed to produce the liquid hydrocarbons (as vapors that subsequently are condensed) and char.
  • the char is produced at a temperature above the lowest temperature at which the char ignites spontaneously in air, and is cooled actively below this temperature.
  • the active cooling is effected at least in part by spraying a liquid such as water onto the char.
  • the pyrolyzing also produces vapors that are predominantly (at least about 85% by volume) steam, and these vapors are condensed to provide the cooling liquid.
  • a fourth aspect of the present invention includes a pyrolysis system and a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons.
  • a basic such system includes a pyrolysis chamber that receives biomass to be pyrolyzed at a first end and from which char emerges at a second end, and a heating mechanism for heating the pyrolysis chamber in a manner that maintains a thermal gradient within the pyrolysis chamber so that first vapors that are produced by the pyrolyzing near the first end are predominantly (at least about 85% by volume) steam and so that second vapors that are produced by the pyrolyzing near the second, end are predominantly (at least about 85% by volume) hydrocarbons.
  • the basic system also includes a first port for collecting the first vapors and a second port for collecting the second vapors.
  • the ports are adapted to be moved along the thermal gradient during the heating in order to optimize respective compositions of the two kinds of vapors.
  • a basic such method includes the steps of feeding biomass into a first end of a pyrolysis chamber and heating the pyrolysis chamber to pyrolyze the biomass while maintaining a thermal gradient between the first end of the pyrolysis chamber and a second end of the pyrolysis chamber so that first vapors that are produced near the first end are predominantly (at least about 85% by volume) steam and so that second vapors that are produced near the second end are predominantly (at least about 85% by volume) hydrocarbons.
  • the first vapors are collected from a first location in the pyrolysis chamber that is closer to the first end than to the second end.
  • the second vapors are collected from a second location in the pyrolysis chamber that is between the first location and the second end.
  • the second vapors are condensed to provide the liquid hydrocarbons.
  • the locations are moved during the heating to optimize respective compositions of the two kinds of vapors.
  • a fifth aspect of the present invention is a method of producing liquid hydrocarbons.
  • plants that include seeds and stems are harvested.
  • stems as understood herein, are all parts of the plants that are harvested and that are not seeds.
  • the seeds are separated from the stems.
  • a first portion of the liquid hydrocarbons is extracted from the seeds, thereby providing both the first portion of the hydrocarbons and a seed cake. Both the stems and the seed cake are pyrolyzed to provide a second portion of the liquid hydrocarbons.
  • the stems and the seed cake are pyrolyzed together as biomass that is inputted to a pyrolysis system.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is an isometric view of an exemplary embodiment harvest sub-system of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for harvesting and pyrolyzing in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 4a is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis sub-system of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention
  • FIG. 4b is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplar)' ' embodiment of a pyrolysis reactor of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio- fuel crops according to the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a front view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis reactor of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention separated into three assemblies',
  • FIG. 6a is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis chamber of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio- fuel crops according to the present invention
  • FIG. 6b is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of two pyrolysis augeraugurs, mixing elements, and a pyrolysis augeraugur axis of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis reactor of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention, with one pyrolysis chamber wall assembly of the pyrolysis reactor shown as an exploded schematic illustration;
  • FIG. 8a is a front view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the reactor center assembly and the reactor output assembly of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention
  • FIG. 8b is a right side view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of part of the reactor center assembly of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops describing the flow of heat according to the present invention
  • FIG. 9a is a left side view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the reactor input assembly of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 9b is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the reactor input assembly of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention, in which the feeding conveyor pipe has been separated from the remaining components and moved slightly to the right;
  • FIG. 10 is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the pyrolysis sub-system of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention, some of whose components have been removed, while a charchar outlet housing has been separate from its remaining components and moved slightly to the right;
  • FIG. 11 is a front view schematic illustration of another illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis sub-system of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops according to the present invention, with the pyrolysis chamber and the heating chamber exposed;
  • FIG. 12 is a cross-sction of the input chute of the pyrolysis sub-system of FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 13 is a light-side view of the biochar outlet of the pyrolysis sub-system of FIG. 11, showing interior details.
  • the present invention is of a harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops.
  • the pyrolysis sub-system is mobile and easy to bring to a field in which the harvest sub-system harvests the plants, which serve as raw material for pyrolysis.
  • the harvested plants can be dried while still in the field, by the direct heat of the sun. Bringing the pyrolysis sub-system to a field spares the need to move the biomass to a processing plant.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • the harvester with pyroiysis for bio-fuel crops 1 includes two main subsystems: a harvest sub-system 10 and a pyroiysis sub-system 20.
  • the harvest sub-system 10 includes a pickup with cutter 101, with which when moving forward, shown as to the right in the present illustration, the harvester with pyroiysis for bio -fuel crops 1 harvests and collects the plants in the field; a lifting conveyor 102 lifts the harvested plants upward; a plucking device 103 plucks the harvested plants, a threshing device 104 threshes the received plants, a sieve 105 performs sieving and passes seeds onto a conventional oil extractor 109, while the remaining plant material is passed onto a liquid-solid separator 108, from which water additives are passed onto a water additives tank 110 and the remaining biomass is passed on to the pyroiysis sub-system 20.
  • the oil extracted from the seeds in oil extractor 109 goes to an oil tank 111 and the seed cake from oil extractor 109 is passed on to pyroiysis subsystem 20.
  • the pyroiysis sub-system 20 includes a pyroiysis reactor 201, the products of which are passed onto the char tank 202 and to a pyroiysis oil tank 203.
  • the char tank 202 and the pyroiysis oil tank 203 can be equipped with wheels and each tank can be exchanged when full with another empty tank.
  • Figure 2 is an isometric view of an exemplary embodiment harvest sub-system 10 of the harvester with pyroiysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • the harvest sub-system 10 shown in the present illustration includes all of those same components shown in the previous illustration, as they are spatially oriented relative to each other, namely, the locations of the pickup with cutter 101, the lifting conveyor 102, the plucking device 103, the threshing device 104, the sieve 105, the liquid-solid separator 108, the oil extractor 109 and the water additives tank 110 are shown.
  • Figure 3 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method for harvesting and pyrolyzing in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the method includes the stages of:
  • stage 302 lifting the harvests plants, (stage 302); plucking and fruit removing, (stage 303);
  • stage 304 threshing the harvests flora
  • stage 312 extracting liquid from the wet bio-mass 322 of stage 311, (stage 312); and pyrolysis of the dry bio-mass 324 from stage 312, (stage 313).
  • the product of the sieving stage 311 is seeds for bio-fuel extraction 334 and biomass for liquid extraction 312, the product of the liquid extracting stage 312 is water additives 333, the products of the pyrolizing stage 313 are fertilizing ash 331 and hydrocarbon liquids 332, and the product of the biofuei extraction is oil 335 and seed cake for pyrolyzmg stage 313.
  • Figure 4a is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis sub-system 20 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • the pyrolysis sub-system 20 includes a pyrolysis reactor 201, the structure of which will be specified in the following, and means of collecting the products, and in the case shown in the present illustration, a char container 2302 and a hydrocarbon liquid tank 2303
  • Figure 4b is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis reactor 201 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • the pyrolysis reactor 201 also includes the following components shown in the present illustration:
  • a feeding container 21011, a feeding pipe 21012, a first steam outlet 21014, a first heat outlet 21015 , a first heat pipe 21016, a vapor gases outlet 22011, a second heat outlet 22013, a char outlet auger engine 2301 land an air inlet 2305.
  • Figure 5 is a front view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis reactor 201 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio- fuel crops 1 according to the present invention separated into three assemblies
  • the pyrolysis reactor 201 is shown in the present illustration with three of its main assemblies separated from each other, being: the reactor input assembly 210, the reactor center assembly 220, and the reactor output assembly 230.
  • Figure 6a is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis chamber 2201 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio ⁇ fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • the pyrolysis chamber 2201 has a pyrolysis chamber wall 22019 the shape of which is approximately that of a horizontal half cylinder, with the top half missing and parallel vertical walls rising on both of its sides, the distance between which is approximately that of the cylinder diameter D.
  • Figure 6b is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of two pyrolysis augers 22014, mixing elements 22017, and a pyrolysis auger axis 22018 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • the two pyrolysis augers 22014 are mounted upon the pyrolysis auger axis 22018, and serve to carry the biomass, and between them is a plurality of mixing elements 22017 for mixing the biomass.
  • the pyrolysis auger axis 22018 preferably is mounted with seals (not shown in the present illustration) that are resistant to high temperatures.
  • a typical rotation speed of the mixing elements 22017 is of approximately thirty rotations per minute.
  • Figure 7 is an isometric view schematic illustration, of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of a pyrolysis reactor 201 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention, with one pyrolysis chamber wall assembly 220120 of the pyrolysis reactor 201 shown as an exploded schematic illustration.
  • the illustration shows that the pyrolysis chamber wall assembly 220120 includes an external wall 220121 and internal wall 220126. Both wails have protection holes 220122.
  • FIG. 8a is a front view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the reactor center assembly 220 and the reactor output assembly 230 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • reactor center assembly 220 Several components have been removed from the reactor center assembly 220 and from the reactor output assembly 230, such as one pyrolysis chamber wall assembly 220120 and the pyrolysis chamber wail assembly 220124 in order to enable viewing the internal components and the internal chambers.
  • the reactor center assembly 220 includes three chambers, surrounded in the present illustration with thick dashed lines, being: the pyrolysis chamber 2201, the heating chamber 2202, and the combustion chamber 2203.
  • the biomass serving as the raw material, becomes biochar and gases by means of the heat coming from the heating chamber 2202.
  • the gases created flow through a cooling pipe (condenser) 2306 and cool upon contact with air. Some of these gases become fuel and some remain gases.
  • the excess gases arriving from the pyrolysis chamber 2201 reach the combustion chamber 2203. If there are not enough gases from the pyrolysis chamber 2201, gas is added, such as cooking gas, to the combustion chamber 2203, in which gases are burned with oxygen.
  • Controlling the quantities of the various gases determines the temperature in the combustion chamber 2203.
  • Heat generated from the burning in the combustion chamber 2203 is conveyed to the heating chamber 2202, both directly and also by means of a Venturi nozzle 2309, which receives air from an air inlet 2305.
  • the contents of the pyrolysis chamber 2201 are heated. While the biomass is flowing inside the pyrolysis chamber 2201 in the direction shown by the arrow (from left to right, in the present illustration), the heat flows in the opposite direction inside the pyrolysis chamber 2201 (from right to left, in the present illustration).
  • All or some of the heat can be conveyed into the feeding pipe 21012 (not shown in the present illustration, shown in figure 4b), for the purpose of drying the raw material prior to its insertion into the pyrolysis chamber 2201.
  • This heat conveyance is done by means of a first heat pipe 21016, and can be controlled by means of a heat control handle 21017 (both not shown in the present illustration, but shown in figure 4b).
  • heat can be let out through the second heat outlet 22013 (also not shown in the present illustration, but shown in figure 4b).
  • the act of pyrolysis is continuous and can be carried out at various temperatures in the range between 250-850 C degrees in the pyrolysis chamber 2201. As noted, the pyrolysis is a process of anaerobic thermal decomposition of biomass.
  • the pyrolysis sub-system 20, according to the present invention enables performing the decomposition by one of two methods, direct decomposition or indirect decomposition.
  • This method causes a rapid process, relative to the indirect decomposition method, however causes chemical changes upon the bio-fiiel.
  • the hot gases are moved from the combustion chamber
  • tire flap activation mechanism 220202 is used.
  • the flap activation mechanism 220202 changes the flaps 220201 positions, allowing the gases to flow from the heating chamber 2202 to the pyrolysis chamber 2201.
  • the plant raw material is fed into the pyrolysis chamber 2201 from the top and practically moves horizontally within the pyrolysis chamber wall 22019 (shown in figure 6a), by means of gravitational force and slight mixing of the material.
  • This process of feeding and moving enables feeding plant material parts with a diameter of several centimeters, while standard pyrolysis systems can only be fed plant parts of a diameter no larger than a few millimeters, presenting a major advantage of the present invention.
  • An additional advantage is achieved by means of the slow mixing of the biomass, which enables it to reach the desired temperature within a short time relative to the time required in a process that includes no mixing.
  • the heat generated in the combustion chamber 2203 enters into the pyrolysis chamber 2201 near the outlet for the biochar, shown on the right side of the present illustration, and the heat moves in an opposite direction to that of the movement of the biomass, so that the temperature drops in an opposite trend relative to the movement trend of the biomass.
  • the biomass is dried, primarily in the first third of the movement, while the decomposition of the biomass occurs mostly during the latter two thirds of the movement, thus enabling collection of the water vapors through a vapor gases outlet 22011 during the first third and the other (hydrocarbon) vapors during the latter two thirds of the movement via a gas outlet pipe 2307, separately.
  • the generated hydrocarbon vapors go through a Venturi nozzle 2309 for separation between the condensed gases (which become fuel) and the non-condensed gases, which are returned to a furnace.
  • Figure 8b is a right side view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of part of the reactor center assembly 220 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 describing the flow of heat according to the present invention.
  • covers 220201 connected by means of aims to a cover activation mechanism 220202 enabling control of the flow of heat from the heating chamber 2202 to around the pyrolysis chamber 2201, as shown by the arrows to the left of the illustration, showing a state open to the transfer of heat, or contrariwise completely preventing this flow of heat, as show on the right side of the illustration, showing a state closed to the transfer of heat.
  • Figure 9a is a left side view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the reactor input assembly 210 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio- fuel crops 1 according to the present invention.
  • Plant raw material is fed into a feeding container 21011, from which it is conveyed and elevated within a feeding conveyor pipe 21012 so that it is fed to the pyrolysis chamber 2201 (not shown in the present illustration, but shown in figure 8a), from the top.
  • Heat for the purpose of drying the plant raw material, can reach the feeding conveyor pipe 21012 through a first heat pipe 21016 when this heat transfer can be controlled by a heat control handle 21017.
  • the present illustration shows a first steam outlet 21014 and a first heat outlet 21015.
  • the present illustration shows a pyrolysis auger engine 2205 and a rotational speed control mechanism 2206.
  • Figure 9b is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the reactor input assembly 210 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention, in which the feeding conveyor pipe 21012 has been separated from the remaining components and moved slightly to the right.
  • a feeding conveyor auger 21010 including an axis and auger track moved by a feeding conveyor auger engine 21013 moves the raw plant material.
  • Figure 10 is an isometric view schematic illustration of an illustrative, exemplary embodiment of the pyrolysis sub-system 20 of the harvester with pyrolysis for bio-fuel crops 1 according to the present invention, some of whose components have been removed, while a char outlet housing 23012 has been separate from its remaining components and moved slightly to the right.
  • the char outlet auger engine 23011 moves a char outlet auger 23013, including an axis and auger track, and moves the char that comes from the pyrolysis chamber 2201 (not shown in the present illustration, shown in figure 8a), after it is conveyed by a char chute 23014.
  • FIG 11 shows another embodiment 400 of a pyrolysis sub-system
  • biomass from harvest sub-system 10 is introduced to a hopper 410 and is fed from hopper 410 via a chute 412 to a pyrolysis chamber 414 that is similar to pyrolysis chamber 2201 of pyrolysis sub-system 20.
  • Pyrolysis chamber 414 is heated by a heating chamber 416 that includes a row of burners 426 for burning hydrocarbon fuel produced by the pyrolysis, supplemented if need be by externally- supplied hydrocarbon fuel in the manner of combustion chamber 2203 of pyrolysis sub-system 20.
  • Exhaust gases emerge from heating chamber 416 via an exhaust pipe 424.
  • Figure 12 is a cross section A-A of chute 412, showing that chute 412 has a double wall that divides chute 412 into an interior chute 432 and an exterior channel 434. Biomass from hopper 410 slides into pyrolysis chamber 414 via interior chute 432. Exterior channel 434 connects exhaust pipe 424 to hopper 410 and directs the exhaust gases from heating chamber 416 into the bottom of hopper 410.
  • the spacing of burners 426, the supply of gaseous fuel to burners 426, and the speed at which biomass is moved through pyrolysis chamber 414, are controlled to maintain a thermal gradient whose temperature increases from the input end 428 of pyrolysis chamber 414 to the output end 430 of pyrolysis chamber 414 so that the vapors that are produced in the left third of pyrolysis chamber 414 as drawn in Figure 11 are predominantly steam and the vapors that are produced in the right two-thirds of pyrolysis chamber 414 are predominantly hydrocarbon vapors.
  • the vapors from the left third of pyrolysis chamber 414 emerge from pyrolysis chamber 414 via a first port 418.
  • Pyrolysis chamber 414 is constructed so that ports 418 and 420 can be slid leftward and rightward during operation of pyrolysis chamber 414 to optimize the locations of ports 418 and 420 relative to the biomass being pyrolyzed, in order to optimize the compositions of the vapors that emerge via ports 418 and 420.
  • FIG. 11 Also shown schematically in Figure 11 are a condenser 446 for condensing the vapors that emerge from port 418 and a condenser 448, arranged similarly to cooling pipe 2306 and venture 2309 of pyrolysis sub- system 20, for condensing the condensable vapors that emerge from port 420.
  • Figure 13 shows the details of biochar outlet 422.
  • a sensor 438 senses when there is sufficient biochar in accumulation chamber 436 to totally block output end 430 of pyrolysis chamber 414, at which point a control system (not shown) activates a motor 440 to turn an augur 442 that extracts the biochar from accumulation chamber 436.
  • the biochar in accumulation chamber 436 is hot enough to ignite spontaneously upon contact with air. Therefore, spray heads 444 are provided to spray water onto the biochar to cool the biochar to a temperature below its temperature of spontaneous combustion.
  • the water that is sprayed onto the biochar includes water made by condensing steam in condenser 446.
  • pyrolysis is an anaerobic process. Therefore, air must be excluded from pyrolysis chamber 414. Air is excluded from input end 428 of pyrolysis chamber 414 by the sheer accumulation of biomass in hopper 410 and by the counterflow of exhaust gases from heating chamber 416 through the biomass in hopper 410.
  • the interior wall 433 between chute 432 and channel 434 preferably is thermally conductive, so that flow of exhaust gases via channel 434 also serves to dry the biomass in chute 432 and to provide preliminary heating of the biomass in chute 432.
  • Air is excluded from output end 430 of pyrolysis chamber 414 the biochar in accumulation chamber 336 that blocks output end 430 of pyrolysis chamber 414.
  • biochar is extracted from accumulation chamber 436 by augur 442 only when there is enough biochar in accumulation chamber 436 to ensure continued blockage of output end 430 of pyrolysis chamber 414, as determined by sensor 438.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)

Abstract

Selon l'invention, de la biomasse est pyrolysée dans une chambre de pyrolyse pour produire des hydrocarbures liquides et du produit de carbonisation. L'air est exclus de la chambre de pyrolyse, au moins en partie, par en dirigeant le gaz d'échappement provenant du mécanisme de chauffage qui chauffe la chambre de pyrolyse vers le mécanisme d'alimentation qui alimente la chambre de pyrolyse en biomasse et par soutirage de produit de carbonisation d'une chambre d'accumulation qui reçoit le produit de carbonisation provenant de la chambre de pyrolyse d'une manière qui laisse derrière suffisamment de produit de carbonisation pour bloquer l'air et l'empêcher d'entrer dans la chambre de pyrolyse. Le produit de carbonisation chaud est refroidi activement au-dessous de sa température d'inflammation spontanée. Le mécanisme de chauffage maintient un gradient thermique dans la chambre de pyrolyse pour que des vapeurs qui sont principalement de la vapeur d'eau et des vapeurs qui sont principalement des hydrocarbures soient produites ensemble dans différentes zones de la chambre de pyrolyse et soient recueillies à différents orifices respectifs.
PCT/IB2013/056111 2012-07-27 2013-07-25 Récolteuse à pyrolyse pour cultures pour la production de biocarburant WO2014016799A2 (fr)

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CN114505019A (zh) * 2022-03-09 2022-05-17 浙大城市学院 一种烧蚀热解反应器
EP4358693A4 (fr) * 2021-06-22 2024-09-18 Ehemphouse Corp Systèmes de culture et de traitement de plantes et de matières végétales

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US5711769A (en) * 1995-09-08 1998-01-27 Tek-Kol Partnership Process for passivation of reactive coal char
WO1999009115A1 (fr) * 1997-08-18 1999-02-25 Green Alex E S Procede et dispositif permettant de gazeifier ou liquefier de la biomasse
WO2003012007A1 (fr) * 2001-08-01 2003-02-13 Ecological Power International (Holdings) Limited Appareil de pyrolyse pour dechet
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US20110114144A1 (en) * 2009-11-17 2011-05-19 Green Liquid and Gas Technologies Improved process and device for the pyrolysis of feedstock
US20110290632A1 (en) * 2010-05-27 2011-12-01 Von Gutfeld Robert J Novel Off-Gas System for Coal and Biomass Pyrolysis
US20120023000A1 (en) * 2011-04-21 2012-01-26 Rhodes Iii James S Whole crop biofuel production (wcbp)
WO2012058431A1 (fr) * 2010-10-27 2012-05-03 Thomas F Smaidris Générateur de biocharbon et procédés associés

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5101740A (en) * 1989-12-22 1992-04-07 Entreprise Generale De Chauffage Industriel Pillard Methods, apparatuses and rotary furnaces for continuously manufacturing caerbon-rich charcoal
US5711769A (en) * 1995-09-08 1998-01-27 Tek-Kol Partnership Process for passivation of reactive coal char
WO1999009115A1 (fr) * 1997-08-18 1999-02-25 Green Alex E S Procede et dispositif permettant de gazeifier ou liquefier de la biomasse
WO2003012007A1 (fr) * 2001-08-01 2003-02-13 Ecological Power International (Holdings) Limited Appareil de pyrolyse pour dechet
WO2011007125A2 (fr) * 2009-07-14 2011-01-20 Process Limited Pyrolyseur
US20110114144A1 (en) * 2009-11-17 2011-05-19 Green Liquid and Gas Technologies Improved process and device for the pyrolysis of feedstock
US20110290632A1 (en) * 2010-05-27 2011-12-01 Von Gutfeld Robert J Novel Off-Gas System for Coal and Biomass Pyrolysis
WO2012058431A1 (fr) * 2010-10-27 2012-05-03 Thomas F Smaidris Générateur de biocharbon et procédés associés
US20120023000A1 (en) * 2011-04-21 2012-01-26 Rhodes Iii James S Whole crop biofuel production (wcbp)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP4358693A4 (fr) * 2021-06-22 2024-09-18 Ehemphouse Corp Systèmes de culture et de traitement de plantes et de matières végétales
CN114505019A (zh) * 2022-03-09 2022-05-17 浙大城市学院 一种烧蚀热解反应器

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