WO2013182373A2 - Method and device for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a high-power current source - Google Patents

Method and device for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a high-power current source Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013182373A2
WO2013182373A2 PCT/EP2013/059665 EP2013059665W WO2013182373A2 WO 2013182373 A2 WO2013182373 A2 WO 2013182373A2 EP 2013059665 W EP2013059665 W EP 2013059665W WO 2013182373 A2 WO2013182373 A2 WO 2013182373A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
battery
charging
management system
charge
maximum
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2013/059665
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
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WO2013182373A3 (en
Inventor
Sascha DRENKELFORTH
Original Assignee
Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft
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Publication of WO2013182373A2 publication Critical patent/WO2013182373A2/en
Publication of WO2013182373A3 publication Critical patent/WO2013182373A3/en

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/04—Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/12—Recording operating variables ; Monitoring of operating variables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/11—DC charging controlled by the charging station, e.g. mode 4
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B60L53/24—Using the vehicle's propulsion converter for charging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B60L58/15—Preventing overcharging
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/16—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to battery ageing, e.g. to the number of charging cycles or the state of health [SoH]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/18—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules
    • B60L58/21—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries of two or more battery modules having the same nominal voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/545—Temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/549—Current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/80—Time limits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2270/00—Problem solutions or means not otherwise provided for
    • B60L2270/20—Inrush current reduction, i.e. avoiding high currents when connecting the battery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a device for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
  • the high-performance power source can be located both in the vehicle (internal charger) and externally (in the charging station or an external charger).
  • the high-performance power source converts the mains AC voltage into a high DC current.
  • the method for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a high-power power source is carried out by means of a charger, which is arranged electrically between the charging station and the battery, and a battery management system. It can the charger can be arranged externally or can be arranged inside the vehicle. In the vehicle-internal arrangement while the charger can also be integrated into an existing inverter, which is arranged between an electric machine and the battery.
  • the battery consists of a plurality of at least partially connected in series battery cells. The sum of the battery cell voltages connected in series represents the voltage of the battery. In this case, in addition to the individual battery cells, further battery cells can be connected in parallel, which then increase the capacity of the battery.
  • the voltages across the series-connected battery cells are detected and evaluated in an evaluation unit, which are in particular checked for a maximum battery cell voltage.
  • the evaluation unit can be a separate unit or integrated into the battery management system.
  • the battery management system then controls depending on the detected voltages of the battery cells at least one circuit breaker between the charger and the battery, upon reaching a maximum battery cell voltage of the circuit breaker is opened and so
  • the power switch is preferably designed as a relay, wherein more preferably the battery is disconnected from the charger all pole.
  • the charger is controlled by means of a charge management system, using the
  • Lademanagementsystems the charger is set such that a predetermined absolute maximum charging current is not exceeded.
  • an actual charge amount is determined by means of a sensory detected charging current through the charging management system and compared with a previously stored maximum amount of charge, upon reaching the maximum amount of charge, the charging management system aborts the charging process.
  • the actual amount of charge is determined, for example, by integration of the sensory transmitted charging current over time.
  • the maximum amount of charge is
  • the concept according to the invention provides one of the normal voltage monitoring of the battery cells
  • At least one current sensor is arranged in the charging station (or the external charger) or in the internal charger, the measured values of which are assigned to the
  • Charge management system for determining the actual amount of charge to be supplied.
  • a current sensor is usually already present in the charging stations (or the external charger) or in the internal charger, so that the on-board circuitry costs on can be reduced.
  • the current sensor is arranged only in the vehicle or additionally in the vehicle, so that it is redundant.
  • the current sensor is arranged in the charger (internal or external) so that the current flowing into the battery cells is detected.
  • the charging management system aborts the charging process after a maximum charging time, so that a further fallback exists which prevents a critical overcharging of the battery cells even in case of failure of monitoring components.
  • the battery management system determines a
  • the Aging state of the power semiconductor breaks the connection between the charger and the battery.
  • the predefined aging state is determined such that when the battery is charged with the absolutely maximum charge current and the maximum charge amount, no outgassing of the battery cells takes place. Due to the aging of the battery cells their capacity decreases, so that when charging the battery cells with the same amount of charge
  • FIGURE shows a schematic block diagram of a device for charging an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of an external charging station.
  • the device 1 for charging an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of an external charging station 100 comprises a charging management system 2, a charger 3, a battery 4 and a battery management system 5.
  • the battery 4 consists of a multiplicity of battery cells BZ1-BZn connected in series are switched. It can be provided that one or more additional battery cells are connected in parallel with a battery cell BZ in order to increase the capacity of the battery 4, but this is not shown for reasons of clarity. It is also possible for a plurality of series-connected battery cells BZ to be combined into modules, in which case the modules are connected in series or also in parallel. Again, this is not shown for reasons of clarity. Via voltage measuring devices 6, the voltage of the individual battery cells BZ1-BZn is respectively detected and fed to an evaluation unit 7. In the illustrated embodiment, the evaluation unit 7 in the
  • the evaluation unit 7 may be formed as a separate unit.
  • the evaluation time 7 checks whether the voltage across the battery cells BZ1-BZn is not a maximum or a minimum cell voltage exceeds or falls below, for the present invention is mainly the exceeding of the maximum cell voltage of interest.
  • two power switches 8, 9 are arranged, which are preferably designed as a relay.
  • the circuit breaker 8, 9, the charger 3 can be connected to the battery 4 all poles or be separated, the power switches 8, 9 are controlled by the battery management system 5.
  • the circuit breakers 8, 9 may be associated with additional switches and / or series resistors to avoid abrupt switching operations.
  • the charger 3 is integrated into an inverter of the electric or hybrid vehicle, with an electric machine M of the electric or
  • Hybrid vehicle is connected.
  • the charger can also be integrated in the charging station.
  • the charger 3 in this case comprises the high-power current source which provides the direct current.
  • the charger 3 is connected to the external charging station 100, which
  • a current sensor 101 is arranged in the external charging station 100 and detects the DC current of the high-power power source.
  • the current sensor 101 provides a value indicating how much current flows in the battery cells BZ1-BZn.
  • a value for a maximum charge amount Q max and a maximum charge time t max is stored. The maximum amount of charge Q max is determined in advance and is, for example, the
  • an absolute maximum current l abs is stored in the charge management system 2.
  • the absolute maximum current I abs is dimensioned such that when charging the battery cells BZ1-BZn with the absolute maximum current l abs with a charge amount corresponding to the maximum charge amount Q max regardless of the battery cell temperature no destabilization (eg outgassing) of the battery Cells BZ1 -BZn done.
  • the method for charging the battery 4, the external charging station 100 is connected to the charger 3 and the charging management system 2.
  • the circuit breakers 10, 1 1 are closed.
  • the charging management system 2 then controls the charger 3 such that this the AC voltage of the external charging station 100 in a DC voltage or
  • the charging management system 2 generates a control signal S1 (l abs ), by which the charger 3 is limited to the absolute maximum current l abs .
  • the voltage measuring devices 6 then detect the battery cell voltage U B z- reaches a battery cell BZ the maximum cell voltage U max , this is determined by the evaluation unit 7 and generates a control signal S and the circuit breaker 8, 9 opened and the charging process aborted. While charging the integrated circuit
  • Lademanagementsystem 2 the transmitted from the charging station 100 or the charger 3 current over time and detects the total charging time t. Regardless of the termination of the charging process due to the achievement of the maximum battery cell voltage U max charging is also aborted when the maximum charging time t max is reached or when the integrated charge amount Q reaches the maximum charge amount Q max . In both cases, the charge management system 2 generates a control signal S2 to open the power switches 10, 11. This ensures that even if the evaluation unit 7 or the battery management system 5 or the voltage measuring devices 6 fails, the charging process is terminated in good time, so that a critical overcharging of the battery cells BZ, which could lead to outgassing, is avoided.
  • the battery management system 5 determines the state of health SOH of the battery cells BZ. If, for example, the aging state then reaches a value SOH limit , where the capacity of the battery cells BZ is only 70% compared to the beginning (Begin of Life), the battery management system 5 prevents further charging by opening the power switches 8, 9.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and a device (1) for charging a battery (4) of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising a battery (4) and a battery management system (5), wherein the battery (4) consists of a plurality of battery cells (BZ1-BZn) at least partially connected in series, wherein by means of a transducer the voltages (UBZ1-UBZn) of the series-connected battery cells (BZ1-BZn) are detected and are evaluated in an evaluation unit (7), wherein depending upon the detected voltages (UBZ1-UBZn) of the battery cells (BZ1-BZn) the battery management system (5) controls at least one power switch (8, 9) between the battery (4) and a charger inside or outside the vehicle, wherein the charge management system (2) is designed in such a way that a value for a maximum charging current (Iabs), at which the charge management system (2) limits a charge current, is stored, wherein the charge management system (2) is also designed in such a way that by means of a transmitted charging current (I) an actual charge quantity (Q) is determined and is compared with a stored value for a maximum charge quantity (Qmax), wherein the charge management system (2) interrupts a charging path when the actual charge quantity (Q) reaches the maximum charge quantity (Qmax).

Description

Beschreibung  description
Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Laden einer Batterie eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeuges mittels einer Hochleistungsstromquelle Method and device for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a high-power power source
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Laden einer Batterie eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeugs. The invention relates to a method and a device for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle.
Aus der US 7 755 331 ist ein Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeug mit einer Batterie bekannt, die sich aus mehreren in Reihe geschalteten Batteriezellen zusammensetzt. Dabei wird die Spannung jeder einzelnen Batteriezelle erfasst und überwacht. Des Weiteren ist zwischen der Batterie und einem Wechselrichter ein Stromsensor angeordnet, der einen Lade- und Entladestrom der Batterie überwacht. From US 7,755,331 an electric or hybrid vehicle with a battery is known, which is composed of several series-connected battery cells. The voltage of each individual battery cell is recorded and monitored. Furthermore, a current sensor is arranged between the battery and an inverter, which monitors a charge and discharge current of the battery.
Insbesondere bei reinen Elektrofahrzeugen ist ein Nachladen der Batterie mit hohen Leistungen aufgrund der Verringerung der Ladezeiten sinnvoll. Dabei kommen relativ hohe Ladeströme von über 100 A zurn Einsatz. Die Hochleistungsstromquelle kann sich dabei sowohl im Fahrzeug (internes Ladegerät) als auch extern (in der Ladesäule bzw. einem externen Ladegerät) befinden. Dabei setzt die Hochleistungsstromquelle die Netzwechselspannung in einen hohen Gleichstrom um. Especially with pure electric vehicles recharging the battery with high performance due to the reduction of charging times makes sense. Relatively high charging currents of over 100 A are used here. The high-performance power source can be located both in the vehicle (internal charger) and externally (in the charging station or an external charger). The high-performance power source converts the mains AC voltage into a high DC current.
Eine Überladung von einzelnen Batterie-Zellen wie beispielsweise Li-Ionen-Batteriezellen kann insbesondere bei hohen Strömen dazu führen, dass diese Ausgasen, sodass toxische und/oder leicht entzündbare Gase freigesetzt werden. Overloading of individual battery cells, such as Li-ion battery cells, in particular at high currents, can lead to these outgassing, so that toxic and / or highly flammable gases are released.
Der Erfindung liegt das technische Problem zugrunde, ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zum Laden einer Batterie eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeugs mittels einer The invention is based on the technical problem of a method and a device for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a
Hochleistungsstromquelle zu schaffen, mittels der mit geringem schaltungstechnischen To provide high-performance power source, by means of low-circuit technology
Aufwand eine verbesserte Fehlertoleranz erreichbar ist. Effort an improved fault tolerance can be achieved.
Die Lösung des technischen Problems ergibt sich durch die Gegenstände mit den Merkmalen der Ansprüche 1 und 6. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen. The solution of the technical problem results from the objects with the features of claims 1 and 6. Further advantageous embodiments of the invention will become apparent from the dependent claims.
Das Verfahren zum Laden einer Batterie eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrtzeugs mittels einer Hochleistungsstromquelle erfolgt dabei mittels eines Ladegerätes, das elektrisch zwischen der Ladesäule und der Batterie angeordnet ist, und einem Batteriemanagementsystem. Dabei kann das Ladegerät extern angeordnet sein oder aber kann fahrzeugintern angeordnet sein. Bei der fahrzeuginternen Anordnung kann dabei das Ladegerät auch in einen bereits vorhandenen Wechselrichter integriert sein, der zwischen einer Elektromaschine und der Batterie angeordnet ist. Die Batterie besteht aus einer Vielzahl von mindestens teilweise in Reihe geschalteten Batterie-Zellen. Die Summe der in Reihe geschalteten Batterie-Zellspannungen stellt dabei die Spannung der Batterie dar. Dabei können zusätzlich zu den einzelnen Batterie-Zellen weitere Batterie-Zellen parallel geschaltet sein, die dann die Kapazität der Batterie erhöhen. Die Spannungen über den in Reihe geschalteten Batterie-Zellen werden erfasst und in einer Auswerteeinheit ausgewertet, wobei diese insbesondere auf eine maximale Batterie- Zellenspannung überprüft werden. Die Auswerteeinheit kann dabei eine separate Einheit sein oder aber in das Batteriemanagementsystem integriert sein. Das Batteriemanagementsystem steuert dann in Abhängigkeit der erfassten Spannungen der Batterie-Zellen mindestens einen Leistungsschalter zwischen dem Ladegerät und der Batterie an, wobei bei Erreichen einer maximalen Batterie-Zellenspannung der Leistungsschalter geöffnet wird und so der The method for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a high-power power source is carried out by means of a charger, which is arranged electrically between the charging station and the battery, and a battery management system. It can the charger can be arranged externally or can be arranged inside the vehicle. In the vehicle-internal arrangement while the charger can also be integrated into an existing inverter, which is arranged between an electric machine and the battery. The battery consists of a plurality of at least partially connected in series battery cells. The sum of the battery cell voltages connected in series represents the voltage of the battery. In this case, in addition to the individual battery cells, further battery cells can be connected in parallel, which then increase the capacity of the battery. The voltages across the series-connected battery cells are detected and evaluated in an evaluation unit, which are in particular checked for a maximum battery cell voltage. The evaluation unit can be a separate unit or integrated into the battery management system. The battery management system then controls depending on the detected voltages of the battery cells at least one circuit breaker between the charger and the battery, upon reaching a maximum battery cell voltage of the circuit breaker is opened and so
Ladevorgang abgebrochen wird. Der Leistungsschalter ist vorzugsweise als Relais ausgebildet, wobei weiter vorzugsweise die Batterie allpolig vom Ladegerät abgetrennt wird. Das Ladegerät wird mittels eines Lademanagementsystems gesteuert, wobei mittels des Charging is aborted. The power switch is preferably designed as a relay, wherein more preferably the battery is disconnected from the charger all pole. The charger is controlled by means of a charge management system, using the
Lademanagementsystems das Ladegerät derart eingestellt wird, dass ein vorab bestimmter absoluter maximaler Ladestrom nicht überschritten wird. Zusätzlich wird mittels eines sensorisch erfassten Ladestroms durch das Lademanagementsystem eine Ist-Ladungsmenge bestimmt und mit einer vorab abgelegten maximalen Ladungsmenge verglichen, wobei bei Erreichen der maximalen Ladungsmenge das Lademanagementsystem den Ladevorgang abbricht. Die Ist-Ladungsmenge wird dabei beispielsweise durch Aufintegration des sensorisch übermittelten Ladestromes über der Zeit ermittelt. Die maximale Ladungsmenge ist Lademanagementsystems the charger is set such that a predetermined absolute maximum charging current is not exceeded. In addition, an actual charge amount is determined by means of a sensory detected charging current through the charging management system and compared with a previously stored maximum amount of charge, upon reaching the maximum amount of charge, the charging management system aborts the charging process. The actual amount of charge is determined, for example, by integration of the sensory transmitted charging current over time. The maximum amount of charge is
beispielsweise die Ladung, die zu Beginn der Lebenszeit (Begin of Life) der Batteriezellen in die vollständig entladenen Batteriezellen der Batterie einspeisbar ist. Durch das erfindungsgemäße Konzept existiert eine von der normalen Spannungsüberwachung der Batteriezellen For example, the charge that can be fed at the beginning of the lifetime (Begin of Life) of the battery cells in the fully discharged battery cells of the battery. The concept according to the invention provides one of the normal voltage monitoring of the battery cells
unabhängige Abschaltbedingungen für den Ladevorgang, die eine sicherheitsrelevanten Überladungszustand der Batteriezellen verhindert, wobei auf eine aufwendige redundante Auslegung der Spannungsmessungen und Auswertungen an den Batteriezellen verzichtet werden kann. Durch diese Aufteilung der Absicherung der Überladungen können ASIL C oder D Anforderungen mit geringem schaltungstechnischen Aufwand eingehalten werden. independent shutdown for the charging process, which prevents a safety-relevant overload state of the battery cells, which can be dispensed with a complex redundant design of the voltage measurements and evaluations on the battery cells. This division of overcharging protection allows ASIL C or D requirements to be met with little circuit complexity.
In einer Ausführungsform ist in der Ladesäule (bzw. dem externen Ladegerät) oder in dem internen Ladegerät mindestens ein Stromsensor angeordnet, dessen Messwerte dem In one embodiment, at least one current sensor is arranged in the charging station (or the external charger) or in the internal charger, the measured values of which are assigned to the
Lademanagementsystem zur Ermittlung der Ist-Ladungsmenge zugeführt werden. Ein solcher Stromsensor ist üblicherweise ohnehin in den Ladesäulen (bzw. dem externen Ladegerät) oder in dem internen Ladegerät vorhanden, sodass der fahrzeuginterne Schaltungsaufwand weiter reduziert werden kann. Es ist aber denkbar, dass der Stromsensor nur im Fahrzeug oder zusätzlich im Fahrzeug angeordnet ist, sodass dieser redundant ist. Vorzugsweise ist der Stromsensor in dem Ladegerät (intern oder extern) angeordnet, sodass der in die Batteriezellen fließende Strom erfasst wird. Charge management system for determining the actual amount of charge to be supplied. Such a current sensor is usually already present in the charging stations (or the external charger) or in the internal charger, so that the on-board circuitry costs on can be reduced. However, it is conceivable that the current sensor is arranged only in the vehicle or additionally in the vehicle, so that it is redundant. Preferably, the current sensor is arranged in the charger (internal or external) so that the current flowing into the battery cells is detected.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform bricht das Lademanagementsystem den Ladevorgang nach einer maximalen Ladezeit ab, sodass eine weitere Rückfallebene existiert, die eine kritische Überladung der Batteriezellen auch bei Ausfall von Überwachungskomponenten verhindert. In a further embodiment, the charging management system aborts the charging process after a maximum charging time, so that a further fallback exists which prevents a critical overcharging of the battery cells even in case of failure of monitoring components.
In einer weiteren Ausführungsform ermittelt das Batteriemanagementsystem einen In a further embodiment, the battery management system determines a
Alterungszustand der Batterie-Zellen, wobei bei Erreichen eines vorab abgelegten Aging condition of the battery cells, which when reaching a pre-stored
Alterungszustandes der Leistungshalbleiter die Verbindung zwischen Ladegerät und Batterie unterbricht. Der vorab festgelegte Alterungszustand wird derart festgelegt, dass bei einem Laden der Batterie mit dem absolut maximalen Ladestrom und der maximalen Ladungsmenge kein Ausgasen der Batterie-Zellen erfolgt. Durch die Alterung der Batterie-Zellen sinkt deren Kapazität, sodass bei Ladung der Batterie-Zellen mit der gleichen Ladungsmenge die Aging state of the power semiconductor breaks the connection between the charger and the battery. The predefined aging state is determined such that when the battery is charged with the absolutely maximum charge current and the maximum charge amount, no outgassing of the battery cells takes place. Due to the aging of the battery cells their capacity decreases, so that when charging the battery cells with the same amount of charge
Spannung an den Batterie-Zellen im Vergleich zum Begin of Life ansteigt. Diese kritische Spannungserhöhung wird so verhindert. Dabei ist es auch denkbar, die maximale Voltage on the battery cells increases compared to the beginning of life. This critical increase in voltage is thus prevented. It is also conceivable, the maximum
Ladungsmenge entsprechend der Alterung zu reduzieren. To reduce the amount of charge according to the aging.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels näher erläutert. Die einzige Figur zeigt ein schematisches Blockschaltbild einer Vorrichtung zum Laden eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeugs mittels einer externen Ladesäule. The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to a preferred embodiment. The single FIGURE shows a schematic block diagram of a device for charging an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of an external charging station.
Die Vorrichtung 1 zum Laden eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeugs mittels einer externen Ladesäule 100 umfasst ein Lademanagementsystem 2, ein Ladegerät 3, eine Batterie 4 und ein Batteriemanagementsystem 5. Die Batterie 4 besteht aus einer Vielzahl von Batterie-Zellen BZ1-BZn, die in Reihe geschaltet sind. Dabei kann vorgesehen sein, dass parallel zu einer Batterie-Zelle BZ ein oder mehrere weitere Batterie-Zellen geschaltet sind, um die Kapazität der Batterie 4 zu erhöhen, was aber aus Übersichtsgründen nicht dargestellt ist. Weiter ist es möglich, dass mehrere in Reihe geschaltete Batterie-Zellen BZ zu Modulen zusammengefasst sind, wobei dann die Module in Reihe oder auch parallel verschaltet sind. Auch dies ist aus Übersichtsgründen nicht dargestellt. Über Spannungsmesseinrichtungen 6 wird jeweils die Spannung der einzelnen Batterie-Zellen BZ1-BZn erfasst und einer Auswerteeinheit 7 zugeführt. Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist die Auswerteeinheit 7 in das The device 1 for charging an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of an external charging station 100 comprises a charging management system 2, a charger 3, a battery 4 and a battery management system 5. The battery 4 consists of a multiplicity of battery cells BZ1-BZn connected in series are switched. It can be provided that one or more additional battery cells are connected in parallel with a battery cell BZ in order to increase the capacity of the battery 4, but this is not shown for reasons of clarity. It is also possible for a plurality of series-connected battery cells BZ to be combined into modules, in which case the modules are connected in series or also in parallel. Again, this is not shown for reasons of clarity. Via voltage measuring devices 6, the voltage of the individual battery cells BZ1-BZn is respectively detected and fed to an evaluation unit 7. In the illustrated embodiment, the evaluation unit 7 in the
Batteriemanagementsystem 5 integriert. Prinzipiell kann aber die Auswerteeinheit 7 als separate Einheit ausgebildet sein. Die Auswerteeinzeit 7 überprüft, ob die Spannung an den Batterie-Zellen BZ1-BZn eine maximale oder auch eine minimale Zellspannung nicht überschreitet bzw. unterschreitet, wobei für die vorliegende Erfindung hauptsächlich die Überschreitung der maximalen Zellspannung von Interesse ist. Zwischen dem Ladegerät 3 und der Batterie 4 sind zwei Leistungsschalter 8, 9 angeordnet, die vorzugsweise als Relais ausgebildet sind. Mittels der Leistungsschalter 8, 9 kann das Ladegerät 3 allpolig mit der Batterie 4 verbunden werden oder auch getrennt werden, wobei die Leistungsschalter 8, 9 durch das Batteriemanagementsystem 5 angesteuert werden. Dabei sei angemerkt, dass den Leistungsschaltern 8, 9 noch weitere Schalter und/oder Vorwiderstände zugeordnet sein können, um abrupte Schaltvorgänge zu vermeiden. Battery management system 5 integrated. In principle, however, the evaluation unit 7 may be formed as a separate unit. The evaluation time 7 checks whether the voltage across the battery cells BZ1-BZn is not a maximum or a minimum cell voltage exceeds or falls below, for the present invention is mainly the exceeding of the maximum cell voltage of interest. Between the charger 3 and the battery 4, two power switches 8, 9 are arranged, which are preferably designed as a relay. By means of the circuit breaker 8, 9, the charger 3 can be connected to the battery 4 all poles or be separated, the power switches 8, 9 are controlled by the battery management system 5. It should be noted that the circuit breakers 8, 9 may be associated with additional switches and / or series resistors to avoid abrupt switching operations.
Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist das Ladegerät 3 in einen Wechselrichter des Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeuges integriert, der mit einer Elektromaschine M des Elektro- oder In the illustrated embodiment, the charger 3 is integrated into an inverter of the electric or hybrid vehicle, with an electric machine M of the electric or
Hybridfahrzeugs verbunden ist. Alternativ kann das Ladegerät auch in die Ladesäule integriert sein. Das Ladegerät 3 umfasst dabei die Hochleistungsstromquelle, die den Gleichstrom zur Verfügung stellt. Hybrid vehicle is connected. Alternatively, the charger can also be integrated in the charging station. The charger 3 in this case comprises the high-power current source which provides the direct current.
Des Weiteren ist das Ladegerät 3 mit der externen Ladesäule 100 verbunden, die Furthermore, the charger 3 is connected to the external charging station 100, which
beispielsweise eine ein- oder mehrphasige Wechselspannung zur Verfügung stellt. Zwischen der externen Ladesäule 100 und dem Ladegerät 3 sind dabei zwei Leistungsschalter 10, 1 1 angeordnet, die von dem Lademanagementsystem 2 direkt oder indirekt angesteuert werden. Die Anzahl der Leistungsschalter 10, 1 1 ist dabei davon abhängig, wie viele Ladeleitungen von der externen Ladesäule 100 zum Ladegerät 3 geführt sind. In der externen Ladesäule 100 oder im Ladegerät 3 ist ein Stromsensor 101 angeordnet. Diese Messwerte für den Strom I werden von der Ladesäule 100 oder dem Ladegerät 3 dem Lademanagementsystem 2 zugeführt. Vorzugsweise ist der Stromsensor 101 in dem Ladegerät 3 angeordnet und erfasst den Gleichstrom der Hochleistungsstromquelle. Somit liefert der Stromsensor 101 einen Wert, der angibt, wie viel Strom in die Batteriezellen BZ1-BZn fließt. Im Lademanagementsystem 2 ist ein Wert für eine maximale Ladungsmenge Qmax und eine maximale Ladezeit tmax abgelegt. Die maximale Ladungsmenge Qmax wird dabei vorab bestimmt und ist beispielsweise die For example, provides a single or multi-phase AC voltage. Between the external charging station 100 and the charger 3 while two circuit breakers 10, 1 1 are arranged, which are controlled by the charging management system 2 directly or indirectly. The number of power switches 10, 1 1 is dependent on how many charging lines are led from the external charging station 100 to the charger 3. In the external charging station 100 or in the charger 3, a current sensor 101 is arranged. These measured values for the current I are supplied from the charging station 100 or the charger 3 to the charging management system 2. Preferably, the current sensor 101 is disposed in the charger 3 and detects the DC current of the high-power power source. Thus, the current sensor 101 provides a value indicating how much current flows in the battery cells BZ1-BZn. In the charge management system 2, a value for a maximum charge amount Q max and a maximum charge time t max is stored. The maximum amount of charge Q max is determined in advance and is, for example, the
Ladungsmenge, die in die vollständig entladenen Batterie-Zellen BZ1 -BZn zu Beginn ihrer Lebenszeit (Begin of Life) einspeicherbar ist, bis diese ihre maximale Zellspannung Umax erreichen (4 SOC = 100 %). Des Weiteren ist in dem Lademanagementsystem 2 ein absoluter maximaler Strom labs abgelegt. Der absolute maximale Strom I abs ist dabei derart dimensioniert, dass beim Laden der Batterie-Zellen BZ1-BZn mit dem absoluten maximalen Strom labs mit einer Ladungsmenge entsprechend der maximalen Ladungsmenge Qmax unabhängig von der Batteriezellentemperatur keine Destabilisierung (z.B. Ausgasen) der Batterie-Zellen BZ1 -BZn erfolgt. Verfahrensmäßig wird zum Laden der Batterie 4 die externe Ladesäule 100 mit dem Ladegerät 3 und dem Lademanagementsystem 2 verbunden. Die Leistungsschalter 10, 1 1 werden geschlossen. Das Lademanagementsystem 2 steuert dann das Ladegerät 3 derart an, dass dieses die Wechselspannung der externen Ladesäule 100 in eine Gleichspannung bzw. Charge amount that can be stored in the fully discharged battery cells BZ1 -BZn at the beginning of their lifetime (Begin of Life) until they reach their maximum cell voltage U max (4 SOC = 100%). Furthermore, an absolute maximum current l abs is stored in the charge management system 2. The absolute maximum current I abs is dimensioned such that when charging the battery cells BZ1-BZn with the absolute maximum current l abs with a charge amount corresponding to the maximum charge amount Q max regardless of the battery cell temperature no destabilization (eg outgassing) of the battery Cells BZ1 -BZn done. The method for charging the battery 4, the external charging station 100 is connected to the charger 3 and the charging management system 2. The circuit breakers 10, 1 1 are closed. The charging management system 2 then controls the charger 3 such that this the AC voltage of the external charging station 100 in a DC voltage or
Gleichstrom wandelt, der über die geschlossenen Leistungsschalter 8, 9 die Batterie-Zellen BZ1-BZn auflädt. Dabei erzeugt das Lademanagementsystem 2 ein Steuersignal S1 (labs), durch das das Ladegerät 3 auf den absoluten maximalen Strom labs begrenzt wird. DC converts, which charges via the closed circuit breaker 8, 9, the battery cells BZ1-BZn. In this case, the charging management system 2 generates a control signal S1 (l abs ), by which the charger 3 is limited to the absolute maximum current l abs .
Die Spannungsmesseinrichtungen 6 erfassen dann die Batteriezellenspannung UBz- Erreicht eine Batterie-Zelle BZ die maximale Zellespannung Umax, so wird dies von der Auswerteeinheit 7 ermittelt und ein Steuersignal S erzeugt und die Leistungsschalter 8, 9 geöffnet und der Ladevorgang abgebrochen. Während des Ladevorgangs integriert das The voltage measuring devices 6 then detect the battery cell voltage U B z- reaches a battery cell BZ the maximum cell voltage U max , this is determined by the evaluation unit 7 and generates a control signal S and the circuit breaker 8, 9 opened and the charging process aborted. While charging the integrated
Lademanagementsystem 2 den von der Ladesäule 100 oder dem Ladegerät 3 übermittelten Strom über der Zeit auf und erfasst die Ladezeit t insgesamt. Unabhängig von dem Abbruch des Ladevorganges aufgrund des Erreichens der maximalen Batteriezellenspannung Umax wird der Ladevorgang ebenfalls abgebrochen, wenn die maximale Ladezeit tmax erreicht wird oder wenn die aufintegrierte Ladungsmenge Q die maximale Ladungsmenge Qmax erreicht. In beiden Fällen erzeugt das Lademanagementsystem 2 ein Steuersignal S2, um die Leistungsschalter 10, 1 1 zu öffnen. Somit ist sichergestellt, dass auch bei Ausfall der Auswerteeinheit 7 oder des Batteriemanagementsystems 5 oder der Spannungsmesseinrichtungen 6 der Ladevorgang rechtzeitig abgebrochen wird, sodass eine kritische Überladung der Batterie-Zellen BZ, die zu Ausgasungen führen könnte, vermieden wird. Lademanagementsystem 2 the transmitted from the charging station 100 or the charger 3 current over time and detects the total charging time t. Regardless of the termination of the charging process due to the achievement of the maximum battery cell voltage U max charging is also aborted when the maximum charging time t max is reached or when the integrated charge amount Q reaches the maximum charge amount Q max . In both cases, the charge management system 2 generates a control signal S2 to open the power switches 10, 11. This ensures that even if the evaluation unit 7 or the battery management system 5 or the voltage measuring devices 6 fails, the charging process is terminated in good time, so that a critical overcharging of the battery cells BZ, which could lead to outgassing, is avoided.
Aufgrund der Alterung der Batterie-Zellen BZ nimmt deren Kapazität ab, sodass bei gleichen Ladungsmengen die Batteriezellenspannung steigt. Um diesen Effekt bei der Prozesssicherheit zu berücksichtigen, ermittelt das Batteriemanagementsystem 5 den Alterungszustand SOH (state of health) der Batterie-Zellen BZ. Erreicht dann der Alterungszustand beispielsweise einen Wert SOHgrenz, wo die Kapazität der Batterie-Zellen BZ nur 70 % im Vergleich zu Beginn (Begin of Life) beträgt, so verhindert das Batteriemanagementsystem 5 ein weiteres Laden, indem die Leistungsschalter 8, 9 geöffnet werden. Dabei sei angemerkt, dass, wenn die Batterie-Zellen BZ vor Beginn des Ladens bereits voll aufgeladen sind und die Kontrolle des Batteriemanagementsystems 5 versagt, die Batterie-Zellen BZ entsprechend überladen werden (ca. 200 % SOC (state of Charge)), was gegebenenfalls die Lebensdauer reduziert, aber noch nicht zum Ausgasen führt. Due to the aging of the battery cells BZ decreases their capacity, so that the same charge quantities, the battery cell voltage increases. In order to take account of this effect in process safety, the battery management system 5 determines the state of health SOH of the battery cells BZ. If, for example, the aging state then reaches a value SOH limit , where the capacity of the battery cells BZ is only 70% compared to the beginning (Begin of Life), the battery management system 5 prevents further charging by opening the power switches 8, 9. It should be noted that if the battery cells BZ are already fully charged before the start of charging and the control of the battery management system 5 fails, the battery cells BZ will be overcharged accordingly (about 200% SOC (state of charge)), which possibly reduces the life, but not yet leads to outgassing.
Zusätzlich kann zur Absicherung der vom Batteriemanagementsystem 5 ermittelten In addition, for securing the determined by the battery management system 5
Zellkapazitäten die Gesamtlademenge Qi_ade_totai über alle Ladevorgänge durch das Lademanagementsystem 2 ermittelt werden. In Abhängigkeit von QLade_totai wird dann Qmax reduziert, um der Reduktion der Zellkapazität durch Alterungseffekte Rechnung zu tragen. Cell capacities the total amount of charge Qi_a d e_totai over all loads through the Charge management system 2 are determined. Depending on Q Lad e_totai, Q max is then reduced to take into account the reduction in cell capacity due to aging effects.

Claims

Ansprüche claims
1. Verfahren zum Laden einer Batterie (4) eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeugs mittels einer Hochleistungsstromquelle in einem Ladegerät (3), das elektrisch zwischen einer Anspruch [en] A method for charging a battery (4) of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a high-power power source in a charger (3) that is electrically connected between one
Ladesäule (100) und der Batterie (4) angeordnet ist, und eines  Charging column (100) and the battery (4) is arranged, and one
Batteriemanagementsystems (5), wobei die Batterie (4) aus einer Vielzahl von mindestens teilweise in Reihe geschalteten Batterie-Zellen (BZ1 -BZn) besteht, wobei die Spannung (UBZ1-UBZn) der in Reihe geschalteten Batterie-Zellen (BZ1 -BZn) erfasst und in einer Auswerteeinheit (7) ausgewertet werden, wobei das Batteriemanagementsystem (5) in Abhängigkeit der erfassten Spannungen (UBZ1 -UBZn) der Batterie-Zellen (BZ1-BZn) mindestens einen Leistungsschalter (8, 9) zwischen dem Ladegerät (3) und der Batterie (4) ansteuert,  Battery management system (5), wherein the battery (4) consists of a multiplicity of battery cells (BZ1 -BZn) connected at least partially in series, the voltage (UBZ1-UBZn) of the series-connected battery cells (BZ1 -BZn) detected and evaluated in an evaluation unit (7), wherein the battery management system (5) in dependence of the detected voltages (UBZ1 -UBZn) of the battery cells (BZ1-BZn) at least one power switch (8, 9) between the charger (3) and the battery (4) drives,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass  characterized in that
mittels eines Lademanagementsystems (2) das Ladesteuergerät (3) gesteuert wird, wobei mittels des Lademanagementsystems (2) das Ladesteuergerät (3) derart eingestellt wird, dass ein vorab bestimmter absoluter maximaler Ladestrom (labs) nicht überschritten wird, wobei das Lademanagementsystem (2) mittels eines sensorisch erfassten Ladestroms (I) eine Ist-Ladungsmenge (Q) bestimmt und mit einer vorab abgelegten maximalen by means of a charge management system (2), the charge control device (3) is controlled, wherein by means of the charge management system (2) the charge control device (3) is set such that a previously determined absolute maximum charging current (l abs ) is not exceeded, wherein the charge management system (2 ) by means of a sensed charging current (I) determines an actual charge amount (Q) and with a pre-stored maximum
Ladungsmenge (Qmax) vergleicht, wobei bei Erreichen der maximalen Ladungsmenge (Qmax) das Lademanagementsystem (2) den Ladevorgang abbricht. Charge quantity (Q max ) compares, wherein upon reaching the maximum amount of charge (Q max ), the charging management system (2) stops the charging process.
2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in der Ladesäule (100) oder dem Lagegerät (3) mindestens ein Stromsensor (101 ) angeordnet ist, dessen Messwerte (I) dem Lademanagementsystem (2) zur Ermittlung der Ist-Ladungsmenge (Q) zugeführt werden. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the charging station (100) or the position device (3) at least one current sensor (101) is arranged, the measured values (I) the charging management system (2) for determining the actual amount of charge (Q ).
3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the
Lademanagementsystem (2) nach einer vorgegebenen maximalen Ladezeit (tmax) den Ladevorgang abbricht. Charging management system (2) after a predetermined maximum charging time (t max ) stops the charging process.
4. Verfahren nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Batteriemanagementsystem (5) einen Alterungszustand (SOH) der Batterie-Zellen (BZ1-BZn) ermittelt, wobei bei Erreichen eines vorab abgelegten Alterungszustandes (SOHgrenz) über den Leistungsschalter (8, 9) die Verbindung zwischen Ladesteuergerät (3) und Batterie (4) unterbrochen wird, wobei der vorab festgelegte Alterungszustand 4. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the battery management system (5) determines an aging state (SOH) of the battery cells (BZ1-BZn), wherein upon reaching a pre-stored aging state (SOH grenz ) via the power switch (8 , 9) the connection between the charge control device (3) and the battery (4) is interrupted, the predetermined aging state
(SOHgrenz) derart festgelegt wird, dass bei einem Laden der Batterie (4) mit dem absolut maximalen Ladestrom (labs) und der maximalen Ladungsmenge (Qmax) kein Ausgasen der Batterie-Zellen (BZ1 -BZn) erfolgt. (SOH limit ) is set such that when charging the battery (4) with the absolute maximum charging current (labs) and the maximum amount of charge (Q max ) no outgassing of the battery cells (BZ1 -BZn) takes place.
5. Verfahren nach einem der vorangegangenen Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lademanagementsystem (2) eine Gesamtladungsmenge (Qi_ade_totai) über alle 5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the charging management system (2) a total charge amount (Qi_ ad e_totai) over all
Ladevorgänge ermittelt, wobei die maximale Ladungsmenge (Qmax) in Abhängigkeit von der Gesamtladungsmenge (Qiadejotai) angepasst wird. Charging determined, the maximum amount of charge (Q max ) depending on the total amount of charge (Qia d e j otai) is adjusted.
6. Vorrichtung (1 ) zum Laden einer Batterie (4) eines Elektro- oder Hybridfahrzeugs, 6. Device (1) for charging a battery (4) of an electric or hybrid vehicle,
umfassend eine Batterie (4) und ein Batteriemanagementsystem (5), wobei die Batterie (4) aus einer Vielzahl von mindestens teilweise in Reihe geschalteten Batterie-Zellen (BZ1-BZn) besteht, wobei mittels einer Sensorik die Spannungen (UBZ1 -UBZn) der in Reihe geschalteten Batterie-Zellen (BZ1 -BZn) erfasst und in einer Auswerteeinheit (7) ausgewertet werden, wobei das Batteriemanagementsystem (5) in Abhängigkeit der erfassten Spannungen (UBZ1 -UBZn) der Batterie-Zellen (BZ1-BZn) mindestens einen Leistungsschalter (8, 9) zwischen der Batterie (4) und einem fahrzeuginternen oder einem fahrzeugexternen Ladegerät (3) ansteuert,  comprising a battery (4) and a battery management system (5), wherein the battery (4) consists of a plurality of at least partially connected in series battery cells (BZ1-BZn), wherein by means of a sensor, the voltages (UBZ1 -UBZn) of in series connected battery cells (BZ1 -BZn) detected and evaluated in an evaluation unit (7), wherein the battery management system (5) in response to the detected voltages (UBZ1 -UBZn) of the battery cells (BZ1-BZn) at least one circuit breaker (8, 9) between the battery (4) and an in-vehicle or an off-vehicle charger (3) drives,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass  characterized in that
das Lademanagementsystem (2) derart ausgebildet ist, dass ein Wert für einen maximalen Ladestrom (labs) abgelegt ist, auf den das Lademanagementsystem (2) ein Ladestrom begrenzt, wobei das Lademanagementsystem (2) weiter derart ausgebildet ist, dass mittels eines übermittelten Ladestroms (I) eine Ist-Ladungsmenge (Q) bestimmt und mit einem abgelegten Wert für eine maximale Ladungsmenge (Qmax) verglichen wird, wobei das Lademanagementsystem (2) eine Ladestrecke unterbricht, wenn die Ist- Ladungsmenge (Q) die maximale Ladungsmenge (Qmax) erreicht. the charging management system (2) is designed such that a value for a maximum charging current (l abs ) is stored, to which the charging management system (2) limits a charging current, wherein the charging management system (2) is further designed such that by means of a transmitted charging current (I) an actual charge amount (Q) is determined and compared with a stored value for a maximum amount of charge (Q max ), wherein the charge management system (2) interrupts a charging distance when the actual charge amount (Q) the maximum charge amount (Q max ) reached.
7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das 7. Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the
Lademanagementsystem (2) mit mindestens einer Schnittstelle ausgebildet ist, über die dem Lademanagementsystem (2) Messwerte von einer Ladesäule (100) oder dem Ladegerät (3) zuführbar sind.  Charge management system (2) is formed with at least one interface, via which the charging management system (2) measured values from a charging station (100) or the charger (3) can be fed.
8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem 8. Apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that in the
Lademanagementsystem (2) eine maximale Ladezeit (tmax) ablegbar ist. Lademanagementsystem (2) a maximum charging time (t max ) can be stored.
9. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das 9. Device according to one of claims 6 to 8, characterized in that the
Batteriemanagementsystem (5) derart ausgebildet ist, um einen Alterungszustand (SOH) der Batterie-Zellen (BZ) zu ermitteln, wobei bei Erreichen eines vorab abgelegten  Battery management system (5) is designed to determine an aging state (SOH) of the battery cells (BZ), wherein upon reaching a pre-stored
Alterungszustandes (SOHgrenz) der Leistungsschalter (8, 9) geöffnet wird, wobei der vorab festgelegte Alterungszustand (SOHgrenz) derart festgelegt wird, dass bei einem Laden der Batterie (4) mit dem absolut maximalen Ladestrom (labs) und der maximalen Aging state (SOH limit ) of the circuit breaker (8, 9) is opened, the predetermined aging state (SOH limit ) is set such that when charging the battery (4) with the absolute maximum charging current (l abs ) and the maximum
Ladungsmenge (Qmax) kein Ausgasen der Batterie-Zellen (BZ) erfolgt. Amount of charge (Q max ) no outgassing of the battery cells (BZ) takes place.
10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 6 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Lademanagementsystem (2) derart ausgebildet ist, um eine Gesamtladungsmenge (Qi_ade_totai) über alle Ladevorgänge zu ermitteln, wobei die maximale Ladungsmenge (Qmax) in Abhängigkeit von der Gesamtladungsmenge (Qiadejotai) angepasst wird. 10. Device according to one of claims 6 to 9, characterized in that the charging management system (2) is designed to determine a total charge amount (Qi_ade_totai) over all charging operations, wherein the maximum charge amount (Q max ) in dependence on the total amount of charge ( Qiadejotai) is adjusted.
PCT/EP2013/059665 2012-06-09 2013-05-08 Method and device for charging a battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle by means of a high-power current source WO2013182373A2 (en)

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