Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
  • C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
  • C08J11/06—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers without chemical reactions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
  • C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
  • B29B17/00—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics
  • B29B17/0026—Recovery of plastics or other constituents of waste material containing plastics by agglomeration or compacting
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
  • C08J3/20—Compounding polymers with additives, e.g. colouring
  • C08J3/203—Solid polymers with solid and/or liquid additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C08L23/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
  • C08L23/08—Copolymers of ethene
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
  • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
  • D06N7/0065—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by the pile
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
  • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
  • D06N7/0071—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
  • B29K2021/00—Use of unspecified rubbers as moulding material
  • B29K2021/003—Thermoplastic elastomers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
  • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
  • B29L2031/732—Floor coverings
  • B29L2031/7322—Carpets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
  • C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
  • C08J2323/14—Copolymers of propene
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2433/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2433/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
  • C08J2433/14—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing halogen, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms in addition to the carboxy oxygen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2467/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2467/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
  • D06N2203/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • D06N2203/042—Polyolefin (co)polymers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
  • Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
  • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
  • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
  • Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling

Definitions

• compositions Comprising Polv(trimethylene terephthalate) and Thermoplastic Poiyoiefin and Processes Using the Compositions
• This invention pertains to compositions and processes suitable for recycling post-consumer carpet tiles that comprise po!y(tnmethylene terephthalate) fibers and thermoplastic polyolefin backings.
• thermoplastic olefins and po!y ⁇ ethy!ene terephthalate using compatibi!izers such as EBAGMA. See for example, Benhamida et al., Macromolecular Engineering, DOI:
• Blends of PTT and other polyesters as well as polycarbonate are known in the art.
• Carpet tiles will typically have fibers made from poly(trimethylene terephthalate) and a backing sheet comprising a thermoplastic olefin or other backing, often highly filled with an inorganic filler such as CaCOs. It will be particularly useful to have a technology for recycling carpet tiles into useful products.
• the present invention provides a composition
• thermoplastic polyolefin TPO
• PTT poly(trimethylene terephthalate)
• the present invention provides a process comprising subjecting a multi-layer article to diminution to form pieces t of a size compatible with the feeding requirements of a melt compounder; feeding the pieces to the melt compounder; causing the pieces to undergo melting in the melt compounder to form a melt; subjecting the melt to mixing under the application of shearing forces; mixing the melt for a period of time necessary for the melt to become homogeneous; and, causing the melt to be removed from the melt compounder; wherein the multi-layer article comprises a thermoplastic polyolefin and poiy(trimetbyiene terephthalate).
• Figure 1 depicts the construction of the carpet tile employed in the examples. Detailed Description
• copolymer refers to a polymer comprising two or more chemically distinct repeat units, such as, for example,
• the term “homogeneous” means that visual examination of a cross-section of a shaped article of the blend does not reveal evidence of distinctive domains that differ in composition.
• the term “tough” refers to a test specimen exhibiting an elongation to break of 50 % or greater.
• the term “flexible” refers to the mode of failure when a 2mm thick molded plaque is manipulated. A flexible specimen is observed to undergo at least 20 repeated, back and forth bends without failure. In contrast, a brittle sample, not of the invention, will undergo brittle failure on the first attempt to bend a 1/8" thick molded plaque.
• the concentration of PTT and TPO are expressed as percentages of the total weight of the polymer, namely of the sum of the weights of PTT and TPO.
• the TPO as used in the art of carpet tiles is typically heavily filled or loaded with inorganic filler, usually CaC0 3. in those instances in which the TPO is filled with inorganic filler, it is only the weight of the TPO polymer component, and not the weight of the CaCOs filler, that is included in the calculation of weight percentages in the polymer composition.
• the term multi-layer article refers to an article comprising at least two layers, one of which is rich in a suitable TPO, and the other of which is rich in PTT.
• the TPO can be, but need not be, filled with an inorganic filler dispersed throughout.
• the PTT-rich layer consists essentially of PTT fibers that are adhered to the TPO layer which is in the form of a sheet.
• a suitable multi-layer article is a carpet tile.
• carpet tiles typically have additional layers, such as that depicted in Figure 1 , and described infra.
• the present invention provides a composition
• the composition comprises 85 to 99 % by weight of thermoplastic polyolefin and 15 to 1 % by weight of poly(trimethiene terephthalate).
• the composition comprises a homogeneous mixture of 90 to 99% by weight of the
• thermoplastic polyolefin and 10 to 1 % by weight of po!y(trimethlene terephthalate).
• the thermoplastic olefin is a thermoplastic olefin elastomer.
• Suitable thermoplastic olefins include but are not limited to ethylene methylacry!ate, ethylenebutyl acrylate ethylene ethylene acrylate, ethylene vinyl acetate, ethylene methacry!ic acid (EMAA), ethylene acrylic acid (EAA), and EMAA and EAA that are partially neutralized with zinc and sodium salts.
• the thermoplastic olefin is a melt blend of an ethylene/propylene copolymer and polypropylene homopolymer.
• the melt blend is a 1 :1 by weight blend of ethylene/propylene copolymer and polypropylene homopo!ymer.
• EBAG A is available under the trade name Elvaloy® from the DuPont Company.
• compatibilizing agent represents an undesirable added cost. It is a particularly surprising aspect of the present invention that at compositions in which the PTT concentration in the blend with a TPO is 10 % or less by weight based upon the total weight of polymer, a suitably tough, flexible melt blend is prepared without resort to a compatibilizing agent (isn't this the one with 25% Tile: 75% TPO... assuming you calculated based on actual PTT). As the concentration of PTT in the blend is increased, the need for addition of a compatibilizing agent, preferably EBAGMA, is observed to increase. It is anticipated that achieving suitable toughness and flexibility in compositions comprising amounts of PTT >10 %, particularly > 15 % will require use of compatibilizing agent.
• PTT suitable for the practice of the invention includes both PTT homopo!ymer and PTT copolymers comprising up to 30 mol-% of monomer units of one or more comonomers. Preferred are PTT homopolymers. PTT is itself 2 monomers from a condensation rection
• the TPO is filled with an inorganic filler, in particular with CaCOs.
• inorganic fillers cause embrittlement in polymers unless they are surface treated to diminish adhesion between the polymer matrix and the filler. See for example Moss, United States Patent 4,898, 372.
• Suitable surface treatment agents include fatty acids, particularly stearic acid.
• the invention is operable when the TPO contains loadings of as much as 50% by weight, even 67 % by weight of CaCOs, based upon the total weight of the TPO and the CaCOs.
• the composition comprising a homogeneous mixture of 80 to 99 % by weight of a blend of ethylene/propylene copolymer and propylene, and 20 to 1 % by weight of poly(trimethyiene terephthalate), with respect to the total weight of the thermoplastic olefin plus the
• a process comprising subjecting a multi-layer article to diminution to form pieces t of a size compatible with the feeding requirements of a melt compounder; feeding the pieces to the melt compounder; causing the pieces to undergo melting in the melt compounder to form a melt; subjecting the melt to mixing under the application of shearing forces: mixing the melt for a period of time necessary for the melt to become homogeneous: and, causing the melt to be removed from the melt
• the multi-layer article comprises a thermoplastic polyolefin and poly(tnmethylene terephthalate).
• the process further comprises addition of further amounts of TPO - either filled or unfilled - to adjust the concentration of PTT to be ⁇ 20 % by weight, preferably ⁇ 15 % by weight, most preferably ⁇ 10 % by weight.
• the process further comprises addition of a compatibi!izing agent to the melt, where in the compatibilizing agent is suitable for use in compatibilizing melt blends of thermoplastic polyolefsns and polyesters.
• a compatibi!izing agent is suitable for use in compatibilizing melt blends of thermoplastic polyolefsns and polyesters.
• Such agents are well known in the art, and are available commercially; however, their suitability for use in blends of PTT and TPO was not known prior to the present invention.
• Suitable compatibilizing agents include but are not limited to copolymers of ethylene and g!ycidyi
• metbacrylate Particularly preferred are terpoiymers of ethylene, butyl acrylate, and glycidyl methacrylate, known as EBAGMA.
• Melt compounding to form the blend can be achieved using any method and equipment such as is known in the art. Both batch and continuous processing are suitable. However, so-called high shear mixers are preferred. Suitable high shear mixers include, for example, Farrell Continuous Mixers, co-rotating twin screw extruders, and Brabender mixers, Single screw extruders may in some configurations be suitable but are not preferred.
• the process further comprises forming the melt into a shape, followed by quenching to form a shaped article.
• Suitable shaped articles include molded articles, and extruded sheets.
• the melt blend prepared according to the process is extruded as a back sheet to a carpet in the manufacture of carpet tiles.
• the carpet tile so employed is depicted in Figure 1 .
• the carpet tile, 1 consisted of 1400 denier melt spun BCF (bulk continuous filament) carpet yarns, 2, made from 100 % PTT, were tufted into a 3.5 oz/sq.yd, non-woven substrate, 3, to form a tufted fabric with a 24 oz/sq.yd. face fiber density.
• the thus tufted carpet was subject to coating with a latex dispersion of vinyl acetate ethylene and CaCOs to form a 23 oz/sq.yd.VAE precoat, 4.
• the thus prepared precoated structure was then extrusion coated with TPO containing 67% by weight of CaCOs to form a 27.3 oz/sq.yd. layer, 5.
• a 2 oz/sq.yd. fiberglass scrim, 6, was then applied to the TPO layer.
• Virgin TPO containing 67 % CaC0 3 by weight was obtained as 1A147 from Lyondel!-Bassell.
• EBAGMA was obtained from the DuPont Company as Elvaioy, Extrusion
• the ingredients listed in Table 2 in the proportions shown were separately weight-loss fed to the feed throat of a 30-mm Werner-Pfleiderer (ZSK-30) co-rotating twin-screw extruder with electrically heated barrels, once-through cooling water and provided with vacuum ports.
• the extruder profile was set as shown in Table 2.
• the melt probe temperature refers to a periodic measurement using a thermocouple inserted by hand into the extruding melt.
• the extrusion die was a single strand die with a 4.8 mm hole. Total extruder throughput was maintained at 10 pounds per hour. Screw speed was 125 rpm, using a #4 medium working screw.
• the melt strand was drawn from the strand die and immersed within a distance of about 100 mm into a chilled water quench bath from which it was directed to a peiletizer where the thus quenched strand was cut into pellets approximately 3 mm in size.
• the pellets so prepared were injection molded into 4-mm ISO bars and 2-mm ISO plaques (60-cm by 60-cm) using a 1.5-oz. Arburg Allrounder 221 K/ 38-ton injection molding machine.
• the extruder and nozzle were set at 170 °G for all samples.
• the mold was not heated, in the case of the molded plaques, the injection time was 15 seconds, and the hold time was 15 seconds. Cycle time was 37.2 seconds, in the case of the molded bars, injection time was 10 seconds, and the hold time was 10 seconds. Cycle time was 25.8 seconds. Mold release was employed.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Textile Engineering (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Separation, Recovery Or Treatment Of Waste Materials Containing Plastics (AREA)

Priority Applications (10)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=49483785

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (11)

Cited By (1)

Families Citing this family (2)

Citations (4)

Family Cites Families (7)

• 2013
  • 2013-04-19 BR BR112014026536A patent/BR112014026536A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2013-04-19 MX MX2014012725A patent/MX2014012725A/es unknown
  • 2013-04-19 KR KR1020147032456A patent/KR20150005629A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-04-19 IN IN8065DEN2014 patent/IN2014DN08065A/en unknown
  • 2013-04-19 WO PCT/US2013/037351 patent/WO2013163031A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2013-04-19 AU AU2013252611A patent/AU2013252611A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-04-19 US US14/394,744 patent/US20150065589A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2013-04-19 CN CN201380021235.2A patent/CN104246060A/zh active Pending
  • 2013-04-19 EP EP13781012.3A patent/EP2841641A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-04-19 JP JP2015509050A patent/JP2015522663A/ja active Pending
  • 2013-04-19 CA CA 2873682 patent/CA2873682A1/en not_active Abandoned

Patent Citations (5)

Non-Patent Citations (1)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events