WO2013124317A1 - Bernsteinsäurealkylester-mischungen als weichmacher - Google Patents
Bernsteinsäurealkylester-mischungen als weichmacher Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013124317A1 WO2013124317A1 PCT/EP2013/053379 EP2013053379W WO2013124317A1 WO 2013124317 A1 WO2013124317 A1 WO 2013124317A1 EP 2013053379 W EP2013053379 W EP 2013053379W WO 2013124317 A1 WO2013124317 A1 WO 2013124317A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- succinic acid
- iii
- formulas
- mixture
- ester
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
- C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
- C08K5/10—Esters; Ether-esters
- C08K5/11—Esters; Ether-esters of acyclic polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C69/34—Esters of acyclic saturated polycarboxylic acids having an esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C69/40—Succinic acid esters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to novel succinic acid alkyl ester mixtures and their use as plasticisers for plastics.
- plasticizers For the processing of plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), plasticizers have been used for decades. Plasticizers are additives used in polymer processing that improve processability, flexibility and ductility. Since the plasticizers are not firmly attached to the polymer, they can migrate or volatilize.
- the plasticizers used to make soft PVC are predominantly phthalic acid esters such as the general purpose di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP).
- DEHP di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
- DIDP diisononyl phthalate
- DIDP diisodecyl phthalate
- fast gelling plasticizers such as the short chain phthalates dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) may be added.
- DBP dibutyl phthalate
- DIBP diisobutyl phthalate
- BBP benzyl butyl phthalate
- phthalates are becoming increasingly limited due to legal framework conditions.
- One example is the prohibition and restriction of the use of some phthalates in the manufacture of toys and childcare articles (Directive 2005/84 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2005).
- several phthalates have been added to the list of candidates for Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).
- SVHC Very High Concern
- ECHA European Chemicals Agency
- the phthalate plasticizers are based on petrochemical raw materials. In their production, greenhouse gases are set free which can be regarded as problematic in many respects.
- Plasticizers based on renewable raw materials are in the focus of attention because of the discussion on the climate, sustainability and limited availability of fossil raw materials. Plasticizers based on succinic acid could meet these requirements.
- esters of succinic acid with fatty alcohols such as, but not limited to, 1-octanol, 1-decanol and 1-dodecanol, are of particular interest since the alcohols mentioned above are also of the bio-pathway. are accessible, eg by hydrogenation of fatty acids from vegetable oils.
- esters of succinic acid as plasticizers for PVC is described by LeCaptain et al. in Polym. Bull. (2010) 65: 589-598 in the article "Poly (vinyl chloride) plasticized with succinate esters: synthesis and characterization", in which Di-octyl succinate (DOS), di-hexyl succinate (DHS), di-butyl succinate (DBS) and di-ethyl succinate (DES) are described by Infrared (IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) to assess the compatibility of esters in PVC and their potential as phthalate substitutes For the processor important technical applications and statements such as migration and volatility from the plasticized polymer or its long-term use properties are not made.
- DOS Di-octyl succinate
- DHS di-hexyl succinate
- DBS di-butyl succinate
- DES di-ethyl succinate
- IR Infrare
- di-n-octyl-succinate (CAS No. 14491-66-8) has a good softening effect in terms of lowering the hardness.
- the volatility of the chemical is higher than that of the corresponding adipic acid ester, which can be explained by the lower molecular weight of the succinate.
- the di-n-decyl succinate (CAS No. 10595-82-1) does not have a good softening effect; possibly this is the cause of the melting point of> 20 ° C and the crystallization of the solid plasticizer in the final product.
- the di-n-dodecylsuccinate (CAS No. 5980-15-5) is a solid at room temperature with poor processability.
- the said succinic esters known from the prior art do not correspond in all respects to the desired profile of requirements of a good plasticizer, in particular with regard to plasticizer effectiveness and long useful life of the end products, and are in need of improvement in this respect.
- the object of the present invention was to provide new plasticizers based on succinic acid alkyl esters, which have improved properties, in particular with respect to good plasticizing effect in connection with long service life of the end article. It has now been found that mixtures of at least two succinic acid alkyl esters, based on two different monofunctional alcohols, can be used as plasticizers for plastics.
- the mixtures according to the invention are distinguished by good softening activity and, surprisingly, lead to improved use properties in the products produced therefrom.
- the present invention provides mixtures of succinic alkyl esters characterized in that they contain at least two compounds selected from the formulas
- R 2 is -OC (O) -CH 2 -CH 2 -C (O ) O-R 2 (III) wherein
- R 1 and R 2 are each a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical, with the proviso that R 1 is not equal to R 2 .
- R 1 and R 2 each represent a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 each represent a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 8 to 12 carbon atoms.
- R 1 and R 2 each represent a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical having 8, 9 or 10 carbon atoms.
- Suitable straight-chain or branched alkyl radicals are, for example: methyl; ethyl; Propyl such as n-propyl, iso-propyl; Butyl and n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl; amyl; Hexyl, such as n-hexyl, 1,4-dimethylbutyl; n-heptyl; Octyl, such as isooctyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl; Nonyl such as n-nonyl and isononyl; Decyl. such as n-decyl, isodecyl; and dodecyl such as n-dodecyl and isododecyl and their entire various isomeric forms.
- mixtures of succinic alkyl esters in which in the formulas (I), (II) and (III) R 1 is n-octyl and R 2 is n-decyl.
- R 1 is n-octyl
- R 2 is n-decyl.
- R 1 and R 2 each have the abovementioned general and preferred meanings, where the radicals R 1 and R 2 are not identical.
- those which are particularly preferred are those in which in the formulas (I), (II) and (III) R 1 is n-octyl and R 2 is n-decyl.
- the amount of compound of the formula (I) is generally from 10 to 50% by weight, preferably from 15 to 35% by weight and very particularly preferably from 20 to 30% by weight, of the amount of compound of the formula (II) generally 25 to 75 wt .-%, preferably 35 to 65 wt .-% and most preferably 40 to 60 wt .-%, and the amount of compound of formula (III) generally 10 to 50 wt. % preferably 15 to 35% by weight and very particularly preferably 20 to 30% by weight, in each case based on 100% of the mixture.
- mixtures of succinic alkyl esters which are characterized in that they contain the compounds of the formulas (I) and (III).
- the radicals R 1 and R 2 each have the abovementioned general and preferred meanings, where the radicals R 1 and R 2 are not identical.
- those which are particularly preferred are those in which in the formulas (I) and (III) R 1 is n-octyl and R 2 is n-decyl.
- the amount of compound of the formula (I) is generally from 15 to 95% by weight, preferably from 25 to 75% by weight and very particularly preferably from 40 to 60% by weight, of the amount of compound of the formula (III) generally 85 to 5 wt .-%, preferably 75 to 25 wt .-% and most preferably 60 to 40 wt .-%, each based on 100 percent of the mixture.
- the compounds of formula (II) are novel and also subject of the present invention. Preference is given to those compounds of the formula (II) in which R 1 is n-octyl and R 2 is n-decyl.
- the compounds (II) are outstandingly suitable as plasticizers for plastics.
- the mixtures according to the invention can be prepared by different processes.
- the process can be carried out in one or two steps. When carried out in one step, all reactants are contacted and reacted substantially simultaneously with each other. In the reaction in two steps, the succinic acid or a derivative thereof are reacted with an alcohol in a first step, and the resulting reaction mixture is reacted with the second alcohol.
- the reaction mixture can be diluted with a solvent, which can also serve as entrainer for the discharge of water of reaction.
- a solvent which can also serve as entrainer for the discharge of water of reaction.
- the monofunctional alcohols used to form the ester can be used simultaneously as an entrainer and in excess.
- the esterification of succinic acid may be carried out with or without typical catalysts known to those skilled in the art.
- Another object of the present invention is a process for preparing an ester mixture according to the invention containing the compounds of the formulas
- R is -OC (O) -CH 2 -CH 2 -C (O) O-R- (II) and
- R is -OC (O) -CH 2 -CH 2 -C (O) O-R- ( ⁇ ), wonn
- R 1 and R 2 are each a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical, with the proviso that R 1 is not equal to R 2 , which is characterized in that two different monofunctional alcohols of the formulas R in one process step or in two successive process steps '-OH (IV) and R 2 -OH (V), wherein R 1 and R 2 have the general meanings given above for the formulas (I) to (III), at a temperature of 50 to 250 ° C and optionally at a pressure of 2 mbar to 4 bar and optionally in the presence of a catalyst with succinic acid and the reaction water formed by suitable measures, for example distillation, removed from the mixture
- Suitable alcohols of the formulas (IV) and (V) are, for example: methyl; ethyl; Propyl such as n-propyl, iso-propyl; Butyl and n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl; amyl; Hexyl, such as n-hexyl, 1,4-dimethylbutyl; n-heptyl; Octyl, such as isooctyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl; Nonyl such as n-nonyl and isononyl; Decyl. such as n-decyl, isodecyl; and dodecyl such as n-dodecyl and isododecyl alcohol and their entire various isomeric forms.
- Suitable catalysts are in principle compounds of the formula MXn in which M is a metal cation selected from the group of the metals titanium, zirconium, vanadium, aluminum, iron, tin, and X is an anion selected from the group, -CO3 2 " , Cl “ , R “ , ⁇ ; -OR with R selected from methyl, ethyl, n -propyl, i -propyl, n -butyl, i -butyl, t -butyl; carboxylates, in particular hexanoate, heptanoate, octanoate, 2-ethylhexanoate, stearate , Palmitate, oxalate, and wherein n is the oxidation number of the metal, preferably 2, 3 or 4.
- strong Bronsted acids such as sulfuric acid, acidic sulfates such as methyl sulfate, ethyl sulfate, propyl sulfate, butyl sulfate, hexyl sulfate but also KHSO 4 or NaHSO i, aromatic sulfonic acids, in particular para-toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid can be used successfully.
- R is -OC (O) -CH 2 -CH 2 -C (O) O-R (I) and R is -OC (O) -CH 2 -CH 2 -C (O) O-R (III) wherein
- R 1 and R 2 are each a straight-chain or branched alkyl radical, with the proviso that R 1 is not identical to R 2 , which is characterized in that the individual compounds of the formulas (I) and (II) are mixed together.
- succinic acid used to prepare the succinic acid alkyl ester mixtures of the invention has been prepared from bio-based raw materials, e.g. by a microbiological fermentation process, so impurities can be contained in the succinic acid, which can also be found in the mixtures according to the invention.
- Typical contaminants that can enter the end products due to the microorganisms used are nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds.
- the ester mixtures according to the invention preferably contain less than 1000 ppm by mass of nitrogen atoms and less than 50 ppm by mass of sulfur atoms, based in each case on the mixture. Particular preference is given to mixtures according to the invention which contain 0.01 to 750 ppm by weight of nitrogen atoms and 0.0001 to 40 ppm by mass of sulfur atoms, based in each case on the mixture.
- ester mixtures comprising at least two succinic acid alkyl esters of the formulas (I), (II) and (III) which is characterized in that the Bemstemklarealkylester of formulas (I), (II) and (III) derived from biomass resources and in the mixture 0.01 ppm to 1000 ppm by mass of nitrogen atoms and 0.01 ppm to 50 ppm by mass of sulfur atoms in each case based on the mixture.
- ester mixtures according to the invention can be prepared by employing alcohols of the formulas (IV) and (V) and succinic acid which originate from biomass resources and where the mass fraction of nitrogen atoms is in the range of 0.01 ppm to 1000 ppm and the mass fraction of sulfur atoms based on the total mass of alcohols and succinic acid used in the range of 0.01 ppm to 50 ppm.
- the new succinic acid ester mixtures are outstandingly suitable as plasticisers for plastics.
- Another object of the invention is the use of a succinic acid ester mixture according to the invention as a plasticizer for plastics.
- Suitable plastics include, for example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), vinyl chloride-based copolymers, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinyl acetals, polyvinyl butyral, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyalkyl methacrylates, e.g.
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- vinyl chloride-based copolymers polyvinylidene chloride
- polyvinyl acetals polyvinyl butyral
- polyacrylates polymethacrylates
- polyalkyl methacrylates e.g.
- the succinic acid ester mixtures according to the invention are preferably used as plasticizers and processing aids for PVC and polyacrylates.
- the plastics produced with the new plasticizers are characterized by better long-term use properties and a longer service life in comparison with the plastics known from the prior art which are based on one-component succinic acid esters.
- the invention also provides the use of the succinic acid ester mixtures according to the invention as processing aids and plasticizers in adhesives, adhesive components, Adhesive sealants, adhesive sealant components, sealants, sealant components, or coating compositions, in paints, inks or paints, in plastisols including PVC plastisols, and as plasticizers in plastics or plastic components, preferably in polyvinyl chloride.
- Another object of the present invention are softener preparations comprising a succinate ester mixture according to the invention and optionally further conventional additives.
- additives include other plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, lubricants, fillers, pigments, flame retardants, light stabilizers, blowing agents, kickers, polymeric processing aids, impact modifiers, optical brighteners, antistatic agents or biostabilizers.
- PVC types are suspension, bulk, microsuspension or emulsion PVC in question.
- the mixtures can be used alone or in combination with other plasticizers.
- the plasticizers according to the invention are generally used for 10 to 200 parts, preferably for 20 to 150 parts, each to 100 parts of plastic.
- the new softener formulations enable the production of end products with good low temperature properties.
- the mixtures according to the invention are preferably used for the production of plastisols, preferably of plastisols based on PVC. Used in PVC plastisols, the low-viscosity succinic acid ester mixtures permit the production of low-viscosity, storage-stable plastisols.
- plastics produced using the plasticizer formulations according to the invention may also contain, in addition to the plasticizer formulations according to the invention, other suitable auxiliaries and additives.
- suitable auxiliaries and additives examples include further plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants, lubricants, fillers, pigments, flame retardants, light stabilizers, blowing agents, kickers, polymeric processing aids, impact modifiers, optical brighteners, antistatic agents or biostabilizers.
- the present invention further relates to a process for the production of plasticized plastics, in particular softened PVC, which is characterized in that in a first step PVC, in particular emulsion and microsuspension PVC, at 10 to 60 ° C with the softener preparation according to the invention and optionally mixed further auxiliaries and additives, wherein 10 to 200 parts of the plasticizer according to the invention are used per 100 parts of plastic. In a second step, this plastisol is brought into shape and processed at temperatures of 140 to 200 ° C to the final article. Production examples and technical examination
- the excess of alcohol was distilled off in vacuo starting at 20 mbar; the bottom temperature was 185 ° C. at the end of the distillation.
- the catalyst was washed with water and aqueous sodium carbonate solution. Subsequently, starting at 120 ° C. and 20 mbar, the volatile constituents were removed from the organic phase by distillation, and the mixture was tested as a plasticizer in terms of performance.
- the yield of the ester mixture was 456 g (about 96%, based on n-octyl-n-decylsuccinate).
- the GC area percent composition was: 22.8% di-n-octylsuccinate, 50.4% n-octyl-n-decylsuccinate, 26.4% di-n-decylsuccinate.
- the comparative products di-n-octylsuccinate and di-n-decylsuccinate were prepared in the same way.
- test specimens of dimension 6 mm ⁇ 40 mm ⁇ 50 mm were pressed.
- the temperature of the press was 170 ° C; the pressing time was 10 minutes in total, of which 7 minutes heating phase with a pressure ⁇ 10 bar and 3 minutes pressing time under high pressure> 100 bar.
- the test specimens were removed from the mold. After a minimum of 24 hours of storage at 23 ° C., the test specimens were used to determine the Shore A hardness with a Zwick type H04.3150 in accordance with DIN 53505 at five different points, taking the average value into account.
- the Shore A hardness of a test specimen containing 60 phr plasticizer is listed.
- a low hardness is a statement about the good plasticizing property of the plasticizer.
- the hardness after demolding was determined after storage for 7 days at 23 ° C.
- the initial hardness was determined after 1 day storage at 100 ° C hanging in the oven including 1 additional day storage lying at 23 ° C.
- a further hardness determination of the specimens took place after 7 days of storage hanging in the oven at 100 ° C including 1 day storage lying at 23 ° C instead.
- Table 1 Hardness of plasticized PVC specimens before, during and at the end of furnace storage at 100 ° C
- the ester mixture of n-octyl n-decyl succinate according to the invention has the advantages over the comparative examples di-n-octyl succinate and di-n-decyl succinate the better softening effect after a storage period of 7 days at 100 ° C. In addition, it has a lower change in hardness compared to the di-n-octylsuccinate during furnace storage. Compared with the di-n-decyl derivative, a significant improvement in the softening effect. Table 1 shows a longer, more effective service life of the end products when using the ester mixture.
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- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2014557082A JP5973592B2 (ja) | 2012-02-24 | 2013-02-20 | 可塑剤として使用されるコハク酸アルキルエステル混合物 |
CA2864623A CA2864623A1 (en) | 2012-02-24 | 2013-02-20 | Succinic acid alkyl ester mixtures used as plasticizers |
US14/380,405 US9676923B2 (en) | 2012-02-24 | 2013-02-20 | Succinic acid alkyl ester mixtures used as plasticizers |
CN201380010694.0A CN104428356B (zh) | 2012-02-24 | 2013-02-20 | 用作增塑剂的丁二酸烷基酯混合物 |
EP13705178.5A EP2817365B1 (de) | 2012-02-24 | 2013-02-20 | Bernsteinsäurealkylester-mischungen als weichmacher |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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EP12156808.3 | 2012-02-24 | ||
EP12156808.3A EP2631267A1 (de) | 2012-02-24 | 2012-02-24 | Bernsteinsäurealkylester-Mischungen als Weichmacher |
Publications (1)
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WO2013124317A1 true WO2013124317A1 (de) | 2013-08-29 |
Family
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/EP2013/053379 WO2013124317A1 (de) | 2012-02-24 | 2013-02-20 | Bernsteinsäurealkylester-mischungen als weichmacher |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US9676923B2 (de) |
EP (2) | EP2631267A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP5973592B2 (de) |
CN (1) | CN104428356B (de) |
CA (1) | CA2864623A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2013124317A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (8)
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TW201619119A (zh) * | 2014-10-09 | 2016-06-01 | 巴斯夫歐洲公司 | 包含飽和二羧酸之環烷基酯及1,2-環己烷二羧酸酯的塑化劑組成物 |
TW201619120A (zh) | 2014-10-09 | 2016-06-01 | 巴斯夫歐洲公司 | 包含飽和二羧酸之環烷基酯及對苯二甲酯之塑化劑組成物 |
US10626255B2 (en) | 2015-06-04 | 2020-04-21 | Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations, Llc | Pneumatic tire having advantageous low temperature performance characteristics |
US11408432B2 (en) * | 2015-10-11 | 2022-08-09 | Schlumberger Technology Corporation | Submersible pumping system with a motor protector having a thrust runner, retention system, and passageway allowing gas flow from a lower region into an upper region |
PL3433309T3 (pl) | 2016-03-23 | 2020-11-16 | Basf Se | Kompozycja polimerowa, zawierająca diester cykloalkilowo-alkilowy kwasu dikarboksylowego jako plastyfikator |
JP6905192B2 (ja) * | 2017-09-28 | 2021-07-21 | 新日本理化株式会社 | 脂肪族二塩基酸ジエステルを含有してなる塩化ビニル系樹脂用可塑剤 |
US11072694B1 (en) * | 2021-02-16 | 2021-07-27 | Evoco Limited | Biobased compositions |
CN114773153B (zh) * | 2022-03-30 | 2023-10-31 | 山东元利科技有限公司 | 一种生物基丁二酸制备1,4-丁二醇的方法 |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1962500A1 (de) | 1968-12-14 | 1970-07-09 | Geigy Ag J R | Chemische Zusammensetzungen |
Family Cites Families (8)
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EP0536083B1 (de) * | 1991-09-30 | 1996-03-06 | Ciba-Geigy Ag | Verfahren zur Synthese von Succinylobernsternsäuredialkylestern und ihre Umwandlung in Dialkyl 2,5-Diarylamino-3,6-Dihydroterephthalsäureester |
JPH0827340A (ja) * | 1994-07-12 | 1996-01-30 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | 塩化ビニル系樹脂用可塑剤 |
JPH09151272A (ja) * | 1995-11-30 | 1997-06-10 | Mitsubishi Chem Corp | ゴム用可塑剤及びゴム組成物 |
JP3421769B1 (ja) | 2002-04-02 | 2003-06-30 | 大八化学工業株式会社 | エステル化合物、生分解性脂肪族系ポリエステル樹脂用可塑剤及び生分解性樹脂組成物 |
DE10305562A1 (de) * | 2003-02-10 | 2004-08-26 | Sasol Germany Gmbh | Estermischungen auf Basis verzweigter Alkohole und/oder verzweigter Säuren und deren Verwendung als Polymeradditiv |
JP2006328380A (ja) | 2005-04-26 | 2006-12-07 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | ポリエステルの製造方法 |
FR2918994B1 (fr) * | 2007-07-20 | 2012-10-19 | Rhodia Operations | Formulations de diesters d'acide carboxylique et leur utilisation pour le traitement de materiaux. |
US20100113664A1 (en) * | 2008-06-11 | 2010-05-06 | Ferro Corporation | Asymmetric Cyclic Diester Compounds |
-
2012
- 2012-02-24 EP EP12156808.3A patent/EP2631267A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2013
- 2013-02-20 CA CA2864623A patent/CA2864623A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-02-20 EP EP13705178.5A patent/EP2817365B1/de active Active
- 2013-02-20 JP JP2014557082A patent/JP5973592B2/ja active Active
- 2013-02-20 WO PCT/EP2013/053379 patent/WO2013124317A1/de active Application Filing
- 2013-02-20 US US14/380,405 patent/US9676923B2/en active Active
- 2013-02-20 CN CN201380010694.0A patent/CN104428356B/zh active Active
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1962500A1 (de) | 1968-12-14 | 1970-07-09 | Geigy Ag J R | Chemische Zusammensetzungen |
FR2026170A1 (en) * | 1968-12-14 | 1970-09-11 | Geigy Ag J R | Plasticisers for pvc |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
LECAPTAIN ET AL.: "Poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with succinate esters: synthesis and characterization", POLYM. BULL., vol. 65, 2010, pages 589 - 598, XP019843630 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2864623A1 (en) | 2013-08-29 |
CN104428356A (zh) | 2015-03-18 |
EP2631267A1 (de) | 2013-08-28 |
US9676923B2 (en) | 2017-06-13 |
JP2015516468A (ja) | 2015-06-11 |
JP5973592B2 (ja) | 2016-08-23 |
EP2817365A1 (de) | 2014-12-31 |
US20150018471A1 (en) | 2015-01-15 |
EP2817365B1 (de) | 2017-09-20 |
CN104428356B (zh) | 2017-03-15 |
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