WO2013104714A1 - Contrôleur de lumière - Google Patents

Contrôleur de lumière Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013104714A1
WO2013104714A1 PCT/EP2013/050400 EP2013050400W WO2013104714A1 WO 2013104714 A1 WO2013104714 A1 WO 2013104714A1 EP 2013050400 W EP2013050400 W EP 2013050400W WO 2013104714 A1 WO2013104714 A1 WO 2013104714A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
led
controller
colour
light source
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2013/050400
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephen John Sweeney
Original Assignee
Zinir Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Zinir Limited filed Critical Zinir Limited
Publication of WO2013104714A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013104714A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/02—Details
    • G01J1/04—Optical or mechanical part supplementary adjustable parts
    • G01J1/0407—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. manifolds, windows, holograms, gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/02—Details
    • G01J1/0204—Compact construction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J1/4228—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors arrangements with two or more detectors, e.g. for sensitivity compensation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
    • H05B45/20—Controlling the colour of the light
    • H05B45/22—Controlling the colour of the light using optical feedback
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J2001/4247—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors for testing lamps or other light sources
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
    • G01J1/42—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors
    • G01J2001/4247—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors for testing lamps or other light sources
    • G01J2001/4252—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using electric radiation detectors for testing lamps or other light sources for testing LED's

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a device to control the intensity of a source of electromagnetic radiation, and more particularly the present invention relates to a device to control the intensity and spectral properties of a light source, and in particular the control of a light emitting diode (LED) or laser light source.
  • the invention also relates to a device which can be directly fabricated onto the “chip” structure of an LED or laser.
  • the incandescent light bulb produces light by heating a metal filament wire to a high temperature until it glows. Due to the inefficiency of these bulbs (usually somewhat less than 10% of the input energy is converted into light) they are being replaced by more efficient light sources, for example fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) and high-intensity discharge lamps.
  • CFL compact fluorescent lamps
  • CCFL cold cathode fluorescent lamps
  • high-intensity discharge lamps for example fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) and high-intensity discharge lamps.
  • each of these types of light sources is not as efficient as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source, and as a result where possible these alternative light sources are being replaced by LED light sources (Typically LEDs can provide over 200 lm/W and expected lifetime of around 50,000 hours). Thus LED light sources can produce a light of high efficiency and longevity.
  • the light-emitting diode is a semiconductor light source and is closely related to semiconductor laser light sources.
  • LEDs can be designed to emit light across a broad spectral range e.g. the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
  • each individual LED in itself is only capable of emitting light over a relatively narrow spectral range of wavelengths. As such a single LED element cannot emit a white light which is the preferred light color for many applications.
  • An LED consists of a chip of semiconducting material doped with impurities to create a p-i-n junction.
  • current flows easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or cathode, but not in the reverse direction.
  • the wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its colour depends on the band gap energy of intrinsic region (i) sandwiched within the p-n junction.
  • the electrons and holes recombine by a non-radiative transition which produces weak optical emission, because these are indirect band gap materials.
  • LEDs used in illumination and lighting applications are based upon III-V semiconductors, built upon alloys of compounds such as GaN, InN, AlN, GaP, InP, AlP, GaAs, InAs and AlAs.
  • a specific problem with LEDs, particularly those based on the III-Nitride system is that their luminous efficacy falls sharply with rising current. This effect is known as droop and effectively limits the light output of a given LED, and generating unwanted heat in an increasing level at higher current.
  • the most common symptom of LED (and diode laser) failure is the gradual reduction of light output and loss of efficiency. Sudden failures, although rare, can occur due to specific issues in the devices themselves, or brought about by external factor in the drive circuit.
  • LED performance is temperature dependent.
  • Conventional LEDs are made from a variety of inorganic semiconductor materials, the following table shows non limiting examples of the available colours with wavelength range, and most commonly used material:
  • the spectrum of a “white” LED is typically composed of blue light which is directly emitted by the GaN-based LED (peak at about 465 nm) and the more broadband Stokes-shifted light emitted by the Ce 3+ :YAG phosphor which emits at roughly 500–700 nm.
  • This method involves embedding a phosphor in the housing of an InGaN LED, typically the epoxy encapsulant.
  • the resultant LEDs are called phosphor-based white LEDs.
  • a fraction of the blue light undergoes a Stoke’s shift, being transformed from shorter wavelengths to longer wavelengths via photon down-conversion.
  • different phosphors may be utilised.
  • white light can be formed by mixing different colour light sources; the most common system is to use red, green and blue (RGB). Hence this type of light source is often called multi-coloured white LEDs (sometimes referred to as Red Green Blue LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the combination of different colours and the expense of co-packaging different LED chips, these are less frequently used to mass-produce replacement white light sources. Nevertheless, this method is particularly interesting in many uses because of the flexibility of mixing different colors, and, in principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.
  • white LEDs There are several types of white LEDs: di-, tri-, and tetrachromatic white LEDs. Several key factors that play among these different methods include color stability, color rendering capability, and luminous efficacy. Multi-color LEDs offer not merely another means to form white light, but a new means to form light of different colors. Most perceivable colors can be formed by mixing different amounts of three primary colors. This allows precise dynamic color control. However, before this type of multi-colored LED can play a role on the market, several technical problems need addressing. These include the fact that in many LEDs the emission power decreases with increasing temperature, resulting in color and intensity instability.
  • the current/voltage characteristic of an LED is similar to other diodes, in that above a turn-on voltage the current is dependent exponentially on the voltage (see Shockley diode equation). This means that a small change in voltage can cause a large change in current. If the maximum voltage rating is exceeded by a small amount, the current rating may be exceeded by a large amount, potentially damaging or destroying the LED.
  • LED performance can be sensitive to the ambient temperature of the operating environment, and voltage sensitivity, as discussed above.
  • US 2011/0086676A1 describes a system which can in part address the problem described above.
  • US2011/0086676A1 describes a multi-purpose plasmonic ambient light sensor. Unlike conventional photodetection, this device is able to detect a narrower wavelength range, and thus provide a feedback mechanism for narrow wavelength ranges. However, due to the nature of this device it cannot be substantially manufactured from the same material as the LED it governs. Furthermore it is apparent that this device requires the use of optical filters and is a substantially separate unit to the LED.
  • the light intensity and/or colour output of a LED source is prone to fluctuation over time and to the effect of input current and voltage or ambient temperature. Therefore the problem is to provide a means of stabilising the light intensity and colour output of an LED.
  • White light produced by an LED is usually by way of using a phosphor material to convert narrow-band light from a blue or UV LED to white light, due to down-conversion of some of the blue/UV light to yellow light.
  • this approach is limited in terms of spectral control and limited by the phosphor conversion efficiency.
  • Another approach is to use individual LEDs (or lasers) that emit three primary colors—red, green, and blue (a fourth or fifth component may also be added) for example and then mix all the colors to form white light (as perceived by the human eye).
  • This method has proven to be difficult due in part to the fact that balancing the light output of each LED to produce and maintain the correct color balance is difficult. Therefore the problem is how to balance (and maintain the balance) the color output from LEDs to produce the desired spectrum. It is to be understood that this problem is equally applicable to producing other color combinations.
  • the emitted light of an LED is not of a single wavelength but a narrow band of wavelengths which can be envisaged as being approximately in the form of a Gaussian curve (likewise a laser also emits light over a narrower wavelength range in the form of Gaussian curve) .
  • Changing the voltage and or current input into the LED will change the wavelength distribution of the LED.
  • altering the input into one, two or more LEDs will alter the color and intensity output of the LEDs. Therefore the problem is how the accurately change the spectrum (as opposed to maintain) of light from one or more LEDs.
  • LED chips and lasers are produced on defined substrates using specific methodologies for manufacture.
  • the light source and detector are manufacture-able using similar processes and ideally on the same substrate (taking into account that present systems do not produce adequate balance and control). Therefore, the problem is how produce an integrated light source and photo regulation system on the same chip which produces adequate balance and control.
  • this invention relates to a light controller (1) comprising at least two or more light detecting element (3), in which each of the light detecting elements is in communication with its counterpart light source (2) such that light impinging on the photosensitive surface of the light detecting element (3) causes an output from the light detecting elements (3) that regulates the light source (2) characterises in that the light detecting element (3) is an optical resonator (3).
  • a light control device (1) also comprising the light source (2) which addresses one or more of the above identified problems.
  • this invention relates to a light controller (1) comprising at least one light source (2) and at least two light or more light detecting element (3), in which each of the light detecting element is in communication with the light source (2) such that light impinging on the photosensitive surface of the light detecting element (3) causes an output from the light detecting elements (3) that regulates the light source (2) characterises in that the light detecting element (3) is an optical resonator (3).
  • the light controller (1) above comprises at least two optical resonator detecting elements (3) matched to detect the wavelength range of a light source such that each detector element measures a different wavelength range to its counterpart of the light source.
  • Such a light controller as described above would allow the stabilisation of LED light sources which are prone to fluctuation over time and to the effect of input current and voltage and ambient temperature.
  • Such a light controller would allow the use of more efficient bi and tri (and more) LED systems to produce colour balance as opposed to phosphor-coated LEDs to produce for example white light.
  • Such a light controller would allow colour balance to be altered and maintained for multiple LED systems and allow a manufacturer to produce a base system which can produce multiple spectral outputs.
  • Such a system would allow the light controller to be manufactured using the same technology and substrates by which LEDs are currently produced. This is envisaged to increase the ease of manufacture and reduce cost of manufacture over other systems.
  • the light controller (1) comprises red, green and blue LED light sources (2) capable of being viewed as substantially a white light colour and three (or more) paired of detectors (3), characterised in that each detector pair has a resonant response spaced on either side of the respective LED’s nominal peak wavelength and with a feedback mechanism to the LED (2) that allows adjustment of the colour temperature of each LED by variation of the voltage or current into the LED to produce a viewed substantially white light.
  • Figure 1 Example of a differential amplification circuit for the control of a single LED (2) via two resonators (3a and 3b)) of a light controller (1) where R0, Rf, R1 and R2 are resistors. An op-amp is shown (4).
  • Figure 2A, B and C Principle of light controller (1) using single LED (2) and resonator pair (3a and 3b) to detect the intensity and peak wavelength of the light emitted from the LED via change in current in resonators[s], in which the solid line is the output intensity of light of an LED at a given wavelength and broken lines are wavelength detection ranges of resonators 3a (lower wavelength detector resonator) and 3b (higher wavelength detector resonator), and block[s] represent detector output currents of resonator 3a and 3b.
  • Figure 2a shows that current emanating from each resonator is equalised when optimal resonator detection wavelengths are approximately equidistant to peak emission wavelength of LED; figure 2b shows that displacement of LED peak wavelength to a lower peak lambda max results in an increase in current in 3a and decrease in current in 3b, figure 2c shows that displacement of LED peak to a longer peak lambda max results in an increase in current in 3b and decrease in current in 3a.
  • Figure 3 Principle of present invention showing a chip (1) containing an LED component (2) that emits light of a specified wavelength chip, some of the light impinging on a resonator based detector (3a and 3b).
  • the chip containing the LED region and resonator are connected via gold electrodes (4) to a larger motherboard that could contain control and monitoring electronics (5).
  • FIG 4 System shown in Figure 3 but with multiple resonators to detect a plurality of wavelengths from an LED allowing fine colour tuning to a specific colour using a generic tri colour system in which each LED has an associated detector pair to monitor both the intensity and peak wavelength of the emission. This information is fed back to the chips via a simple circuit to provide active feedback and control.
  • Figure 5 Principal of resonator spectrophotometer as disclosed in PCT/GB2010/050737 principle of resonators
  • such a light controller can also be used to control the output of other light sources, in particular laser light sources and light sources in which the light properties can be changes by adjustment of input voltage or current.
  • This invention relates to a light controller in which the light detector is a resonator pair or group of resonators that are able the “pick up” and convert into an electric current a narrow spectral band of light.
  • the light detector is a resonator pair or group of resonators that are able the “pick up” and convert into an electric current a narrow spectral band of light.
  • this invention relates to a light controller (1) comprising at least two or more light detecting element (3), in which each of the light detecting elements is in communication with its counterpart light source (2) such that light impinging on the photosensitive surface of the light detecting element (3) causes an output from the light detecting elements (3) that regulates the light source (2) characterises in that the light detecting element (3) is an optical resonator (3).
  • a light control device (1) also comprising the light source (2) which addresses one or more of the above identified problems.
  • this invention relates to a light controller (1) comprising at least one light source (2) and at least two light or more light detecting element (3), in which each of the light detecting element is in communication with the light source (2) such that light impinging on the photosensitive surface of the light detecting element (3) causes an output from the light detecting elements (3) that regulates the light source (2) characterises in that the light detecting element (3) is an optical resonator (3).
  • a light controller would also have a waveguide to guide the light to the resonator detector.
  • a light controller of this type would be able to discriminate between wavelengths of emitted light from an LED and using feed-back systems (as exemplified above) to control the light output of the LED to a fine level.
  • feed-back systems as exemplified above
  • the resonator detector could be easily incorporated upon the same substrate as that used for an LED.
  • the light controller (1) above comprises at least two optical resonator detecting elements (3) matched to detect the wavelength range of a light source such that each detector element measures a different wavelength range to its counterpart of the light source.
  • the light controller could be fabricated to incorporate two or more LED light sources or groups of LED light sources operating in different wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum, and matched resonators to modulate the light output of each LED.
  • This system would allow the use of two or more LEDs to be used in colour balanced systems.
  • This system would also allow the colour balance of two or more LEDs to be adjusted on the “fly” to produce a range of colours.
  • the system is used to produce white light.
  • each resonator is directly proportional to the light it collects over a narrow well defined wavelength range.
  • Two resonators are used with a resonance either side of the LED’s peak emission wavelength. If the LED wavelength is on target, the current from each resonator is equal (or has a well-defined ratio). As the LED wavelength drifts, the ratio of currents changes. By feeding these currents into a simple circuit, such as a comparator, the current/voltage supplied to the LED (or temperature if controlled) may be adjusted to bring the wavelength back on target.
  • this invention relates to a light controller (1) comprising at least two or more light detecting element (3), in which each of the light detecting elements is in communication with its counterpart light source (2) such that light impinging on the photosensitive surface of the light detecting element (3) causes an output from the light detecting elements (3) that regulates the light source (2) characterises in that the light detecting element (3) is an optical resonator (3).
  • a light control device (1) also comprising the light source (2) which addresses one or more of the above identified problems.
  • this invention relates to a light controller (1) comprising at least one light source (2) and at least two light or more light detecting element (3), in which each of the light detecting element is in communication with the light source (2) such that light impinging on the photosensitive surface of the light detecting element (3) causes an output from the light detecting elements (3) that regulates the light source (2) characterises in that the light detecting element (3) is an optical resonator (3).
  • the light controller (1) above comprises at least two optical resonator detecting elements (3) matched to detect the wavelength range of a light source such that each detector element measures a different wavelength range to its counterpart of the light source.
  • Such a light controller would allow the stabilisation of LED light sources which are prone to fluctuation over time and to the effect of input current and voltage.
  • Such a light controller would allow the use of more efficient bi and tri (and more) LED systems to produce colour balance as opposed to coated LEDs to produce for example white light.
  • Such a light controller would allow colour balance to be altered and maintained for multiple LED systems and allow a manufacturer to produce a base system which can produce multiple spectral outputs.
  • Such a system would allow the light controller to be manufactured using the same technology and substrates by which LEDs are currently produced. This is envisaged to increase the ease of manufacture and reduce cost of manufacture over other systems.
  • the light controller may further comprise one or more waveguides to guide the light emitted by the light source to the resonator.
  • the resonator of the light controller is matched to accept an emission wavelength of the light source.
  • the light controller comprises one or more LEDs or lasers as a light source.
  • the light controller may comprise two or more light sources, each light source covering at least in part a different spectral range and two or more matched resonators to each light source
  • the light controller is manufactured as a monolithic integrated system on the same chip.
  • a monolithic integrated system on the same chip.
  • the resonator would allow the resonator to be manufactured on similar substrates to the LED using the standard methods of production as commonly used for LEDs.
  • a system would also fit into the standard housing of an LED.
  • the light controller may be used to produce a defined light colour, comprising two or more LED light sources capable of being viewed as substantially the defined light colour and two or more detectors, characterised in that each detector comprises a pair of resonators designed for a specific emission wavelength of an LED and a feedback mechanism to the LED which allows a adjustment of the colour temperature of the LED by variation of the voltage and or current or temperature of the LED.
  • the light source may be used to produce a substantially white light colour, comprising a red, green and blue LED light sources, capable of being viewed as substantially a white light colour and three detectors, characterised in that each detector comprises a pair of resonators designed for a specific emission wavelength of its counterpart LED, and a feedback mechanism to the LED that allows adjustment of the colour temperature of each LED by variation of the voltage and or current or temperature into the LED to produce a viewed substantially white light.
  • the light controller is manufactured from a substrate which may comprise a group IV, III-V, II-VI, II-IV or other semiconductor onto which a semiconductor alloy is added.
  • a substrate which may comprise a group IV, III-V, II-VI, II-IV or other semiconductor onto which a semiconductor alloy is added.
  • the substrate is doped either p- or n- type.
  • This invention differs from the prior art in at least three ways;
  • the disclosed light controller provides a system in which the light detecting element and the LED or laser can be manufactured on the same semi-conductor, using standard LED production techniques.
  • this system does not require the manufacturer of LED light sources to substantially retool or reformulate the manufacturing process by which they produce an LED.
  • III-Vs alloys are more optically active and cover a larger wavelength range and are typically used to manufacture LEDs.
  • Typical materials include AlInGaN alloys for short wavelengths, AlGaInAsP alloys for the visible range, and InGaAsP, InGaAsN and InGaAlAsSb alloys for the near- and mid-infrared.
  • the wavelength range of the chip can therefore be tailored through judicious use of different semiconductor alloys.
  • impurities, e.g. Zn, C, Te into the alloy can provide fine tuning of the optical and electronic properties of the chip and components thereof.
  • the fact that the light controller also contains the detector means that mounting of the controller can be performed in a similar manner to how LEDs are mounted into their reflective housings. This has the advantage that down-stream manufacturing of the light unit is similar to can be done.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Led Devices (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un contrôleur de lumière (1) comprenant au moins deux éléments de détection de lumière (3), chacun des éléments de détection de lumière étant en communication avec sa source de lumière homologue (2) de telle sorte que la lumière étant en contact sur la surface photosensible de l'élément de détection de lumière (3) provoque une sortie, à partir des éléments de détection de lumière (3) qui régule la source de lumière (2), caractérisé en ce que l'élément de détection optique (3) est un résonateur optique.
PCT/EP2013/050400 2012-01-14 2013-01-10 Contrôleur de lumière WO2013104714A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GBGB1200591.4A GB201200591D0 (en) 2012-01-14 2012-01-14 Light controller
GB1200591.4 2012-01-14

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2013104714A1 true WO2013104714A1 (fr) 2013-07-18

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GB (1) GB201200591D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2013104714A1 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6195485B1 (en) * 1998-10-26 2001-02-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Direct-coupled multimode WDM optical data links with monolithically-integrated multiple-channel VCSEL and photodetector
WO2010128325A1 (fr) * 2009-05-08 2010-11-11 Zinir Ltd Spectrophotomètre
US20110084614A1 (en) * 2009-10-08 2011-04-14 Summalux, Llc Led lighting system
US20110086676A1 (en) 2008-03-24 2011-04-14 Nanolambda, Inc. Multi-purpose plasmonic ambient light sensor and visual range proximity sensor

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6195485B1 (en) * 1998-10-26 2001-02-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Direct-coupled multimode WDM optical data links with monolithically-integrated multiple-channel VCSEL and photodetector
US20110086676A1 (en) 2008-03-24 2011-04-14 Nanolambda, Inc. Multi-purpose plasmonic ambient light sensor and visual range proximity sensor
WO2010128325A1 (fr) * 2009-05-08 2010-11-11 Zinir Ltd Spectrophotomètre
US20110084614A1 (en) * 2009-10-08 2011-04-14 Summalux, Llc Led lighting system

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
"Fundamentals of semiconductor processing technology", 1995, SPRINGER
"The Science and Engineering of Microelectronic Fabrication", 2001, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

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