WO2013029347A1 - 具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头 - Google Patents

具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2013029347A1
WO2013029347A1 PCT/CN2012/070807 CN2012070807W WO2013029347A1 WO 2013029347 A1 WO2013029347 A1 WO 2013029347A1 CN 2012070807 W CN2012070807 W CN 2012070807W WO 2013029347 A1 WO2013029347 A1 WO 2013029347A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
bit
rotary cutting
wellbore
composite
pdc
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Application number
PCT/CN2012/070807
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
李舒
田家林
曾德发
杨琳
Original Assignee
四川深远石油钻井工具有限公司
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Priority claimed from CN201110248681.XA external-priority patent/CN102364031B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201110390021.5A external-priority patent/CN102434105B/zh
Application filed by 四川深远石油钻井工具有限公司 filed Critical 四川深远石油钻井工具有限公司
Publication of WO2013029347A1 publication Critical patent/WO2013029347A1/zh

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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21BEARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00Drill bits
    • E21B10/08Roller bits

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical equipment field of oil and gas drilling engineering, mining, geological drilling, building engineering, tunnel engineering, shield and non-excavation, and relates to a composite drill bit having a rotary cutting and rock breaking function.
  • the drill bit is a tool that directly contacts the rock during drilling and breaks the rock by cutting, stamping, etc.
  • the drill bits widely used in modern drilling engineering mainly include roller cone drill bits and PDC drill bits (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bits).
  • roller cone bits and PDC bits Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bits
  • the center of the roller cone and the PDC bit are less prone to wear and are also the main cause of bit failure.
  • the characteristics of the tri-cone bit, the single-cone bit, the PDC bit, and the compound bit related to the background of the present invention are analyzed below.
  • Tri-cone bit When the tri-cone bit is drilled, the rock breaks in the form of impact crushing and breaking rock. The teeth on the cone are crushed by crushing the bottom rock to form a caliper (see Figure 15). Since the compressive strength of rock is much greater than the shear and tensile strength, the tri-cone bit uses the impact of the tooth on the rock to break the rock, and the energy utilization rate is not high. Especially in the case of high drilling pressure such as deep well drilling, due to the effect of high-density drilling fluid, the chip holding effect of the bottom of the well is obvious, and it is difficult for the bit to impact the broken rock, so the rock breaking efficiency is relatively low.
  • the life of the tri-cone bit is one of the main factors that limit the service life of the drill bit.
  • the bearing bears the load caused by the weight-on-bit, and the tri-cone bit breaks the rock in the form of impact.
  • the bearing receives a large impact load and a high load amplitude.
  • the speed-increasing effect of the tri-cone bit The ratio of the tri-cone bit body (the ratio of the floss speed to the bit speed during drilling) is greater than 1, that is, the floss speed is greater than the bit drilling speed when the bit is drilled, so the bearing speed is relatively high. Fast, resulting in shorter bearing life of the tri-cone bit.
  • the teeth on the cone have less contact time with the rock at the bottom of the wellbore, and the distance of the tooth slipping at the bottom of the well is smaller, which affects the drilling efficiency.
  • Single-cone bit depends on the impact of the tooth on the ground, rolling and scraping. The direction of the scraping movement is different in all parts of the surface of the cone, that is, different rows. The teeth are traversed in different directions at the bottom of the well, making a longer distance slip to cut the formation and form a mesh-like bottom hole trajectory (see Figure 16).
  • the single-cone bit is characterized by low speed of the cone, large bearing size and longer service life than the tri-cone bit.
  • the single-cone bit has the disadvantage of being unavoidable: The full-eye structure of the single-cone bit determines its rock breaking process. It is prone to repeated crushing and it is difficult to remove chips. The wear resistance of the teeth is seriously insufficient. Once the teeth are blunt or broken, the mechanical drilling speed drops sharply.
  • PDC Drill PDC bit is broken in the form of scraping rock, which is used more and more in drilling, geology and even construction. Widely used, the proportion used in drilling engineering is increasing. Under the ideal working conditions where the center line of the drill bit and the center line of the wellbore coincide, the movement path of each cutting tooth when the drill bit is drilled is a relatively fixed concentric annular band (see Figure 17). Due to its rock breaking mechanism and structural differences, PDC bits are suitable for higher drilling speeds and soft to medium hard formations. The main disadvantages are as follows:
  • Composite bit for roller cone bit + roller bit This type of compound bit combines the roller bit with the roller bit, and the center of the wellbore and the periphery of the wellbore are all finished by the teeth of the roller bit.
  • composite forms There are a variety of composite forms, applications include reaming, non-excavation, and its main disadvantages are:
  • Dynamic Stabilized Composite Drill Combines a cone and a PDC bit.
  • the design is based on a four-blade and six-blade PDC bit structure with the sub-blade position replaced by a short-sized cone.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is broken by the PDC cutting teeth located on the main blade, and the drilling of the peripheral part of the wellbore is performed by the cone and the PDC cutting teeth.
  • This structure has a certain increase in drilling speed (drilling in shale or other plastic formations, the drilling rate is 2 to 4 times higher than that of the roller bit. In hard abrasive formations)
  • the rate of mechanical drilling is about twice that of the cone and 1.5 times that of the PDC.
  • the invention designs a composite drill bit with a rotary cutting and rock breaking function, which comprises a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit composite, a rotary cutting bit and a roller cone bit composite, and a rotary cutting bit and a rotary cutting bit composite.
  • the rotary cutting bit in the compound drill bit impacts, crushes and cuts the rock in a rotary cutting manner to achieve rock breaking, high center rock breaking efficiency, high mechanical drilling speed, better dynamic performance, wear and tear, and improvement at the same time.
  • the structure of the bit bearing ensures the increase of rock breaking efficiency and increases the service life of the drill bit.
  • the different diameter of the composite drill bit can achieve high rock breaking performance, high mechanical drilling speed and good diameter keeping effect.
  • a composite drill bit having a rotary cutting function comprising a drill body, wherein: the composite drill bit is compounded by at least one of a rotary cutting bit and a roller cone bit, a PDC bit, and a rotary cutting bit, and the rotary cutting tooth of the rotary cutting bit
  • the mounting surface of the wheel (2) is connected to the journal of the cone on the drill body (1), and the working surface of the rotary cutting cone faces the well wall and the bottom of the well; the angle between the plane of the journal of the cone and the axis of the drill, that is, the angle of the wheel body For 0° ⁇ ⁇ 90°, the range of the journal offset s is
  • the aforementioned rotary cutting cone working surface refers to a conical surface on which the chip teeth are arranged on the cone, and the mounting surface is in the direction of the bottom surface of the tapered surface.
  • the structural features of the rotary cutting bit in the composite drill bit of the present invention include:
  • a rotary cutting bit that breaks rock in a rotary cutting manner comprising a main body (1), a rotary cutting bit cone (2), and a rotary cutting bit cutting tooth (3).
  • the journal offset is Z1 ⁇ 2 which is the diameter of the rotary cutter.
  • Rotary cutting bit cone (2) is a sintered body of steel, steel and metal powder; the rotary cutting bit cone (2) has a milling toothed cone, insert A sintered cone of a cone, a steel body and a metal powder; the number of the rotary cutter cones (2) is ⁇ 1.
  • Rotary cutting bit cutting teeth Rotary cutting bit cutting teeth (3) Shapes include spoon-shaped teeth, wedge-shaped teeth, cone teeth, spherical teeth, frustum teeth, cylindrical truncated teeth, pyramid teeth; Drill cutting teeth (3) Materials include cemented carbide, polycrystalline Diamond composite, thermally stable polycrystalline diamond, impregnated diamond, natural diamond, cubic boron nitride, ceramic, and cutting teeth comprising cemented carbide, diamond or cubic boron nitride; said rotary cutting bit cutting teeth (3 The number of ring gears is ⁇ 1.
  • the rotary cutting bit in the composite drill bit of the invention faces the cone to the well wall or the bottom of the well.
  • the teeth in the cone ie, the large ring teeth
  • Each tooth of the ring can crush and crush the bottom of the well and the rock of the well wall in a rotary cutting manner, which is the core of the rotary cutting bit in the present invention.
  • a rotary-cutting simulated drill bit was experimentally produced in September 2010 and tested on a gantry.
  • the bottom hole profile drilled by the rotary drill bit (see Figure 14) is completely different from the bottom hole profile drilled by the tri-cone bit and the PDC bit.
  • the fracture belts of the tri-cone bit and the PDC bit are concentric circles (see Figs. 15 and 17), and the fracture zone of the rotary-cut bit in the composite drill bit of the present invention is a daisy-like helix.
  • the spiral line is dense and disappears at the well wall, which fully proves that each tooth on the cone can cut the bottom of the well and the wall of the well to form a caliper.
  • the inner tooth breaking belt has a long spiral line, and the outer row tooth breaking belt has a short spiral line, so that the working load of the inner and outer teeth is relatively uniform.
  • the broken belt of the spiral illustrates the rock breaking mechanism of the rotary cutting bit.
  • Each row of teeth has both impact crushing and cutting of rock.
  • the rock breaking efficiency of the center is increased, thereby increasing the drilling speed of the drill bit.
  • the increase in the journal offset value increases the radial slip and circumferential slip of the cutting teeth at the bottom of the well, that is, increases the total slip of the cutting teeth at the bottom of the well.
  • the angle range of the wheel body is: 15 ° ⁇ ⁇ 85 °
  • the range of the journal offset value s is: - : 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 ⁇ 5 ⁇ : 3 ⁇ 43 ⁇ 4 , which can better achieve the cutting teeth to break the rock in a rotary cutting manner. Optimize s and, reach
  • Rotary cutting method to break rock During the drilling process of the rotary cutting bit in the composite drill bit of the present invention, the cone journal on the main body (1) is directed to the well wall or the bottom of the well, and is at an angle to the axis of the rotary cutting bit.
  • the rotary cutter bit (2) When shifting the bit axis (ie ⁇ 0°, s ⁇ 0), the rotary cutter bit (2) is impacted, crushed, and cut into the rock in a rotary cutting manner to achieve rock breaking.
  • the rotary cutting bit cuts the tooth (3) not only as the cone rolls, but also forms a crush on the formation, and at the same time cuts the formation through the slip process at the bottom of the well, and the rock breaking efficiency is high.
  • the rows of cutting teeth (3) on the cone (2) can be cut to the corresponding The wellbore center, the wellbore edge, and the wellbore can also drill the required bottomhole shape.
  • the rock-breaking form of the rotary-cutting bit is impact, crushing and cutting, and the continuous cutting action makes the impact load of the drill bit small, load The amplitude is reduced.
  • the rotary wheel body speed ratio (the ratio of the cone rotation speed to the drill speed) is less than 1, that is, the rotation speed of the cone is smaller than the drill speed when the drill bit is drilled, so the bearing rotation speed is relatively slow, and the vibration impact of the rotary cutting bit is reduced.
  • the torsional vibration of the rotary cutting bit is reduced, the stick-slip at low speeds and the wellbore spiral at high speeds are reduced.
  • the wheel body speed ratio is less than 1, the bearing life condition is improved, and the rotary cutting bit life is improved:
  • the wheel body speed ratio of the rotary cutting bit is less than 1, and the journal size of the cone can be designed to be larger than the same size of the tricone bit. Larger, there is a clear advantage over roller cone bits in terms of journal strength and bit life.
  • the resultant force generated by the bottom hole and the well wall to the drill bit pushes the cone to the journal plane, which is beneficial to improving the bearing sealing performance and improving the bearing life, based on the bearing life. The importance of the drill bit, thus achieving an increase in the life of the rotary cutting bit.
  • the composite drill bit can achieve the corresponding purpose according to different composite structures of the rotary cutting bit, the PDC bit and the roller bit.
  • the analysis is as follows:
  • a rotary drill bit (bore well center and wellbore periphery) + PDC bit sub-blade (outer well periphery) composite drill bit is taken as an example, wherein the composite drill bit is based on a rotary cutting bit structure, and the periphery of the wellbore is in a rotary cutting bit.
  • the hole-keeping effect is further strengthened:
  • the cutting process of the rotary cutting bit can realize the characteristics that all the ring gear can cut the bottom of the well and the wall of the well.
  • the peripheral part undertakes part of the cutting task through the PDC sub-blade cutting teeth. While reducing the wear of the rotary cutting bit, the diameter-keeping ability and effect of the composite drill bit are further enhanced.
  • the composite drill bit has a larger number of contact teeth with the bottom of the well and the well wall, and a wider distribution of contact points, which increases the stability of the drilling process.
  • a rotary drill bit (outside of the wellbore) + a PDC bit (a wellbore center and a wellbore periphery) composite drill bit is taken as an example, wherein the composite drill bit is based on a four-blade or six-blade PDC bit structure, and the periphery of the wellbore The sub-blade is replaced by a rotary cutting bit.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is performed by PDC cutting teeth located on the main blade, while the drilling of the peripheral portion of the wellbore is performed by the rotary cutting bit and the PDC bit cutting teeth. It has the following characteristics:
  • Rotary cutting bit impacts, crushes and cuts rock by rotary cutting.
  • PDC bit cutting teeth cut concentric circular cutting trajectory at the bottom of the well, and the rotary cutting bit is broken.
  • the belt is a daisy-like spiral, and the spiral is dense and disappears at the well wall. The staggering action of the two cutting trajectories effectively improves the rock breaking efficiency of the drill bit.
  • Both teeth are worn:
  • the difference in wear speed of the PDC bit is very obvious, and the wear of the external area is significantly faster than that of the heart area.
  • the rotary cutting bit cutting teeth can particularly strengthen the wearable and failure areas of the PDC bit cutting teeth.
  • the composite bit structure realizes the wear of the rotary cutting bit and the PDC bit cutting teeth, and significantly improves the compound bit. Working life.
  • the required drilling pressure of the rotary cutting bit is relatively small, and the drilling pressure fluctuation amplitude is small; the wheel body speed ratio is less than 1; the bearing size condition is improved, and the journal size of the cone can be compared with the same specification.
  • the roller cone bit is designed to be larger; the resultant force of the bottom hole and the well wall to the drill bit pushes the cone to the journal plane, which is beneficial to improve the bearing sealing performance and improve the bearing life, so the composite drill bit can reach the tri-cone bit. Higher bearing life.
  • the cutting teeth of the rotary cutting bit increase the number of cutting teeth while the cutting teeth alternately work. That is, the rotary cutting bit can keep the number of working teeth constant or substantially unchanged while increasing the total number of teeth. The effect is to extend the working life of the drill while maintaining the drilling speed of the drill bit, and alleviate the contradiction between prolonging the life of the drill bit and increasing the drilling speed in the design of the drill bit.
  • the structural type and performance characteristics of the composite drill bit of the present invention include (but are not limited to) the following contents:
  • the composite drill bit broken by rock in the invention comprises a rotary cutting bit, a PDC bit, and a roller bit, including a main body (1), a rotary cutting bit cone (2), and a rotary Cut the cutting teeth (3).
  • the utility model is characterized in that: the composite drill bit comprises at least one connection formed by the rotary cutter bit cone (2) and the upper cone journal of the main body (1).
  • the composite bit composite form includes a combination of a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit, a combination of a rotary cutting bit and a roller bit, and a combination of a rotary cutting bit and a rotary cutting bit.
  • the center of the composite drill bit is composed of a rotary cutting bit.
  • the peripheral part of the composite drill bit is composed of a rotary cutting bit (or a rotary cutting bit and the remaining drill bit), which can achieve the purpose of the composite drill bit.
  • Rotary cutting bit (wellbore center) + PDC bit (peripheral periphery) This structural feature is:
  • the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit, a PDC bit, and at least one consisting of a rotary cutting bit cone (2 ) The connection with the upper journal of the main body (1).
  • the center of the composite drill bit is composed of a rotary cutting bit, and the periphery of the wellbore is composed of a PDC bit.
  • Rotary cutting bit diameter Z1 ⁇ 2 is smaller than composite bit diameter I) : ⁇ ).
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is done by the cutting teeth of the rotary cutting bit, while the drilling of the peripheral part of the wellbore is done by the PDC bit cutting teeth.
  • Performance characteristics The composite drill head has high rock breaking performance and high mechanical drilling speed.
  • Rotary cutting bit (bore well center and wellbore periphery) + PDC bit (wellbore periphery + sub blade):
  • the compound drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit, including at least one The connection between the rotary cutter bit (2) and the upper journal of the main body (1).
  • the composite drill bit is based on a rotary-cutting bit structure, and the PDC bit is added to the periphery of the wellbore by a PDC bit.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is completed by the cutting teeth of the rotary cutting bit, and the drilling of the peripheral portion of the wellbore is performed by the rotary cutting bit and the PDC bit cutting teeth.
  • Performance characteristics As mentioned above, the peripheral rock breaking ability is enhanced, the diameter keeping effect is better, the drilling process stability is increased, and it is more suitable for side drilling and directional well operations:
  • Rotary cutting bit peripheral well + two-blade PDC bit (borehole center and wellbore periphery):
  • the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit, including at least one Rotate the connection between the bit cone (2) and the upper journal of the main body (1).
  • the composite drill bit is based on a four-blade PDC bit structure, and the outer periphery of the wellbore is replaced by a rotary cutting bit.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is performed by PDC cutting teeth located on the main blade, while the drilling of the peripheral portion of the wellbore is performed by the rotary cutting bit and the PDC bit cutting teeth.
  • Performance characteristics As mentioned above, improve rock breaking efficiency and mechanical drilling speed, reduce PDC thermal friction phenomenon, make the cutting teeth wear and hook, improve the life of the drill bit, and the composite drill bit is suitable for small size wellbore, and the rotary cutting bit realizes the gauge effect.
  • Rotary cutting bit (outside of the wellbore) + three-blade PDC bit (outlet well center and wellbore periphery):
  • the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit, including at least one Rotary cutting bit cone (2) with Body (1) The connection of the upper journal of the cone.
  • the composite drill bit is based on a six-blade PDC bit structure, and the periphery of the wellbore is replaced by a rotary cutting bit.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is performed by PDC cutting teeth located on the main blade, while the drilling of the peripheral portion of the wellbore is performed by the rotary cutting bit and the PDC bit cutting teeth.
  • Performance characteristics As mentioned above, improve rock breaking efficiency and mechanical drilling speed, reduce PDC thermal friction phenomenon, make the cutting teeth wear and hook, improve the life of the drill bit, and at the same time, the composite drill bit is suitable for a slightly larger size wellbore, and the rotary cutting bit is guaranteed. Diameter effect.
  • Rotary cutting bit (wellbore center) + PDC bit (outside of the wellbore) + Rotary cutting bit (outside of the wellbore):
  • This structural feature is:
  • the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit, including at least a cone cutter by rotary cutting
  • the center of the composite drill bit is composed of a rotary cutting bit
  • the periphery of the wellbore is composed of a PDC and a rotary cutting bit.
  • the structure around the wellbore is based on a four-blade or six-blade PDC drill bit, which consists of a rotary cutter bit instead of a secondary blade.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is performed by the rotary cutting bit cutting teeth located at the center of the drill bit, and the drilling of the peripheral portion of the wellbore is performed by the PDC bit and the rotary cutting bit cutting teeth located at the periphery.
  • Performance characteristics The compound drill bit is suitable for a slightly larger size wellbore. It has high rock breaking performance, high mechanical drilling speed and good diameter keeping effect.
  • Rotary cutting bit wellbore center + roller bit (perimeter)
  • the compound drill consists of a rotary cutting bit and a roller bit, which contains at least one conical bit.
  • the center of the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit
  • the periphery of the wellbore consists of a conventional roller cone bit (number of cones >1).
  • drilling in the center of the wellbore is accomplished by cutting the cutting teeth
  • drilling in the peripheral portion of the wellbore is accomplished by conventional cone bit cutting teeth.
  • Performance characteristics The compound drill bit is suitable for large-size wellbores (such as non-excavation fields), with high rock breaking performance and high mechanical drilling speed.
  • Rotary cutting bit (outside of the wellbore) + Roller bit (wellbore center):
  • the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit and a roller bit, including at least one conical bit (2) Connection to the upper journal of the main body (1).
  • the center of the composite drill bit is composed of a conventional roller bit (the number of cones is ⁇ 1), and the periphery of the wellbore is composed of a rotary cutting head.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is done by the conventional cone bit cutting teeth, while the drilling of the peripheral portion of the wellbore is done by the cutting bit of the rotary cutting bit.
  • Performance characteristics The compound drill bit is suitable for large-size wellbores (such as non-excavation fields) and has good diameter-keeping effect.
  • Rotary cutting bit (bore well center and wellbore periphery) + Rotary cutting bit (peripheral well):
  • the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit and a rotary cutting bit, which contains at least one Connect the drill cone (2) to the upper journal of the main body (1).
  • the composite drill bit is based on a rotary-cutting bit structure, and the periphery of the wellbore is a compound peripheral rotary-cutting bit between the rotary cutter bit cones.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is completed by the central rotary cutting bit cutting teeth, and the drilling of the peripheral portion of the wellbore is performed by the central rotary cutting bit and the peripheral rotary cutting bit cutting teeth.
  • the compound drill bit is suitable for small size boreholes. It has high rock breaking performance, high mechanical drilling speed and good diameter keeping effect.
  • Rotary cutting bit (wellbore center) + Rotary cutting bit (outside of the wellbore) This structural feature is characterized in that: the composite drill bit consists of a rotary cutting bit and a rotary cutting bit, and at least one is provided by a rotary cutting bit cone (2) Connection to the upper journal of the main body (1).
  • the center of the drill bit is composed of a rotary cutting bit, and the periphery of the wellbore is also composed of a rotary cutting bit. During the drilling process, the center position of the wellbore and the drilling of the peripheral part of the wellbore are completed by the cutting teeth of the rotary cutting bit.
  • the invention has the beneficial effects that: the rotary cutting bit cutting teeth in the composite drill bit of the invention break rock in a rotary cutting manner, the center has high rock breaking efficiency, high mechanical drilling speed, better dynamic performance, wear and tear hook, bearing working condition Improvement, long service life of drill bit and good diameter keeping effect; composite drill bit consists of rotary cutting bit and PDC bit compound, rotary cutting bit and roller cone bit compound, rotary cutting bit and rotary cutting bit compound, different composite structures can realize center rock breaking High performance, high mechanical drilling speed and good diameter-keeping effect.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic view showing the structure of a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit in the present invention, including a main body (1), a rotary cutting bit cone (2), a rotary cutting bit cutting tooth (3), a PDC bit blade (4), and a PDC.
  • the drill body (1) includes a cone journal, a righting block, a high pressure mud passage and a connecting thread.
  • the center of the drill consists of a rotary cutting bit, and the periphery of the wellbore consists of a PDC bit.
  • the drilling of the center of the wellbore is done by the cutting teeth of the rotary cutting bit, while the drilling of the peripheral part of the wellbore is done by the PDC bit cutting teeth.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the structure of a rotary cutting bit in a composite drill bit according to the present invention, including a drill body (1), a rotary cutter bit (2), and a rotary cutting bit (3).
  • the drill body (1) includes a cone journal, a righting block, a high pressure mud passage, and a connecting thread.
  • the journal (2) and the journal on the main body (1) use the common bearing and sealing structure of the tri-cone bit.
  • the multi-turn cutting teeth are arranged from the big end to the small end of the cone (2).
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the cutting principle and main design parameters of the rotary cutting bit in the composite drill bit of the present invention: the angle between the wheel body angle, the journal deflection value s, and the diameter of the rotary cutting bit Z1 ⁇ 2;
  • Figure 5 is a schematic view showing the projection of the ring gear of the composite drill bit corresponding to Figure 4;
  • Figure 6 is a composite drill bit of the present invention which is compounded by a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit, wherein the composite bit is based on a rotary cutting bit knot Structure, the periphery of the wellbore is combined with the PDC bit of the rotary cutter bit.
  • the number of cutters of the rotary cutting bit is 2
  • the angle of the wheel body is 30°
  • the PDC bit is two.
  • Fig. 7 is a composite drill bit of the present invention which is compounded by a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit.
  • the composite drill bit is based on a PDC bit of a four-blade structure, and the periphery of the wellbore is replaced by a rotary cutting bit.
  • the composite drill bit is a two-blade structure, the composite drill bit
  • Fig. 8 shows a composite drill bit of the present invention which is compounded by a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit.
  • the composite drill bit is based on a six-blade PDC bit structure, and the periphery of the wellbore is replaced by a rotary cutting bit.
  • the PDC bit is a three-blade structure, the compound bit is
  • Figure 9 is a composite drill bit of the present invention consisting of a rotary cutting bit (bit center), a PDC bit (peripheral well), and a rotary cutting bit (peripheral periphery) composite, wherein the center of the composite bit is composed of a rotary cutting bit, and the periphery of the wellbore is composed of PDC and Rotary cutting bit composition.
  • the structure of the periphery of the wellbore is based on a four-blade or six-blade PDC bit, which consists of a rotary-cutting bit instead of a sub-blade.
  • Fig. 10 is a composite drill bit of the present invention which is compounded by a rotary cutting bit and a roller bit, wherein the center of the composite bit is composed of a rotary bit, and the periphery of the well is made up of a conventional cone bit (the number of cones is ⁇ 1) ) Composition.
  • Figure 11 shows a composite drill bit of the present invention which is compounded by a rotary cutting bit and a roller cone bit.
  • the center of the composite bit is composed of a conventional roller bit (the number of cones is ⁇ 1), and the periphery of the well is composed of a rotary cutting bit.
  • the drill center cone bit is a tri-cone bit
  • the 12 is a composite drill bit of the present invention which is compounded by a rotary cutting bit and a rotary cutting bit.
  • the composite drill bit is based on a rotary cutting bit structure, and a peripheral peripheral rotary cutting bit is arranged around the periphery of the rotary cutting bit.
  • FIG. 13 Schematic diagram of the ring gear ring of the composite drill bit when the outer circumference of the rotary cutting bit 20 is not cut at the center;
  • Figure 13 is a composite drill bit of the present invention which is compounded by a rotary cutting bit and a rotary cutting bit, wherein the center of the bit is a rotary cutting bit Composition, the periphery of the wellbore is also composed of a rotary cutting bit.
  • the composite drill bit with the function of rotary cutting and rock breaking includes the drill body (1), the cone (2), the cutting teeth (3), the oil reservoir (4), and the nozzle (5).
  • the drill body (1) includes a cone journal, a righting block, a high pressure mud passage and a connecting thread.
  • the journal (2) and the journal on the main body (1) use the common bearing and sealing structure of the tri-cone bit.
  • the multi-turn cutting teeth are arranged from the big end to the small end of the cone (2).
  • Body (1) The angle between the upper journal face of the cone and the axis of the drill bit (hereinafter referred to as the angle of the wheel body) is 0° ⁇ 90.
  • the rotary cutting bit cutting teeth in the composite drill bit of the invention break rock in a rotary cutting manner, have better dynamic performance, wear and wear hooks, improve bearing working conditions, and have long service life of the drill bit.
  • the effect of the diameter is good; optimizing the angle of the wheel body and the value of the journal offset can increase the amount of gear teeth in the bottom of the well and the wall of the well, reduce the speed ratio of the wheel body, improve the rock breaking efficiency and mechanical of the rotary cutting bit.
  • Drilling speed The compound drill bit consists of a combination of a rotary cutting bit and a PDC bit, a combination of a rotary bit and a roller bit, a rotary cutting bit and a rotary cutting bit.
  • Different composite structures can achieve different performance characteristics.

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Abstract

一种具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头,包含旋切钻头、PDC钻头、牙轮钻头的复合,包括主体(1)、旋切钻头牙轮(2)、旋切钻头切削齿(3)、PDC钻头刀翼(4)、PDC切削齿(5)、储油囊(6)、喷嘴(7)。钻头主体(1)包括牙轮轴颈、扶正块、高压泥浆通道和连接丝扣。复合钻头中不同的复合结构可实现中心破岩性能高、机械钻速高、保径效果好的效果。

Description

具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头
技术领域
本发明属于石油天然气钻探工程、 矿山开采、 地质钻探、 建筑工程、 隧道工程、 盾构及 非开挖等技术设备领域, 涉及具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头。
背景技术
钻头是钻井过程中直接与岩石接触, 通过切削、 冲压等作用破碎岩石的工具。 现代钻井 工程中广泛使用的钻头主要有牙轮钻头、 PDC钻头 (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bits聚 晶金刚石复合片钻头) 。 当今, 牙轮钻头和 PDC钻头都已发展到相当高的水平, 但仍存在 一些不可克服的问题。 一是怕划眼和扩眼, 使密封轴承的牙轮钻头, 特别是 PDC 钻头先期 损坏; 二是对井底中心岩石的运动小, 功能不足, 中心岩石不易破碎, 影响钻头的机械钻 速, 牙轮钻头和 PDC 钻头中心布齿少、 易磨损, 也是钻头失效的主要原因。 以下分别对本 发明的背景相关的三牙轮钻头、 单牙轮钻头、 PDC钻头、 复合钻头特点进行分析。
三牙轮钻头: 三牙轮钻头钻进时破岩形式为冲击压碎破岩, 通过牙轮上的牙齿对井底岩 石形成冲击压碎作用破碎岩石, 形成井径 (见图 15 ) 。 由于岩石的抗压强度远大于抗剪和 抗拉强度, 而三牙轮钻头利用牙齿对岩石的冲击作用来破岩, 能量利用率不高。 特别是在深 井钻井等高钻压情况下, 由于高密度的钻井液的作用, 井底的岩屑压持效应明显, 钻头牙齿 难以冲击破碎岩石, 故破岩效率相对较低。
三牙轮钻头轴承寿命是制约钻头使用寿命的主要因素之一, 轴承承受钻压引起的载荷, 加上三牙轮钻头以冲击形式破岩, 轴承受到的冲击载荷大, 载荷幅值高, 加之三牙轮钻头的 增速效应: 三牙轮钻头轮体速比 (钻井时牙轮转速与钻头转速之比) 大于 1, 即钻头钻进时 牙轮转速大于钻头钻速, 所以轴承转速相对较快, 导致三牙轮钻头的轴承寿命较短。
从三牙轮钻头破岩过程和运动轨迹分析, 牙轮上的牙齿与井底井壁岩石接触时间较少, 牙齿在井底滑移的距离也较小, 影响了钻进效率。
单牙轮钻头: 单牙轮钻头则是依靠牙齿对地层的冲击、 滚压和刮切三种方式破碎岩石, 尤其是刮切运动的方向在牙轮表面的各个部位都不同, 即不同排数的牙齿在井底沿不同方向 的轨迹, 作较长距离的滑移来切削地层, 并形成网状的井底轨迹 (见图 16) 。 单牙轮钻头 的特点是牙轮转速低, 轴承尺寸较大, 使用寿命优于三牙轮钻头, 但是单牙轮钻头有无法回 避的缺点: 单牙轮钻头的满眼结构决定其破岩过程中容易发生重复破碎, 排屑困难。 牙齿耐 磨性严重不足, 一旦发生牙齿磨钝或断齿, 机械钻速急剧下降。
PDC 钻头: PDC 钻头破岩形式为刮削岩石, 在钻井、 地质乃至建筑工程中运用越来越 广泛, 在钻井工程中使用的比例越来越大。 在钻头中心线和井眼中心线重合的理想工作条件 下, 钻头钻进时各切削齿的运动轨迹为相对固定的同心圆环带 (见图 17) 。 由于其破岩机 理和结构差异, PDC钻头适用于较高钻速和软至中硬地层。 其不足主要有以下方面:
( 1 ) 井底条件要求高: 如果井底有异物, 会导致 PDC钻头产生崩齿或热摩擦现象, 温 度升高烧黑胎体, 甚至熔化钎焊层, 产生掉齿现象, 影响机械钻速, 加速钻头失效。
(2) PDC齿失效的严重后果: 与牙轮钻头相比较, PDC钻头个别齿的失效 (掉齿、 崩 齿等) 会严重增加附近 PDC齿的载荷, 加快其磨损速度, 加剧钻头失效。
(3 ) 心部破岩效率不高: PDC钻头不同径向区域上的 PDC齿的磨损速度差异明显, 外 肩部切削岩石比例大, 磨损速度快。 心部 PDC齿接触破岩效率低, 磨损则较慢。
牙轮钻头 +牙轮钻头的复合钻头: 此类型复合钻头将牙轮钻头与牙轮钻头复合, 井眼中 心和井眼外围均由牙轮钻头牙齿完成。 有多种复合形式, 应用场合包括扩孔、 非开挖中, 其 不足主要有:
( 1 ) 中心破岩效率不高: 由于复合钻头由牙轮钻头组成, 其破岩形式仍为冲击破碎, 能量利用率不高。 同牙轮钻头一样, 在高钻压情况下, 由于高密度的钻井液的作用, 井底的 岩屑压持效应明显, 钻头牙齿难以冲击破碎岩石, 破岩效率相对较低, 尤其是井眼中心部 位, 情况更为严重。
(2) 井眼外围钻头磨损严重: 此类型复合钻头井眼外围附近, 牙轮钻头牙轮尺寸相对 较小, 但钻进过程转速高, 会加速钻头的磨损和失效, 同时导致钻头出现磨牙背现象。
( 3 ) 中心和外围牙轮寿命不等、 复合钻头寿命不高: 基于此类型复合钻头的破岩机理 和结构组成, 中心破岩效率不高, 而井眼外围的牙轮结构尺寸小、 转速高、 磨损严重, 导致 井眼中心和井眼外围的牙轮钻头寿命差异, 难以实现复合钻头整体优化和寿命提高。
刮刀钻头 +牙轮钻头的复合钻头: 考虑牙轮钻头钻进页岩和其他塑性岩层时, 压持作用 易造成井底泥包, 随着钻深和井底压力以及泥浆比重的增加, 泥包现象会更加严重。 而刮刀 钻头或固定切削齿钻头受此影响较小, 初期复合中将此两种钻头结合, 简单地将刮刀钻头和 牙轮钻头结合在一起, 由于钻头刀翼部分会过早出现磨损导致机械钻速甚至低于牙轮钻头, 此结构最终没有实现商业化。
动态稳定复合钻头: 将牙轮和 PDC钻头结合, 其设计基于四刀翼和六刀翼 PDC 钻头结 构, 副刀翼位置被短尺寸的牙轮替代。 井眼中心位置的钻进由位于主刀翼上的 PDC 切削齿 完成破岩的, 井眼外围部分的钻进由牙轮和 PDC切削齿共同完成。 此结构进行钻速有一定 提高 (在页岩或其他塑性地层中钻进, 钻速比牙轮钻头提高 2〜4倍。 在硬质研磨性地层中的 机械钻速约是牙轮的 2倍, PDC的 1.5倍) 。 此复合钻头中心破岩由刀翼完成, 仍然不能改 变 PDC 钻头中心破岩效率低的现象。 同时复合钻头中的牙轮钻仍然是大圈切削井眼外围, 小齿圈切削井眼中心部位, 不能有效改善轴承尺寸, 提高钻头寿命。
发明内容
本发明设计具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 包含旋切钻头与 PDC 钻头复合、 旋切钻头 与牙轮钻头复合、 旋切钻头与旋切钻头复合。 复合钻头中的旋切钻头切削齿以旋切方式冲 击、 压碎、 切削岩石, 实现破岩, 中心破岩效率高, 机械钻速高, 具有更好的动力学性能, 磨损均勾, 同时改进钻头轴承结构, 确保提高破岩效率的同时增加钻头使用寿命, 保径效果 好; 复合钻头中不同的复合结构可实现中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高、 保径效果好的效果。
为实现本发明目的, 采用如下技术方案:
具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 包括钻头主体, 其特征在于: 复合钻头是由旋切钻头与 牙轮钻头、 PDC 钻头、 旋切钻头中的至少一种复合, 旋切钻头的旋切牙轮 (2) 的安装面与 钻头主体 (1) 上的牙轮轴颈连接, 旋切牙轮的工作面朝向井壁与井底; 牙轮轴颈平面与钻 头轴线夹角 即轮体夹角 的范围为 0°< <90° , 轴颈偏移量 s 的范围为
_:¾^ <:¾^,其中 D旋切钻头为旋切钻头直径。 前述旋切牙轮工作面指牙轮上布置切屑齿的圆锥面, 而安装面是在该锥面的底面方向 上。
本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头的结构特点包括:
(1) 一种以旋切方式破岩的旋切钻头, 包括主体 (1) 、 旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 、 旋切钻 头切削齿 (3) 。 所述的旋切钻头至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1) 上牙轮轴 颈所构成的连接, 其轮体夹角 的范围为 0°< <90° (包含 = +1及 ≠ +1) , 轴颈偏 移量 s的范围为-^ ^<^<^^ (包含^= 及^≠ ) , 其中, 旋切钻头牙轮 对 应的轮体夹角为 , 轮 对应的轴颈偏移量为 , Z½ 为旋切钻头直径。
(2) 旋切钻头牙轮: 旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 为钢件、 钢体与金属粉末的烧结体; 所述的旋 切钻头牙轮 (2) 结构有铣齿牙轮、 镶齿牙轮、 钢体与金属粉末的烧结牙轮; 所述的旋切钻 头牙轮 (2) 数目≥1。
(3) 旋切钻头切削齿: 旋切钻头切削齿 (3) 形状包括勺形齿、 楔形齿、 锥球齿、 球形 齿、 锥台齿、 圆柱截头齿、 棱锥齿; 所述的旋切钻头切削齿 (3) 材质包括硬质合金、 聚晶 金刚石复合体、 热稳定聚晶金刚石、 孕镶金刚石、 天然金刚石、 立方氮化硼、 陶瓷, 以及包 含硬质合金、 金刚石或立方氮化硼的切削齿; 所述的旋切钻头切削齿 (3 ) 齿圈数目≥1。
本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头将牙轮朝向井壁或井底, 破岩过程中, 牙轮内排齿 (即大 圈齿) 可切削井底中心, 提高中心破岩效率; 牙轮上的每圈齿都能以旋切方式冲击压碎切削 井底和井壁岩石, 这是本发明中旋切钻头的核心。
根据上述发明, 已于 2010年 9月试制出了旋切模拟钻头, 并在台架上进行了试验。 旋 切钻头钻出的井底轮廓 (见图 14 ) 与三牙轮钻头和 PDC钻头钻出的井底轮廓完全不同。 三 牙轮钻头和 PDC钻头的破碎带都是同心圆 (见图 15和图 17 ) , 而本发明复合钻头中的的 旋切钻头的破碎带是成菊状的螺旋线。 螺旋线在井壁处密集并消失, 充分证明了牙轮上各排 齿都能切削井底和井壁, 形成井径。 内排齿破碎带螺旋线长, 外排齿破碎带螺旋线短, 可使 内外排齿的工作负载比较均勾。
螺旋线的破碎带, 说明旋切钻头破岩机理, 每排齿既有冲击压碎作用, 又能切削岩石。 同时提高中心破岩效率, 从而提高钻头机械钻速。
由于旋切钻头破岩方式特点, 所以能适应各种钻井需要, 在侧钻和水平井钻井中比现有 牙轮钻头和金刚石钻头更为优越。
根据以上分析, 轴颈偏移值 ^增大, 会增大切削齿在井底的径向滑移和周向滑移, 即增 大切削齿在井底的总的滑移量。 轮体夹角 取值范围为: 15°≤ ≤85°, 轴颈偏移值 s取值 范围为: - : ¾¾≤5≤:¾¾, 能更好地实现切削齿以旋切方式破岩。 优化 s和 , 可达
4 4
到增大牙轮切削齿在井底和井壁滑移量, 降低轮体速比的目的。
本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头的性能特点包括:
( 1 ) 旋切方式破岩: 本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头钻进过程中, 主体 (1 ) 上的牙轮轴 颈指向井壁或井底, 与旋切钻头轴线交一夹角又偏移钻头轴线 (即 ≠0°, s≠0 ) 时, 旋 切钻头牙轮 (2 ) 以旋切方式冲击、 压碎、 切削岩石, 实现破岩钻进。 钻进过程旋切钻头切 削齿 (3 ) 不仅随着牙轮滚动, 形成对地层的压碎, 同时通过其在井底的滑移过程切削地 层, 破岩效率高。 根据不同的钻井需求, 改变轮体夹角 ^、 轴颈偏移值 s以及牙轮 (2 ) 尺 寸和形状, 可以使牙轮 (2 ) 上的各排切削齿 (3 ) 都切削到对应的井眼中心、 井眼边缘及井 壁, 还能钻出要求的井底形状。
( 2 ) 中心破岩性能高: 钻进过程中, 旋切钻头对应的井眼中心位置由大圈齿完成, 由 于旋切钻头切削齿圈中大齿圈直径最大, 齿数多 (可比三牙轮钻头中央布齿多 6倍以上) , 相对切削速度高, 可以从根本上解决现在三牙轮钻头和 PDC钻头心部破岩效率低的问题。
( 3 ) 机械钻速提高: 旋切钻头的结构 (关键参数包含轮体夹角 和轴颈偏移值 决 定了其破岩形式为冲击、 击碎、 切削作用, 同时对应的井眼中心破岩效率和进取性高, 避免 了满眼问题和重复破碎现象, 利于排屑, 提高钻头机械钻速。
( 4 ) 更好的动力学性能: 与牙轮钻头冲击形式破岩相比, 旋切钻头的破岩形式为冲 击、 击碎、 切削作用, 连续的切削作用使钻头受到的冲击载荷小, 载荷幅值降低。 同时旋切 钻头轮体速比 (牙轮转速与钻头转速之比) 小于 1, 即钻头钻进时牙轮转速小于钻头钻速, 所以轴承转速相对较慢, 旋切钻头振动冲击减小。 与普通 PDC 钻头相比, 旋切钻头扭转振 荡减小, 低转速下的粘滑和高转速下的井眼螺旋现象减少。 在本发明进行的台架实验结果, 也证明了与同尺寸、 同工况条件下的牙轮钻头、 PDC 钻头相比, 旋切钻头具备上述特点。 更好的动力学性能使旋切钻头具有更大的适用范围和更好的控制能力。
( 5 ) 轮体速比小于 1、 轴承寿命条件改善、 旋切钻头寿命提高: 旋切钻头的轮体速比 小于 1, 而且牙轮的轴颈尺寸能比同规格的三牙轮钻头设计得更大, 在轴颈的强度和钻头使 用寿命方面比牙轮钻头有明显优势。 本发明复合钻头的旋切钻头在破岩过程中, 井底和井壁 对钻头产生的合力推动牙轮紧贴轴颈平面, 这有利于改善轴承密封性能, 提高轴承使用寿 命, 基于轴承寿命对于钻头的重要意义, 从而实现旋切钻头寿命的提高。
( 6) 保径作用: 旋切钻头所有切削齿圈都能切削井底和井壁, 形成井径。 如果最先切 削井壁的那圈齿磨损变短, 第二圈齿就会接替第一圈齿的工作, 实现保径, 不致钻孔越来越 小。 如果第二圈齿也磨损失效, 第三圈齿仍可实现保径, 以此类推。 由于本发明复合钻头的 旋切钻头具有所有齿圈都能切削旋切钻头对应井径的特点, 使其具有三牙轮钻头所不及的保 径和侧钻能力, 保径效果好。
本发明中复合钻头根据旋切钻头、 PDC 钻头、 牙轮钻头不同的复合结构, 可实现相应 目的。 以其中两种复合钻头类型为例进行分析如下:
以本发明中旋切钻头 (井眼中心与井眼外围) +PDC 钻头副刀翼 (井眼外围) 复合钻头 为例进行分析, 其中复合钻头基于旋切钻头结构, 井眼外围在旋切钻头牙轮间复合 PDC 钻 头副刀翼。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由旋切钻头切削齿完成, 而井眼外围部分的钻 进由旋切钻头和 PDC钻头切削齿共同完成。 其具有以下特点:
( 1 ) 加强外围破岩: 旋切钻头钻进过程中, 以旋切方式冲击、 压碎、 切削岩石, 实现 钻进, 并且外围靠近井壁附件, 以切削作用为主。 此类型复合钻头在井眼外围、 旋切钻头牙 轮间复合 PDC 钻头副刀翼, 进一步加强外围破岩能力、 提高外围破岩效率、 提高机械钻 速, 同时减小外围切削齿磨损、 增加钻头寿命。
(2) 保径效果进一步加强: 由旋切钻头钻进过程可以实现所有齿圈都能切削井底和井 壁的特点, 此类型结构中, 外围部分通过 PDC 副刀翼切削齿承担部分切削任务, 在减小旋 切钻头旋切齿磨损的同时, 使复合钻头的保径能力和效果得到进一步加强。
( 3 ) 钻进过程稳定性加强: 复合钻头与旋切钻头相比较, 与井底和井壁接触齿数目和 增加、 接触点分布更广, 增加钻进过程的稳定性。
( 4 ) 更适合侧钻、 定向井作业: 在稳定性增加的基础上, 此类型复合钻头切削更平 稳, 即具有更好的控制能力, 所以在侧钻、 定向井等作业中适用性得到进一步增加。
以本发明中旋切钻头 (井眼外围) +PDC 钻头 (井眼中心与井眼外围) 复合钻头为例进 行分析, 其中复合钻头基于四刀翼或六刀翼的 PDC 钻头结构, 井眼外围由旋切钻头代替副 刀翼。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由位于主刀翼上的 PDC 切削齿完成, 而井眼外围 部分的钻进由旋切钻头和 PDC钻头切削齿共同完成。 其具有以下特点:
( 1 ) 提高破岩效率和机械钻速: 旋切钻头以旋切方式冲击、 压碎、 切削岩石, PDC 钻 头切削齿在井底刮切出同心圆状的切削轨迹, 而旋切钻头的破碎带是成菊状的螺旋线, 螺旋 线在井壁处密集并消失。 两种切削轨迹的交错作用, 有效提高钻头的破岩效率。
(2) 减少 PDC 热摩擦现象: 牙轮上的切削齿的交替切削工作方式有利于切削齿 (特别 是 PDC齿)的冷却, 避免或减少了由于温度过高而导致磨损加剧的热磨损现象的发生。
(3 ) 切削齿磨损均勾: PDC 钻头切削齿磨损速度差异十分明显, 外部区域切削齿磨损 速度明显快于心部区域齿。 本结构中旋切钻头切削齿能对 PDC 钻头切削齿的易磨损和失效 区域起到特殊加强作用, 本复合钻头结构实现旋切钻头和 PDC 钻头切削齿的磨损均勾的同 时, 显著提高复合钻头的工作寿命。
(4) 提高钻头寿命
对旋切钻头而言, 由于旋切钻头所需钻压相对较小, 钻压波动幅度较小; 轮体速比小于 1 ; 轴承尺寸条件改善, 牙轮的轴颈尺寸能比同规格的三牙轮钻头设计得更大; 井底和井壁 对钻头产生的合力推动牙轮紧贴轴颈平面, 有利于改善轴承密封性能, 提高轴承使用寿命, 因而复合型钻头可以达到比三牙轮钻头更高的轴承寿命。
对 PDC 钻头而言, 增加布齿密度可增加钻头的工作寿命, 但也会降低钻头钻进速度。 本发明中, 旋切钻头切削齿增加了切削齿数量的同时切削齿交替工作。 即旋切钻头可以在增 加总切削齿数的同时, 保持工作齿数不变或基本不变。 其效果是在保持钻头钻进速度的同时 使钻头的工作寿命得以延长, 缓解钻头设计中延长钻头寿命与提高钻速之间的矛盾。 根据以上研究, 本发明中复合钻头其结构类型和性能特点包含 (但不限于) 以下内容:
( 1 ) 多种复合形式: 本发明中以旋切方式破岩的复合钻头, 由旋切钻头、 PDC 钻头、 牙轮钻头组成, 包括主体 (1 ) 、 旋切钻头牙轮 (2 ) 、 旋切钻头切削齿 (3 ) 。 其特征在 于: 复合钻头中至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈所构成的连接。 复合钻头复合形式包含旋切钻头与 PDC 钻头复合、 旋切钻头与牙轮钻头复合、 旋切钻头与 旋切钻头复合。 利用旋切钻头的性能特点, 复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 则钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置钻进由旋切钻头切削齿完成, 可以实现复合钻头中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高 的目的。 复合钻头井眼外围部分由旋切钻头 (或旋切钻头与其余钻头) 组成, 则可实现复合 钻头保径的目的。
(2) 旋切钻头 (井眼中心) +PDC 钻头 (井眼外围) : 此结构特征在于: 所述的复合 钻头由旋切钻头、 PDC 钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1 ) 上牙轮 轴颈所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围由 PDC 钻头组成。 旋切 钻头直径 Z½ 小于复合钻头直径 I) : < )。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由 旋切钻头切削齿完成, 而井眼外围部分的钻进由 PDC 钻头切削齿完成。 性能特点: 复合钻 头中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高。
(3 ) 旋切钻头 (井眼中心与井眼外围) +PDC 钻头 (井眼外围 +副刀翼) : 此结构特征 在于: 所述的复合钻头由旋切钻头、 PDC 钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与 主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头基于旋切钻头结构, 井眼外围在旋切钻 头牙轮间复合 PDC 钻头副刀翼。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由旋切钻头切削齿完 成, 而井眼外围部分的钻进由旋切钻头和 PDC 钻头切削齿共同完成。 性能特点: 如前所 述, 外围破岩能力加强、 保径效果更好、 钻进过程稳定性增加、 更适合侧钻、 定向井作业:
(4) 旋切钻头 (井眼外围) +两刀翼 PDC 钻头 (井眼中心与井眼外围) : 此结构特征 在于: 所述的复合钻头由旋切钻头、 PDC 钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与 主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头基于四刀翼的 PDC钻头结构, 井眼外围 由旋切钻头代替副刀翼。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由位于主刀翼上的 PDC 切削齿 完成, 而井眼外围部分的钻进由旋切钻头和 PDC钻头切削齿共同完成。 性能特点: 如前所 述, 提高破岩效率和机械钻速、 减少 PDC 热摩擦现象、 使切削齿磨损均勾、 提高钻头寿 命, 同时复合钻头适用于小尺寸井眼, 旋切钻头实现保径效果。
(5 ) 旋切钻头 (井眼外围) +三刀翼 PDC 钻头 (井眼中心与井眼外围) : 此结构特征 在于: 所述的复合钻头由旋切钻头、 PDC 钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与 主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头基于六刀翼的 PDC钻头结构, 井眼外围 由旋切钻头代替副刀翼。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由位于主刀翼上的 PDC 切削齿 完成, 而井眼外围部分的钻进由旋切钻头和 PDC钻头切削齿共同完成。 性能特点: 如前所 述, 提高破岩效率和机械钻速、 减少 PDC 热摩擦现象、 使切削齿磨损均勾、 提高钻头寿 命, 同时复合钻头适用于稍大尺寸井眼, 旋切钻头实现保径效果。
(6) 旋切钻头 (井眼中心) +PDC 钻头 (井眼外围) +旋切钻头 (井眼外围) : 此结构 特征在于: 所述的复合钻头由旋切钻头、 PDC 钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮
(2) 与主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围 由 PDC与旋切钻头组成。 井眼外围的结构基于四刀翼或六刀翼的 PDC钻头, 由旋切钻头代 替副刀翼而组成。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由位于钻头中心的旋切钻头切削齿完 成, 而井眼外围部分的钻进由 PDC 钻头与位于外围的旋切钻头切削齿完成。 性能特点: 复 合钻头适用于稍大尺寸井眼, 中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高、 保径效果好。
(7) 旋切钻头 (井眼中心) +牙轮钻头 (井眼外围) : 此结构特征在于: 所述的复合钻 头由旋切钻头、 牙轮钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈 所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围由常规牙轮钻头 (牙轮数目 >1 ) 组成。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由旋切钻头切削齿完成, 而井眼外围部分的钻 进由常规牙轮钻头切削齿完成。 性能特点: 复合钻头适用于大尺寸井眼 (如非开挖领域 等) , 中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高。
( 8) 旋切钻头 (井眼外围) +牙轮钻头 (井眼中心) : 此结构特征在于: 所述的复合钻 头由旋切钻头、 牙轮钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈 所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头中心由常规牙轮钻头组成 (牙轮数目≥1 ) , 井眼外围由旋切钻 头组成。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由常规牙轮钻头切削齿完成, 而井眼外围部分的 钻进由旋切钻头切削齿完成。 性能特点: 复合钻头适用于大尺寸井眼 (如非开挖领域等) , 保径效果好。
(9) 旋切钻头 (井眼中心与井眼外围) +旋切钻头 (井眼外围) : 此结构特征在于: 所 述的复合钻头由旋切钻头与旋切钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴颈所构成的连接。 其中复合钻头基于旋切钻头结构, 井眼外围在旋切钻头牙轮间复 合外围旋切钻头。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由中心旋切钻头切削齿完成, 而井眼外 围部分的钻进由中心旋切钻头和外围旋切钻头切削齿共同完成。 性能特点: 复合钻头适用于 稍小尺寸井眼, 中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高、 保径效果好。 ( 10) 旋切钻头 (井眼中心) +旋切钻头 (井眼外围) : 此结构特征在于: 所述的复合 钻头由旋切钻头与旋切钻头组成, 至少包含一个由旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1 ) 上牙轮轴 颈所构成的连接。 其中钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围也由旋切钻头组成。 钻进过程 中, 井眼的中心位置及井眼外围部分的钻进均由旋切钻头切削齿完成。 性能特点: 复合钻头 适用于稍大尺寸井眼, 中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高、 保径效果好。
本发明的有益效果: 本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头切削齿以旋切方式破岩, 中心破岩效 率高, 机械钻速高, 具有更好的动力学性能, 磨损均勾, 轴承工作条件改善, 钻头使用寿命 长, 保径效果好; 复合钻头包含旋切钻头与 PDC钻头复合、 旋切钻头与牙轮钻头复合、 旋 切钻头与旋切钻头复合, 不同的复合结构可实现中心破岩性能高、 机械钻速高、 保径效果好 的效果。
附图说明
本发明附图说明如下:
图 1为本发明中旋切钻头与 PDC钻头复合的结构示意图, 包括主体 (1 ) 、 旋切钻头牙 轮 (2) 、 旋切钻头切削齿 (3 ) 、 PDC钻头刀翼 (4) 、 PDC切削齿 (5 ) 、 储油囊 (6) 、 喷嘴 (7) 。 钻头主体 (1 ) 包括牙轮轴颈、 扶正块、 高压泥浆通道和连接丝扣。 其中钻头中 心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围由 PDC 钻头组成。 钻进过程中, 井眼中心位置的钻进由旋切 钻头切削齿完成, 而井眼外围部分的钻进由 PDC钻头切削齿完成。
图 2 为本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头结构示意图, 包括钻头主体 (1 ) 、 旋切钻头牙轮 (2) 、 旋切钻头切削齿 (3 ) 。 钻头主体 (1 ) 包括牙轮轴颈、 扶正块、 高压泥浆通道和连 接丝扣。 牙轮 (2 ) 与主体 (1 ) 上的轴颈采用三牙轮钻头常用的轴承与密封结构。 牙轮 (2) 的大端到小端布置多圈切削齿。
图 3为本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头的切削原理及主要设计参数: 轮体夹角 、 轴颈偏 移值 s、 旋切钻头直径 Z½ 的关系示意图;
图 4为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头与 PDC钻头复合, 其中复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组 成, 井眼外围由 PDC钻头组成。 当旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 轮体夹角 = 30°, 轴颈偏移值
S = , 且一个切心部, 一个不切心部, PDC 钻头为六刀翼结构时, 复合钻头的冠顶 20
结构示意图;
图 5为图 4对应的复合钻头的牙轮齿圈投影示意图;
图 6 为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头与 PDC 钻头复合, 其中复合钻头基于旋切钻头结 构, 井眼外围在旋切钻头牙轮间复合 PDC 钻头副刀翼。 当旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 轮体夹 角 = 30°, 轴颈偏移值 s = D¾wfefe, 且一个切心部, 一个不切心部, PDC 钻头为两刀翼结
20
构时, 复合钻头的牙轮齿圈投影示意图;
图 7为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头与 PDC钻头复合, 其中复合钻头基于四刀翼结构的 PDC 钻头, 井眼外围由旋切钻头代替副刀翼。 当旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 轮体夹角 = 30°, 轴颈偏移值 s = ^», 且都不切心部, PDC 钻头为两刀翼结构时, 复合钻头的
20
牙轮齿圈投影示意图;
图 8 为本发明的复合钻头由旋切钻头与 PDC 钻头复合, 其中复合钻头基于六刀翼的 PDC 钻头结构, 井眼外围由旋切钻头代替副刀翼。 当旋切钻头牙轮数目为 3, 轮体夹角 β = ^° , 轴颈偏移值 s = l¾, 且都不切心部, PDC 钻头为三刀翼结构时, 复合钻头的
20
牙轮齿圈投影示意图;
图 9 为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头 (钻头中心) 、 PDC 钻头 (井眼外围) 、 旋切钻头 (井眼外围) 复合, 其中复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围由 PDC 与旋切钻头组 成。 井眼外围的结构基于四刀翼或六刀翼的 PDC钻头, 由旋切钻头代替副刀翼而组成。 当 钻头中心旋切钻头牙轮数 目 为 2, 轮体夹角 心 ft = 30° , 轴颈偏移值
D,
s, 中心旋切钻头
中心旋切钻头 一 20 , 且一个切心部, 一个不切心部, 当井眼外围旋切钻头牙轮数目为
3, 轮体夹角 A卜瞧切钻头 = 30°, 轴颈偏移值½瞧切钻头 = 夕卜围 钻头 , 且都不切心部, 井眼外 围 PDC钻头为三刀翼结构时, 复合钻头的牙轮齿圈投影示意图; 图 10 为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头与牙轮钻头复合, 其中复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组 成, 井眼外围由常规牙轮钻头 (牙轮数目≥1 ) 组成。 当钻头中心旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 轮 体夹角 = 30°, 轴颈偏移值 s = ¾wfefe , 且一个切心部, 一个不切心部, 井眼外围牙轮钻
20
头为三牙轮钻头时, 复合钻头的牙轮齿圈投影示意图;
图 11 为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头与牙轮钻头复合, 其中复合钻头中心由常规牙轮钻 头组成 (牙轮数目≥1 ) , 井眼外围由旋切钻头组成。 当钻头中心牙轮钻头为三牙轮钻头, 井 眼外围旋切钻头牙轮数目为 3, 轮体夹角 = 30°, 轴颈偏移值 S =^¾, 且一个切心
20
部, 一个不切心部时, 复合钻头的牙轮齿圈投影示意图;
图 12 为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头与旋切钻头复合, 其中复合钻头基于旋切钻头结 构, 井眼外围在旋切钻头牙轮间复合外围旋切钻头。 当钻头中心旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 轮 体夹角 中心旋切钻头 =30°, 轴颈偏移值^議钻头 = 切钻头, 且一个切心部, 一个不切心 部, 当井眼外围旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 轮体夹角 y¾h ft« =30°, 轴颈偏移值
D外围旋切钻头
s外围旋切钻头 一 20 , 且都不切心部时, 复合钻头的牙轮齿圈投影示意图; 图 13 为本发明复合钻头由旋切钻头与旋切钻头复合, 其中钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围也由旋切钻头组成。 当钻头中心旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 轮体夹角 中心細钻头 =30°, 轴颈偏移值 ^翻钻 = D中'^切钻头 , 且一个切心部, 一个不切心部, 当井 眼外 围旋切钻头牙轮数 目 为 3 , 轮体夹角 應謹 =30° , 轴颈偏移值
D外b围旋切钻头
s外围旋切钻头 一 20 , 且都不切心部时, 复合钻头的牙轮齿圈投影示意图; 图 14 为本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头牙轮数目为 2, 钻头直径!) = 4¾", 轮体夹角 = 30°, 轴颈偏移值 ^ = 的试验钻头进行模拟试验及钻出的井底轮廓;
20
图 15为三牙轮钻头直径 D = 4 '钻出的井底轮廓;
图 16为单牙轮钻头直径 D = 4%"钻出的井底轮廓;
图 17为 PDC钻头直径! ) = 4 "钻出的井底轮廓;
具体实施方式
如图 1〜图 14 所示: 具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 包括钻头主体 (1) 、 牙轮 (2) 、 切削齿 (3) 、 储油囊 (4) 、 喷嘴 (5) 。 钻头主体 (1) 包括牙轮轴颈、 扶正块、 高压泥浆通道和连接丝扣。 牙轮 (2) 与主体 (1) 上的轴颈采用三牙轮钻头常用的轴承与密 封结构。 牙轮 (2) 的大端到小端布置多圈切削齿。 主体 (1) 上牙轮轴颈平面与钻头轴线夹 角 (以下简称轮体夹角) 的范围为 0°< <90。 (包含 = +1及 ≠ +1) , 轴颈偏移量 s的范围为 - < s< (包含 = 1≠ 1) , 其中, 轮 对应的轮体夹角为^, 轮 对 应的轴颈偏移量为 , D为钻头直径。
实施例 1 : 当本发明的旋切钻头的^ = 30°, s = ^ , 直径!) = 4¾", 钻速为《 = 180rp 时, 实验用 材料分别选用洪雅石: 225 x 200 x l50ww3, 青砂石: 150 x 150 x lOOww3, 实验过程收集岩 屑, 分析破岩难易程度及振动情况, 检查切削齿磨痕及方向, 计算牙轮和钻头的轮体速比。
实施例结果和理论计算同时表明: 实施例 1对应参数条件下, 轮体速比小于 1, 本实施 例中小于 0.55 ; 岩性越硬, 牙轮转速越高, 轮体速比越高。
实施例 2: 当牙轮 2 的^ = 30°, 5 = -^ , 直径 D = 4¾", 钻速为《 = 180rp , 实验用材料分别为 洪雅石: 225 x 200 x l50ww3, 青砂石: 150 x 150 x lOOww3, 实验过程收集岩屑, 分析破岩 难易程度及振动情况, 检查切削齿磨痕及方向, 计算牙轮和钻头的轮体速比。 实施例结果和理论计算同时表明: 对应 ^ = - 时, 岩性越硬, 牙轮转速降低, 轮体速
20
比小于实施例 1对应的值。
综合对比分析上述实施结果可得: 本发明复合钻头中的旋切钻头切削齿以旋切方式破岩, 具 有更好的动力学性能, 磨损均勾, 轴承工作条件改善, 钻头使用寿命长, 保径效果好; 优化 轮体夹角 和轴颈偏移值 可达到增大牙轮切削齿在井底和井壁滑移量、 降低轮体速比的 目的, 提高旋切钻头的破岩效率和机械钻速。 复合钻头包含旋切钻头与 PDC 钻头复合、 旋 切钻头与牙轮钻头复合、 旋切钻头与旋切钻头复合, 不同的复合结构可实现不同的性能特 点。

Claims

1. 具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 包括钻头主体, 其特征在于: 复合钻头是由旋切钻 头与牙轮钻头、 PDC 钻头、 旋切钻头中的至少一种复合, 旋切钻头的旋切牙轮 (2 ) 的安装 面与钻头主体 (1 ) 上的牙轮轴颈连接, 旋切牙轮的工作面朝向井壁与井底; 牙轮轴颈平面 与钻头轴线夹角即轮体夹角 的范围为 0° < < 90°, 轴颈偏移量 s 的范围为
< 5 < ¾¾* 5 其中 D旋切钻头为旋切钻头直径。
2.根据权利要求 1所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 旋切钻头与附加 钻头的复合方式包括整体加工、 组焊、 丝扣连接。
3.根据权利要求 1所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 所述的旋切钻头 牙轮 (2 ) 为钢件、 钢体与金属粉末的烧结体; 所述的旋切牙轮 (2 ) 结构有铣齿牙轮、 镶齿 牙轮、 钢体与金属粉末的烧结牙轮; 所述的旋切牙轮 (2 ) 数目 1。
4.根据权利要求 1所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 所述的旋切钻头 的切削齿 (3 ) 形状为勺形齿、 楔形齿、 锥球齿、 球形齿、 锥台齿、 圆柱截头齿或棱锥齿; 所述的旋切钻头切削齿 (3 ) 材质为硬质合金、 聚晶金刚石复合体、 热稳定聚晶金刚石、 孕 镶金刚石、 天然金刚石、 立方氮化硼、 陶瓷, 或包含硬质合金、 金刚石或立方氮化硼的切削 齿; 所述的旋切钻头切削齿 (3 ) 齿圈数目 1。
5.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 所述钻头主体 ( 1 ) 为钢件、 钢材组焊件或钢体与金属粉末的烧结体; 所述钻头主体 (1 ) 上有扶正块, 扶 正块表面敷焊有耐磨合金或镶嵌有硬质合金、 聚晶金刚石复合片、 热稳定聚晶金刚石、 孕镶 金刚石、 天然金刚石、 立方氮化硼或陶瓷材料。
6.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头与 PDC 钻头复合, 旋切钻头布置于复合钻头中心, 由旋切牙轮切削齿完成井眼中心位置的钻 进; PDC钻头布置于井眼外围, 由 PDC钻头切削齿完成井眼外围部分的钻进; 旋切钻头直径 切钻头小 复^ ^占头 径
7.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头与 PDC 钻头复合, 复合钻头基于旋切钻头结构, 旋切钻头覆盖复合钻头中心和井眼外围, PDC 钻头是在井眼外围范围在旋切钻头的旋切牙轮间设置的 PDC钻头副刀翼; 井眼中心位置的钻 进由旋切钻头切削齿完成, 井眼外围部分的钻进由旋切钻头和 PDC钻头副刀翼的切削齿共同 完成。
8.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头与 PDC钻头复合, 复合钻头基于四刀翼或六刀翼的 PDC钻头结构, PDC钻头主刀翼覆盖复合钻 头中心和井眼外围, 旋切钻头布置于井眼外围, 代替 PDC钻头副刀翼; 井眼中心位置的钻进 由位于 PDC钻头主刀翼上的切削齿完成, 井眼外围部分的钻进由旋切钻头和 PDC钻头主刀翼 上的切削齿共同完成。
9.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头、 PDC钻头、 旋切钻头复合, 井眼外围的结构基于四刀翼或六刀翼的 PDC钻头结构, 复合钻头 中心布置旋切钻头, 井眼外围由 PDC钻头与另设的旋切钻头组成, 另设的旋切钻头代替 PDC 钻头副刀翼; 井眼中心位置的钻进由位于复合钻头中心的旋切钻头切削齿完成, 井眼外围部 分的钻进由 PDC钻头与位于井眼外围的旋切钻头切削齿完成。
10.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头与 牙轮钻头复合, 复合钻头中心由旋切钻头组成, 井眼外围由牙轮钻头组成; 井眼中心位置的 钻进由旋切钻头切削齿完成, 井眼外围部分的钻进由牙轮钻头切削齿完成。
11.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头与 牙轮钻头复合, 复合钻头中心由牙轮钻头组成, 井眼外围由旋切钻头组成; 井眼中心位置的 钻进由牙轮钻头切削齿完成, 井眼外围部分的钻进由旋切钻头切削齿完成。
12.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头与 旋切钻头复合, 复合钻头基于旋切钻头结构, 在井眼中心旋切钻头旋切牙轮间复合外围旋切 钻头; 井眼中心位置的钻进由中心旋切钻头切削齿完成, 井眼外围部分的钻进由中心旋切钻 头和外围旋切钻头切削齿共同完成。
13.根据权利要求 1 所述的具有旋切破岩功能的复合钻头, 其特征在于: 由旋切钻头与 旋切钻头复合, 复合钻头中心和井眼外围均由旋切钻头组成; 井眼的中心位置及井眼外围部 分的钻进均由旋切钻头切削齿完成。
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CN114776226A (zh) * 2022-04-21 2022-07-22 中国石油大学(北京) 内外相异的pdc钻头及pdc钻头的制造方法

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CN108692903B (zh) * 2018-05-16 2020-10-02 长江大学 用于微钻实验给微pdc钻头施加扭转冲击的实验装置
CN108625788B (zh) * 2018-07-10 2023-05-26 西南石油大学 一种新型pdc、牙轮复合钻头
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CN114776226A (zh) * 2022-04-21 2022-07-22 中国石油大学(北京) 内外相异的pdc钻头及pdc钻头的制造方法

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