WO2013023426A1 - 多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统及传感方法 - Google Patents

多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统及传感方法 Download PDF

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WO2013023426A1
WO2013023426A1 PCT/CN2011/084105 CN2011084105W WO2013023426A1 WO 2013023426 A1 WO2013023426 A1 WO 2013023426A1 CN 2011084105 W CN2011084105 W CN 2011084105W WO 2013023426 A1 WO2013023426 A1 WO 2013023426A1
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optical
gas
port
output
doped fiber
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PCT/CN2011/084105
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French (fr)
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刘琨
刘铁根
江俊峰
梁霄
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天津大学
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/39—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using tunable lasers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/39—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using tunable lasers
    • G01N2021/391—Intracavity sample

Definitions

  • the present invention belongs to the field of sensing and detecting technology.
  • the gas detection method based on optical fiber sensing technology especially the near-infrared absorption spectrum quantitative detection technology has been rapidly developed in the past two decades.
  • the fiber-optic active cavity method places the gas chamber into the cavity of the fiber laser, and the laser lasing wavelength corresponds to the absorption spectrum of the gas to be measured, and the weak light signal is in the cavity.
  • the gas to be tested is passed multiple times, thereby making the smaller chamber length equivalent to a large effective absorption optical path, which greatly improves the gas sensing sensitivity.
  • the system continuously scans a period of the gain band of the laser gain medium to obtain an absorption spectrum of all gases in the gas chamber in the gain band, thereby enabling simultaneous sensing of different kinds of gases.
  • a rare earth doped fiber is generally used as a gain medium for a fiber laser.
  • the rare earth ions incorporated in the more mature active fibers are Nd 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , Yb 3+ , and the like.
  • the excitation band of the rare earth doped fiber covers almost the entire near infrared band.
  • a gain band of a doped fiber covers only a portion of it, and the type of gas that can be measured is limited.
  • different bands of fiber laser internal cavity gas sensing systems must be built separately.
  • the wavelength scanning range of the system can be greatly expanded, so that the system has the ability to simultaneously detect more kinds of gases.
  • the object of the present invention is to solve the problem that a gain band of a doped fiber covers only a part of the measurable gas, and a multi-band aliasing cavity gas sensing system is provided.
  • the active fibers of different rare earth ions are aliased in the same system, so that the system covers the lasing bands of multiple doping ions at the same time, which can greatly broaden the wavelength scanning range of the system, so that the system has the ability to simultaneously detect more kinds of gases.
  • the invention has strong expandability, and can further expand the system wavelength scanning range by inserting a new gain path.
  • the invention provides an internal cavity gas sensing system based on multi-band aliasing structure, which greatly broadens the wavelength coverage of the gas-injected active cavity gas sensing, and enables the system to simultaneously detect and distinguish more kinds of gases. .
  • Doped fibers doped with different rare earth ions such as Nd 3+ , Ho 3+ , Er 3+ , Tm 3+ , Yb 3+ have excitation wavelength bands of different wavelength ranges, and different types of gas absorption wavelength positions are also different. If a certain system is used to combine active fibers doped with different rare earth ions, the system can cover the lasing bands of a plurality of doped ions at the same time, thereby greatly expanding the range of the laser output wavelength of the system, so that the system has The ability to detect more types of gases simultaneously.
  • F-P The tunable optical filter has a comb-like transmission spectrum. Driven by the linear voltage, the transmission spectrum is shifted in the same direction as the whole, and the magnitude of the offset is approximately linear with the driving voltage.
  • Free spectral range of the F-P tunable optical filter (That is, the interval between two adjacent transmission wavelengths) It must be larger than the gain band of a doped fiber and smaller than the gain band spacing of two adjacent doped fibers, thereby ensuring that the transmission wavelength and the driving voltage are determined within a free spectral range of the filter.
  • the system continuously scans and outputs the laser in the respective gain bands of all the doped fibers, and the absorption spectra of the gas in the corresponding gain band can be respectively obtained by the two photodetectors. curve.
  • the gas absorption spectrum curve collected by the system in different gain bands is passed.
  • the comb-like spectral characteristics of the F-P tunable optical filter can be separated in the wave domain for easy detection and demodulation.
  • the present invention provides a multi-band aliasing structure of a cavity gas sensing system (Fig. 1). .
  • the sensing system comprises a laser resonant cavity portion, a gas sensing portion and a detecting and demodulating portion, wherein:
  • the laser resonant cavity portion comprises: a first optical beam splitter, wherein the two output ports of the first optical beam splitter respectively pass through an optical fiber with an input of the first optical wavelength division multiplexer and the second optical wavelength division multiplexer a port connection, another input port of the first optical wavelength division multiplexer and the second optical wavelength division multiplexer are respectively connected to output ports of the first pump light source and the second pump light source, and the first optical wavelength division multiplexer is sequentially connected a first doped fiber, a first optical isolator and a first dimmable optical attenuator, and the second optical wavelength division multiplexer sequentially connects the second doped fiber, the second optical isolator and the second dimmable attenuator, An output port of a tunable optical attenuator and a second tunable optical attenuator is respectively connected to an input port of the optical combiner, an output of the optical combiner is connected to the first port of the optical circulator, and a third port of the optical circulator is
  • the pumping source, the optical wavelength division multiplexer, the doped fiber, the optical isolator, and the tunable optical attenuator form a gain path, and gain-amplify the optical signal in the input doped fiber gain band, and the optical isolator ensures the amplified optical signal Unidirectional transmission, the gain of the path can be changed by adjusting the output power of the pumping source or the loss of the tunable optical attenuator.
  • the wavelength passbands of the two optical beamsplitters and the ports of the optical combiner must be connected to the port.
  • the gain path gain band of (or corresponding) is the same.
  • the gas sensing part comprises: a gas chamber and a light mirror, wherein the gas chamber and the light mirror are connected to the laser resonance inner cavity portion through the second port of the optical circulator, and the light mirror reflects the signal output from the laser resonance inner cavity portion Returning the laser to the cavity portion to form a laser resonance;
  • the detection and demodulation part comprises: an optical coupler, and the input end of the optical coupler is connected to the F-P
  • the output of the tunable optical filter, one output port of the optical coupler is connected to the input end of the second optical beam splitter, and the two output ports of the second optical splitter are respectively connected to the first photodetector and the second photodetector
  • the input end of the first photodetector and the second photodetector are respectively connected to an analog input port of the data acquisition module, the data acquisition module is connected to the computer, and the analog output port of the data acquisition module is simultaneously connected.
  • the electronically controlled input port of the F-P tunable optical filter is provided to the F-P
  • the output of the tunable optical filter one output port of the optical coupler is connected to the input end of the second optical beam splitter, and the two output ports of the second optical splitter are respectively connected to the first photodetector and the second photodetector
  • Two photodetectors respectively detect the magnitude of the output laser signal of the corresponding gain band system.
  • the system of the invention has strong scalability, and the expansion method is to increase the number of ports of the first optical beam splitter and the optical combiner, and increase between the output port of the first optical beam splitter and the input port of the optical combiner.
  • the gain band of the new path must meet the following three conditions: (1) The gain band of the existing gain path of the system is different; (2) The gain bandwidth is smaller than The free spectral range of the F-P tunable optical filter; (3) The gain band spacing from the existing gain path of the system is greater than F-P The free spectral range of the tunable optical filter.
  • the system needs to add a photodetector to detect the laser signal output by the newly added gain path, and the data acquisition module synchronizes the acquisition and inputs it into the computer for processing.
  • a mixed gas is introduced into the gas chamber, and absorption line positions of various gases in the mixed gas should be located in the lasing band of the first doped fiber or the second doped fiber; the optical signal passes through the gas chamber and passes through The reflection effect of the mirror and the unidirectional operation characteristic of the second port to the third port of the circulator, so that the light signal absorbed by the gas is output through the third port of the circulator;
  • the gas absorption spectrum signals in the two bands are divided into two parts by the coupler and the second beam splitter, respectively, and are received by two photodetectors, wherein the first photodetector and the second photodetector are respectively used Detecting a signal that the absorption line is located within the lasing band of the first doped fiber and within the lasing band of the second doped fiber;
  • the analog output port output voltage waveform of the data acquisition module is used to drive the F-P
  • the tunable optical filter realizes the transmission wavelength scanning, and the two analog input ports collect the optical voltage values output by the two photodetectors; all the analog outputs and the analog input ports work synchronously;
  • the two-way gas absorption spectrum signals obtained by the data acquisition module are sent to the computer for analysis and processing.
  • the absorption wavelength of the gas can be calculated according to the driving voltage value, and the gas species can be determined corresponding to the spectral database.
  • Lambert - Beer's Law reveals that the concentration of the measured gas can be calculated by the absorption intensity attenuation of the gas absorption spectrum.
  • the present invention proposes an internal cavity gas sensing system in which a plurality of doped fibers having different gain bands are aliased.
  • the system simultaneously covers the lasing bands of various doping ions in the near-infrared spectral range, and can simultaneously realize differential identification and concentration sensing of various gases.
  • a cavity laser gas sensing system consisting of a single doped fiber, the types of gases that can be detected will increase significantly.
  • the method can be used for distinguishing identification and concentration detection of various mixed harmful gases, and can be widely applied to many industries such as mining, petrochemical, environmental protection, etc., and has great scientific research value and economic benefit.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a multi-band aliasing cavity gas sensing system.
  • 1 is the first beam splitter
  • 2 is the first pump source
  • 3 is the second pump source
  • 4 is the first wavelength division multiplexer
  • 5 Is a second optical wavelength division multiplexer
  • 6 is a first doped fiber
  • 7 is a second doped fiber
  • 8 is a first optical isolator
  • 9 is a second optical isolator
  • 10 is a first dimmable optical attenuator
  • 11 Is the second dimmable attenuator
  • 12 is the optical combiner
  • 13 is the optical circulator
  • 14 is the air chamber
  • 15 is the light mirror
  • 16 is the F-P tunable optical filter
  • 17 is the optical coupler
  • 18 Is a second beam splitter
  • 19 is a first photodetector
  • 20 is a second photodetector
  • 21 is a data acquisition module
  • 22 is a computer;
  • Figure 2 is a comb-like transmission spectrum of an F-P tunable optical filter
  • Figure 3 is the erbium-doped fiber gain spectrum
  • Figure 4 is the erbium-doped fiber gain spectrum
  • Figure 5 is an expanded schematic diagram of a multi-band aliasing cavity gas sensing system.
  • 23 is the first N optical splitter
  • 24 is the first gain path
  • 25 is the second gain path
  • 26 is the Nth.
  • Gain path is N way optical combiner
  • 13 is optical circulator
  • 14 is air chamber
  • 15 is light mirror
  • 16 is F-P tunable optical filter
  • 17 is optical coupler
  • 29 is the first photodetector
  • 30 is the second photodetector
  • 31 is the Nth photodetector
  • 21 is the data acquisition module
  • 22 is the computer.
  • 32 is the signal light input
  • 33 is the pump light source
  • 34 is the optical wavelength division multiplexer
  • 35 is the doped fiber
  • 36 It is an optical isolator
  • 37 is a dimmable attenuator
  • 38 is a signal light output.
  • Embodiment 1 Best Practice for Structure of Multi-band Alias Cavity Gas Sensing System
  • System structure block diagram shown in Figure 1 As shown, it mainly includes optical beam splitter, pumping source, optical wavelength division multiplexer, doped fiber (including erbium-doped fiber and erbium-doped fiber), optical isolator, tunable optical attenuator, optical combiner, optical ring , air chamber, light mirror, F-P tunable optical filters, optical couplers, photodetectors, data acquisition modules, computers, etc.
  • First pumping light source 2 First pumping light source 2, first optical wavelength division multiplexer 4 ( ), erbium-doped fiber 6, first optical isolator 8 ( Band), first dimmable attenuator 10 ( The band) constitutes the gain path 1 .
  • Optical isolators 8 and 9 are used to ensure unidirectional transmission of optical signals on the respective gain paths.
  • the gain of the gain path 1 can be adjusted by changing the output power of the pumping source 2 or the loss of the tunable optical attenuator 10.
  • the gain of the gain path 2 can be adjusted by changing the output power of the pumping source 3 or the loss of the tunable optical attenuator 11.
  • the wavelength passbands of the optical beam splitters 1 and 18 and the optical combiner 12 are respectively with Corresponding to the gain band of erbium-doped fiber and erbium-doped fiber.
  • Wavelength passband The port is connected to gain path 1, and the wavelength passband is The port is connected to gain path 2.
  • Photodetector 19 is used to detect the gain path 1
  • the photodetector 20 is used to detect the gain path 2
  • the FP tunable optical filter has a comb-like transmission spectrum, as shown in Figure 2. Under the action of the driving voltage, the transmission spectrum can be continuously scanned in a certain wavelength range, and the transmission wavelength value of the FP tunable optical filter determines the wavelength of the laser output from the system. In order to ensure that the wavelength of the output laser of the system is deterministic and unique at any time within the same gain band, the free spectral range of the FP tunable optical filter (ie, the interval between two adjacent transmission wavelengths) must be greater than that of the erbium-doped fiber. The gain bandwidth of the erbium-doped fiber is less than the bandwidth between the two. The gain spectrum of the erbium-doped fiber is shown in Figure 3.
  • the gain spectrum of the erbium-doped fiber is shown in Figure 4. Therefore, the free spectral range of the FP tunable optical filter should not be less than . At the same time, in order to ensure the accuracy of the gas absorption spectrum, the fineness of the FP tunable optical filter should not be less than 5000.
  • the first optical beam splitter 1 two gain paths, the optical combiner 12 , the optical circulator 13 , the F-P tunable optical filter 16.
  • the optical coupler 17 is connected by an optical fiber to form a laser resonant cavity.
  • the gas chamber 14 and the light reflecting mirror 15 are connected to the laser resonant cavity through the optical circulator 13 and the light reflecting mirror 15
  • the signal output from the lumen is reflected back into the lumen through the plenum 14 to form a laser resonance.
  • the system is actually equivalent to the structural aliasing of an erbium-doped fiber cavity gas sensing system and an erbium-doped fiber cavity gas sensing system. That is to say, a complete system structure and two gain paths are used to realize the full functions of the two complete systems, thereby better embodying the integration and versatility of the system.
  • the comb-like transmission spectrum of the FP tunable optical filter is shifted in the same direction, and the offset is approximately linear with the driving voltage.
  • the system output laser wavelength can be continuously scanned in the gain bands of the erbium-doped fiber and the erbium-doped fiber, respectively, and the photodetector 19 and the photodetector 20 can be Collecting all the gases in the gas chamber separately with All absorption spectra in both bands.
  • the entire absorption spectrum of the erbium-doped fiber and the erbium-doped fiber gain band simultaneously scanned by the system are separated in the wave domain, which is convenient for demodulation separately.
  • the transmission wavelength of the FP tunable optical filter is uniquely determined by its driving voltage value, ie
  • the absorbance of a gas can also be expressed as ,among them For the absorption cross section of the gas to the beam, For gas concentration, In order to effectively absorb the optical path. Therefore, the concentration of the gas is linearly proportional to the absorption-induced light loss of the gas absorption spectrum. If the concentration-absorbance curve is pre-calibrated, the concentration of the measured gas can be calculated based on the peak value of the absorbance. Therefore, the system can simultaneously realize the type identification and concentration detection of various gases.
  • the system has strong scalability, and its system expansion diagram is shown in Figure 5.
  • the structure of the gain path is shown in Figure 6. Shown.
  • the gain band of the new path must meet the following three conditions: (1) The gain band of the existing gain path of the system is different; (2) The gain bandwidth is smaller than the free spectral range of the F-P tunable optical filter; (3) The gain band spacing from the existing gain path of the system is greater than the free spectral range of the F-P tunable optical filter.
  • the photodetector is used to detect the laser signal output by the newly added gain path, and is synchronously collected by the data acquisition module and input to the computer for processing.
  • the extended system is equivalent to the superposition of several single-doped fiber cavity gas sensing systems, and the gain band has a wider coverage, thus having a stronger gas detection capability.

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Abstract

一种多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统及传感方法。该系统包括激光谐振内腔部分、气体传感部分以及探测解调部分。其中，该激光谐振内腔部分包括第一光分束器（1）、分别由泵浦光源（2，3）、光波分复用器（4，5）、掺杂光纤（6，7）、光隔离器（8，9）和可调光衰减器（10，11）构成的两路增益通路、光合束器（12）、光环形器（13）和F-P可调谐光滤波器（16）；该气体传感部分包括气室（14）和光反射镜（15），该探测解调部分包括光耦合器（17）、第二光分束器（18）、两个光探测器（19，20）、数据采集模块（21）与计算机（22）。通过将掺杂不同稀土离子的有源光纤混叠在同一系统中，使系统同时覆盖多种掺杂离子的激射波段，可大幅拓宽系统的波长扫描范围，从而使该系统具有同时检测更多种类气体的能力。此外，通过在系统中插入新的增益通路，可进一步扩展系统的波长扫描范围。

Description

多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统及传感方法
【技术领域】： 本发明属于传感及检测技术领域。
【背景技术】： 在工业生产过程中，及时、准确地对易燃、易爆、有毒、有害气体进行监测预报和自动控制已成为当前煤炭、石油、化工、电力等行业亟待解决的重要问题之一。同时随着人们生活水平的提高，人类对生态环境净化的要求越来越高，迫切要求监测、监控有毒、有害气体，减少环境污染，确保身心健康。因此，研制有害气体传感监测系统势在必行，成为当今传感技术发展领域的一个重要课题。
基于光纤传感技术的气体检测方法，特别是近红外吸收光谱定量检测技术在近二十年内得到了迅猛发展。作为一种新型光纤气体传感方法，光纤有源内腔法将气室放入光纤激光器的谐振腔内，并使激光器的激射波长与待测气体的吸收光谱相对应，微弱光信号在谐振腔内往返振荡形成激光的过程中，多次经过待测气体，从而将较小的气室长度等效成为很大的有效吸收光程，极大地提高了气体传感灵敏度。系统在激光器增益介质的增益带内连续扫描一个周期可获得气室内所有气体在该增益带内的吸收光谱，从而具有实现不同种类气体同时传感的能力。
通常采用掺稀土光纤作为光纤激光器的增益介质。目前，比较成熟的有源光纤中掺入的稀土离子有Nd3+、Ho3+、Er3+、Tm3+、Yb3+等。掺Nd3+光纤在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000001
附近具有激射波长，掺钬(Ho3+)光纤在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000002
附近具有激射波长，掺铒(Er3+)光纤在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000003
波长附近具有很高的增益，掺铥(Tm3+)光纤在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000004
附近具有激射波长，掺镱(Yb3+)光纤在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000005
范围内具有相当宽的激发带。可见，掺稀土光纤的激发带几乎覆盖了整个近红外波段。但是，一种掺杂光纤的增益带只覆盖其中的一部分，可测气体种类有限。若要检测更多种类气体，必须分别搭建不同波段光纤激光内腔式气体传感系统。
因此，若能将不同掺稀土光纤的增益带结合起来，可大幅拓宽系统的波长扫描范围，使系统具有同时检测更多种类气体的能力。
【发明内容】： 本发明目的是解决一种掺杂光纤的增益带只覆盖一部分，使可测气体种类有限的问题，提供一种基于多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统，将掺杂不同稀土离子的有源光纤混叠在同一系统中，使系统同时覆盖多种掺杂离子的激射波段，可大幅拓宽系统的波长扫描范围，使该系统具有同时检测更多种类气体的能力。
本发明具有很强的扩展性，可以通过插入新的增益通路，达到进一步扩展系统波长扫描范围的目的。
本发明原理
本发明提供了一种基于多波段混叠结构的内腔式气体传感系统，大幅拓宽光纤有源内腔法气体传感的波长覆盖范围，使本系统具有同时检测和区分更多种类气体的能力。
掺杂 Nd3+ 、 Ho3+ 、 Er3+ 、 Tm3+ 、 Yb3+ 等不同稀土离子的掺杂光纤具有不同波长范围的激发波段，而不同种类的气体吸收波长位置也不相同。如果采用一定的系统将掺杂不同稀土离子的有源光纤组合在一起，便可使该系统同时覆盖多种掺杂离子的激射波段，从而大幅拓展了系统激光输出波长的范围，使系统具有同时检测更多种类气体的能力。
如图 2 所示， F-P 可调谐光滤波器具有梳状透射谱。在线性电压的驱动下，透射谱整体同向偏移，且偏移量大小与驱动电压呈近似线性关系。 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的自由光谱范围 ( 即相邻两个透射波长的间隔 ) 须大于一种掺杂光纤的增益带，且小于相邻两个不同掺杂光纤的增益带间隔，由此可保证在滤波器的一个自由光谱范围内，其透射波长和驱动电压之间是确定性对应关系。当 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的梳状透射谱同向连续调谐时，系统在所有掺杂光纤的各自增益带内连续扫描并输出激光，通过两个光探测器可分别获得相应增益带内气体的吸收光谱曲线。也就是说，系统在不同增益带内采集到的气体吸收光谱曲线通过 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的梳状谱特性得以在波域上实现分离，便于分别检测、解调。
基于以上原理，本发明提供了一种多波段混叠式结构的内腔气体传感系统 ( 如图 1) 。该传感系统包括激光谐振内腔部分、气体传感部分以及探测解调部分三部分构成，其中：
第一部分，激光谐振内腔部分包括：第一光分束器，第一光分束器的两个输出端口通过光纤分别与第一光波分复用器和第二光波分复用器的一个输入端口连接，第一光波分复用器和第二光波分复用器的另一个输入端口分别与第一泵浦光源和第二泵浦光源的输出端口连接，第一光波分复用器依次连接第一掺杂光纤、第一光隔离器和第一可调光衰减器，第二光波分复用器依次连接第二掺杂光纤、第二光隔离器和第二可调光衰减器，第一可调光衰减器和第二可调光衰减器的输出端口分别与光合束器的一个输入端口连接，光合束器的输出连接光环形器的第一端口，光环形器的第三端口连接 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的输入端；
泵浦光源、光波分复用器、掺杂光纤、光隔离器、可调光衰减器构成一个增益通路，对输入的掺杂光纤增益带内光信号进行增益放大，光隔离器保证放大光信号的单向传输，通过调节泵浦光源输出功率或者可调光衰减器损耗可改变通路的增益大小，两个光分束器以及光合束器各端口的波长通带须与该端口连接 ( 或对应 ) 的增益通路增益带一致。
第二部分，气体传感部分包括：气室和光反射镜，气室和光反射镜通过光环形器的第二端口接入激光谐振内腔部分，光反射镜将激光谐振内腔部分输出的信号反射回激光谐振内腔部分，以形成激光谐振；
第三部分，探测解调部分包括：光耦合器，光耦合器的输入端连接 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的输出，光耦合器的一个输出端口连接第二光分束器的输入端，第二光分束器的两个输出端口分别连接第一光探测器和第二光探测器的输入端，第一光探测器和第二光探测器的输出端分别连接数据采集模块的一个模拟输入端口，数据采集模块连接计算机，数据采集模块的模拟输出端口同时连接 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的电控输入端口。
两个光探测器分别检测相应增益带系统输出激光信号的大小。
本发明系统具有较强的可扩展性，扩展方法是，增加第一光分束器及光合束器的端口数量，在第一光分束器的输出端口及光合束器的输入端口之间增加由泵浦光源、光波分复用器、掺杂光纤、光隔离器和可调光衰减器构成的增益通路，同时相应增加第二光分束器和数据采集模块的模拟输入端口的数量，在第二光分束器的输出端口和数据采集模块的模拟输入端口之间增加相应数量的光探测器。
新通路的增益带须满足以下三个条件： (1) 与系统已有增益通路的增益带互异； (2) 增益带宽小于 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的自由光谱范围； (3) 与系统已有增益通路的增益带间隔大于 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的自由光谱范围。此外，系统还需增加一个光探测器用于检测新加增益通路输出的激光信号，并由数据采集模块同步采集后输入计算机进行处理。
本发明提供的采用以上所述系统进行气体种类和浓度传感的步骤如下：
第一、打开第一泵浦光源和第二泵浦光源的电源，调节两个泵浦光源的泵浦功率，使得传感系统在两个掺杂光纤的激射波段内均输出稳定激光；
第二、向气室中通入混合气体，混合气体中各种类气体的吸收谱线位置应位于第一掺杂光纤或第二掺杂光纤的激射波段内；光信号进入气室后通过反射镜的反射作用以及环形器第二端口到第三端口的单向运行特性，使得经过气体吸收的光信号通过环形器的第三端口输出；
第三、位于两个波段的气体吸收光谱信号经过耦合器和第二光分束器分成两部分分别采用两个光探测器接收，其中，第一光探测器和第二光探测器分别用来探测吸收谱线位于第一掺杂光纤激射波段内和第二掺杂光纤激射波段内的信号；
第四、数据采集模块的模拟输出端口输出电压波形用于驱动 F-P 可调谐光滤波器实现透射波长扫描，两个模拟输入端口采集两路光探测器输出的光电压值；所有模拟输出和模拟输入端口同步工作；
第五、数据采集模块获得的两路气体吸收光谱信号送入计算机后进行分析处理。由透射波长和驱动电压之间的确定性对应关系，根据驱动电压值可计算气体的吸收波长，再与光谱数据库对应可确定气体种类。由朗伯 - 比尔定律可知，利用气体吸收光谱的吸收致光强衰减大小可计算被测气体的浓度。
本发明的优点和积极效果：
本发明提出了一种将具有不同增益波段的多个掺杂光纤混叠起来的内腔式气体传感系统。系统同时覆盖近红外光谱范围内多种掺杂离子的激射波段，可同时实现多种气体的区分识别与浓度传感。较由单一掺杂光纤构成的内腔激光气体传感系统，能够检测的气体种类将大幅增加。
此方法可用于多种混合有害气体的区分识别及浓度检测，可广泛应用于矿业、石化、环保等诸多行业，具有巨大的科研价值和经济效益。
【附图说明】：
图 1 是多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统结构示意图，
图中， 1 是第一光分束器、 2 是第一泵浦光源、 3 是第二泵浦光源、 4 是第一光波分复用器、 5 是第二光波分复用器、 6 是第一掺杂光纤、 7 是第二掺杂光纤、 8 是第一光隔离器、 9 是第二光隔离器、 10 是第一可调光衰减器、 11 是第二可调光衰减器、 12 是光合束器、 13 是光环形器、 14 是气室、 15 是光反射镜、 16 是 F-P 可调谐光滤波器、 17 是光耦合器、 18 是第二光分束器、 19 是第一光探测器、 20 是第二光探测器、 21 是数据采集模块、 22 是计算机；
图 2 是 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的梳状透射谱；
图 3 是掺铒光纤增益谱；
图 4 是掺镱光纤增益谱；
图 5 是多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统扩展示意图，
图中， 23 是第一 N 路光分束器、 24 是第一增益通路、 25 是第二增益通路、 26 是第 N 增益通路、 27 是 N 路光合束器、 13 是光环形器、 14 是气室、 15 是光反射镜、 16 是 F-P 可调谐光滤波器、 17 是光耦合器、 28 是第二 N 路光分束器、 29 是第一光探测器、 30 是第二光探测器、 31 是第 N 光探测器、 21 是数据采集模块、 22 是计算机。
图 6 增益通路结构图
图中， 32 是信号光输入端、 33 是泵浦光源、 34 是光波分复用器、 35 是掺杂光纤、 36 是光隔离器、 37 是可调光衰减器、 38 是信号光输出端。
【具体实施方式】：
实施例 1 ：多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统结构的最佳实施方案
以掺铒光纤、掺镱光纤为例，对多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统的实施进行详细说明。系统结构框图如图 1 所示，主要包括光分束器、泵浦光源、光波分复用器、掺杂光纤 ( 包括掺铒光纤和掺镱光纤 ) 、光隔离器、可调光衰减器、光合束器、光环形器、气室、光反射镜、 F-P 可调谐光滤波器、光耦合器、光探测器、数据采集模块、计算机等。
由
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000006
第一泵浦光源 2 、第一光波分复用器 4 （
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000007
）、掺铒光纤 6 、第一光隔离器 8 （
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000008
波段）、第一可调光衰减器 10 （
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000009
波段）构成增益通路 1 。由
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000010
第二泵浦光源 3 、第二光波分复用器 5 （
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000011
）、掺镱光纤 7 、第二光隔离器 9 （
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000012
波段）、第二可调光衰减器 11 （
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000013
波段）构成增益通路 2 。光隔离器 8 和 9 分别用于保证各自增益通路上光信号的单向传输。通过改变泵浦光源 2 的输出功率或者可调光衰减器 10 的损耗，可以调节增益通路 1 的增益。通过改变泵浦光源 3 的输出功率或者可调光衰减器 11 的损耗，可以调节增益通路 2 的增益。光分束器 1 和 18 、光合束器 12 各端口的波长通带范围分别为
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000014
和
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000015
，对应于掺铒光纤、掺镱光纤的增益带。波长通带为
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000016
的端口与增益通路 1 相连，波长通带为
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000017
的端口与增益通路 2 相连。光探测器 19 用于检测 增益通路 1 在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000018
波段产生的激光信号，光探测器 20 用于检测 增益通路 2 在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000019
波段产生的激光信号。系统中其它光器件的通光波长范围覆盖
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000020
和
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000021
两个波段范围。
F-P 可调谐光滤波器具有梳状透射谱，如图 2 所示。在驱动电压的作用下，其透射谱可在一定波长范围内进行连续扫描， F-P 可调谐光滤波器的透射波长值决定了系统输出激光的波长。为了保证任意时刻在同一增益带范围内，系统输出激光的波长具有确定性和唯一性， F-P 可调谐光滤波器的自由光谱范围 ( 即相邻两个透射波长的间隔 ) 须大于掺铒光纤和掺镱光纤的增益带宽，且小于两者之间的带宽间隔。掺铒光纤得到增益谱如图 3 所示，掺镱光纤得到增益谱如图 4 所示。因此， F-P 可调谐光滤波器的自由光谱范围不应小于
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000022
。同时，为了保证气体吸收光谱的精确性， F-P 可调谐光滤波器的精细度不应低于 5000 。
系统中由第一光分束器 1 、两个增益通路、光合束器 12 、光环形器 13 、 F-P 可调谐光滤波器 16 、光耦合器 17 通过光纤连接，构成激光谐振内腔。气室 14 和光反射镜 15 通过光环形器 13 接入激光谐振内腔，光反射镜 15 将内腔输出的信号通过气室 14 反射回内腔，以形成激光谐振。
本系统实际上相当于一个掺铒光纤内腔气体传感系统和一个掺镱光纤内腔气体传感系统的结构混叠。即采用一个完整的系统结构和两个增益通路，实现两个完整系统的全部功能，从而更好的体现了系统的集成性与通用性。
实施例 2 ： 多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统解调的最佳实施方案
以基于掺铒光纤、掺镱光纤的混叠式内腔气体传感系统为例，详细说明多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统解调的实施方案。系统结构如图 1 所示。与计算机相连的数据采集模块模拟输出端口输出的电压波形用于驱动 F-P 可调谐光滤波器实现透射波长扫描，两个模拟输入端口采集两路光探测器输出的光电压值。所有模拟输出和模拟输入端口同步工作，从而保证了系统输出激光波长与光功率值之间的一一对应关系。
在线性电压驱动下， F-P 可调谐光滤波器的梳状透射谱整体同向偏移，且偏移量大小与驱动电压呈近似线性关系。当 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的梳状透射谱同向连续调谐时，系统输出激光波长可在掺铒光纤和掺镱光纤的增益带内分别实现连续扫描，此时光探测器 19 和光探测器 20 可分别采集到气室中所有气体在
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000023
和
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000024
两个波段范围内的全部吸收光谱曲线。也就是说，利用 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的梳状谱特性，将系统同时扫描到的掺铒光纤和掺镱光纤增益带内全部吸收光谱在波域上实现分离，便于分别解调。
当气室中不含有被测气体时，系统实际采集到的光强为
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000025
，其中
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000026
；当气室中含有被测气体时，系统实际采集到的光强为
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000027
，其中
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000028
。则气体的吸光度为
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000029
，其中
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000030
。在掺铒光纤和掺镱光纤的增益带内， F-P 可调谐光滤波器的透射波长是由其驱动电压值唯一确定的，即
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000031
(1)
其中
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000032
、
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000033
代表 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的驱动电压值。因此，在同一掺杂光纤增益带内，气体吸光度是 F-P 可调谐光滤波器驱动电压的唯一函数
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000034
。在不同增益带内， F-P 可调谐光滤波器透射波长与其驱动电压值之间的关系可以通过事先标定获得。在气体吸光度曲线
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000035
上搜寻吸收峰对应的驱动电压值，带入 (1) 式即可求得气体的吸收波长值。再根 据光谱数据库，可确定被测气体的种类。掺铒光纤增益带覆盖的部分气体种类及吸收波长如表 1 所示，掺镱光纤增益带覆盖的部分气体种类及吸收波长如表 2 所示。由表 1 和表 2 可知，基于掺铒光纤、掺镱光纤的混叠式内腔气体传感系统能够检测的气体种类更加丰富。
根据朗伯 - 比尔定律，气体的吸光度还可表示为 　
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000036
，其中
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000037
为气体对光束的吸收截面，
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000038
为气体浓度，
Figure PCTCN2011084105-appb-I000039
为有效吸收光程。因此，气体的浓度大小与气体吸收光谱的吸收致光强损耗成线性比例关系。如果对浓度 - 吸光度曲线进行事先标定，根据吸光度的峰值大小即可计算被测气体的浓度。因此，本系统可同时实现多种气体的种类识别和浓度检测。
表 1 掺铒光纤增益带覆盖气体种类及吸收波长
气体种类 气体吸收峰波长 (nm)
乙炔 (C2H2) 1530
氨气 (NH3) 1544
一氧化碳 (CO) 1567
二氧化碳 (CO2) 1573
硫化氢 (H2S) 1578
表 2 掺镱光纤增益带覆盖气体种类及吸收波长
气体种类 气体吸收峰波长 (nm)
溴化氢 (HBr) 1026
二氧化碳 (CO2) 1049
氧气 ( O2 ) 1068
水蒸气 (H2O) 1092
一氧化氮 (NO) 1095
甲烷 (CH4) 1098
实施例 3 ： 多波段混叠式内腔气体传感系统扩展的最佳实施方案
本系统具有较强的可扩展性，其系统扩展示意图如图 5 所示，其中增益通路的结构如图 6 所示。只要增加光分束器及光合束器 的端口数量，就可以插入若干新的增益通路。新通路的增益带须满足以下三个条件： (1) 与系统已有增益通路的增益带互异； (2) 增益带宽小于 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的自由光谱范围； (3) 与系统已有增益通路的增益带间隔大于 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的自由光谱范围。此外，系统还需增加一个 光探测器用于检测新加增益通路输出的激光信号，并由数据采集模块同步采集后输入计算机进行处理。扩展系统相当于若干个单一掺杂光纤内腔气体传感系统的叠加，增益带覆盖范围更宽，因此具有更强的气体检测能力。

Claims (1)

  1. 1 、一种基于多波段混叠式结构的内腔气体传感系统，其特征在于该系统包括激光谐振内腔部分、气体传感部分和探测解调部分三个部分，其中：
    第一部分，激光谐振内腔部分包括：第一光分束器，第一光分束器的两个输出端口通过光纤分别与第一光波分复用器和第二光波分复用器的一个输入端口连接，第一光波分复用器和第二光波分复用器的另一个输入端口分别与第一泵浦光源和第二泵浦光源的输出端口连接，第一光波分复用器依次连接第一掺杂光纤、第一光隔离器和第一可调光衰减器，第二光波分复用器依次连接第二掺杂光纤、第二光隔离器和第二可调光衰减器，第一可调光衰减器和第二可调光衰减器的输出端口分别与光合束器的一个输入端口连接，光合束器的输出连接光环形器的第一端口，光环形器的第三端口连接 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的输入端；
    第二部分，气体传感部分包括：气室和光反射镜，气室和光反射镜通过光环形器的第二端口接入激光谐振内腔部分，光反射镜将激光谐振内腔部分输出的信号反射回激光谐振内腔部分，以形成激光谐振；
    第三部分，探测解调部分包括：光耦合器，光耦合器的输入端连接 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的输出，光耦合器的一个输出端口连接第二光分束器的输入端，第二光分束器的两个输出端口分别连接第一光探测器和第二光探测器的输入端，第一光探测器和第二光探测器的输出端分别连接数据采集模块的一个模拟输入端口，数据采集模块连接计算机，数据采集模块的模拟输出端口同时连接 F-P 可调谐光滤波器的电控输入端口。
    2 、根据权利要求 1 所述的气体传感系统，其特征在于该系统具有较强的可扩展性，扩展方法是，增加第一光分束器及光合束器的端口数量，在第一光分束器的输出端口及光合束器的输入端口之间增加由泵浦光源、光波分复用器、掺杂光纤、光隔离器和可调光衰减器构成的增益通路，同时相应增加第二光分束器和数据采集模块的模拟输入端口的数量，在第二光分束器的输出端口和数据采集模块的模拟输入端口之间增加相应数量的光探测器。
    3 、一种采用权利要求 1 所述气体传感系统进行气体种类和浓度传感的方法，其特征在于该方法的步骤如下：
    第一、打开第一泵浦光源和第二泵浦光源的电源，调节两个泵浦光源的泵浦功率，使得传感系统在两个掺杂光纤的激射波段内均输出稳定激光；
    第二、向气室中通入混合气体，混合气体中各种类气体的吸收谱线位置应位于第一掺杂光纤或第二掺杂光纤的激射波段内；光信号进入气室后通过反射镜的反射作用以及环形器第二端口到第三端口的单向运行特性，使得经过气体吸收的光信号通过环形器的第三端口输出；
    第三、位于两个波段的气体吸收光谱信号经过耦合器和第二光分束器分成两部分分别采用两个光探测器接收，其中，第一光探测器和第二光探测器分别用来探测吸收谱线位于第一掺杂光纤激射波段内和第二掺杂光纤激射波段内的信号；
    第四、数据采集模块的模拟输出端口输出电压波形用于驱动 F-P 可调谐光滤波器实现透射波长扫描，两个模拟输入端口采集两路光探测器输出的光电压值；所有模拟输出和模拟输入端口同步工作；
    第五、数据采集模块获得的两路气体吸收光谱信号送入计算机后进行分析处理；由透射波长和驱动电压之间的确定性对应关系，根据驱动电压值计算气体的吸收波长，再与光谱数据库对应能够定气体种类；由朗伯 - 比尔定律，利用气体吸收光谱的吸收致光强衰减大小能够计算被测气体的浓度。
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