WO2012129827A1 - 多级电网自愈控制装置及控制方法 - Google Patents

多级电网自愈控制装置及控制方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012129827A1
WO2012129827A1 PCT/CN2011/073172 CN2011073172W WO2012129827A1 WO 2012129827 A1 WO2012129827 A1 WO 2012129827A1 CN 2011073172 W CN2011073172 W CN 2011073172W WO 2012129827 A1 WO2012129827 A1 WO 2012129827A1
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Prior art keywords
frequency
grid
power
level
load
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PCT/CN2011/073172
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
金述强
刘粤海
张永强
Original Assignee
珠海优特电力科技股份有限公司
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Priority to US14/007,630 priority Critical patent/US20140025217A1/en
Publication of WO2012129827A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012129827A1/zh

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00034—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving an electric power substation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
    • G05B13/00—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion
    • G05B13/02—Adaptive control systems, i.e. systems automatically adjusting themselves to have a performance which is optimum according to some preassigned criterion electric
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00002—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network characterised by monitoring
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J13/00—Circuit arrangements for providing remote indication of network conditions, e.g. an instantaneous record of the open or closed condition of each circuitbreaker in the network; Circuit arrangements for providing remote control of switching means in a power distribution network, e.g. switching in and out of current consumers by using a pulse code signal carried by the network
    • H02J13/00032—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for
    • H02J13/00036—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers
    • H02J13/0004—Systems characterised by the controlled or operated power network elements or equipment, the power network elements or equipment not otherwise provided for the elements or equipment being or involving switches, relays or circuit breakers involved in a protection system
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • H02J3/144—Demand-response operation of the power transmission or distribution network
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381—Dispersed generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/46—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to frequency deviations
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00—Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/10—The dispersed energy generation being of fossil origin, e.g. diesel generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/50—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads
    • H02J2310/56—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load for selectively controlling the operation of the loads characterised by the condition upon which the selective controlling is based
    • H02J2310/58—The condition being electrical
    • H02J2310/60—Limiting power consumption in the network or in one section of the network, e.g. load shedding or peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
    • Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S10/00—Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y04S10/30—State monitoring, e.g. fault, temperature monitoring, insulator monitoring, corona discharge
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
    • Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
    • Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of power grid control, and in particular relates to a multi-level power grid self-healing control device and a control method thereof. Background technique
  • the nominal frequency of China's power system is 50Hz, GB/T15945-1995 "Power Quality - Power System Frequency Permissible Deviation" stipulates: The normal frequency deviation of the power system is allowed to be ⁇ 0.2Hz. When the system capacity is small, the deviation value can be relaxed. To ⁇ 0.5 Hz, the limits of the system capacity are not stated in the standard. In the National Electricity Supply and Consumption Regulations, the allowable deviation of the power supply frequency of the power supply bureau shall be ⁇ 0.2HZ for the grid capacity of 3 million kilowatts or more; ⁇ 0.5HZ for the grid capacity of 3 million kilowatts or less. From the operation of major power systems in the country, it is kept within the range of not more than ⁇ 0.1HZ.
  • Standard frequency the nominal frequency of the power system, 50Hz in China;
  • Reference frequency that is, the target frequency, the adjustment target center frequency of the grid operation.
  • the reference frequency of all equipment in the network is equal to the standard frequency.
  • the local grid grid can be deviated from the standard frequency when running, and the subnets of each level can be set. Different benchmark values;
  • Frequency offset the deviation of the reference frequency from the standard frequency
  • Frequency drift the drift value of the actual operating frequency value relative to the reference frequency
  • Frequency drift domain value System frequency adjustment stability target control range, that is, ⁇ drift value range centered on the reference frequency; In actual stable operation, the grid frequency is within a range of ⁇ frequency drift domain centered on the reference frequency Value.
  • the power system automatic protection device and or dispatcher will operate the system to disengage and remove part of the load, which will inevitably cause local or even large-scale power outages. .
  • the power supply recovery process requires remote control or manual operation at all levels of dispatching, power-changing, and distribution operations. The removed load and power supply cannot be automatically resumed in time, that is, the power grid cannot self-heal.
  • the power restoration process requires remote control or manual operation of the dispatching, power-changing, and distribution operators at all levels.
  • the cut load cannot be automatically resumed in time, that is, the power grid cannot self-heal.
  • the dispatch/adjustment automation master station issues a closing command, which is automatically executed by the field terminal device to restore the power supply.
  • This method relies on a large real-time communication network and is extremely costly to implement. In many cases, the communication network does not have the conditions to cover all the switches, and it also needs to be manually re-powered on site. Summary of the invention
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a multi-level power grid self-healing control device and a control method thereof, which realizes the interaction balance between power source and load, and controls coordination and cooperation between various distributed power sources and various levels of the network and the main network. Automatically identifying the networked or isolated state of the network in which it is located, maximizing the energy supply is a requirement to be met by the present invention.
  • the multi-level power grid self-healing control device wherein the multi-level power grid self-healing control device is connected to one or more stages of the multi-level power grid, including:
  • the parameter monitoring unit is used for sampling and converting the power grid, obtaining electrical signal parameters therefrom, and transmitting the parameter data to the central processing unit;
  • the central processing unit is configured to receive the parameter data transmitted by the parameter collection monitoring unit, process the parameter data, and determine the control result according to the criterion to compare the processing result with the fixed value, and output the control signal to the control unit;
  • Man-machine interface and configuration parameter setting input unit It is used to provide local human-machine interface or communication interface, so that the operation and maintenance personnel can input the settings locally or automatically transfer the configuration parameters, and the configuration parameters are transmitted to the central processing unit for processing and logic determination;
  • the control unit accepts the control command or adjustment target of the central processing unit, performs the control task, outputs the control signal to the controlled device, and realizes the adjustment of the controlled device; the adjustment of the controlled device includes power generation and frequency adjustment, grid connection or Off-grid control and load switching control or power adjustment.
  • the central processing unit includes: a controller MCU or a digital signal processor DSP, a data memory, a program memory, and an interface circuit.
  • the microcontroller MCU or the digital signal processor DSP runs a code in the program memory to monitor the parameter set.
  • Unit and man-machine interface and configuration parameters set the data signal transmitted by the input unit and the data in the data memory for processing and logic discrimination, through the interface circuit and the parameter collection monitoring unit, man-machine interface And the configuration parameter setting input unit and the control unit perform information interaction.
  • the central processing unit includes control logic hardware, the control logic hardware is configured by a field programmable gate array FPGA, a complex programmable logic device CPLD or a digital logic and an analog electronic circuit, and a combination thereof; the control logic hardware pairs a parameter set The monitoring unit and the man-machine interface and the configuration parameter set the parameter signal transmitted by the input unit for processing and logic discrimination, and output a control signal to the control unit to perform power supply or load switching control action.
  • the control logic hardware is configured by a field programmable gate array FPGA, a complex programmable logic device CPLD or a digital logic and an analog electronic circuit, and a combination thereof; the control logic hardware pairs a parameter set The monitoring unit and the man-machine interface and the configuration parameter set the parameter signal transmitted by the input unit for processing and logic discrimination, and output a control signal to the control unit to perform power supply or load switching control action.
  • the multi-level grid self-healing control device is a load automatic switching control device
  • the parameter cluster monitoring unit is a frequency cluster monitoring unit
  • the regulating unit is a load switching control unit
  • the frequency cluster monitoring unit samples the grid signal And converting, obtaining a frequency parameter therefrom, and transmitting the frequency parameter data or signal to the central processing unit
  • the central processing unit determines whether the load needs to be cut, whether it can be input, whether the size needs to be adjusted, and then transmitting the control command or the adjustment target to
  • the load switching control unit performs the control task, and the load switching control unit outputs a control signal to the controlled load switch device or the adjustable load controller, so that the load is switched or adjusted to the target value.
  • the multi-level grid self-healing control device is a power control device
  • the parameter monitoring unit is a frequency collection monitoring unit
  • the control unit is a power generation and frequency adjustment unit and a grid-connected network control unit; Sampling and converting the grid signal, obtaining frequency parameters from the frequency parameters, and transmitting the frequency parameter data or signals to the central processing unit; the central processing unit determines whether the power supply needs to be cut, whether it can be connected to the grid, whether the power generation frequency and power need to be adjusted, and then The control command, the adjustment target are transmitted to the power generation and frequency adjustment unit or the off-grid control unit to perform.
  • the multi-level grid self-healing control method wherein the frequency parameter is used as an information carrier for characterizing the grid connection state and the regional coverage level, so that the load and the power source in the grid can self-identify the network state, and automatically switch according to the preset strategy;
  • Load automatic switching control method and power operation control method :
  • the automatic load switching control method is: monitoring the grid frequency parameter at all times, determining the steady-state region of the frequency after the delay waiting frequency is stabilized, and then performing the corresponding control strategy according to the region, automatically loading or increasing the load to the self-injection region. Value; in the load shedding area, the load is cut off or the load is reduced to a certain value;
  • the power operation control method is: discriminating whether the network and the upper-level power grid are de-listed by frequency monitoring or signal monitoring or communication, and if it is disconnected from the upper-level power grid, the island-based preset frequency of the network is used as the adjustment target operation; otherwise, according to the upper-level power grid The frequency follows the run.
  • the load in the power grid is set according to its power supply reliability level and frequency accuracy requirements.
  • the frequency deviation and stability include frequency offset, frequency offset and drift tolerance, One of three combinations of drift tolerances is used to classify the classification, and the load identifies the classification by level, category, or code.
  • the grid area level is matched with the frequency deviation and the stability level:
  • the frequency follows the frequency of the main network; but when it is independent of the upper main network, that is, the island operation,
  • the preset frequency of the local grid of the local power grid it deviates from the standard frequency by a certain value, and the smaller subnets of the subordinates also follow the bias frequency;
  • the power grids of each level are from top to bottom, that is, from the top of the grid.
  • the frequency deviation of the island operation from the main network to the subnet gradually increases, and the uppermost main network operates at the standard frequency, and the micro-network islands at the end of the lower-level power grid operate at the highest frequency offset;
  • the frequency deviation includes a positive frequency offset or a negative frequency offset; the maximum frequency offset is within a range specified by the power quality standard, or a special setting is allowed according to the load in the network.
  • each load is sequentially de-loaded or interrupted according to its own frequency offset and stability level and time fixed value.
  • each power supply in the subnet adjusts the power generation frequency according to the island preset frequency of the local area network, and adjusts the power output at the same time; or, the grid is disconnected.
  • the subnet is powered off, waiting for the standby power supply in the network to start, access and black start, and then operate according to the local frequency of the local grid; when the grid fault is unstable or unpacked, the subnet is under the jurisdiction.
  • the subnet power of the lower layer of each level follows the local network to adjust the frequency; or, in the transient process, the island operation is also solved at the same time, and then the network is connected layer by layer from bottom to top.
  • the control equipment of each load monitors the network frequency value to determine whether it meets its own frequency offset and stability level. If it meets the requirements, it automatically inputs power to restore power. Otherwise, it waits for the frequency to return to its own level, that is, the subnet. After being merged into the upper-level main network, it is re-invested; when the upper-level power grid resumes power supply, after the subnet is merged in the same period, the control equipment of each load monitors the network frequency value, automatically inputs according to its own frequency offset and stability level, and more load recovery. powered by.
  • the multi-level power grid self-healing control device and the control method of the invention use the frequency as the information link to realize the power supply and demand matching through the self-regulation of the power source and the load in the system, thereby ensuring the automatic balance and stability of the power grid under the condition of networking and islanding.
  • the invention uses the frequency as an information carrier to characterize the grid connection state and the area coverage level, so that the load and the power source in the power grid can self-identify the network state, and automatically switch according to the preset strategy. It does not need to rely on expensive real-time communication networks to achieve self-healing at a very low cost, ensuring maximum safe and stable operation and power supply when the grid is connected to the grid and isolated.
  • the invention has application prospects in distributed power access, clean energy utilization, and network operation, and realizes coordination between various distributed power sources and various levels of the network and the main network. Specifically embodied in:
  • Each load in the power grid is set to frequency deviation and stability level according to its power supply reliability level and frequency accuracy requirements.
  • Frequency deviation and stability include frequency offset or / and drift domain values, which may have three combinations of frequency offset, frequency offset and drift tolerance, and drift tolerance;
  • the load classification is based on: level, category, code identification, or other representation
  • the grid area level matches the frequency deviation and stability level.
  • the frequency follows the frequency of the main network.
  • it runs according to the preset frequency of the local power grid island, and deviates from the standard frequency (such as China 50Hz) by a certain value (in the small frequency offset allowed by most of the power load). ), and the smaller subnets under its jurisdiction also follow this bias.
  • the power grids of all levels are gradually increased according to the grid area level from top to bottom (from large to small, from the main network to the subnet).
  • the uppermost main network operates at the standard frequency (such as 50Hz), and the lowest level power grid.
  • the end of the microgrid is running at the highest frequency offset (eg, down to 49.5 Hz).
  • the frequency deviation includes positive frequency offset or negative frequency offset
  • the maximum frequency deviation is within the range of ⁇ 0.2Hz and ⁇ 0.5Hz according to the power quality standard, or, according to the load in the network, special setting is allowed;
  • each power supply in the subnet adjusts the power generation frequency according to the island preset frequency of the local power grid, and simultaneously adjusts the power output.
  • the subnet is powered off, waiting for the standby power supply in the network to start, access and black start on the subnet. Set the frequency to run.
  • the control equipment of each load monitors the network frequency value to determine whether it meets its own frequency offset and stability level. If it meets the requirements, it automatically inputs power to restore power. Otherwise, it waits for the frequency to return to its own level. After the network is merged into the upper-level main network, it will be re-invested.
  • the subnet power at the lower level of the subnet is followed by the local network to adjust the frequency.
  • the island operation is also solved at the same time, and then the network is connected from the bottom to the top, and the process is the same as above.
  • the switching threshold can also be adaptively floated according to the load and the grid parameters and their transient characteristics.
  • the load can be stepped, or it can be multi-level or stepless. Load switching can also set the delay setting to achieve timing coordination between multiple loads. 10.
  • the above method uses the frequency as the information carrier to characterize the grid connection status and the regional coverage level, so that the load and power in the power grid can self-identify the network state and automatically switch according to the preset strategy.
  • the above self-healing control method can be realized by an automatic control device or system at the grid load and power source.
  • the control device or system must have at least frequency monitoring, power supply and frequency adjustment, grid-connected off-grid control, load switching control, etc., and control software or logic hardware to implement the control process and strategy.
  • the power grid dispatching monitoring can also participate in coordination and coordination, and set the configuration parameters such as the preset frequency and delay setting of the control device or system by automatic or manual method.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the principle of a multi-level grid self-healing control device of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the principle of the automatic load switching control device of the multi-level power grid self-healing control device of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the power control device of the multi-level power grid self-healing control device of the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a flow chart of a load automatic switching control method of the multi-level grid self-healing control method of the present invention
  • FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a power operation control method of the multi-level power grid self-healing control method of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the steps of the automatic load switching control method of the multi-level grid self-healing control method of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 is a flow chart of the power running control method of the multi-level grid self-healing control method of the present invention
  • Figure 8 is a simplified schematic diagram of a multi-stage power grid in the present invention. detailed description
  • the invention discloses a multi-level grid self-healing control device, as shown in FIG. 1 , wherein the multi-level grid self-healing control device is connected to one or more stages of the multi-level power grid, including:
  • the parameter monitoring unit is used for sampling and converting the power grid, obtaining electrical signal parameters therefrom, and transmitting the parameter data to the central processing unit;
  • the central processing unit is configured to receive the parameter data transmitted by the parameter collection monitoring unit, process the parameter data, and determine the control result according to the criterion to compare the processing result with the fixed value, and output the control signal to the control unit;
  • Man-machine interface and configuration parameter setting input unit It is used to provide local human-machine interface or communication interface, so that the operation and maintenance personnel can input the settings locally or automatically transfer the configuration parameters, and the configuration parameters are transmitted to the central processing unit for processing and logic determination;
  • the control unit accepts the control command or adjustment target of the central processing unit, performs the control task, outputs the control signal to the controlled device, and realizes the adjustment of the controlled device; the adjustment of the controlled device includes power generation and frequency adjustment, grid connection or Off-grid control and load switching control or power adjustment.
  • the central processing unit includes: a controller MCU or a digital signal processor DSP, a data memory, a program memory, and an interface circuit.
  • the microcontroller MCU or the digital signal processor DSP runs a code in the program memory to monitor the parameter set.
  • the unit and the human-machine interface and configuration parameters set the data signal transmitted by the input unit and the data in the data memory for processing and logic determination, and the input unit and the regulation are set through the interface circuit and the parameter collection monitoring unit, the human-machine interface and the configuration parameter.
  • the unit performs information interaction.
  • the central processing unit includes control logic hardware, the control logic hardware is configured by a field programmable gate array FPGA, a complex programmable logic device CPLD or a digital logic and an analog electronic circuit, and a combination thereof; the control logic hardware pairs a parameter set The monitoring unit and the man-machine interface and the configuration parameter set the parameter signal transmitted by the input unit for processing and logic discrimination, and output a control signal to the control unit to perform power supply or load switching control action.
  • the control logic hardware is configured by a field programmable gate array FPGA, a complex programmable logic device CPLD or a digital logic and an analog electronic circuit, and a combination thereof; the control logic hardware pairs a parameter set The monitoring unit and the man-machine interface and the configuration parameter set the parameter signal transmitted by the input unit for processing and logic discrimination, and output a control signal to the control unit to perform power supply or load switching control action.
  • the multi-level grid self-healing control device is a load automatic switching control device
  • the parameter cluster monitoring unit is a frequency cluster monitoring unit
  • the regulating unit is a load switching control unit
  • the frequency cluster monitoring unit is The grid signal is sampled and converted, the frequency parameter is obtained therefrom, and the frequency parameter data or signal is transmitted to the central processing unit
  • the central processing unit determines whether the load needs to be cut, whether it can be input, whether the size needs to be adjusted, and then the control command or The adjustment target is transmitted to the load switching control unit to perform the regulation task
  • the load switching control unit outputs a control signal to the controlled load switch device or the adjustable load controller, so that the load is switched or adjusted to the target value.
  • the multi-level power grid self-healing control device is a power control device
  • the parameter monitoring unit is a frequency monitoring unit
  • the control unit is a power generation and frequency adjustment unit and a grid-connected network control unit
  • the monitoring unit samples and converts the grid signal, obtains the frequency parameter from it, and transmits the frequency parameter data or signal to the central processing unit
  • the central processing unit determines whether the power source needs to be cut, whether it can be connected to the grid, whether the power generation frequency and power need The adjustment is then performed by transmitting the control command and the adjustment target to the power generation and frequency adjustment unit or the off-grid control unit.
  • the invention also discloses a multi-level grid self-healing control method, as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, wherein the frequency parameter is used as an information carrier for characterizing the grid connection state and the regional coverage level, so that the load and the power source in the power grid can self-identify the network.
  • State and automatically switch according to preset strategy; including load automatic switching control method and power operation control method:
  • the automatic switching control method of the load is: monitoring the frequency parameter of the power grid at a time, determining which steady-state region the frequency is in after the delay waiting frequency is stabilized, and then performing a corresponding control strategy according to the region, automatically loading or increasing the load in the self-injection region. To a certain value; in the load shedding area, the load is cut off or the load is reduced to a certain value;
  • the power supply operation control method is: determining whether the network and the upper-level power grid are unpacked by frequency monitoring or signal monitoring or communication, and if the upper-level power grid is disconnected, the island-predetermined frequency of the network is used as an adjustment target; otherwise, The upper grid frequency follows the operation;
  • the load in the power grid is set according to its power supply reliability level and frequency accuracy requirements.
  • the frequency deviation and stability include frequency offset, frequency offset and drift tolerance, One of three combinations of drift tolerances is used to classify the classification, and the load identifies the classification by level, category, or code.
  • the grid area level is matched with the frequency deviation and the stability level:
  • the frequency follows the frequency of the main network; but when it is independent of the upper main network, that is, the island operation,
  • the preset frequency of the local grid of the local power grid it deviates from the standard frequency by a certain value, and the smaller subnets of the subordinates also follow the bias frequency;
  • the power grids of each level are from top to bottom, that is, from the top of the grid.
  • the frequency deviation of the island operation from the main network to the subnet gradually increases, and the uppermost main network operates at the standard frequency, and the micro-network islands at the end of the lower-level power grid operate at the highest frequency offset;
  • the frequency deviation includes a positive frequency offset or a negative frequency offset; the maximum frequency offset is within a range specified by the power quality standard, or a special setting is allowed according to the load in the network.
  • each load is sequentially de-loaded or interrupted according to its own frequency offset and stability level and time fixed value.
  • each power supply in the subnet adjusts the power generation frequency according to the island preset frequency of the local area network, and adjusts the power output at the same time; or, the grid is disconnected.
  • the subnet is powered off, waiting for the standby power supply in the network to start, access and black start, and then operate according to the local frequency of the local grid; when the grid fault is unstable or unpacked, the subnet is under the jurisdiction.
  • the subnet power of the lower layer of each level follows the local network to adjust the frequency; or, in the transient process, the island operation is also solved at the same time, and then the network is connected layer by layer from bottom to top.
  • the control equipment of each load monitors the network frequency value to determine whether it meets its own frequency offset and stability level. If it meets the requirements, it automatically inputs power to restore power. Otherwise, it waits for the frequency to return to its own level, that is, the subnet. After being merged into the upper-level main network, the power is restored.
  • the control devices of each load monitor the network frequency value, and automatically input according to their own frequency offset and stability level, because the frequency will be more Approaching the standard, more loads are restored to power.
  • the automatic load switching control method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Start;
  • Step 2 The automatic load switching control device collects the monitoring power grid frequency parameters or performs data processing operations to obtain comprehensive parameters
  • Step 3 Determine whether the frequency exceeds the limit value of the load shedding gate; if not, return to step 2, continue to operate in the original state without any limit, and continue to perform frequency parameter and other parameter monitoring; if yes, proceed to step 4;
  • Step 4 Delay the delay value for a period of time, and continue to monitor whether the frequency parameter returns to normal during the delay period and no longer exceeds the limit;
  • Step 5 Determine whether the frequency parameter is restored; if yes, return to step 2, if there is no limit, maintain the original state operation and continue to perform frequency parameter and other parameter monitoring; if not, proceed to step 6;
  • Step 6 Perform control output to reduce the load to below a certain value, or turn off the power supply and cut off the power supply of the entire load circuit.
  • Step 7 load shedding or load shedding, the automatic load switching control device continues to collect and monitor the grid frequency parameters; Step 8: Determine whether the frequency parameter returns to the self-injection area; if not, return to step 7 to maintain the original state and Continue to monitor; if yes, proceed to step IX;
  • Step 9 Delay the delay value for a period of time, and continue to monitor whether the frequency parameter is stable within the self-injection area during the delay period; if it is not stable, return to step 7 to maintain the original state and continue monitoring; if yes, enter Step 10: Step 10: If the delay period continues to be stable within the self-injection area, perform control output to increase the load to within a certain value, or open the power supply device and close the switch to input the power supply circuit whose original load is cut off; Two cycle measurement.
  • the power running control method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Start;
  • Step 2 After the power generation equipment is started, first monitor whether the power grid is in power; if the power grid is in a power outage state, go to step 3; if the power grid has power before grid connection, go to step 5;
  • Step 3 If the grid is in a power outage state, then the grid is powered;
  • Step 4 According to the preset frequency of the island, adjust the target operation; go to step 6;
  • Step 5 If the grid has electricity before the grid connection, it will be connected to the grid according to the grid frequency
  • Step 6 After the grid connection, continuously monitor the grid frequency parameters or perform data processing to obtain comprehensive parameters.
  • Step 7 Compare and judge whether the deviation between the current frequency parameter and the standard frequency value is less than the deviation between the preset frequency of the island and the standard frequency. , that is, the default frequency offset of the isolated island of this network; if no, go to step 4, you can judge that the network has been connected with the upper power grid. Dissolve, according to the island's preset frequency as the adjustment target operation; if yes, go to step 8;
  • Step 8 If the frequency offset is less than the preset frequency offset of the island, you can judge that the network is connected to the upper grid and will follow the current reference frequency of the grid; return to step 6.
  • Figure 8 shows a simplified structure of a multi-stage grid.
  • the bottom part is the microgrid at the very end of the grid, which contains a number of low-voltage power loads that can be turned in or removed by their respective load switching switches 11 or regulated by regulating equipment.
  • the size of the electric power used; the microgrid can also be equipped with various distributed power sources, such as solar photovoltaic, small wind turbines, small gas turbines, diesel generator sets, etc., regulated by their respective control devices, through the power grid switch 31 Incorporate or remove.
  • the microgrid is connected to the medium voltage distribution network through the grid disconnection switch 21, and the switch is closed and merged into the distribution network; when disconnected, it is disconnected from the upper stage. At this time, it can only rely entirely on the internal distributed power supply, and is in an island operation state.
  • the distribution network can also include various distributed power sources, which are regulated by their respective control devices, and are merged or cut off by the power grid-connected switch 2; the distribution network can directly supply power to various medium-voltage power devices, and can be powered by respective loads.
  • the switch 12 is put into or cut off, or the power of the power is adjusted by the regulating device; the distribution network can be connected to more low-voltage micro-grids or loads downwards, stepped down through the distribution transformer, and input or cut through the power distribution switch.
  • the distribution network goes up through the substation outlet and the grid disconnection switch 2 (ie, the substation outlet switch) to connect with the upper high-voltage grid, and the switch is closed to be merged into the main network; when disconnected, it is disconnected from the upper grid, and only the internal distribution can be completely relied on at this time. Power supply, in island operation.
  • the substation is connected to the city network upwards, and accesses the higher-level main network (such as the national network, the regional network, the south network, the national network and the national large power grid) through other substations, and is merged into the upper main network through the switch of the substation or Unpacking autonomous operation.
  • the higher-level main network such as the national network, the regional network, the south network, the national network and the national large power grid
  • There are various power plants in the main network which are connected through the booster substation and powered by the transmission line.
  • the above frequency-based grid self-healing control method can also be implemented by manual operation or semi-automatically. For example: By observing the frequency meter or real-time telemetry data, manually judge whether the power grid and the upper power grid of the equipment are connected or disconnected according to the above rules, and manually remove the ground, remotely cut, load or power, or adjust according to the above procedure. Use electric power or power generation to maintain the balance of supply and demand and stable operation of the power grid.

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Description

多级电网自愈控制装置及控制方法
技术领域
本发明属于电网控制技术领域， 尤其涉及一种多级电网自愈控制装置及控制方法。 背景技术
我国电力系统的标称频率为 50Hz, GB/T15945-1995 《电能质量一电力系统频率允许 偏差》 中规定： 电力系统正常频率偏差允许值为 ±0.2Hz, 当系统容量较小时， 偏差值可放 宽到 ±0.5Hz, 标准中没有说明系统容量大小的界限。 在《全国供用电规则》中规定"供电局 供电频率的允许偏差： 电网容量在 300万千瓦及以上者为 ±0.2HZ; 电网容量在 300万千瓦 以下者， 为 ±0.5HZ。 实际运行中， 从全国各大电力系统运行看都保持在不大于 ±0.1HZ范 围内。
电力技术领域中， 以下技术术语定义为：
标准频率： 即电力系统的标称频率， 中国为 50Hz;
基准频率： 即目标频率， 电网运行的调节目标中心频率， 全网联网运行时网内所有设 备基准频率等于标准频率， 局域电网孤岛运行时可以与标准频率有所偏差， 各级子网可以 设置不同基准数值；
频偏： 基准频率相对于标准频率的偏差；
频漂： 实际运行频率值相对于基准频率的漂移值；
频漂域值： 系统频率调节稳定性目标控制范围， 即以基准频率为中心的±漂移数值范 围； 实际稳定运行时， 电网频率处于以基准频率为中心的 ±频漂域值范围内的某个数值。
现有技术中， 各级电网无论联网或解列均按标准频率运行， 即电网中所有发电控制及 能量管理设备均以标称频率为调整目标，通过人工或自动调度和自动发电控制系统（ AGC) 实现功率供需平衡， 维持系统频率在标准频率上下极小偏差范围内。
当电网发生故障或严重不平衡时， 将会失稳， 为了维持局部稳定， 通过电力系统自动 保护装置及或调度人为操作将使系统解列和切除部分负荷， 不可避免地造成局部甚至大面 积停电。 系统故障排除后， 供电恢复过程需要各级调度、 变电、 配电运行人员遥控或现场 手动操作， 被切除的负荷和电源不能及时自动恢复运行， 即电网不能自愈。
现代电力系统中， 分布式电源和微网接入逐渐增多， 特别是随着清洁能源的大面积应 用及智能电网全面建设， 各种分布式电源与各級^:网和主网之间的协调配合是亟待解决的 问题。 低周减载技术在现有的变配电自动化中有较多应用， 自动保护装置在系统频率下滑越 限时 （系统电源供给不足以满足所有负荷所需时）按轮次逐步切除线路负荷， 利于系统频 率恢复和运行稳定， 优先保障重要负荷供电。
但是， 供电恢复过程需要各级调度、 变电、 配电运行人员遥控或现场手动操作， 被切 除的负荷不能及时自动恢复运行， 即电网不能自愈。 或者通过实时通信， 调度 /配调自动化 主站下达合闸指令， 由现场终端装置自动执行来恢复供电。 该方法依赖于庞大的实时通信 网络， 实施成本极高。很多场合通信网络并没有条件覆盖所有开关，还需要现场人工复电。 发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种多级电网自愈控制装置及控制方法， 实现电源与负荷之间 的互动平衡， 控制各种分布式电源和各級^:网和主网之间的协调配合， 自动识别所在网络 的联网或孤岛状态， 最大限度地保障能源供给是本发明所要满足的需求。
本发明是通过以下技术方案来实现的：
多级电网自愈控制装置， 其中， 所述多级电网自愈控制装置连接在多级电网的其中一 级或多级中， 包括有：
参量釆集监测单元： 用以对电网进行取样及转换， 从中获取电信号参量， 并将参量数 据传送给中央处理单元；
中央处理单元： 用以接受参量釆集监测单元传送过来的参量数据， 对参量数据进行处 理， 并依照判据将处理结果和定值对比进行判断得到控制决定， 并输出调控信号给调控单 元；
人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元： 用以提供就地人机界面或通信接口， 以便运行维 护人员就地输入设置或远方自动传送配置参数， 配置参数传递给中央处理单元进行处理和 逻辑判别；
调控单元： 接受中央处理单元的控制指令或调节目标， 执行调控任务， 输出控制信号 给被控设备， 实现被控设备的调整； 所述被控设备的调整包括发电功率及频率调整、 并网 或离网控制以及负载投切控制或用电功率调节。
所述中央处理单元包括有： 控制器 MCU或数字信号处理器 DSP、 数据存储器、 程 序存储器以及和接口电路， 微控制器 MCU或数字信号处理器 DSP运行程序存储器中的代 码， 对参量釆集监测单元和人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元传送过来的数据信号和数据 存储器中的数据进行处理运算和逻辑判别， 通过接口电路与参量釆集监测单元、 人机界面 及配置参数设置输入单元和调控单元进行信息交互。
所述中央处理单元包括有控制逻辑硬件，控制逻辑硬件釆用现场可编程门阵列 FPGA、 复杂可编程逻辑器件 CPLD或数字逻辑及模拟电子电路及其组合构成； 所述控制逻辑硬件 对参量釆集监测单元和人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元传送过来的参量信号进行处理 和逻辑判别， 并输出调控信号给调控单元执行电源或负载投切调控动作。
所述多级电网自愈控制装置为一种负荷自动投切控制装置， 参量釆集监测单元为频率 釆集监测单元， 调控单元为负载投切调控单元； 频率釆集监测单元对电网信号进行取样及 转换， 从中获取频率参量， 并将频率参量数据或信号传送给中央处理单元； 所述中央处理 单元判定负荷是否需要切除、 是否能够投入、 大小是否需要调整， 然后将控制指令或调节 目标传送给负载投切调控单元去执行调控任务， 负载投切调控单元输出控制信号给被控负 荷的开关设备或可调负荷的控制器， 使负荷实现投切或调整到目标数值。
所述多级电网自愈控制装置为一种电源控制装置， 参量釆集监测单元为频率釆集监测 单元， 调控单元为发电功率及频率调整单元和并网离网控制单元； 频率釆集监测单元对电 网信号进行取样及转换， 从中获取频率参量， 并将频率参量数据或信号传送给中央处理单 元； 中央处理单元判定电源是否需要切除、是否能够并网、发电频率及功率是否需要调整， 然后将控制指令、 调节目标传送给发电功率及频率调整单元或并网离网控制单元来执行。
多级电网自愈控制方法， 其中， 以频率参量作为表征电网连接状态及区域覆盖层级的 信息载体，使电网中的负荷和电源能够自我识别所在网络状态，并依据预设策略自动投切； 包括有负荷自动投切控制方法和电源运行控制方法：
负荷自动投切控制方法为： 时刻监测电网频率参量， 延时等待频率稳定后判别频率处 于哪个稳态区域， 然后根据区域执行相应的控制策略， 处于自投区域则自动投入负荷或增 加负荷到一定数值； 处于减载区域则切除负荷或减低负荷到一定数值以下；
电源运行控制方法为： 通过频率监测或信号监测或通信判别本网与上级电网是否解 列， 若与上级电网解列， 则按本网的孤岛预设频率为调节目标运行； 否则， 按上级电网频 率跟随运行。
电网中各负荷按其供电可靠性等级和频率精准度要求设定频率偏差及稳定性等级： 等 级越高，其对应供电可靠性则越高即平均停电时间越短，而运行频率偏差及漂移容限越大； 等級越低，其对应供电可靠性则越低即平均停电时间越长， 而运行频率要求越稳定与精准； 所述频率偏差及稳定性包括频偏、 频偏与漂移容限、 漂移容限三种组合中的一种或来 划分等级， 所述负荷按等级高低、 类别或代码来标识分类。 电网区域层级与频率偏差及稳定性等级匹配： 电网中各级子网与上级主网并网运行 时， 其频率跟随主网的频率； 但其与上级主网解列独立运行即孤岛运行时， 按各自局域电 网的孤岛预设频率运行， 偏离标准频率一定数值， 而其下辖更小的各子网亦跟随此偏频； 各级电网按电网区域层級从上到下， 即从大到小，从主网到子网的孤岛运行频偏逐步增大， 最上级的主网按标准频率运行， 最下级电网末端的微网孤岛运行时频偏最大；
所述频率偏差包括正频偏或负频偏； 最大频偏按电能质量标准规定范围内， 或者， 按 照网内负荷容许特殊设定。
当电网故障失稳或解列时， 负荷有序减载： 在功率不平衡的暂态过渡过程中， 各负荷 依据自己频偏及稳定性等级和时间定值依次减载或中断供电， 等級越低越先停电， 等級越 高越晚动作； 当电网脱离主网后， 子网中各电源按自己所属局域电网的孤岛预设频率来调 整发电频率， 并同时调整功率出力； 或者， 电网脱离主网后， 子网全网停电， 等待网内备 用电源起机、 接入和子网黑启动， 然后按局域电网的孤岛预设频率运行； 电网故障失稳或 解列时， 子网下辖的各级更低层的子网电源跟随该局域主网调整频率； 或者， 暂态过程中 也同时解列孤岛运行， 然后再由下向上逐层并网。
当局域电网孤岛平衡稳定后， 各负荷的控制设备监测网络频率值， 判断是否符合自己 频偏及稳定性等级，如若符合则自动投入恢复供电，否则一直等待频率恢复到自己等级时， 即子网并入上一级主网后才再投入； 上级电网恢复供电时， 子网同期并入后， 各负荷的控 制设备监测网络频率值， 依据自己频偏及稳定性等级自动投入， 更多负荷恢复供电。
本发明的有益效果如下：
本发明的多级电网自愈控制装置及控制方法， 以频率为信息紐带， 通过系统中电源与 负荷自我调节实现电力供需匹配， 保障电网在联网及孤岛状况下均能自动平衡和稳定。 本 发明以频率作为表征电网连接状态及区域覆盖层级的信息载体， 使电网中的负荷和电源能 够自我识别所在网络状态，并依据预设策略自动投切。不需要依赖于昂贵的实时通信网络， 以很低的成本实现电网自愈， 保障系统在并网和孤岛解列时都能最大限度地安全稳定运行 和供电。 本发明在分布式电源接入、 清洁能源利用、 网运行场合尤其具有应用前景， 实 现了各种分布式电源和各級^:网和主网之间的协调配合。 具体体现在：
1、 电网中各负荷按其供电可靠性等级和频率精准度要求设定频率偏差及稳定性等级。 等级越高， 其对应供电可靠性则越高 （平均停电时间越短）， 而运行频率偏差及漂移容限 越大； 等級越低， 其对应供电可靠性则越低（平均停电时间越长）， 而运行频率要求越稳 定与精准； 频率偏差及稳定性包括频偏或 /与漂移域值， 可以有频偏、 频偏与漂移容限、 漂移容限 三种组合；
负荷分类按： 等级高低、 类别、 代码标识， 或其它表述；
2、 电网区域层级与频率偏差及稳定性等级匹配。 电网中各级子网与上级主网并网运 行时， 其频率跟随主网的频率。 但其与上级主网解列独立 （孤岛）运行时， 按各自局域电 网孤岛预设频率运行， 偏离标准频率（如中国 50Hz )一定数值（在大部分用电负荷容许的 小频偏范围内）， 而其下辖更小的各子网亦跟随此偏频。 各级电网按电网区域层級从上 到下 （从大到小， 从主网到子网）孤岛运行频偏逐步增大， 最上级的主网按标准频率 （如 50Hz )运行， 最下级电网末端的微网孤岛运行时频偏最大（如降到 49.5Hz )。
A )频率偏差包括正频偏或负频偏；
B )最大频偏按电能质量标准 ±0.2Hz及 ±0.5Hz范围内， 或者， 按照网内负荷容许特殊 设定；
3、 电网因故障或失稳解列时， 负荷有序减载。 在功率不平衡的暂态过渡过程中， 各 负荷依据自己频偏及稳定性等级和时间定值依次减载或中断供电， 等級越低越先停电， 等 級越高越晚动作， 直到局域子网功率趋于孤岛平衡稳定。
4、 电网故障或失稳解列， 或按调度指令操作脱离主网后， 子网中各电源按自己局域 电网的孤岛预设频率来调整发电频率， 并同时调整功率出力。
5、 或者， 电网故障或失稳解列， 或按调度指令操作脱离主网后， 子网全网停电， 等 待网内备用电源起机、 接入和子网黑启动， 按局域电网的孤岛预设频率运行。
6、 局域电网孤岛平衡稳定后， 各负荷的控制设备监测网络频率值， 判断是否符合自 己频偏及稳定性等级， 如若符合则自动投入恢复供电， 否则一直等待频率恢复到自己等级 时 （子网并入上一级主网后） 才再投入。
7、 上级电网恢复供电时， 子网同期并入后， 频率将更趋近于标准， 各负荷的控制设 备监测网络频率值， 依据自己频偏及稳定性等级自动投入， 更多负荷恢复供电。
8、 电网故障或失稳解列时， 子网下辖的各级更低层的子网电源跟随该局域主网调整 频率。 或者， 暂态过程中也同时解列孤岛运行， 然后再由下向上逐层并网， 过程同上。
9、 减载切负荷频率与稳定后自投频率门限差别设置， 其间保证一定回滞区间， 避免 反复投切振荡。 投切门限亦可以根据负载及电网参量及其暂态特性自适应浮动。 负荷可以 阶跃性投切， 也可以多级或无级增减。 负荷投切亦可以设定延时定值， 在多个负荷间实现 时序配合。 10、 以上方法以频率作为表征电网连接状态及区域覆盖层级的信息载体， 使电网中的 负荷和电源能够自我识别所在网络状态， 并依据预设策略自动投切。 上述所列具体实现方 式为非限制性的， 釆用本方法设计的控制系统及装置， 以及在不偏离本发明范围内， 进行 的各种改进和变化， 如综合频率、 电压、 有功、 无功、 谐波等参量及其数值变换 敫积分 等）后的其它特征作为判据， 或者简化应用于单級 ^：网与电力系统主网之间的配合等等， 均属于本发明的保护范围。
11、 上述自愈控制方法， 可以通过电网负荷与电源处的自动控制装置或系统来实现。 控制装置或系统必须至少具备频率监测、 电源功率及频率调整、 并网离网控制、 负载投切 调控等功能， 由其中控制软件或逻辑硬件执行调控流程和策略。 电网调度监控也可以参与 配合协调， 通过自动或人工方式设置控制装置或系统的孤岛预设频率、 延时定值等配置参 数。 附图说明
图 1是本发明多级电网自愈控制装置的原理示意图；
图 2是本发明多级电网自愈控制装置的负荷自动投切控制装置原理示意图； 图 3是本发明多级电网自愈控制装置的电源控制装置原理示意图；
图 4是本发明多级电网自愈控制方法的负荷自动投切控制方法流程图；
图 5是本发明多级电网自愈控制方法的电源运行控制方法流程图；
图 6是本发明多级电网自愈控制方法的负荷自动投切控制方法步骤流程图； 图 7是本发明多级电网自愈控制方法的电源运行控制方法步骤流程图；
图 8是本发明中多级电网的简化结构示意图。 具体实施方式
本发明公开了一种多级电网自愈控制装置， 如图 1 , 其中， 所述多级电网自愈控制装 置连接在多级电网的其中一级或多级中， 包括有：
参量釆集监测单元： 用以对电网进行取样及转换， 从中获取电信号参量， 并将参量数 据传送给中央处理单元；
中央处理单元： 用以接受参量釆集监测单元传送过来的参量数据， 对参量数据进行处 理， 并依照判据将处理结果和定值对比进行判断得到控制决定， 并输出调控信号给调控单 元； 人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元： 用以提供就地人机界面或通信接口， 以便运行维 护人员就地输入设置或远方自动传送配置参数， 配置参数传递给中央处理单元进行处理和 逻辑判别；
调控单元： 接受中央处理单元的控制指令或调节目标， 执行调控任务， 输出控制信号 给被控设备， 实现被控设备的调整； 所述被控设备的调整包括发电功率及频率调整、 并网 或离网控制以及负载投切控制或用电功率调节。
所述中央处理单元包括有： 控制器 MCU或数字信号处理器 DSP、 数据存储器、 程 序存储器以及和接口电路， 微控制器 MCU或数字信号处理器 DSP运行程序存储器中的代 码， 对参量釆集监测单元和人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元传送过来的数据信号和数据 存储器中的数据进行处理运算和逻辑判别， 通过接口电路与参量釆集监测单元、 人机界面 及配置参数设置输入单元和调控单元进行信息交互。
所述中央处理单元包括有控制逻辑硬件，控制逻辑硬件釆用现场可编程门阵列 FPGA、 复杂可编程逻辑器件 CPLD或数字逻辑及模拟电子电路及其组合构成； 所述控制逻辑硬件 对参量釆集监测单元和人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元传送过来的参量信号进行处理 和逻辑判别， 并输出调控信号给调控单元执行电源或负载投切调控动作。
如图 2, 所述多级电网自愈控制装置为一种负荷自动投切控制装置， 参量釆集监测单 元为频率釆集监测单元， 调控单元为负载投切调控单元； 频率釆集监测单元对电网信号进 行取样及转换， 从中获取频率参量， 并将频率参量数据或信号传送给中央处理单元； 所述 中央处理单元判定负荷是否需要切除、 是否能够投入、 大小是否需要调整， 然后将控制指 令或调节目标传送给负载投切调控单元去执行调控任务， 负载投切调控单元输出控制信号 给被控负荷的开关设备或可调负荷的控制器， 使负荷实现投切或调整到目标数值。
如图 3 , 所述多级电网自愈控制装置为一种电源控制装置， 参量釆集监测单元为频率 釆集监测单元， 调控单元为发电功率及频率调整单元和并网离网控制单元； 频率釆集监测 单元对电网信号进行取样及转换， 从中获取频率参量， 并将频率参量数据或信号传送给中 央处理单元； 中央处理单元判定电源是否需要切除、 是否能够并网、 发电频率及功率是否 需要调整， 然后将控制指令、 调节目标传送给发电功率及频率调整单元或并网离网控制单 元来执行。
本发明还公开一种多级电网自愈控制方法， 如图 4、 5 , 其中， 以频率参量作为表征电 网连接状态及区域覆盖层级的信息载体， 使电网中的负荷和电源能够自我识别所在网络状 态， 并依据预设策略自动投切； 包括有负荷自动投切控制方法和电源运行控制方法： 所述负荷自动投切控制方法为： 时刻监测电网频率参量， 延时等待频率稳定后判别频 率处于哪个稳态区域， 然后根据区域执行相应的控制策略， 处于自投区域则自动投入负荷 或增加负荷到一定数值； 处于减载区域则切除负荷或减低负荷到一定数值以下；
所述电源运行控制方法为： 通过频率监测或信号监测或通信判别本网与上级电网是否 解列， 若与上级电网解列， 则按本网的孤岛预设频率为调节目标运行； 否则， 按上级电网 频率跟随运行；
电网中各负荷按其供电可靠性等级和频率精准度要求设定频率偏差及稳定性等级： 等 级越高，其对应供电可靠性则越高即平均停电时间越短，而运行频率偏差及漂移容限越大； 等級越低，其对应供电可靠性则越低即平均停电时间越长，而运行频率要求越稳定与精准； 所述频率偏差及稳定性包括频偏、 频偏与漂移容限、 漂移容限三种组合中的一种或来 划分等级， 所述负荷按等级高低、 类别或代码来标识分类。
电网区域层级与频率偏差及稳定性等级匹配： 电网中各级子网与上级主网并网运行 时， 其频率跟随主网的频率； 但其与上级主网解列独立运行即孤岛运行时， 按各自局域电 网的孤岛预设频率运行， 偏离标准频率一定数值， 而其下辖更小的各子网亦跟随此偏频； 各级电网按电网区域层級从上到下， 即从大到小，从主网到子网的孤岛运行频偏逐步增大， 最上级的主网按标准频率运行， 最下级电网末端的微网孤岛运行时频偏最大；
所述频率偏差包括正频偏或负频偏； 最大频偏按电能质量标准规定范围内， 或者， 按 照网内负荷容许特殊设定。
当电网故障失稳或解列时， 负荷有序减载： 在功率不平衡的暂态过渡过程中， 各负荷 依据自己频偏及稳定性等级和时间定值依次减载或中断供电， 等級越低越先停电， 等級越 高越晚动作； 当电网脱离主网后， 子网中各电源按自己所属局域电网的孤岛预设频率来调 整发电频率， 并同时调整功率出力； 或者， 电网脱离主网后， 子网全网停电， 等待网内备 用电源起机、 接入和子网黑启动， 然后按局域电网的孤岛预设频率运行； 电网故障失稳或 解列时， 子网下辖的各级更低层的子网电源跟随该局域主网调整频率； 或者， 暂态过程中 也同时解列孤岛运行， 然后再由下向上逐层并网。
当局域电网孤岛平衡稳定后， 各负荷的控制设备监测网络频率值， 判断是否符合自己 频偏及稳定性等级，如若符合则自动投入恢复供电，否则一直等待频率恢复到自己等级时， 即子网并入上一级主网后才再投入； 上级电网恢复供电时， 子网同期并入后， 各负荷的控 制设备监测网络频率值，依据自己频偏及稳定性等级自动投入， 由于频率将更趋近于标准， 更多负荷恢复供电。 如图 6, 所述负荷自动投切控制方法包括如下步骤：
步骤一： 开始；
步骤二： 负荷自动投切控制装置时刻釆集监测电网频率参量或进行数据处理运算得到 综合参量；
步骤三： 判别频率是否超越减载门限定值； 如否， 回到步骤二， 没有越限则维持原状 态运行并继续进行频率参量和其它参量监测； 如是， 进入步骤四；
步骤四： 按延时定值延迟一段时间， 并继续监测频率参量是否在延时期间恢复正常不 再越限；
步骤五： 判断频率参量是否恢复； 如是， 回到步骤二， 没有越限则维持原状态运行并 继续进行频率参量和其它参量监测； 如否， 进入步骤六；
步骤六 进行控制输出使负荷减载到一定数值以下， 或关闭用电设备、 切除整个负荷 回路的供电
步骤七 减载或切负荷后， 负荷自动投切控制装置继续釆集监测电网频率参量； 步骤八： 判断频率参量是否回归到自投区域之内； 如否， 回到步骤七， 维持原状态并 继续进行监测； 如是， 进入步骤九；
步骤九： 按延时定值延迟一段时间， 并继续监测频率参量是否在延时期间稳定于自投 区域之内； 如若不能稳定， 回到步骤七， 维持原状态并继续进行监测； 如是， 进入步骤十； 步骤十： 若延时期间持续稳定于自投区域之内， 则进行控制输出使负荷增加到一定数 值以内， 或打开用电设备、 闭合开关投入原来被切除负荷的供电回路； 返回步骤二循环量 测。
如图 7, 所述电源运行控制方法包括如下步骤：
步骤 1 : 开始；
步骤 2: 在发电设备启动后先监测待并电网是否有电； 如果电网处于停电状态， 进入 步骤 3; 若并网前电网有电， 则进入步骤 5;
步骤 3: 如果电网处于停电状态， 则并网送电；
步骤 4: 按本网孤岛预设频率为调节目标运行； 进入步骤 6;
步骤 5: 若并网前电网有电， 则按电网频率进行同期并网；
步骤 6: 并网后持续釆集监测电网频率参量或进行数据处理运算得到综合参量； 步骤 7: 比较判断当前频率参量与标准频率值的偏差是否小于本网的孤岛预设频率与 标准频率的偏差， 即本网孤岛预设频偏； 如否， 进入步骤 4 , 可以判断本网已与上级电网 解列， 按本网的孤岛预设频率为调节目标运行； 如是， 进入步骤 8;
步骤 8: 如果频偏小于本网孤岛预设频偏， 则可以判断本网已与上级电网联接， 将按 电网当前基准频率跟随运行； 回到步骤 6。
图 8示意了一个多级电网的简化结构， 最下面的是电网最末端的微网， 其中包含了众 多低压用电负荷，可以通过各自的负荷投切开关 11投入或切除，或者通过调控设备调节用 电功率的大小； 微网中还可以配备各种分布式电源， 比如太阳能光伏、 小型风力发电机、 小型燃气轮机组、 柴油发电机组等等， 通过各自的控制设备进行调控， 通过电源并网开关 31并入或切除。 微网向上通过并网解列开关 21与中压配网连接， 开关闭合则并入配网； 断开则与上级解列， 此时只能完全依靠内部分布式电源供电， 处于孤岛运行状态。
配网中亦可以包括各种分布式电源， 通过各自的控制设备进行调控， 通过电源并网开 关 2并入或切除； 配网可以向各种中压用电设备直接供电， 通过各自的负荷投切开关 12 投入或切除， 或者通过调控设备调节用电功率的大小； 配网可以向下接入更多低压微网或 负荷， 通过配电变压器降压， 通过配电开关投入或切除。 配网向上通过变电站出线与并网 解列开关 2 (即变电站出线开关） 与上级高压电网连接， 开关闭合则并入主网； 断开则与 上级电网解列， 此时只能完全依靠内部分布式电源供电， 处于孤岛运行状态。
变电站向上接入城网， 并通过其它各级变电站接入更高等级的主网 （如省网， 区网， 南网、 国网及全国大电网）， 通过变电站的开关并入上级主网或解列自主运行。 主网中有 各种发电厂， 通过升压变电站接入， 通过输电线路供电。
以上基于频率的电网自愈控制方法亦可以通过人工操作的方式或半自动化地实现。如： 通过观察频率仪表或实时遥测数据， 按照以上规则人工判断设备所处电网和上级电网是连 接或解列， 并按前述流程人工到就地或在远方遥控切除、 投入负荷或电源， 或调节用电功 率或发电出力， 维持电网的供需平衡和稳定运行。
上述所列具体实现方式为非限制性的， 釆用本方法设计的控制系统及装置， 以及在不 偏离本发明范围内， 进行的各种改进和变化， 如综合频率、 电压、 有功、 无功、 谐波等参 量及其数值变换 敫积分等）后的其它特征作为判据， 或者简化应用于单級^:网与电力系 统主网之间的配合等等， 均属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims

权利要求
1、 一种多级电网自愈控制装置， 其特征在于： 所述多级电网自愈控制装置连接在多 级电网的其中一级或多级中， 包括有：
参量釆集监测单元： 用以对电网进行取样及转换， 从中获取电信号参量， 并将参量数 据传送给中央处理单元；
中央处理单元： 用以接受参量釆集监测单元传送过来的参量数据， 对参量数据进行处 理， 并依照判据将处理结果和定值对比进行判断得到控制决定， 并输出调控信号给调控单 元；
人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元： 用以提供就地人机界面或通信接口， 以便运行维 护人员就地输入设置或远方自动传送配置参数， 配置参数传递给中央处理单元进行处理和 逻辑判别；
调控单元： 接受中央处理单元的控制指令或调节目标， 执行调控任务， 输出控制信号 给被控设备， 实现被控设备的调整； 所述被控设备的调整包括发电功率及频率调整、 并网 或离网控制以及负载投切控制或用电功率调节。
2、 如权利要求 1所述的多级电网自愈控制装置， 其特征在于： 所述中央处理单元包 括有： 微控制器 MCU或数字信号处理器 DSP、 数据存储器、 程序存储器以及和接口电路， 微控制器 MCU或数字信号处理器 DSP运行程序存储器中的代码， 对参量釆集监测单元和 人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元传送过来的数据信号和数据存储器中的数据进行处理 运算和逻辑判别， 通过接口电路与参量釆集监测单元、 人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元 和调控单元进行信息交互。
3、 如权利要求 1所述的多级电网自愈控制装置， 其特征在于： 所述中央处理单元包 括有控制逻辑硬件， 控制逻辑硬件釆用现场可编程门阵列 FPGA、 复杂可编程逻辑器件 CPLD或数字逻辑及模拟电子电路及其组合构成； 所述控制逻辑硬件对参量釆集监测单元 和人机界面及配置参数设置输入单元传送过来的参量信号进行处理和逻辑判别， 并输出调 控信号给调控单元执行电源或负载投切调控动作。
4、 如权利要求 2或 3所述的多级电网自愈控制装置， 其特征在于： 所述多级电网自 愈控制装置为一种负荷自动投切控制装置， 参量釆集监测单元为频率釆集监测单元， 调控 单元为负载投切调控单元； 频率釆集监测单元对电网信号进行取样及转换， 从中获取频率 参量， 并将频率参量数据或信号传送给中央处理单元； 所述中央处理单元判定负荷是否需 要切除、 是否能够投入、 大小是否需要调整， 然后将控制指令或调节目标传送给负载投切 调控单元去执行调控任务， 负载投切调控单元输出控制信号给被控负荷的开关设备或可调 负荷的控制器， 使负荷实现投切或调整到目标数值。
5、 如权利要求 2或 3所述的多级电网自愈控制装置， 其特征在于： 所述多级电网自 愈控制装置为一种电源控制装置， 参量釆集监测单元为频率釆集监测单元， 调控单元为发 电功率及频率调整单元和并网离网控制单元； 频率釆集监测单元对电网信号进行取样及转 换， 从中获取频率参量， 并将频率参量数据或信号传送给中央处理单元； 中央处理单元判 定电源是否需要切除、 是否能够并网、 发电频率及功率是否需要调整， 然后将控制指令、 调节目标传送给发电功率及频率调整单元或并网离网控制单元来执行。
6、 多级电网自愈控制方法， 其特征在于： 以频率参量作为表征电网连接状态及区域 覆盖层级的信息载体， 使电网中的负荷和电源能够自我识别所在网络状态， 并依据预设策 略自动投切； 包括有负荷自动投切控制方法和电源运行控制方法：
负荷自动投切控制方法为： 时刻监测电网频率参量， 延时等待频率稳定后判别频率处 于哪个稳态区域， 然后根据区域执行相应的控制策略， 处于自投区域则自动投入负荷或增 加负荷到一定数值； 处于减载区域则切除负荷或减低负荷到一定数值以下；
电源运行控制方法为： 通过频率监测或信号监测或通信判别本网与上级电网是否解 列， 若与上级电网解列， 则按本网的孤岛预设频率为调节目标运行； 否则， 按上级电网频 率跟随运行。
7、 如权利要求 6所述的多级电网自愈控制方法， 其特征在于： 电网中各负荷按其供 电可靠性等级和频率精准度要求设定频率偏差及稳定性等级： 等級越高， 其对应供电可靠 性则越高即平均停电时间越短， 而运行频率偏差及漂移容限越大； 等級越低， 其对应供电 可靠性则越低即平均停电时间越长， 而运行频率要求越稳定与精准；
所述频率偏差及稳定性包括频偏、 频偏与漂移容限、 漂移容限三种组合中的一种或来 划分等级， 所述负荷按等级高低、 类别或代码来标识分类。
8、 如权利要求 6所述的多级电网自愈控制方法， 其特征在于： 电网区域层级与频率 偏差及稳定性等级匹配： 电网中各级子网与上级主网并网运行时，其频率跟随主网的频率； 但其与上级主网解列独立运行即孤岛运行时， 按各自局域电网的孤岛预设频率运行， 偏离 标准频率一定数值， 而其下辖更小的各子网亦跟随此偏频； 各级电网按电网区域层級从上 到下， 即从大到小， 从主网到子网的孤岛运行频偏逐步增大， 最上级的主网按标准频率运 行， 最下级电网末端的^：网孤岛运行时频偏最大；
所述频率偏差包括正频偏或负频偏； 最大频偏按电能质量标准规定范围内， 或者， 按 照网内负荷容许特殊设定。
9、 如权利要求 6所述的多级电网自愈控制方法， 其特征在于： 当电网故障失稳或解 列时， 负荷有序减载： 在功率不平衡的暂态过渡过程中， 各负荷依据自己频偏及稳定性等 级和时间定值依次减载或中断供电， 等級越低越先停电， 等級越高越晚动作； 当电网脱离 主网后， 子网中各电源按自己所属局域电网的孤岛预设频率来调整发电频率， 并同时调整 功率出力； 或者， 电网脱离主网后， 子网全网停电， 等待网内备用电源起机、 接入和子网 黑启动， 然后按局域电网的孤岛预设频率运行； 电网故障失稳或解列时， 子网下辖的各级 更低层的子网电源跟随该局域主网调整频率； 或者， 暂态过程中也同时解列孤岛运行， 然 后再由下向上逐层并网。
10、 如权利要求 6所述的多级电网自愈控制方法， 其特征在于： 当局域电网孤岛平衡 稳定后， 各负荷的控制设备监测网络频率值， 判断是否符合自己频偏及稳定性等级， 如若 符合则自动投入恢复供电， 否则一直等待频率恢复到自己等级时， 即子网并入上一级主网 后才再投入； 上级电网恢复供电时， 子网同期并入后，各负荷的控制设备监测网络频率值， 依据自己频偏及稳定性等级自动投入， 更多负荷恢复供电。
11、 如权利要求 6所述的多级电网自愈控制方法， 其特征在于： 所述负荷自动投切控 制方法包括如下步骤：
步骤一： 开始；
步骤二： 负荷自动投切控制装置时刻釆集监测电网频率参量或进行数据处理运算得到 综合参量；
步骤三： 判别频率是否超越减载门限定值； 如否， 回到步骤二， 没有越限则维持原状 态运行并继续进行频率参量和其它参量监测； 如是， 进入步骤四；
步骤四： 按延时定值延迟一段时间， 并继续监测频率参量是否在延时期间恢复正常不 再越限；
步骤五： 判断频率参量是否恢复； 如是， 回到步骤二， 没有越限则维持原状态运行并 继续进行频率参量和其它参量监测； 如否， 进入步骤六；
步骤六： 进行控制输出使负荷减载到一定数值以下， 或关闭用电设备、 切除整个负荷 回路的供电；
步骤七： 减载或切负荷后， 负荷自动投切控制装置继续釆集监测电网频率参量； 步骤八： 判断频率参量是否回归到自投区域之内； 如否， 回到步骤七， 维持原状态并 继续进行监测； 如是， 进入步骤九； 步骤九： 按延时定值延迟一段时间， 并继续监测频率参量是否在延时期间稳定于自投 区域之内； 如若不能稳定， 回到步骤七， 维持原状态并继续进行监测； 如是， 进入步骤十； 步骤十： 若延时期间持续稳定于自投区域之内， 则进行控制输出使负荷增加到一定数 值以内， 或打开用电设备、 闭合开关投入原来被切除负荷的供电回路； 返回步骤二循环量 测。
12、 如权利要求 6所述的多级电网自愈控制方法， 其特征在于： 所述电源运行控制方 法包括如下步骤：
步骤 1 : 开始；
步骤 2: 在发电设备启动后先监测待并电网是否有电； 如果电网处于停电状态， 进入 步骤 3; 若并网前电网有电， 则进入步骤 5;
步骤 3: 如果电网处于停电状态， 则并网送电；
步骤 4: 按本网孤岛预设频率为调节目标运行； 进入步骤 6;
步骤 5: 若并网前电网有电， 则按电网频率进行同期并网；
步骤 6: 并网后持续釆集监测电网频率参量或进行数据处理运算得到综合参量； 步骤 7: 比较判断当前频率参量与标准频率值的偏差是否小于本网的孤岛预设频率与 标准频率的偏差， 即本网孤岛预设频偏； 如否， 进入步骤 4 , 可以判断本网已与上级电网 解列， 按本网的孤岛预设频率为调节目标运行； 如是， 进入步骤 8;
步骤 8: 如果频偏小于本网孤岛预设频偏， 则可以判断本网已与上级电网联接， 将按 电网当前基准频率跟随运行； 回到步骤 6。
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