WO2012114302A1 - Composition combustible - Google Patents

Composition combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012114302A1
WO2012114302A1 PCT/IB2012/050835 IB2012050835W WO2012114302A1 WO 2012114302 A1 WO2012114302 A1 WO 2012114302A1 IB 2012050835 W IB2012050835 W IB 2012050835W WO 2012114302 A1 WO2012114302 A1 WO 2012114302A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
fuel composition
monoglyceride
fatty acid
acid
fuel
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2012/050835
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Jens Mogens Nielsen
Original Assignee
Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps filed Critical Dupont Nutrition Biosciences Aps
Priority to US13/981,465 priority Critical patent/US20130333277A1/en
Priority to EP12709181.7A priority patent/EP2678408A1/fr
Priority to KR1020137020862A priority patent/KR20140051121A/ko
Publication of WO2012114302A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012114302A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
    • C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
    • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
    • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
    • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
    • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2300/00—Mixture of two or more additives covered by the same group of C10L1/00 - C10L1/308
    • C10L2300/20—Mixture of two components

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composition.
  • the present invention relates to fuel compositions having reduced nitrogen oxide emissions when combusted.
  • Nitrogen oxides comprise a major irritant in smog and are believed to contribute to tropospheric ozone which is a known threat to health.
  • Various methods for reducing NOx production include the use of catalytic converters, engine timing changes, exhaust "ecirculation, and the burning of "clean" fuels. These methods are generally too expensive and/or too complicated to be placed in widespread use. The rates at which NOx are formed is related to the flame temperature; a small reduction in flame temperature can result in a large reduction in the production of nitrogen oxides.
  • Another method for introducing water into the combustion area is to use fuel emulsions in which water is emulsified into a fuel continuous phase, i.e., invert fuel emulsions.
  • a problem with these invert fuel emulsions is obtaining and maintaining the stability of the emulsion under conventional use conditions.
  • Gravitational phase separation (during storage) and high temperature high pressure/shear flow rate phase separation (in a working engine) of these emulsions present the major hurdle preventing their commercial use.
  • the present invention addresses the problems associated with the use of fuei emulsion compositions by providing a stable fuel emulsion composition with the beneficial reduction in NOx emissions.
  • the present invention alleviates the problems of the prior art.
  • the present invention provides a fuel composition comprising:
  • the present invention provides a method for improving the stability of a fuel composition containing fuel and water, the method comprising mixing with the fuel and water, (a) polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid; and (b) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid.
  • the present invention provides use of polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid and a monoglyceride of a fatty acid for improving the stability of a fuel composition containing fuel and water.
  • the present invention provides a kit for preparing a fuel composition as defined herein, the kit comprising (a) polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid and (b) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid, in separate packages or containers, or combined in a single package or container; together with instructions for use to prepare the fuel composition.
  • the present invention provides a fuel composition
  • a fuel composition comprising: (a) a fuel; (b) polygiycerol polyricinoleic acid and (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid.
  • polygiycerol polyricinoleic acid is an emulsifier comprising a polygiycerol 'backbone' onto which ricinoleic acid side chains are attached.
  • Ricinoleic acid ((9Z, 12R)-12-Hydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid) has hydroxy group at the 12 position onto which further ricinoleic side chains may be attached.
  • the polygiycerol may be of any suitable length.
  • the polygiycerol comprises one or a mixture of more than one of the polyglycerols selected from the group consisting of diglycerol, triglycerol, tetragiycerol, pentaglycerol, hexaglycerol, heptaglycerol, octaglyceroi, nonaglycerol and decaglycerol.
  • the polygiycerol comprises one or a mixture of more than one of the polyglycerols selected from the group consisting of diglycerol, triglycerol and tetragiycerol.
  • the ricinoleic acid side chains, namely the polyricinoleic acid, attached to the polygiycerol may be of any suitable length.
  • the fatty acid polymerised chain length of the polyricinoleic acid is from 1 to 10.
  • the fatty acid polymerised length of the polyricinoleic acid is from 4 to 6.
  • the ricinoleic acid may be provided from any suitable source.
  • the polygiycerol polyricinoleic acid is prepared from hydroxy fatty acids of hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated castor oil.
  • polygiycerol polyricinoleic acid has a hydroxyl value of about 20 to about 120 mgKOH.
  • polygiycerol poiyricinoleic acid has at least one of the following characteristics:
  • iii) an iodine value of about 72 to about 103 g l 2.
  • the poiyglycerol poiyricinoleic acid has more than one of the characteristics i) to iii). More preferably the poiyglycerol poiyricinoleic acid has all of the characteristics i) to iii).
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid may be a monoglyceride having any suitable fatty chain lengths.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid may be a monoglyceride of a single fatty acid, or rnonoglycerides of a mixture of fatty acids.
  • the fatty chain lengths of the monoglycerides in a mixture of rnonoglycerides need not be of the same length.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is monoglyceride of a fatty acid of a C12 to C22 fatty acid.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is monoglyceride of a C16 or C22 fatty acid.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is monoglyceride of a C16 or C18 fatty acid.
  • the fatty acid of the monoglyceride of a fatty acid may be saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid or a mixture of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is monoglyceride of unsaturated fatty acid.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is a monoglyceride of mono or di unsaturated fatty acid.
  • Preferred monoglycerides of a fatty acid may be selected from
  • monoglyceride of saturated C16 fatty acid and monoglyceride of saturated C18 fatty acid monoglyceride of saturated C16 fatty acid; and monoglyceride of mono unsaturated C-18 fatty acid
  • Preferred monoglycerides of a fatty acid may be selected from
  • palmitic acid monoglyceride and oleic acid monoglyceride; and linoleic acid monoglyceride
  • each of the polyglyceroi polyricinoleic acid and the monoglyceride of a fatty acid alone do not provide a stable fuel and water emulsion. Therefore each of these components must be present in sufficient amounts, in relative and absolute terms, to provide a stable emulsion.
  • the emulsion must be stable such that, in use, the water and the fuel do not separate. In use the emulsion is typically formed shortly before it is required for combustion.
  • the emulsion is then fed into the fuel delivery system to be combusted. Between formation of the fuel emulsion and its eventual combustion, the emulsion should not separate. This period between formation and combustion may be relatively short if the emulsion is combusted almost immediately. However, in a number of circumstances the period may be longer. Examples of such circumstances include fuel delivery systems in which a proportion of the fuel is combusted and the remainder of the fuel is recirculated around the fuel delivery system. This is common in diesel and marine gasoil engines.
  • the present invention provides a fuel composition comprising:
  • the fuel composition is an emulsion and wherein the emulsion is stable with regard to separation of the emulsion for a period of at least 1 hour after the formation of the emulsion.
  • the emulsion is stable with regard to separation of the emulsion for a period of at least 2 hours after the formation of the emulsion.
  • the emulsion is stable with regard to separation of the emulsion for a period of at least 3 hours after the formation of the emulsion.
  • the ratio of (b) polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid to (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid is from 0.9:0.1 to 0.1 :0.9. in one aspect the ratio of (b) polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid to (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid is from 0.7:0.3 to 0.1 :0.9.
  • ratio of (b) polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid to (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid is from 0.625:0.375 to 0.125:0.875.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is monoglyceride of a C16 or C18 fatty acid
  • the polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid is prepared from hydroxy fatty acids of hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated castor oil wherein the polyglycerol comprises a mixture of polyglycerols selected from the group consisting of diglyceroi, triglycerol and tetraglycerol; and the ratio of (b) polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid to (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid is from 0.625:0.375 to 0.125:0.875.
  • the mixture may be dosed in the water and fuel composition in any suitable amount to provide an emulsion of desired stability.
  • the fuel composition comprises (b) polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid and (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in a total combined amount of from 0.1 to 2.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel composition comprises (b) polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid and (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in a total combined amount of from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel composition comprises (b) polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid and (c) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in a total combined amount of from 0.5 to 1 .0 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid is dosed in the water and fuel composition in any suitable amount to provide an emulsion of desired stability.
  • the fuel composition comprises polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid in an amount of from 0.05 to 2.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel composition comprises polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid in an amount of from 0.05 to 1.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition, !n a further aspect the fuel composition comprises polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid in an amount of from 0.05 to 0.8 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel composition comprises polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.8 wt% based on the total fuel composition. In a further aspect the fuel composition comprises polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.7 wt% based on the total fuel composition. In a further aspect the fuel composition comprises polyglycerol polyricinoieic acid in an amount of from 0.125 to 0.625 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is dosed in the water and fuel composition in any suitable amount to provide an emulsion of desired stability.
  • the fuel composition comprises a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in an amount of from 0.05 to 1.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel composition comprises a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in an amount of from 0.1 to 1.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel composition comprises a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in an amount of from 0.2 to 1.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel composition comprises a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in an amount of from 0.3 to 1.0 wt% based on the total fuel composition. In a further aspect the fuel composition comprises a monoglyceride of a fatty acid in an amount of from 0.375 to 0.875 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • monoglycerides of fatty acids by the nature of their preparation are typically supplied as a mixture of monoglycerides of a fatty acid and diglycerides of a fatty acid. Such mixtures are referred to by those skilled in the art as a mono-diglyceride of a fatty acid.
  • the monoglycerides of fatty acids for use in the present invention are provided in a mixture of monoglyceride of a fatty acid and diglyceride of a fatty acid, namely as a mono-diglyceride of a fatty acid.
  • a method for improving the stability of a fuel composition containing fuel and water comprising mixing with the fuel and water, (a) polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid; and (b) a mixture of monoglyceride of a fatty acid and diglyceride of a fatty acid
  • the mixture of monoglycerides of fatty acids and diglycerides of fatty acids may be a distilled product or a non-distilled product.
  • the monoglyceride of a fatty acid is a distilled monoglyceride of a fatty acid.
  • the emulsifiers described allow for the preparation of an emulsion of fuei and water.
  • a fuel suitable for preparing into an emulsion but which has yet to be combined with water is hereby encompassed within the present invention.
  • the fuel containing the emulsifiers is combined with water and the fuel composition further comprises (d) water.
  • the fuel composition may be prepared by first dosing the emulsifiers (polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid and monoglyceride of a fatty acid) into the fuel, such as marine gasoil ( GO), after which water is dosed into the fuel/emulsifier blend.
  • the emulsifiers polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid and monoglyceride of a fatty acid
  • the amount of water may be selected based on the requirements of the combustion system.
  • the fuel composition further comprises (d) water in an amount of from 10 to 70 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the water is present in an amount of from 30 to 60 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the water is present in an amount of from 33 to 50 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more additives for example, to improve various aspects of the fuel to which the composition is typically added or to improve various aspects of the combustion system performance.
  • additional additives include detergents, carrier oils, anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, colour stabilisers, metal deactivators, cetane number improvers, other combustion improvers, antifoams, pour point depressants, cold filter plugging depressants, wax anti- settling additives, dispersants, reodorants. dyes, smoke suppressants, lubricity agents, and other particulate filter regeneration additives.
  • the fuel composition comprises glycerol in an amount of less than 0.1 wt% based on the total fuel composition, such as in an amount of less than 0.05 wt% based on the total fuel composition, such as in an amount of less than 0.02 wt% based on the total fue! composition, such as in an amount of less than 0.01 wt% based on the total fuel composition, such as in an amount of less than 0.005 wt% based on the totai fuel composition, such as in an amount of less than 0.001 wt% based on the total fuel composition.
  • the fuel may be any fuel suitable for combustion where reduction of NOx is desired.
  • the fuel is a fuel for spark ignition engines such as a gasoline engine.
  • the fuel is a fuel for a high compression spontaneous ignition engine.
  • the fuel is selected from diesel, heavy fuel oil, marine gasoil ( GO) and kerosene.
  • the diesel may be biodiesel, low sulphur diesel and ultra-low sulphur diesel.
  • the fuel is marine gasoil.
  • the marine gasoil may be any suitable marine gasoil. In one aspect it is a fuel having a (i) a density of 0.85-0.89g/cm 3 , a cetane Number of approximately 45; and a flash point of greater than 55°C.
  • the present invention provides a kit for preparing a fuel composition as defined herein, the kit comprising (a) polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid; and (b) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid, in separate packages or containers, or combined in a single package or container; together with instructions for use to prepare the fuel composition.
  • a) polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid and (b) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid of a fatty acid are provided in separate packages or containers.
  • polyglycerol polyricinoleic acid and (b) a monoglyceride of a fatty acid of a fatty acid are provided combined in a single package or container.
  • GRIWDSTED PGP 90 a polyglycerol polyricinolate, and specifically a polyglycerol ester of polycondensed fatty acids from castor oil.
  • GRINDSTED PGPR 90 is available from Danisco A/S, Denmark.
  • GRINDSTED PGPR 90 has i) an acid value of less than or equal to 6mg KOH; ii) a hydroxy! va!ue of 80 to 100 mgKOH; and iii) an iodine value of 72 to 103 g l 2 .
  • DIMODAN U/J a distilled monoglyceride, and specifically a distilled monoglyceride made from refined sunflower oil.
  • DIMODAN U/J is available from Danisco A/S.
  • GRINDSTED PGPR 90 and DIMODAN U/J were tested at dosages ranging from 0.6%- 1.0% based on the total emulsion. The tests were performed at water contents of 33% and 50% at temperatures of 40°C and 55°C.
  • Emulsions were characterised in respect to emulsion stability (phase separation and sedimentation), water droplet size distribution (drop!et size by NMR and CLS ) and viscosity from flow curves. Preparation of emulsions:
  • the emulsifiers were dissolved in 40/55°C MGO and 40/55°C water was added to the Marine Gasoil (MGO) during high speed mixing with Ultra Turrax at 20500 rpm for 64 sec as standard.
  • MGO Marine Gasoil
  • the emulsions were investigated according to below described methods and subsequently stored at 40/55°C.
  • Emulsions stability The emulsions were evaluated visually for stability. Two phenomena were evaluated: water droplet sedimentation due to gravity force and water separation due to coalescence. The samples were monitored for 3 hours.
  • CLSM Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope - Leica TCS SP2 using Nile Red and FITC for MGO and water droplets staining, respectively.
  • the water droplet size distribution was measured by NMR (Bruker Minispec mq20 NMR Analyzer) based on log-normal size distribution.
  • the emulsifiers were added and dissolved into the MGO at 40°C. 40°C was maintained during mixing with Ultra Turrax at 20500 rpm for 64 seconds. The results are shown in Table 1.
  • the droplet size distribution in table 1 shows a nearly constant D50.0 independently of the mixing ratio between PGPR 90 and DIMODAN U/J.
  • Figure 2 shows images of the samples of Table 1. For each composition, images were recorded at 1 , 2 and 3 hours after mixing.
  • Figure 3 shows graphically the degree of sedimentation expressed as amount of free MGO on top of the samples. The graph was constructed by measuring and calculating the height of the free oil layer in percentage of the total emulsion height by image analysis. Five samples in the mid-range perform excellently with no sedimentation within the first 3 hours Samples with only PGPR 90 or DIMODAN U/J had severe sedimentation Figure 2 and Figure 3 clearly show, that PGPR: DIMODAN in the mixing ratios 62.5:37.5: 12.5:87.5 provide superior stability with sedimentation during the 3 hours seen as free gasoil in top of the samples.
  • the results are shown in Table 2.
  • Table 2 Table 2
  • Figure 6 shows images of the samples of Table 2. For each composition, images were recorded at 1 , 2 and 3 hours after mixing. The droplet size distribution shows that high water content results in smaller droplets. The larger droplets for sample 13 and 14 was also reflected in the CLSM images of Figure 7, where samples 13 and 14 showed less smooth structure as compared to the rest of the samples.

Abstract

Cette invention concerne une composition combustible comprenant : (a) un combustible ; (b) un acide polyglycérol polyricinoléique, et (c) un monoglycéride d'acide gras.
PCT/IB2012/050835 2011-02-24 2012-02-23 Composition combustible WO2012114302A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/981,465 US20130333277A1 (en) 2011-02-24 2012-02-23 Fuel composition
EP12709181.7A EP2678408A1 (fr) 2011-02-24 2012-02-23 Composition combustible
KR1020137020862A KR20140051121A (ko) 2011-02-24 2012-02-23 연료 조성물

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB1103181.2 2011-02-24
GBGB1103181.2A GB201103181D0 (en) 2011-02-24 2011-02-24 Compositon

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2012114302A1 true WO2012114302A1 (fr) 2012-08-30

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/IB2012/050835 WO2012114302A1 (fr) 2011-02-24 2012-02-23 Composition combustible

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US (1) US20130333277A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2678408A1 (fr)
KR (1) KR20140051121A (fr)
GB (1) GB201103181D0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2012114302A1 (fr)

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070207133A1 (en) * 2004-03-19 2007-09-06 Danisco A/S Emulsifier Composition for Shortening
US20080110083A1 (en) * 2006-10-13 2008-05-15 Martin Baehr Fuel compositions containing glycerol
WO2008058888A1 (fr) * 2006-11-15 2008-05-22 Unilever N.V. Émulsions comestibles avec des polyphénols
WO2009003960A1 (fr) * 2007-06-29 2009-01-08 Nestec S.A. Emulsions doubles stables
US7491247B1 (en) 1997-12-12 2009-02-17 Jakush Edward A Fuel emulsion compositions having reduced NOx emissions

Family Cites Families (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1242558B1 (fr) * 1999-11-30 2015-01-28 21st Century Medicine Prevention de la nucleation de la glace au moyen de polyglycerol
EP3705555A1 (fr) * 2010-05-25 2020-09-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Procédé pour fournir un gain de puissance dans un moteur

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7491247B1 (en) 1997-12-12 2009-02-17 Jakush Edward A Fuel emulsion compositions having reduced NOx emissions
US20070207133A1 (en) * 2004-03-19 2007-09-06 Danisco A/S Emulsifier Composition for Shortening
US20080110083A1 (en) * 2006-10-13 2008-05-15 Martin Baehr Fuel compositions containing glycerol
WO2008058888A1 (fr) * 2006-11-15 2008-05-22 Unilever N.V. Émulsions comestibles avec des polyphénols
WO2009003960A1 (fr) * 2007-06-29 2009-01-08 Nestec S.A. Emulsions doubles stables

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
JORGEN MADSEN ET AL: "40% Fat spread for frying", RESEARCH DISCLOSURE, MASON PUBLICATIONS, HAMPSHIRE, GB, vol. 398, no. 11, 1 June 1997 (1997-06-01), XP007121808, ISSN: 0374-4353 *

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KR20140051121A (ko) 2014-04-30
GB201103181D0 (en) 2011-04-06
EP2678408A1 (fr) 2014-01-01
US20130333277A1 (en) 2013-12-19

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