WO2012110256A1 - Procédé de conversion de dioxyde de carbone et d'hydrogène en méthane par des micro-organismes - Google Patents

Procédé de conversion de dioxyde de carbone et d'hydrogène en méthane par des micro-organismes Download PDF

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WO2012110256A1
WO2012110256A1 PCT/EP2012/000725 EP2012000725W WO2012110256A1 WO 2012110256 A1 WO2012110256 A1 WO 2012110256A1 EP 2012000725 W EP2012000725 W EP 2012000725W WO 2012110256 A1 WO2012110256 A1 WO 2012110256A1
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carbon dioxide
hydrogen
partial pressure
reaction vessel
gas
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PCT/EP2012/000725
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English (en)
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Alexander Krajete
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Krajete GmbH
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Priority to EP12705794.1A priority Critical patent/EP2675905A1/fr
Publication of WO2012110256A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012110256A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M21/00—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses
    • C12M21/04—Bioreactors or fermenters specially adapted for specific uses for producing gas, e.g. biogas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M29/00—Means for introduction, extraction or recirculation of materials, e.g. pumps
    • C12M29/20—Degassing; Venting; Bubble traps
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
    • C12M41/26—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of pH
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
    • C12M41/28—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of redox potential
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M41/00—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation
    • C12M41/40—Means for regulation, monitoring, measurement or control, e.g. flow regulation of pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20—Bacteria; Culture media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
    • C12P5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons acyclic
    • C12P5/023—Methane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • Methane (CH ) is an important fuel source and the major component of natural gas.
  • the methane content in natural gas varies between 70% and 99%.
  • Natural gas exhibits the cleanest burning properties when compared to other fossil fuels like oil or coal and produces less carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) per energy unit released.
  • Methane burns with oxygen (0 2 ) and solely produces water (H 2 0) and C0 2 .
  • Methane would have the characteristics of an ideal energy carrier: it is storable and a well-developed infrastructure is already available. However, burning methane from fossil-fuel sources increases the C0 2 release and will deplete in the foreseeable future. Thus, it would be highly desirable to provide a closed C0 2 cycle by fixing C0 2 in a bioprocess yielding a product which can be readily used.
  • a product is methane as the main constituent of natural gas. Methane can be directly produced from carbon dioxide and hydrogen either chemically or biologically.
  • the general reaction equation is C0 2 +4H 2 ⁇ CH 4 +2H 2 0.
  • the chemical process is called Sabatier reaction or Sabatier process.
  • This reaction requires hydrogen and carbon dioxide, elevated temperatures and pressure, and a nickel catalyst. More effectively, ruthenium on aluminum oxide is used as catalyst.
  • This process has a good turnover rate, although disadvantages are, for example, a low selectivity, the susceptibility of the catalyst to impurities and the high energy demand for heat and pressure all of which reduce the overall process economy.
  • a much better alternative would be the biological conversion of C0 2 and H 2 into methane by methanogenic microorganisms, such as for example methanogenic archaea.
  • the biological pathway is also known as methanogenesis. These cells are capable of methanogenesis which is a form of anaerobic respiration.
  • the reaction C0 2 +4H 2 ⁇ CH 4 +2H 2 0 takes place at relatively moderate temperatures, the reaction system is robust with a good impurity tolerance and has a high selectivity even at normal pressure.
  • a method of converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane by methanogenic microorganisms in a reaction vessel comprising contacting the methanogenic microorganisms with a gas feed comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide, is an object of the invention.
  • methane as an ideal energy carrier is provided.
  • Another objective of the invention is the fixation of carbon dioxide which is released through industrial and agricultural processes and from industrial plants, i.e. waste carbon dioxide.
  • biogas has a methane content of between 50% and maximal 70%, the rest consists mainly of carbon dioxide, water vapour and hydrogen sulphide.
  • Biogas already has an application in combined heat power plants which generate both heat and electricity, although it may also be upgraded in a complex and expensive process to be used as natural gas.
  • hydrogen sulphide gas, water vapour and carbon dioxide have to be separated from biogas to increase the methane content. It is therefore desirable and an objective of the invention to provide a process which directly produces methane in a concentration that is suitable for direct use as natural gas, i.e. suitable for the existing natural gas infrastructure and end-user applications. It is a further objective of the invention that the process is easy to handle, environmentally friendly, cost-effective and robust.
  • US 4,883,753 describes a method for methane production by Methanococcus thermolitotrophicus and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus in a 1 litre fermenter under continuous conditions.
  • the fermenter is supplied with a gas feed of hydrogen and carbon dioxide with the volumetric ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide of 80%:20%.
  • EP 1 574 581 describes a method and apparatus for preparing methane gas from a carbon dioxide containing starting material.
  • the reactor may be operated under a light overpressure of 1.5 to 3 bar.
  • T the microorganisms used for the conversion are preferably immobilized on a solid substrate material.
  • the carbon dioxide containing starting material should have a content of carbon dioxide of at least 80%, more preferable 95%.
  • WO 2008/094282 describes a method of converting C0 2 gas from biomass fermentation by methanogenic archaea to methane to improve the energy efficiency of ethanol fuel from corn starch in a 1.3 litre fermenter. Throughout the whole process comprising a cell growth phase and continuous phase, a gas feed of 4:1 volumetric ratio of H 2 /C0 2 is applied. The continuous phase is characterized by fresh medium supply after stable methane production has been observed when the dissolved hydrogen in the medium had been depleted.
  • the method of the invention uses methanogenic microorganisms for converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane, wherein maintaining the ratio of the partial pressures of H 2 and C0 2 below or above a specific ratio or in a specific range has surprisingly been identified by the inventors as being the most appropriate way to control the actual fermentation condition and gas ratio inside the reaction vessel and thus the provision of educts to the methanogenic microorganisms.
  • the "partial pressure" of an ideal gas in a gas mixture is equal to the pressure it would exert if the same volume is occupied alone at the same temperature. This is because ideal gas molecules are so far apart that they do not interfere with each other.
  • the partial pressure of a gas dissolved in a liquid is the partial pressure of that gas which would be generated in a gas phase in equilibrium with the liquid at the same temperature. Gases dissolve, diffuse, and react according to their partial pressures, and not necessarily according to their concentrations in a gas mixture. By controlling partial pressure ratio rather than volumetric amounts, the part of methane production by conversion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide can significantly be improved.
  • the invention provides a method for converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane by methanogenic microorganisms in a reaction vessel, the method comprising contacting the methanogenic microorganisms with in-gas comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide, the method further comprising at least one methane production phase, wherein in the at least one methane production phase the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at 5:1 or higher (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide).
  • the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is maintained in the range from 7:1 to 30: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), preferably in the range from 9:1 to 25: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), even more preferably in the range from 10: 1 to 18:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), most preferably, the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel in the at least one methane production phase is maintained in the range from 12: 1 to 17: 1 or maintained at or adjusted to 15 ⁇ 1 : 1 or 18 ⁇ 1 :1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide).
  • the method further comprises at least one cell growth phase, wherein in the at least one cell growth phase the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel in the at least one cell growth phase is adjusted to or maintained at a ratio different from the ratio in the at least one methane production phase, preferably, the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is maintained at a ratio lower than the ratio in the at least one methane production phase, more preferably, the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is maintained at 4:1 or lower (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), even more preferably, in the at least one cell growth phase the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide maintained in the range from 0.5: 1 to 4: 1 or from 0.75:1 to 3.5:1 or in the range from 1 : 1 to 2.5:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), most preferably, the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel in the at least one cell growth phase
  • the method of the invention comprises the following steps:
  • the method of the invention comprises the following steps:
  • the method of the invention comprises or consists of the following steps in the order given:
  • the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel in the at least one methane production phase is maintained below -350 mV, preferably, the oxidation reduction potential is maintained in the range from -400 mV to -700 mV, more preferably, the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel is maintained in the range from -500 mV to -700 mV, most preferably, adjusted to or maintained at a value of -550 ⁇ 50 mV.
  • the oxidation reduction potential in the at least one cell growth phase is maintained below -300 mV, preferably, the oxidation reduction potential in the at least one cell growth phase is maintained in the range from -300 mV to -500 mV, even more preferably, the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel is maintained in the range from -300 mV to -400 mV, most preferably, the oxidation reduction potential in the at least one cell growth phase inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to o maintained at a value of -350 ⁇ 25 mV.
  • the oxidation reduction potential is adjusted or maintained using a reducing agent, such as sodium sulphide or hydrogen sulphide, or by adjusting the hydrogen or oxygen in-gas feed into the reaction vessel.
  • a reducing agent such as sodium sulphide or hydrogen sulphide
  • the pH value inside the reaction vessel is maintained in the range from 5.0 to 8.0, preferably in the range from 5.5 to 7.8, more preferably in the range from 6.4 to 7.6, even more preferably in the range from 6.7 to 7.2, and most preferably the pH inside the reaction vessel is maintained at or adjusted to 6.9 ⁇ 0.5.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms are methanogenic archaea, more preferably the methanogenic archaea is selected from the group consisting of Methanosarcinia barkeri, Methanococcus maripaludis, Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, Methanothermobacter marburgensis, and mixtures thereof, even more preferably, the methanogenic archaea is Methanothermobacter marburgensis, most preferably, the methanogenic archaea is Methanothermobacter marburgensis strain DSM 2133.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms are maintained in the at least one cell growth phase until the cell growth of the methanogenic microorganisms in the reaction vessel stagnates or reaches at least a concentration of 3 g biomass per litre.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms are switched from at least one cell growth phase to at least one methane production phase by adjusting or maintaining the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel to or at 5: 1 or higher (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) or from at least one methane production phase to at least one cell growth phase by adjusting or maintaining the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel to o at a ratio different from the ratio in the at least one methane production phase, optionally, for switching the methanogenic microorganisms from at least one cell growth phase to at least one methane production phase the oxidation reduction potential is adjusted to or maintained at a value below -350 mV and/or for switching the methanogenic microorganisms from at least one methane production phase to at least one cell growth phase the oxidation reduction potential is adjusted to or maintained at a value below -300 mV, optionally, using a
  • the carbon dioxide and/or the hydrogen is from or is derived from an industrial process, is off-gas, real gas or a mixture thereof.
  • the industrial process comprises biogas or biomass fermentation, anaerobic digestion, the electrolysis of water or brine, methanogenesis by methanogenic archaea, oxygen combustion or gasification, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the industrial process is selected from the group consisting of biogas or biomass fermentation, anaerobic digestion, the electrolysis of water or brine, methanogenesis by methanogenic archaea, oxygen combustion or gasification, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the energy for the industrial process or the electrolysis of water or brine to obtain hydrogen is derived from a renewable energy source.
  • the invention also provides a bioreactor suitable for the method of the invention and any embodiment thereof at least comprising a) at least one reaction vessel for fermenting, growing and/or culturing methanogenic microorganisms,
  • the invention also provides a culture of methanogenic microorganisms having a biomass concentration of at least 6 g biomass per litre, wherein no additional methanogenic microorganism is added after inoculation or cell retention is applied during fermentation, and uses thereof for converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane.
  • the invention provides a method of converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane by methanogenic microorganisms in a reaction vessel.
  • the method of the invention comprises contacting the methanogenic microorganisms in the cell culture with a gas feed comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide and comprises at least one methane production phase and optionally at least one cell growth phase.
  • the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide (H 2 /C0 2 ratio) in the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at 5: 1 or higher (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), preferably, maintained in the range from 7:1 to 30: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), more preferably in the range from 9: 1 to 25:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), even more preferably in the range from 10: 1 to 18:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), most preferably, the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel is maintained in the range from 12 : 1 to 17 : 1 or adjusted to about 15 ⁇ 1 : 1 or 18 ⁇ 1 : 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) in the at least one methane production phase, whereas in the optional at least one cell growth phase, the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide is different from the ratio in the at least one methane production phase, preferably, the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to
  • the method of the invention consumes carbon dioxide and thus reduces the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
  • the method of the invention uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen from any source and thus provides a method for reducing the amount of carbon dioxide released and hence in the atmosphere which is suspected by many researches to cause global warming.
  • Another aspect of the invention is the conversion of carbon dioxide contained in waste gas from any industrial process, such as coal gasification, biomass gasification, liquid fuel production by biomass fermentation, ethanol production from biomass and others into methane.
  • the invention has a double positive effect on the environment.
  • the inventors have surprisingly found out that the key parameter for an economically feasible methane production is the volumetric productivity.
  • the volumetric productivity is calculated from equation (1):
  • volumetric productivity [mmol/L/hJ (biomass concentration [g/L]) x (specific methane production rate [mmol/g/h]).
  • the "specific methane production rate” denotes the amount of methane [mmol] produced per gram of methanogenic microorganisms, i.e.
  • the cell concentration should be as high as possible in the method and in the reaction vessel of the invention due to the fact that the cells, i.e. the biomass of methanogenic microorganisms, principally function as a catalyst for converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane.
  • the specific methane production rate reflects the productivity per gram biomass of methanogenic microorganism, i.e. the catalytic productivity of the biomass inside the reaction vessel.
  • both parameters, the biomass concentration and the specific methane production rate, and therefore also the volumetric productivity depend on the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel.
  • the invention described herein allows for a very specific control of the fermentation process and methane production, wherein the experimenter can specifically control the carbon flux from carbon dioxide either to biomass production in a cell growth phase or to methane production in a methane production phase.
  • the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen and carbon dioxide has never been regarded as having an impact on methane production by methanogenic microorganisms.
  • the partial pressure of a gas reflects the specific, i.e. partial, pressure of said gas in a gas mixture, here in the gas phase inside the reaction vessel.
  • a gaseous phase In the reaction vessel, essentially a liquid phase and a gaseous phase are present.
  • the gaseous phase comprises the gases which are fed into the reactor or are produced by the
  • the liquid phase inside the reaction vessel comprises the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention which are typically suspended in a standard medium.
  • the partial pressures of the gases are determined by a combination of sensors which measure the head pressure and the off-gas concentration, and thus may be adjusted in real time to a specific ratio or maintained at a value or in a specific range.
  • Head pressure denotes the total pressure inside the reaction vessel.
  • This invention presents for the first time a method for converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane by methanogenic microorganisms wherein it is not even necessary to determine the exact composition of the gas source which is used. Due to the novel and inventive approach of the method, wherein the pressure ratio of both gases in inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at a specific value or in a range according to the desired carbon flux, i.e. towards cell growth in the cell growth phase or towards methane production in the methane production phase.
  • the partial pressures of both gases, hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which are the educts for the conversion to methane by the methanogenic microorganisms, provide much more reliable information on how much of the two methanogenesis educt substances is actually provided to the cells.
  • the partial pressures of the gases also allow the calculation of the dissolved gas concentrations which are actually available to the cells since partial pressures are linked via Henry's law to the solubility of the gaseous components in the liquid phase.
  • the partial pressures of the gases are determined by a combination of sensors which measure the head pressure and the off-gas concentration, and thus may be adjusted or maintained in real time to a specific ratio or in a specific ratio range.
  • standard gas analyzer systems such as provided by BlueSens gas sensor GmbH, Herten, Germany
  • the head pressure standard pressure sensors such as provided by Keller (Winterthur,
  • the inventors found out that the methanogenic microorganisms require a different partial pressure of carbon dioxide and hydrogen for optimal cell growth, i.e. biomass concentration increase, than for optimal methane production.
  • a determined ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide is beneficial for the ability of the biomass i.e. of the methanogenic microorganisms to produce methane.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms require a different ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide than for methane production for cell growth, i.e. for biomass concentration increase.
  • the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide in the reaction vessel has a high impact on the performance of the cells, i.e. either mainly cell growth is promoted or mainly methane is produced.
  • the method of the invention comprises at least one methane production phase and optionally at least one cell growth phase. Principally, the two phases are characterized by a different ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in both phases. It is even more surprising that a ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel which is maintained at 5:1 or higher (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) promotes methane production of the methanogenic microorganisms, i.e.
  • the carbon flux from carbon dioxide is directed to methane.
  • the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the reaction vessel in the at least one methane production phase is maintained in the range from 7:1 to 30: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), more preferably, in the range from 9:1 to 25:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), even more preferably, in the range from 10: 1 to 18:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), most preferably, the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel is maintained in the range from 12: 1 to 17: 1 or adjusted to 15 ⁇ 1 : 1 or 18 ⁇ 1 : 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide).
  • the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide is maintained at a ratio lower than the ratio in the at least one methane production phase, particularly preferably, the partial pressure ratio is maintained at 4:1 or lower (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) in the at least one cell growth phase, more preferably, the partial pressure ratio is maintained in the range from 0.5: 1 to 4:1 or from 0.75:1 to 3.5: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), even more preferably, the partial pressure ratio is maintained in the range from 1 : 1 to 2.5: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), most preferably, the partial pressure ratio is adjusted to or maintained at a ratio of 1.5 ⁇ 0.5: 1 or 2 ⁇ 1 :1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) in the at least one cell growth phase.
  • Phase or “fermentation phase” in the sense of the invention describes a situation, i.e. a condition, state or fermentation condition of the methanogenic microorganisms in the reaction vessel of the invention which is characterized by specific fermentation conditions which are applied to the methanogenic microorganism, e.g. the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide or the oxidation reduction potential maintained in a range or adjusted to or maintained at as mentioned above.
  • any “cell growth phase” and in particular the “at least one cell growth phase” is a phase of the invention, wherein the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at a ratio different to the ratio in a methane production phase and thereby mainly characterized by an increase of the biomass concentration by cell division of the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention, i.e. by cell growth of the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention.
  • any “methane production phase” and in particular the “at least one methane production phase” is a phase of the invention, wherein the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel is maintained at 5: 1 or higher (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) and thereby mainly characterized by methane production.
  • the cells may also or may not produce methane and during any methane production phase, the biomass concentration may increase, remain the same or decline, preferably, the biomass concentration increases in the methane production phase and in particular in the at least one methane production phase.
  • the method of the invention may further comprise an intermediate phase, wherein the methanogenic microorganisms in the reaction vessel are switched from a methane production phase, in particular from the at least one methane production phase, to a cell growth phase, in particular to the at least one cell growth phase, or from a cell growth phase, in particular from the at least one cell growth phase, to a methane production phase, in particular to the at least one methane production phase. While the methanogenic microorganisms are in an intermediate phase, they may produce methane or not or the cells may divide, grow or not.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention are switched from one phase to another phase, i.e. from a methane production phase, in particular from the at least one methane production phase, to a cell growth phase, in particular to the at least one cell growth phase, or from a cell growth phase, in particular from the at least one cell growth phase, to a methane production phase, in particular to the at least one methane production phase, by adjusting or maintaining the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide to or at values or ranges as disclosed above.
  • the oxidation reduction potential is adjusted using a reducing agent.
  • any substance which reduces the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel without being harmful to the cells or having an inhibitory effect on cell growth or methane production may be used as reducing agent.
  • reducing agents are sodium sulphide or hydrogen sulphide.
  • the oxidation reduction potential may be adjusted by the oxygen gas inflow, hydrogen inflow and/or pH shift.
  • the oxidation reduction potential is measured in real time, for example by a redox probe from Mettler-Toledo GmbH (Gsammlungsee, Switzerland) or any other suitable means, and therefore a specific adjustment or maintaining is possible.
  • the reducing agent may be pulsed into the reaction vessel or fed in a continuous mode.
  • ORP Oxidation reduction potential
  • V volts
  • mV millivolts
  • An aqueous solution, such as the medium of the cell culture of the invention, with a lower (more negative) oxidation reduction potential has for example a tendency to donate electrons to a newly introduced species (i.e. to be oxidized by reducing a newly introduced species).
  • the transfer of hydrogen ions between chemical species determines the pH of an aqueous solution
  • the transfer of electrons between chemical species determines the oxidation reduction potential of an aqueous solution, here the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel.
  • the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel in the at least one methane production phase may be adjusted to or maintained below -350 mV, preferably, in the range from -400 mV to -700 mV, more preferably, the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel is maintained in the range from -500 mV to -700 mV, most preferably, adjusted to or maintained at a value of -550 ⁇ 50 mV.
  • the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at below -300 mV, preferably, in the range from -300 mV to -500 mV, even more preferably, the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at a value of -350 ⁇ 25 mV.
  • the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel should optionally be adjusted to or maintained at a value below -300 mV, preferably, in the range from -300 mV to -500 mV, even more preferably, the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at a value of -350 ⁇ 25 mV.
  • the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel should optionally be adjusted to or maintained at a value below -350 mV, preferably, in the range from -400 mV to -700 mV, more preferably, the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel is maintained in the range from -500 mV to -700 mV, most preferably, adjusted to or maintained at a value of -550 ⁇ 50 mV.
  • a specific oxidation reduction potential is required to start cell growth after inoculation of a medium in the reaction vessel with the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention.
  • the oxidation reduction potential should be adjusted to or maintained at a value of -350 ⁇ 25 mV. This value may be achieved by different means, for example by adding 500 mM Na 2 SxH 2 0 to the inoculated medium. Inoculation procedures will be explained in detail below.
  • a methane production phase and a cell growth phase are characterized by the different ratios of the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide as described in detail above.
  • the oxidation reduction potential in both phases is beneficially adjusted to or maintained at the values or in the ranges as also described in detail above; however, the ratio of the partial pressures is the main characteristic and determines the phase of the methanogenic microorganisms.
  • the phases of the methanogenic microorganisms, the growth phase, the intermediate phase and the methane production phase may be separated i.e. do not have to follow timely immediately after each other as the methanogenic microorganisms may be stored at lower temperatures depending on the specific cell strain used. Also, the phases do not have to occur in the same reaction vessel but the cells may be grown in one reaction vessel and be transferred to another reaction vessel for methane production.
  • either two or more bioreactors may be used or the bioreactor may comprise at least two reaction vessels, at least one for cell growth and at least one for methane production. All fermentation conditions, in particular the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide or the oxidation reduction potential inside the reaction vessel comply according to the phase of the methanogenic microorganisms.
  • a suitable medium e.g. standard medium
  • a suitable amount of the methanogenic microorganisms is provided in a cell suspension which is anaerobically transferred to the reaction vessel.
  • a suitable amount of the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention is for example 0.5 to 10% of a living cell suspension of the methanogenic microorganism respective to the target volume.
  • a single cell is enough to inoculate the medium and thus, the amount may vary in a broad range.
  • the skilled person knows that microorganisms and also methanogenic micro- organisms grow exponentially, thus, the more cells are used for inoculation, the earlier the cells reach a certain biomass concentration. Further, inoculation procedures are known to the skilled person and may be individually selected without having a negative effect on the success of the invention (Schoenheit, Moll et al. , 1980).
  • the at least one cell growth phase may follow.
  • the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide is maintained at a ratio different compared to the ratio in the at least one methane production phase, preferably, the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the at least one cell growth phase is maintained at a ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide which is lower than the ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the at least one methane production phase, particularly preferably, the partial pressure ratio in the at least one cell growth phase is maintained at 4: 1 or lower (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), more preferably, the partial pressure ratio is maintained in the range from 0.5:1 to 4: 1 or from 0.75: 1 to 3.5:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), even more preferably, maintained in the range from 1 :1 to 2.5: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), most preferably, the partial pressure ratio is adjusted to r maintained at a
  • the length of the at least one cell growth phase depends on the cell growth rate of the methanogenic microorganisms in the cell culture; however, the time period of any cell growth phase and in particular of the at least one cell growth phase may be chosen by the experimenter performing the method of the invention.
  • the least one cell growth phase is not necessary for the success of methane production of the method of the invention as the cells may also grow and divide under the fermentation conditions of the at least one methane production phase, in particular characterized by a specific H 2 /C0 2 partial pressure ratio.
  • at least one cell growth phase is additionally beneficial for a high biomass concentration in the methane production phase which results in a higher methane yield.
  • the partial pressure ratio which is applied in the cell growth phase promotes the carbon flux from carbon dioxide to biomass prior to enter the methane production phase, wherein the carbon flux is mainly directed from carbon dioxide to methane.
  • Another advantage of an additional cell growth phase is that a catalytically acceptable biomass concentration of 3 g/L is reached after a shorter period of fermentation time and hence, the productivity of the overall methane production process is optimized.
  • the method of the invention first describes how - and even that it is possible at all - the carbon flux may be directed according to the needs of the experimenter and according to the procedural requirements.
  • the inventors have found out that it is beneficial for the volumetric productivity of the overall methane production of the method of the invention to maintain the methanogenic microorganisms in the at least one cell growth phase until the cell growth of the methanogenic microorganisms in the reaction vessel stagnates (optionally, at around 3 g/L), i.e. the biomass concentration does not increase any further, or the biomass concentration reaches a value of at least 3 g biomass per litre.
  • the biomass concentration may be determined as described elsewhere, for example gravimetrically (Schill, van Gulik et al, 1996). A person skilled in the art, of course, knows other methods to determine the biomass concentration which might be used as well for this purpose.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms may be switched from cell growth phase to methane production phase or intermediate phase or from methane production phase to cell growth phase or intermediate phase by adjusting the fermentation conditions if regarded beneficial by the experimenter for example to even more increase the biomass concentration.
  • the method of the present invention may also comprise two or more methane production phases, optionally one, two or more cell growth phases and optionally one, two or more intermediate phases.
  • the fermentation conditions of the methane production phase are applied, in particular the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen to carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel is adjusted to or maintained at the ratio or in the range of the methane production phase.
  • the methano- genie microorganisms are switched to the methane production phase, optionally the methanogenic microorganisms pass an intermediate phase.
  • the microorganisms of the invention are maintained in this phase over a period of time which can range from hours to weeks to month and years depending on fresh medium supply, the cell species and the specific needs of the experimenter.
  • the biomass concentration in the at least one methane production phase may increase to a value of at least 6 g biomass per litre, preferably at least 7 g biomass per litre, more preferably at least 8 g biomass per litre, even more preferably at least 9 g biomass per litre and most preferably at least 10 g biomass per litre, wherein no additional methanogenic microorganism is added after inoculation or cell retention is applied during fermentation, but the biomass concentration is reached by cell division of the originally inoculated cells which are in general 0.5 to 10% of the inoculation volume from an earlier harvest of 3 g/L stored in a pressurized bottle at +4 °C.
  • microorganisms in particular of the methanogenic archaea.
  • the use of the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention inside a reaction vessel having a biomass concentration of at least 6 g biomass per litre under continuous fermentation conditions such as described herein is also provided herein.
  • Biomass or “cell culture” or “cells” of the invention equally denote to the same collective of methanogenic microorganisms of one or more species which is used in the method of the invention for converting hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms i.e. cells of the biomass or cell culture in the reaction vessel of the invention, principally function as a catalyst for the biological conversion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane. They are placed inside the reaction vessel of the invention by inoculation of the medium inside the reaction vessel or by inoculation of the medium prior to the transfer of the medium into the reaction vessel of the invention.
  • methanogenic microorganisms also denotes to methanogenic microorganisms in a suspension with medium as inside a reaction vessel, the cell culture of methanogenic microorganisms typically comprises medium.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms may be removed with or without medium from the reaction vessel either completely or partially during fermentation and in any phase for various purposes, such as exchange of cells or medium and/or for analytics, such as cell weight determination or cell vitality examination, or harvest for future inoculum. Methane is obtained from the gas leaving the liquid phase, i.e. the cell-medium suspension.
  • Biomass obtained from the reaction vessel may be used as source for the recovery of metabolites and as basis for new culture medium.
  • Healthy biomass denotes a good vitality status of a living biomass, i.e. of the living methanogenic microorganisms.
  • a "microorganism” is an organism that is unicellular or lives in a colony of cellular organisms. Microorganisms are very diverse; they include bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protists; microscopic plants (such as green algae); and animals such as plankton and the planarian. Some microbiologists also include viruses, but others consider these as non-living.
  • Methodogenic in the sense of the invention denotes the capability of converting carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane, i.e. being able to perform the reaction pathway of C0 2 +4H 2 ⁇ CH 4 +2H 2 0 which is called methano- genesis.
  • a "methanogenic microorganism” is any microorganism which is capable of producing methane from other substances, i.e. capable of methanogenesis, preferably from an in-gas comprising carbon dioxide and hydrogen in various ratios, thus the methanogenic microorganisms are capable of producing methane from hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
  • the methanogenic microorganism of the invention may be grown in a reaction vessel, which is for example comprised in a bioreactor, under controlled fermentation or cell culture conditions in a controlled environment. In principle, any such methanogenic microorganism can be used for the method of the invention.
  • Environment or “controlled environment” refers to the surrounding of the methanogenic microorganisms inside the fermenter or reaction vessel comprising both, the liquid, characterized for example by the medium composition, feed and exchange rate, and the gaseous phase, characterized for example by the gas feed and gas feed composition, and the applied fermentation conditions.
  • the methanogenic microorganism in the cell culture of the invention is obtainable from public collections of organisms, such as the American Type Culture Collection, the Deutsche Stammsammlung fur Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ,
  • Suitable cell cultures may be pure i.e. contain only cells of a single species, or may be mixed cultures i.e. contain cells of more than one species.
  • a pure cell culture of methanogenic microorganisms is used for the method of the invention.
  • the methanogenic microorganism of the invention is a methanogenic archaea, comprising all methanogenic members of the Archaeal domain, such as for example Methanobacterium alcaliphilum, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobacterium congolense, Methanobacterium defluvii, Methanobacterium espanolae, Methano- bacterium formicicum, Methanobacterium ivanovii, Methanobacterium palustre, Methanobacterium thermaggregans, Methanobacterium uliginosum, Methano- brevibacter acididurans, Methanobrevibacter arbor iphilicus, Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii, Methanobrevibacter olleyae, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanobre
  • Methanococcus aeolicus Methanococcus maripaludis, Methanococcus vannielii, Methanococcus voltaei, Methanothermococcus thermolithotrophicus and
  • Methanopyrus kandleri Preferred are methanogenic archaea which belong to the species Methanosarcinia barkeri, Methanothermobacter marburgensis, such as for example DSM 2133 from Deutsche Stammsammlung fur Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus, Methanococcus maripaludis, or mixtures thereof, more preferably, the methanogenic archaea and thus the preferred methanogenic microorganism is of the species Methanothermobacter marburgensis, most preferably, the methanogenic microorganism or methanogenic archaea is Methanothermobacter marburgensis strain DSM 2133.
  • “Archaea” are single-celled microorganisms. Archaea have no cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles within their cells. In the past they were viewed as an unusual group of bacteria and named archaeabacteria, however, to date archaea are considered as having an independent evolutionary history since they show many differences in their biochemistry in comparison to other forms of life. Thus, they are now classified as a separate domain (Archaeal domain) in the three-domain system. In this system the phylogenetically distinct branches of evolutionary descent are the archaea, bacteria and eukarya. In principle, the methanogenic microorganism of the invention, i.e. the biomass, is used in cell culture, i.e.
  • the methanogenic microorganism is used as suspension with medium.
  • the medium of the invention comprises at least a source of nitrogen, assimilable salts, a buffering agent and trace elements. Sulphur is provided to the cells by the reducing agent or may be provided extra, thus, the reducing agent and the sulphur-providing substance may or may not be the same. Sulphur may be provided to the cells by the provision of biogas.
  • the medium is generally designed to keep the cells vital, healthy and productive without being expensive and thus beneficial for the , entire process economy of the method of the invention.
  • the medium Prior to inoculation of the medium with the methanogenic microorganism of the invention, the medium should be degassed for being anaerobic as is required for optimal methane production by the methanogenic microorganism which is used in the particular experiment, this applies in particular if the methanogenic microorganism is a methanogenic archaea.
  • Standard medium compositions may be taken from the literature and be adapted (Schoenheit, Moll et al, 1980; Schill, van Gulik et al, 1996; Liu, Schill et al, 1999).
  • An example for a standard medium has the following composition (L "1 ): 2,1 g NH 4 CI; 6,8 g
  • Said exemplary standard medium may be used for any embodiment of the method of the invention. Independent from the phase of the methanogenic microorganisms in the cell culture, the medium or single components of the medium are refreshed in a constant or stepwise mode during fermentation under continuous conditions.
  • the feed rate or in- feed rate of medium or medium components is generally adjusted between 0.001 h "1 and 0.1 h "1 .
  • the out-flow rate corresponds to the in-flow rate plus water which is produced by the methanogenic microorganisms during methanogenesis. Said water can be re-used for various purposes, such as medium preparation or else.
  • the medium has to be adjusted to the specific needs of the microorganism species, i.e. cell strain.
  • the fermentation conditions i.e. medium composition, and other parameters, such as H2/CO2 partial pressure ratio, pH, temperature, stirring speed, pressure, oxidation reduction potential or medium or medium component (i.e. consumables) feed rate, i.e. fresh medium supply rate
  • the fermentation conditions i.e. medium composition, and other parameters, such as H2/CO2 partial pressure ratio, pH, temperature, stirring speed, pressure, oxidation reduction potential or medium or medium component (i.e. consumables) feed rate, i.e. fresh medium supply rate
  • the procedural requirements depending for example on the phase of the methanogenic microorganisms in the reaction vessel.
  • Consable comprises all substances, components and/or materials in any form, i.e. solid, gaseous or liquid, which might be required by the methanogenic microorganisms in the reaction vessel of the invention, in any phase of the fermentation, e.g. in the methane production phase, the intermediate phase, or in the cell growth phase. Also included are substances which are fed into the reactor to maintain a certain fermentation condition, such as a certain medium composition, a specific oxidation reduction potential or partial pressure ratio. The supply of consumables can be adjusted by the experimenter throughout the method of the invention and in any phase of the methanogenic microorganism if deemed appropriate by the experimenter independent from the phase of the methanogenic microorganisms.
  • Procedural requirements comprise all situations which may arise during the method of the invention in any phase of the methanogenic microorganism, such as the requirement to switch to another phase or in response to oxygen contamination, feeding real gas, or else.
  • the method of the invention is designed for the conversion of hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane by methanogenic microorganisms in a reaction vessel; however, it might be necessary for a high volumetric productivity to switch from the methane production phase to an intermediate or cell growth phase, wherein excess liquid, parts of the gas phase or the biomass are partially or completely exchanged.
  • Such phases may be used for example to increase the cell density of the cell culture inside the reactor or to introduce fresh medium or medium components. At no time, the overall feasibility of the invention is impeded.
  • Off-gas denote the gaseous outcome of the reaction vessel of the invention and thus of the method which is typically a gas mixture leaving the reaction vessel.
  • the qualitative and quantitative content of the off-gas depends on various factors, such as the phase of the methanogenic micro- organisms in the reaction vessel, the total gas feed rate, and the composition of the in-gas.
  • the off-gas may comprise water vapour, the gases comprised in the in-gas, such as for example hydrogen, carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulphide, and gases which are produced by the methanogenic microorganisms such as methane.
  • the off-gas mixture may further contain contaminants which are in the in-gas or originate from the cell culture, for example oxygen, compounds from biogas generation, and others.
  • the off-gas mixture mainly comprises methane, preferably the methane content is at least 40%, 45%, 50% or 60%, more preferably the methane content is at least 70%, more preferably 80%, 84%, 86%, or 88%, even more preferably the methane content in the off-gas is at least 90%, most preferably the methane content is at least 92%, 94% or 96% wherein the higher the content the more preferred.
  • the methane content in the off-gas is typically between 50% and 80%.
  • the methane from the off-gas may be separated by standard means, e.g. by membranes such as obtainable from Du Pont (Wilmington, DE, USA) or Gore (Newark, DE, USA). It may further be used as energy carrier for energy applications to produce heat and/or electric energy or else and it may be used as raw material in various chemical and biological conversions.
  • In-gas denotes any gas or gas mixture which is fed into the reaction vessel and thus provided to the methanogenic microorganism.
  • the in-gas or in-gas feed comprises the gases which are required for the production of methane, i.e. hydrogen and carbon dioxide, and other gases which may be required for other purposes such as for example to adjust the oxidation reduction potential in the reaction vessel by addition of hydrogen sulphide or are required for other biological processes of the micro- organisms or which are introduced as contaminants. This is especially the case if real gases are used as gas source for the method of the invention.
  • “Feed” means the introduction or transfer of a gas, liquid, suspension or any other substance into the reaction vessel or into the bioreactor of the invention.
  • In-gas feed denotes the feed or flow or introduction of the in-gas, such as hydrogen or carbon dioxide, into the reaction vessel of the invention.
  • Hydrodrogen in-gas feed denotes the hydrogen comprising gas or in-gas which is introduced into the reaction vessel or bioreactor and
  • carbon dioxide in-gas feed denotes the carbon dioxide comprising gas or in- gas which is introduced into the reaction vessel or bioreactor.
  • Real gas denotes that the gas is not absolutely pure, i.e. is gas mixture.
  • real gas denotes that beside carbon dioxide or hydrogen also other gases are comprised which are denoted as contaminants.
  • an “ideal gas” is absolutely pure according to general industrial standards.
  • Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter, e.g. biomass, in the absence of oxygen, such as for example biomass fermentation. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel like bioethanol. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials, i.e. of biomass, such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material and energy crops. Thus, “biomass fermentation” denotes the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials, i.e. of biomass.
  • This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and carbon dioxide and is preferred as carbon dioxide real gas source of the invention.
  • Other gas species generated by use of biomass is wood gas, which is created by gasification of wood or other biomass.
  • This type of gas consists mainly of nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, with trace amounts of methane.
  • an "industrial process” is any process which involves chemical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacture of an item or items, usually carried out on a larger scale by man and not by nature.
  • relevant industrial processes produce carbon dioxide and/or hydrogen or other gases and substances which might be required for the method of the invention either as main product or as side product. If said substances are a side product, they are sometimes referred to as waste products (e.g. "industrial waste gas”).
  • waste products e.g. "industrial waste gas”
  • Industrial processes which produce or release hydrogen or carbon dioxide are also denoted as “industrial sources” for both gases.
  • the gas is referred to as being an "ideal gas” having a very high or absolute purity/quality or being a “real gas” having a lower or not absolute purity, meaning that one or more other gases may be present in various amounts, however, the gas species not being harmful to the cells of the invention or being present in the real gas in an amount not being harmful to the cells.
  • the carbon dioxide which is used for the method of the invention and is converted into methane by the methanogenic microorganism of the invention may be pure or of high quality/purity, i.e. "ideal gas", or "real gas”, characterized in that it comprises beside carbon dioxide also other gases which are denoted as contaminants.
  • the carbon dioxide may be of any source.
  • These carbon dioxide sources include but are not limited to ideal gas sources delivering ideal gas or real gas sources delivering real gas. Ideal gases may be obtained by various purchasers which are known to the skilled person (e.g. Air Liquide, Paris, France).
  • Sources of real gas are natural sources, such as the atmosphere, fixed carbon dioxide in living or dead biomass or industrial processes, also denoted as “industrial sources”, comprising the combustion or oxygen combustion or oxygen enriched combustion of fossil fuels, the burning of vegetable matter, biogas, bioethanol, biomass
  • carbon dioxide real gas is used for the method of the invention, i.e. carbon dioxide from a real gas source, more preferably the carbon dioxide real gas is from an industrial process, such as industrial waste gas, biogas or biomass fermentation, off-gas of the method of the invention itself, from other methanogenesis performed by methanogenic archaea, oxygen combustion or gasification or mixtures thereof.
  • combustion is a process wherein carbonaceous material, e.g. petroleum, coal, living and/or dead biomass reacts with an oxidizing element, such as oxygen, into carbon dioxide or also carbon monoxide, by thermal conversion.
  • the oxygen which is required for combustion may be derived from the electrolysis of water (see below).
  • Devices for combustion, oxygen enriched combustion or oxygen combustion may be obtained from Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Tokyo, Japan.
  • Biomass for combustion and/or gasification may also be the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention which are dried as it might be advisable to completely empty the bioreactor, remove the methanogenic microorganisms from the reaction vessel and start methanogenesis with a completely new batch of cells.
  • Carbon dioxide of any source and also mixtures thereof may be purified from contaminants prior to its feed into the reaction vessel of the invention by various methods which are known to the person skilled in the art, such as using a carbon dioxide scrubber, contacting the gas with an absorbing medium which selectively absorbs carbon dioxide, such as amine, monoethanolamine solutions or quicklime absorption, or which selectively absorbs gases other than carbon dioxide from the real gas, activated charcoal or activated coal, by the regenerative carbon dioxide removal system, polymer membrane gas separators, molecular sieves, others and combinations thereof.
  • a carbon dioxide scrubber contacting the gas with an absorbing medium which selectively absorbs carbon dioxide, such as amine, monoethanolamine solutions or quicklime absorption, or which selectively absorbs gases other than carbon dioxide from the real gas, activated charcoal or activated coal, by the regenerative carbon dioxide removal system, polymer membrane gas separators, molecular sieves, others and combinations thereof.
  • All aforementioned methods are also useful for recovery, purification, enriching, storing, recycling and/or further processing of carbon dioxide which is contained in the off-gas, and thus was not converted into methane by the methanogenic microorganisms, of the method of the invention.
  • carbon dioxide After carbon dioxide is separated from other components of the off-gas it may be fed back by tubes or other devices and means which are known to the skilled person into the reaction vessel comprised in an in-gas and is thus recycled. In this way, the use of carbon dioxide is optimized.
  • carbon dioxide of any natural, industrial, technical or artificial process, which releases carbon dioxide may be used as well as carbon dioxide from gasification.
  • Gasification is a process which converts carbonaceous materials, e.g.
  • the oxygen which is required for gasification may be derived from the electrolysis of water (see below).
  • the carbon dioxide comprising real gas is purified according to any of the techniques mentioned above or known in the art, to increase the carbon dioxide content to around 80%.
  • Carbon dioxide, i.e. carbon dioxide gas, of any source, e.g. ideal or real may be used during cell growth, methane production and intermediate phase of the invention.
  • carbon dioxide of different ideal and real sources may be mixed in any ratio and the mixture may be used in any phase of the invention. It is also appropriate to mix the gas sources or change the gas sources during fermentation or during performing the method. It is an advantage of the invention that the carbon dioxide and hydrogen content in the gas sources may vary greatly without affecting the feasibility of the invention.
  • the hydrogen i.e. hydrogen gas
  • the hydrogen which is used for the method of the invention and may be converted into methane by the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention may be pure or of high quality/purity, i.e. "ideal gas", or "real gas” characterized in that it comprises beside hydrogen also other gases which are denoted as contaminants.
  • the hydrogen may be of any source. Ideal hydrogen gases may be obtained by various purchasers which are known to the skilled person (e.g. Air Liquide, Paris, France).
  • Hydrogen sources include but are not limited to ideal gas sources delivering ideal gas, or real gas sources delivering real gas, such as natural sources, industrial processes (industrial "waste gas") comprising the electrolysis of water or brine, propane dehydrogenation, hydrogen from oil refining, such as from cracking process, biomass fermentation, be made via methane steam reforming or hydrogen may be off-gas released from the method or reaction vessel of the invention or from other methanogenesis performed by methanogenic archaea. Hydrogen is recovered from the off-gas of the method or reaction vessel of the invention using a separation device such as a membrane which allows the
  • the hydrogen content in the gas sources may vary greatly without affecting the feasibility of the invention, preferably, the hydrogen comprising real gas comprises at least 80% of hydrogen, more preferably at least 85%, even more preferably at least 90%, most preferably at least 95%, wherein it might be necessary to purify the hydrogen comprising real gas prior to use in the method of the invention according to any of the techniques mentioned above or known in the art.
  • Electrolysis in the sense of the invention means a method or process which uses an electric current to induce an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction. In the process, an electric current passes through a substance, thereby causing a chemical change of said substance, usually the gaining or losing of electrons. Electrolysis requires an electrolytic cell, such as an electrolyser, e.g.
  • Hofmann voltameter consisting of separated positive and negative electrodes (anode and cathode, respectively) immersed in an electrolyte solution containing ions or in a molten ionic compound. Reduction occurs at the cathode, where electrons are added that combine with positively charged cations in the solution. Oxidation occurs at the anode, where negatively charged anions give up electrons.
  • Standard electrolyser can be obtained from various manufacturers such as from Hydrogen Technologies (Notodden/Porsgrunn, Norway), Proton Energy Systems (Wallingford, CT, USA), Heliocentris Energy Solutions AG (Berlin, Germany), Claind (Lenno, Italy), Hydrogenics GmbH (Gladbeck, Germany), Sylatech Analysentechnik GmbH (Walzbachtal, Germany), h-tec Wasserstoff- Energy-Systeme GmbH (Luebeck, Germany), zebotec GmbH (Konstanz, Germany), H 2 Logic (Herning, Denmark), QuinTech (Goeppingen, Germany), and electrolysis may be performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. In the electrolysis of water, water is used as the substance through which the electronic current passes.
  • the electronic current leads to the decomposition of the water into oxygen (0 2 ) and hydrogen (H 2 ).
  • the overall reaction equation is: 2 H 2 0(liquid) ⁇ 2 H 2 (gaseous) + 0 2 (gaseous).
  • Hydrogen can also be produced by the electrolysis of brine (i.e. a water sodium chloride mixture). This electrolysis is commonly used for the production of chlorine, wherein hydrogen is produced as a side product.
  • the passed through current leads to the oxidation of chloride ions to chlorine.
  • the overall reaction equation is: 2 NaCl + 2 3 ⁇ 40 ⁇ Cl 2 + H 2 + 2 NaOH.
  • the water and/or brine for the electrolysis may be obtained by any source, such as tap water, from rivers, lakes, sea water, rain or waste water from industrial processes (here the explanations of industrial waste gas apply accordingly).
  • the water and/or brine may be purified by distillation, filtration and/or centrifugation and other means which are well known to a person skilled in the art and can for example be taken from "Water Treatment, Principles and Design", 2. edition, 2005, John Wiley & Sons.
  • the energy for any industrial process mentioned herein which provides hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide or any other precursor for the method of the invention, in particular for the electrolysis of water or brine to provide hydrogen and/or oxygen which may then be used for gasification or combustion processes to provide carbon dioxide may principally be provided by any energy source, such as renewable or non-renewable energy sources, such as electricity from combustion or gasification of fossil fuels and related energy carriers or nuclear energy.
  • the energy for the industrial processes is from a renewable energy source, in particular the energy for the hydrogen-producing electrolysis, for gasification or combustion is from a renewable energy source.
  • “Renewable energy” is energy which comes from natural resources or sources and is renewable, i.e. naturally replenished.
  • Renewably energy comprises wind power, solar power, geothermal power, water/hydro power, wave power, tidal power, biofuels, biomass and combinations thereof. More preferably, the energy source is selected from the group consisting of solar, wind, water and geothermal power.
  • a "device for generating electric energy from a renewable and/or non-renewable energy source" are the reactors or devices, i.e. respective power plants, which convert the energy of the energy source, such as thermal, kinetic, chemical and/or mechanical energy into electric energy. Said power plants may be large-scale power plants or household-scale devices or else.
  • Solar powered electrical generation relies on concentrated solar heat (e.g. heat engines) and solar power (e.g. photovoltaics in solar panels).
  • a device for generating electric energy from solar power may for example be selected from photovoltaics, concentrated solar power system or else and may be obtained for example from Bosch Solar Energy AG (Erfurt, Germany), sonnen systeme
  • Biomass is also regarded as renewable energy source and is biological material from living or recently living organisms, such as wood, waste, (hydrogen) gas, and alcohol fuels.
  • Living or recently living organisms comprise plants and trees, such as miscanthus, switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow, sorghum, sugarcane, eucalyptus or palms, but also forest residues, e.g.
  • bioethanol, biobutanol (biogasoline), biogas, syngas, bioethers, biodiesel or solid biofuels as wood pellets, cube or pucks are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass.
  • the energy for the production of biomass or biofuel is thus derived from the sun and converted by photosynthesis into the biological material.
  • Devices for generating electric energy from biomass or biofuel comprise biomass power plants, and can be obtained for example from SBBiogas GmbH (Marktbreit, Germany), Evonik New Energys GmbH (Saarbruecken, Germany) or Envi Con & Plant Engineering GmbH (Nuremberg, Germany).
  • a device for generating electric energy from wind power may for example be selected from wind turbine, wind mill, wind pump or drainage.
  • Suppliers of said devices are for example for small applications: Superwind (Bruehl, Germany), Braun Windturbinen ( auroth, Germany), Urban Green Energy (New York, USA) and Helix Wind (Poway, USA).
  • Exemplary suppliers of wind turbines for larger applications are Vestas (Randers, Denmark), GE Wind Energy (Fairfield, USA), Sinovel (Beijing, China), Enercon (Aurich, Germany), Goldwind (Urumqui, China), Gamesa (Zamudio, Spain) and Siemens Wind Power (Brande, Denmark).
  • Geothermal electricity is electricity generated from geothermal energy.
  • a device for generating electric energy from geothermal power may for example be selected from dry steam power plant, flash steam power plant, hybrid plant and binary cycle power plant and may be obtained for example from Ansaldo Energia (Genoa, Italy) or ECONAR (Maple Grove, MN, USA).
  • hydroelectric power stations In general, the production of hydro electricity uses the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
  • Conventional hydroelectric power stations use the potential energy of dammed water for driving a water turbine and generator. The energy amount obtained in this way depends on the water volume and the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow.
  • Pumped-storage hydroelectric power stations produce electric energy to supply high peak demands by moving water between reservoirs of different levels.
  • water is released back into the lower reservoir through a turbine which is connected to a generator or preferably may be connected to the bioreactor or device for producing hydrogen and/or oxygen by the electrolysis of water and/or brine.
  • run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations small, micro or pico hydro stations are available.
  • a device for generating electric energy from water/hydro power may for example be obtained from AC-Tec G.m.b.H (Kaltern, Italy) or EnBW Energy Baden- Wiirttemberg AG (Karlsruhe, Germany).
  • Wave power denotes the energy of ocean surface waves.
  • a device for generating electric energy from wave power may for example be selected from point absorber or buoy, surfacing following or attenuator oriented parallel to the direction of wave propagation, terminator, submerged pressure differential, oriented perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, oscillating water column, or an overtopping facility.
  • the devices comprise a hydraulic ram, elastomeric hose pump, pump-to- shore, hydroelectric turbine, air turbine or a linear electrical generator, optionally also a parabolic for increasing the wave energy at the point of capture.
  • Such devices may be located close to shoreline, near shore or offshore.
  • Suppliers are for example Ocean Navitas Ltd. (Marton, UK), AWS Ocean Energy Ltd. (Inverness, UK), BioPower Systems (Mascot, Australia), Columbia Power Technologies (Corvallis, OR, USA), Ocean Power Technologies (Pennington, NJ, USA) or Pelamis Wave Power (Edinburgh, UK).
  • a device for generating electric energy from tidal power which uses the daily rise and fall of water due to tides may for example be selected from tidal power stations, undershot waterwheels, dynamic tidal power plants, tidal barrage, tidal lagoons and turbine technology, such as axial turbines or crossflow turbines.
  • Suppliers are for example BioPower Systems (Mascot, Australia), Neptune Renewable Energy Ltd. (North Ferriby, UK) or Clean Current Power Systems Incorporated (V ancouver, Canada).
  • the energy for any industrial process mentioned herein which provides hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide or any other precursor for the method of the invention, in particular for the electrolysis of water or brine to provide hydrogen or to provide oxygen for gasification or combustion processes to provide carbon dioxide may principally be provided by any energy source, such as renewable or non-renewable energy sources, such as electricity from combustion or gasification of fossil fuels and related energy carriers or nuclear energy.
  • the energy for the industrial processes is from a renewable energy source, in particular the energy for the hydrogen-producing electrolysis, for gasification or combustion is from a renewable energy source.
  • Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources and is renewable, i.e. naturally replenished.
  • Renewably energy comprises wind power, solar power, geothermal power, water/hydro power, wave power, tidal power, biofuels, biomass and combinations thereof. More preferably, the energy source is selected from the group consisting of solar, wind, water and geothermal power.
  • Renewable energy sources are the sources of renewable energy, i.e. respective power plants which provide renewable energy. Said power plants may be large-scale power plants or household-scale digesters or else.
  • Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are both required for methane production. Both gases are generally fed into the reaction vessel of the invention according to the desired ratio of their partial pressures. They may be pure or contaminated with other gases tolerated by the system, i.e. not irreversibly harmful to the methanogenic microorganisms. Inside the reaction vessel, the gases are generally dissolved in the medium of the invention which comprises the methanogenic microorganisms and are taken up by the microorganisms of the invention and converted into methane, subsequently. The gases may be fed separately into the reaction vessel or be mixed outside the reaction vessel in a ratio which results in a certain partial pressure ratio and then fed in a mixture.
  • the mix-ratio may be adjusted or maintained in real time according to the determined partial pressure ratio of hydrogen and carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel as described above.
  • the liquid volume is determined gravimetrically, by differential pressure or radar or any other method known to the skilled person.
  • Typical "contaminants" of the gases which are fed into the reaction vessel of the invention are process dependent and may be oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitrogen and others.
  • the oxidation reduction potential has to be stabilized using sulphide or else, adjusting the hydrogen in-gas feed and the pH value, wherein the concrete action may be chosen by the person skilled in the art.
  • a “fermentation condition” or “phase condition” is a parameter of the method of the condition which may be adjusted by the skilled person who performs the method of the invention.
  • “fermentation conditions” in the sense of the invention are all standard fermentation conditions which are known to a person skilled in the art of microorganism fermentation (Bailey, Ollis (1986) Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Science, New York, USA).
  • Examples of fermentation conditions are the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide and thus the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, the oxidation reduction potential, the pH value, biomass concentration, temperature, pressure, stirring speed, medium composition, gas flow rates, medium exchange rates and others.
  • the fermentation conditions which are required for optimal cell performance regarding cell growth or methane production, may fluctuate and vary and will have to be adjusted accordingly by the experimenter. Since all relevant fermentation conditions may be measured or determined either in real time or by simple means, the skilled person knows how to the fermentation conditions can be adjusted to successfully perform the method of the invention.
  • the cell growth phase and the methane production phase are characterized by a different ratio of the partial pressure of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide inside the reaction vessel.
  • the oxidation reduction potential is different in both phases, values are given above.
  • the H 2 /C0 2 partial pressure ratios and the optional different oxidation reduction potential of both phases apply to all methanogenic microorganisms of the invention, preferably to the methanogenic archaea, described herein.
  • the optimal fermentation temperature and pH depend on the cell species and microorganism strain used and information thereon will be given in detail below. All other fermentation conditions apply to both phases and to all species of methanogenic microorganisms, i.e. have no significant effect on cell growth or methane production of the methanogenic microorganisms.
  • the H2/CO2 partial pressure ratio may be adjusted or maintained according to the real time measurement of the reaction vessel. It is possible to feed both gases separately in the amount which is suitable to adjust or maintain a specific ratio inside the reaction vessel or to mix both gases prior to the feed into the reaction vessel in a ratio which results in the desired ratio of the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and hydrogen inside the reaction vessel.
  • the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen to the partial pressure of carbon dioxide may be determined in real time as described above.
  • “Tolerated” means that something which is not directly having a beneficial and/or positive effect on the methanogenic microorganism, the reaction vessel, the experi- mental set-up of the method of the invention as a whole, the composition of the in- gas or off-gas and/or the methane production rate of the invention but still does not lead to methane production inefficiency or cost-ineffectiveness of the method of the invention or prevents the success of the method of the invention or the use of the methanogenic microorganism.
  • the temperature inside the reaction vessel depends on the methanogenic microorganism which is used for the method of the invention. In general, for all methanogenic archaea the temperature should be in the range from 40 °C to 100 °C.
  • the temperature of the biomass in the reaction vessel is in the range of about 30 °C to about 40 °C, more preferably in the range of about 35 °C to about 37 °C.
  • the temperature inside the bioreactor was about 60 °C to 67 °C, preferably about 65 ⁇ 1 °C, or about 85 °C to 90 °C for organisms such as Methano- caldococcus jannaschii.
  • the stirring speed is adjusted to a value which is optimal for a high gas liquid mass transfer in the volume of the respective reaction vessel, in a typical fermentation the stirring speed is at least 20 rpm or 50 rpm, preferably, at least 500 rpm, more preferably at least 1000 rpm, even more preferably at least 1500 rpm, most preferred, the stirring speed is at least 1500 rpm or the maximum which can be applied by the stirrer used in the reaction vessel of the bioreactor.
  • the stirring speed in particular of large-volume reaction vessels such as 15,000 L, may be significantly less than 1500 rpm, for example in the range between 20 rpm to 100 rpm, e.g.
  • the pH of the cell culture should be broadly in the neutral range.
  • the pH value of the invention is in the range of 5.0 to 8.0, more preferably, the pH value is in the range of 5.5 to 7.8, even more preferably, the pH value is in the range of 6.4 to 7.6, in particular preferably, the pH value is in the range of 6.7 to 7.2, most preferably, the pH value is about 6.9 ⁇ 0.5.
  • methanogenesis is an anaerobic process and inhibited by oxygen.
  • oxygen may be tolerated by the system. If the oxygen content is too high, for example a common oxygen scrubber may be used to remove oxygen from the in-gas.
  • a common oxygen scrubber may be used to remove oxygen from the in-gas.
  • WO 2008/094282 have shown that even 100% oxygen feed for more than 10 hours only stopped methane production for a that time and that the system soon recovered and started to again produce methane. In no way, the system will be permanently damaged.
  • the system is very robust to oxygen contamination and oxygen is tolerated to a certain extend. It is, however, preferred to have a very low oxygen contamination inside reaction vessel, preferably below 2%.
  • the pressure may be adjusted to a value in the range from 1 bar to 500 bar absolute, preferably the pressure may be between 1 bar and 300 bar absolute, even more preferably, the pressure may be between 1 bar and 200 bar, most preferably the pressure may be between 1 bar and 100 bar absolute.
  • the fermentation conditions such as the stirring speed, the temperature, the supply rate of any liquid, gaseous or solid compound, the pressure and/or pH value in order to change the fermentation conditions inside the bioreactor comprising the reaction vessel for various purposes including but not limited to the increase of methane production and/or of cell growth.
  • the batch mode typically no mass (solid, liquid, gaseous) transfer into the reaction vessel or into the bioreactor is allowed.
  • the system comprising the bioreactor and the methanogenic cells in the reaction vessel is closed.
  • hydrogen and carbon dioxide may still be fed as in-gases into the reaction vessel and be provided to the methanogenic microorganisms inside the reaction vessel or not.
  • the fermentation mode may also be regarded as semi-batch mode.
  • the continuous cultivation mode is characterized by a continuous supply with fresh medium or medium components, gases or other substances which are continuously required by the cells in the reaction vessel, such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide or medium.
  • the reaction volume i.e.
  • the culture volume, inside the reaction vessel is kept constant, so that also gaseous and/or liquid substances have to be removed from the reaction vessel depending on the total mass in-flow.
  • the system comprising the bioreactor and the methanogenic cells in the reaction vessel can be regarded as being open and components are exchanged.
  • the fermentation mode may be batch mode or continuous mode. If the cells are only kept in the methane production phase according to the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, batch and continuous conditions may be applied as regarded beneficial by the experimenter, however, the inventors found out that best results may be achieved when the mode is switched from batch to continuous when cell growth stagnates in the methane production phase. If at least one cell growth phase and at least one methane production phase are applied, it was found out that it is especially beneficial if the batch mode conditions are applied during cell growth phase and the continuous cultivation mode is applied during methane production phase. The switch between both phases and mode is then performed as described above when cell growth stagnates or reaches at least a concentration of 3 g biomass per litre.
  • the bioreactor comprises at least a reaction vessel suitable for fermenting, growing and culturing the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention, devices for the supply of liquid, solid and gaseous substances and for analytics.
  • Suitable for fermenting, growing and culturing the methanogenic microorganisms in the sense of the invention denotes that the reaction vessel allows to maintain a surrounding or condition which promotes cell growth, fermentation and culturing of the cells.
  • the reaction vessel may be any container wherein methanogenic microorganism may be cultured, grown and fermented.
  • the reaction vessel is made of glass or steel depending on the pressure which is applied to the culture of methanogenic microorganisms.
  • the reaction vessel may be connected to all necessary devices and measuring probes for adjusting the fermentation conditions of the invention to grow the methanogenic microorganisms up to a desired biomass concentration and/or to switch the phase of the methanogenic microorganisms or to keep the cells in one of the phases over a period of time which may be selected from the experimenter.
  • the period of time may be understood as minutes or hours or days or even longer.
  • the method of the invention also allows keeping the methanogenic microorganisms in a non-methane-producing state without further cell growth.
  • the bioreactor of the invention may be derived from a standard bioreactor suitable for culturing, fermenting, growing and/or processing of a biomass comprising the methanogenic microorganisms of the invention.
  • Suppliers of standard bioreactors are, for example, Applikon Biotechnology B.V. (Schiedam, The Netherlands), Infors (Bottmingen, Switzerland), Bioengineering (Wald, Switzerland) and Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH (Gottingen, Germany).
  • the bioreactor i.e. reactor comprises at least one vessel or container suitable for culturing, fermenting and/or processing of the methanogenic microorganisms, i.e. the reaction vessel of the invention.
  • the bioreactor may also comprise two reaction vessels, one for cell growth and the other for methane production. These two reaction vessels may be linked, for example via tubes, pipes or else, to transport the cell culture comprising the suspension of methanogenic microorganisms from one reaction vessel to the other or back if needed. Said two reaction vessels may also not be directly linked to each other, in this case, the methanogenic microorganism may be transferred from one reaction vessel to the other via another container.
  • the bioreactor of the invention may be equipped with various means and devices for adjusting and monitoring the fermentation conditions in the bioreactor and in the reaction vessel or in the reaction vessels.
  • suitable for the method denotes that the bioreactor comprises the components and devices which are necessary to culture the microorganisms of the invention in a way that they are able to grow and produce methane and what else is necessary to perform the method of the invention.
  • the bioreactor is suitable for the method of the invention and comprises: a) at least one reaction vessel for fermenting, growing and/or culturing
  • the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen and carbon dioxide and/or pH value the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen and carbon dioxide and/or pH value
  • the bioreactor comprises a device for a continuous feed of medium and/or reducing agent and/or sulphur source.
  • the bioreactor comprises at least one device for the gas feed of carbon dioxide and a separate device for the gas feed of hydrogen.
  • an ideal stirred tank bioreactor is used for the method of the invention.
  • This bioreactor comprises a reaction vessel with head plate and multiple inlet and outlet ports. The probes for temperature, pH and oxidation reduction potential measurement are fitted to the ports.
  • the bioreactor is further equipped with an agitator with impeller blades (Rushton) on at least three levels.
  • Medium and liquid reducing agent is fed via a pump, controlled gravimetrically or with a flow meter or is needed to control the oxidation reduction potential. Acid or base is added by titration to control pH as desired.
  • Gas liquid mass transfer denotes the transfer of mass in general, i.e. molecules and atoms, between a liquid and a gaseous phase, wherein phase is to be understood in its thermodynamic meaning and not to be mixed up with a fermentation "phase of the invention".
  • phase is to be understood in its thermodynamic meaning and not to be mixed up with a fermentation "phase of the invention”.
  • phase of the invention Of particular importance for the method of the invention is the transfer of hydrogen and carbon dioxide from the gaseous phase to the liquid phase comprising the biomass suspension and the methanogenic microorganism inside the reaction vessel, and the transfer of methane from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase inside the reaction vessel to leave the reaction vessel.
  • the gas liquid mass transfer indirectly influences the mass transfer from the liquid to the solid phase, such as the biomass.
  • the bioreactor and also the reaction vessel comprised in the bioreactor may be connected to various sources of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, nitrogen, real gases and others through the at least one device for introducing of gaseous substances and further to automated systems for feeding liquid, gaseous and solid substances and materials into the bioreactor via peristaltic pumps and others. Also devices and means may be attached to the bioreactor which measure the composition of the in- gas and which further improve the quality of the in-gas, in case of a real gas application, or the off-gas.
  • the bioreactor also comprises a device for removing and measuring the off-gas from the reaction vessel.
  • the off-gas composition in particular the amounts of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane, may be measured for example by an individually applied gas analyser system, such as supplied by BlueSens gas sensor GmbH (Herten, Germany).
  • the off-gas produced by the method of the invention may optionally be further processed by standard means, such that hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which were not converted into methane, are separated from methane and or from each other. Hydrogen and carbon dioxide may then be recycled in that they are fed back into the reaction vessel of the invention.
  • Hydrogen may be separated from the off-gas of the invention using a separation device such as a membrane which allows the small hydrogen molecules to pass through the pores of the membrane and does not allow the passage of larger molecules or by classical condensation using a cold finger or else.
  • Carbon dioxide may be separated from the off-gas of the invention for example with an absorbing medium which selectively absorbs carbon dioxide or which selectively absorbs gases other than carbon dioxide from the off-gas or by any method described above. Both hydrogen and carbon dioxide which have been recovered from the off-gas may be used as educts in the method of the invention.
  • gases such as water vapour and other gases may be removed to increase the percentage of methane in the off-gas for methane or natural gas based applications. The higher the percentage of methane, and thus the purity, in the off- gas, the more preferred. Most preferred is a percentage of methane in the off-gas which closely resembles natural gas, i.e. is between 40% and 90%, preferably between 60% and 90%.
  • the bioreactor may further comprise devices which allow the sterile and anaerobic entry and exit of substances required for the method of the invention.
  • “Substances required for the method of the invention” are for example the biomass comprising the methanogenic microorganisms, the medium or medium components, water, gases, such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen or mixtures thereof, and compositions which might contain a mixture of all these substances.
  • the bioreactor of the invention is further equipped with discharge lines, pumps and compressors.
  • the bioreactor at least comprises all devices which are necessary to feed the gases which are required for the method of the invention, i.e.
  • liquid substances such as the cell culture suspension and fresh medium or medium components
  • devices for removing the off-gas of the invention excess liquid and gaseous parts from inside the bioreactor, and all other components which are necessary to control the fermentation parameters of the invention.
  • the bioreactor is suitable for cultunng, fermenting and/or processing of a biomass comprising microorganisms under high pressure, e.g. a pressure higher than the normal atmospheric pressure.
  • the bioreactor comprises a housing made of a material which is suitable for high pressure and fulfils the requirements of occupational safety and follows work safety rules.
  • the material of the housing may be selected from the group comprising steel, such as stainless steel according to European standard EN 10088, for example 1.43XX, 1.44XX, 1.45XX, or else.
  • a reaction vessel of the bioreactor of the invention for culturing methanogenic microorganisms may have different volumes, wherein larger volumes are preferred for the industrial production of methane.
  • the industrial production of methane also comprises the methane production in decentralized household applications, wherein the volume of the reaction vessel comprised in the bioreactor may be in the smaller and middle range, and largely depends on the particular methane amount which is needed and the available space.
  • the volume of the reaction vessel is at least 1 L, preferably at least 5 L, 10 L, 25 L, more preferably at least 50 L, 100 L, 500 L, 1000 L, even more preferably the volume of the reaction vessel is at least 5000 L, 10,000 L, 20,000 L, 50,000 L, most preferably the volume of the reaction vessel is at least 100,000 L.
  • more than one reaction vessel is comprised in the bioreactor of the invention or more than one bioreactor comprising one or more reaction vessels are combined, for example attached serially. In a serial arrangement, the volume of the reaction vessel is typically smaller, i.e.
  • the volume of the reaction vessel may also be larger, as indicated above, for example at least 1 L, preferably at least 5 L, 10 L, 25 L, more preferably at least 50 L, 100 L, 500 L, 1000 L, even more preferably the volume of the reaction vessel is at least 5000 L, 10,000 L, 20,000 L, 50,000 L, or the volume of the reaction vessel is at least 100,000 L.
  • Such a serial arrangement allows using the hydrogen, methane and carbon dioxide comprising off- gas as in-gas for the next following reaction vessel and bioreactor.
  • the methane is removed from the off-gas before it is re-used as in-gas.
  • methanogenesis educts i.e. hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which have not been converted into methane in the preceding reaction vessel, may again be used.
  • the fermentation conditions and in particular the H 2 /C0 2 partial pressure ratio and thus the phase of the methanogenic microorganisms may be applied individually. It is also possible to use different methanogenic species and mixtures thereof in each of the reaction vessels.
  • the bioreactor is designed in a way that the carbon dioxide and the hydrogen released from the reaction vessel with the off-gas of the invention is re-used in the method of the invention. Thus, the hydrogen and carbon dioxide of the off-gas of the invention are recycled.
  • volumetric productivity as a function of the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide in batch cultivations of M. marburgensis.
  • Biomass yield per mol carbon dioxide as a function of the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide in batch cultivations of M. marburgensis.
  • Methanothermobacter marburgensis strain DSM 2133 was obtained from the Deutsche Stammsammlung fur Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany). M. marburgensis was cultivated as described below and stored as a living culture at 4 °C with 0.5 bar overpressure of 80%/20% (v/v) H 2 /C0 2 (Air Liquide, Paris, France) in pressure resistant bottles (Schott AG, Mainz, Germany) sealed with natural gum rubber stopper (Staint-Gobain, Charny, France) for main- tenance of anaerobic conditions.
  • Gas phase was replaced weekly by evacuating the gas phase from the bottle headspace and replacing with 0.5 bar of 80%/20% (v/v) H 2 /C0 2 .
  • Strain maintenance was carried out in an anaerobic chamber flushed with formation gas (95% N 2 , 5% H 2 v/v).
  • the standard medium for cultivation comprised the following components (L "1 ): 2.1 g NH 4 CI, 6.8 g KH 2 P0 4 , 3.4 g Na 2 C0 3 , 0.09 g Titriplex I, 0.04 g MgCl 2 x6H 2 0, 0.01 g FeCl 2 x4H 2 0, 0.2 mg CoCl 2 x6H 2 0, 1.2 mg NiCl 2 x6H 2 0 and 0.2 mg
  • M. marburgensis was anaerobically transferred per litre of medium into the bioreactor using anaerobic procedures as described elsewhere (Sowers, Schreier et al, 1995).
  • Anaerobic 500 mM Na 2 Sx9H 2 0 was used as sulphur source and was either pulsed into the bioreactor by syringe or fed continuously via peristaltic pump at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/h to 3 ml/h in the bioreactor.
  • the pH value was measured via pH probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland) and kept constant at 6.8 using 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 as base in order to compensate for acidification of the medium during growth of M. marburgensis.
  • Oxidation reduction potential was measured via redox probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland) and kept below -350 mV.
  • the individual gas flow of 3 ⁇ 4 and C0 2 was controlled via mass flow controllers (Brooks Instrument, Matfield, USA).
  • the total gassing rate was controlled by mass flow controllers.
  • Off-gas was detected via individually serially applied gas analyzer systems (BlueSens gas sensor GmbH, Herten, Germany) for H 2 , C0 2 and CH 4 , respectively. Biomass was determined as dry weight using standard drying procedures and gravimetric determination of pre weighted glass tubes.
  • Optical density was measured using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-l 100, Japan) at an absorption of 578 nm.
  • a nitrogen blanket of approx. 0.1 bar was applied to each storage vessel.
  • the in-flow rates of the gases were regulated so that the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen to carbon dioxide is maintained at 5:1 or higher.
  • the off-gas concentration of both gases is measured in real time and the partial pressure of each gas is determined in relation to the total pressure inside the reaction vessel, i.e. in relation to the head pressure.
  • the medium feed supply was controlled gravimetrically via PID controller to maintain a constant feed rate.
  • Example 3 was also performed as described above but with the process variations as shown in following Table 2:
  • the concentration of methane in the off-gas was between 40% and 90%.
  • M. marburgensis Cultivation of M. marburgensis was performed in standard medium in a 10 L bioreactor type Biostat ® Cplus (Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Gottingen, Germany) at 65°C.
  • Biostat ® Cplus Sudim Biotech GmbH, Gottingen, Germany
  • a 50 mL suspension of a living culture of M. marburgensis was anaerobically transferred per litre of medium into the bio- reactor using anaerobic procedures as described elsewhere (Sowers, Schreier et al. , 1995).
  • Anaerobic 500 mM Na 2 Sx9H 2 0 was used as sulphur source and was fed continuously via peristaltic pump at a flow rate of 7.0 mL/h to 14.0 mL/h in the bioreactor.
  • the pH value was measured via pH probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland) and kept constant at 6.8 using 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 as base in order to compensate for acidification of the medium during growth of M. marburgensis.
  • Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) was measured via redox probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland) and kept below -350 mV.
  • the individual gas flow of H 2 and C0 2 Air Liquide, Paris, France) was controlled via mass flow controllers (Brooks Instrument, Matfield, USA).
  • the total gassing rate (3 ⁇ 4 and C0 2 ) was controlled by mass flow controllers.
  • Off-gas was detected via individual serially applied gas analyzer systems (BlueSens gas sensor GmbH, Herten, Germany) for H 2 , C0 2 and CY , respectively. Biomass was determined as dry weight using standard drying procedures and gravimetric determination of preweighted glass tubes. Optical density was measured using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-l 100, Japan) at an absorption of 578 nm. For maintainance of anaerobic conditions of the medium and of the Na 2 Sx9H 2 0 solution, a nitrogen blanket of approx. 0.1 bar was applied to each storage vessel.
  • the inflow rates of the gases were regulated so that the ratio of the partial pressures of hydrogen to carbon dioxide is maintained at 5:1 or higher.
  • the off-gas concentration of both gases is measured in real time and the partial pressure of each gas is determined in relation to the total pressure inside the reaction vessel, i.e. in relation to the head pressure.
  • the medium feed supply was controlled gravimetrically via PID controller to maintain a constant feed rate.
  • the volume inside the reaction vessel was held constant via a harvest pump connected to an immersion pipe. Therefore, the reactor weight was kept constant over a feedback regulation on the harvest pump.
  • the concentration of methane in the off-gas was between 60% and 90%.
  • Applikon bioreactor (Applikon Biotechnology B.V., Schiedam, The Netherlands) at 65°C.
  • a 50 raL suspension of a living culture of any strain for example of M. marburgensis, was anaerobically transferred per litre of medium into the bioreactor using anaerobic procedures as described elsewhere (Sowers, Schreier et al, 1995).
  • Anaerobic 500 mM Na 2 Sx9H 2 0 was used as sulphur source and was either pulsed into the bioreactor by syringe or fed continuously via peristaltic pump at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/h to 3 mL/h in the bioreactor.
  • the pH value was measured via pH probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland) and kept constant at 6.8using 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 as base in order to compensate for acidification of the medium during growth of M. marburgensis.
  • Oxidation reduction potential (ORP) was measured via redox probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland).
  • the individual gas flow of H 2 and C0 2 Air Liquide, Paris, France
  • the total gassing rate (H 2 and C0 2 ) was controlled by mass flow controllers.
  • the in-flow rates of the gases were regulated depending on the determined partial pressure ratios, Initially, during the cell growth phase, the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide was set to be maintained in the range from 0.5: 1 to 4: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide). Within this range from 0.5: 1 to 4: 1, the partial pressure ratio may fluctuate. In the cell growth phase, the fermentation, and therefore also the settings of the bioreactor, was started in batch cultivation mode with an ORP value below -300 mV.
  • the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide was set to be maintained at 5:1 or higher.
  • the continuous culture mode was used for long term stable operation with an ORP value below -350 mV.
  • the medium feed supply was controlled gravimetrically via PID controller to maintain a constant feed rate.
  • the volume inside the reaction vessel was held constant via a harvest pump connected to an immersion pipe at a constant cell culture volume of 1.0 L.
  • Biomass was determined as dry weight using standard drying procedures and gravimetric determination of pre- weighted glass tubes. Optical density was measured using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-1100, Japan) at an absorption of 578 nm. For maintainance of anaerobic conditions of the medium and of the Na 2 Sx9H 2 0 solution, a nitrogen blanket of approx. 0.1 bar was applied to each storage vessel. The concentration of methane in the off-gas was between 60% and 90%.
  • M. marburgensis Cultivation of M. marburgensis was performed in standard medium in a 10 L bioreactor type Biostat ® Cplus (Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Gottingen, Germany) at 65°C.
  • Biostat ® Cplus Sudim Biotech GmbH, Gottingen, Germany
  • a 50 mL suspension of a living culture of any strain, for example of M. marburgensis was anaerobically transferred per litre of medium into the bioreactor using anaerobic procedures as described elsewhere (Sowers, Schreier et al., 1995).
  • Anaerobic 500 mM Na 2 Sx9H 2 0 was used as sulphur source and was fed continuously via peristaltic pump at a flow rate of 7.0 mL/h to 14.0 mL h in the reaction vessel of the bioreactor.
  • the pH value was measured via pH probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland) and kept constant at 6.8using 1 M (NH 4 ) 2 C0 3 as base in order to compensate for acidification of the medium during growth of M. marburgensis.
  • Oxidation reduction potential was measured via redox probe (Mettler-Toledo GmbH, Gsammlungsee, Switzerland).
  • the individual gas flow of H 2 and C0 2 Air Liquide, Paris, France
  • the mass flow controllers Brooks Instrument, Matfield, USA.
  • Off-gas was detected via individually serially applied gas analyzer systems (BlueSens gas sensor GmbH, Herten, Germany) for H 2 , C0 2 and CH 4 , respectively.
  • the total gassing rate (H 2 and C0 2 ) was controlled by mass flow controllers.
  • the in-flow rates of the gases were regulated depending on the determined partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide.
  • the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide was maintained in the range from 0.5: 1 to 4: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide). Within this range from 0.5:1 to 4:1, the partial pressure ratio may fluctuate.
  • the fermentation and therefore also the settings of the bioreactor, was started in batch cultivation mode with an ORP value below -300 mV.
  • the partial pressure ratio of hydrogen to carbon dioxide was set to be maintained at a value of 5: 1 or higher (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) and the fermentation mode was switched to continuous culture mode which was used for long term stable operation.
  • the ORP value was kept below -350 mV.
  • the medium feed supply was controlled gravimetrically via PID controller to maintain a constant feed rate.
  • Biomass was determined as dry weight using standard drying procedures and gravimetric determination of preweighted glass tubes. Optical density was measured using a spectrophotometer (Hitachi U-l 100, Japan) at absorption of 578 nm. For maintainance of anaerobic conditions of the medium and of the Na 2 Sx9H 2 0 solution, a nitrogen blanket of approx. 0.1 bar was applied to each storage vessel. The volume inside the reaction vessel was held constant via a harvest pump connected to an immersion pipe. Therefore, the reactor weight was kept constant over a feedback regulation on the harvest pump. The concentration of methane in the off-gas was between 60% and 90%.
  • marburgensis such as for example DSM 2133 (DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany), Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicus, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii,
  • Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicus Methanococcus maripaludis, or mixtures thereof.
  • Table 1 summarizes fermentation conditions which have to be adjusted according to the species of the methanogenic microorganism used in the particular experiment. Further information on general fermentation conditions can be obtained from DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany.
  • a 3 L batch culture of M. marburgensis with an initial partial pressure ratio of H 2 /C0 2 of 2:1 was performed. After about 15 h, the culture was switched to continuous cultivation mode, with a constant feed rate of a dilution rate (which is the reciprocal of the residence time of the medium in the bioreactor and is derived by the feed rate divided by the working/culture volume of the reaction vessel inside the bioreactor) of 0.05 L medium/h.
  • the partial pressure ratio of H 2 /C0 2 was switched from a ratio of 2 ⁇ 1 : 1 to a ratio above 5: 1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), by adjusting the in-gas flow of both gases according to the partial pressure determined by off-gas concentrations and head pressure
  • Figure 3 shows the trajectory of the volumetric productivity over time. Although shortly a high methane production can be observed prior to the shift to higher partial pressure ratios at the end of the cell growth phase, however, advantageous sustained and continuous high methane production can only be achieved by switching to a higher partial pressure ratio, i.e. to a H 2 /C0 2 partial pressure ratio of 5: 1 or higher.
  • a 3 L batch culture of M. marburgensis with an initial partial pressure ratio of H 2 /C0 2 of 2 ⁇ 1 :1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide) was fermented in batch cultivation mode. After about 15 h, the culture was switched to continuous cultivation mode, with a constant feed rate of a dilution rate of 0.05 L medium/h. At the same time, the partial pressure ratio of H 2 /C0 2 was switched from a ratio of 2 ⁇ 1 : 1 to above 5:1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide), by adjusting the in-gas flow of both gases according to the partial pressure determined by off-gas concentrations and head pressure measurement as described above. Samples were taken every hour in order to determine biomass concentration.
  • a cell culture of M. marburgensis in continuous mode with a constant feed rate of the medium of a dilution rate of 0.05 L/h was set up.
  • Different partial pressure ratios of H 2 /C0 2 were adjusted by varying the in-gas flow of H 2 /C0 2 according to the partial pressure determined by off-gas concentrations and head pressure measurement.
  • Figure 5 presents the volumetric productivity trajectory in continuous mode.
  • the partial pressure ratio of H 2 /C0 2 in the off-gas was maintained around 18 ⁇ 1 :1 (parts hydrogen : parts carbon dioxide). All cultures showed robust performance over several days and weeks.
  • the methanogenic microorganisms showed stable performance over

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de conversion d'hydrogène et de dioxyde de carbone en méthane par des micro-organismes méthanogènes dans une cuve de réaction, comprenant la mise en contact des micro-organismes méthanogènes avec un gaz d'entrée comprenant de l'hydrogène et du dioxyde de carbone. Ce procédé comprend au moins une phase de production de méthane dans laquelle le rapport de la pression partielle d'hydrogène à la pression partielle de dioxyde de carbone à l'intérieur de la cuve de réaction est réglé à 5:1 ou plus (parties d'hydrogène : parties de dioxyde de carbone). Le procédé selon l'invention peut éventuellement comprendre au moins une phase de croissance dans laquelle le rapport de la pression partielle d'hydrogène à la pression partielle de dioxyde de carbone à l'intérieur de la cuve de réaction est réglé à une valeur différente de celle du rapport dans la au moins une phase de production de méthane. L'invention concerne également un bioréacteur convenant au procédé de conversion d'hydrogène et de dioxyde de carbone en méthane par des micro-organismes méthanogènes selon l'invention. L'invention concerne en outre des micro-organismes méthanogènes ayant une concentration en biomasse d'au moins 6 g de biomasse par litre, aucun micro-organisme méthanogène supplémentaire n'étant ajouté une fois l'inoculation ou la rétention des cellules exécutée pendant la fermentation, ainsi que l'utilisation de micro-organismes méthanogènes ayant une concentration en biomasse d'au moins 6 g de biomasse par litre dans des conditions de fermentation continue.
PCT/EP2012/000725 2011-02-17 2012-02-17 Procédé de conversion de dioxyde de carbone et d'hydrogène en méthane par des micro-organismes WO2012110256A1 (fr)

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WO2014009026A1 (fr) * 2012-07-13 2014-01-16 Krajete GmbH Procédé et système permettant de produire du méthane au moyen de forts débits d'injection de gaz
WO2014064602A2 (fr) * 2012-10-22 2014-05-01 Gressels Jonathan Nouveau photobioréacteur pour la culture horizontale en milieu clos de microalgues
DE102012221286A1 (de) 2012-11-21 2014-05-22 MicroPyros GmbH i.G. Mikrobiologische Biomethan-Erzeugung mit Wasserstoff aus der thermischen Vergasung von kohlenstoffhaltigen Einsatzstoffen
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WO2014187985A1 (fr) 2013-05-24 2014-11-27 Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg Procédé et dispositif de méthanisation de gaz au moyen de réacteurs à lit bactérien
DE102013010524A1 (de) 2013-06-24 2014-12-24 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Bioreaktors und Bioreaktor
GB2521808A (en) * 2013-10-14 2015-07-08 Oxford Renewable Fuel Ltd Biological production of methane utilising the molecular mechanisms and proliferation in methanogenic archaea for use as a renewable fuel
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WO2016054533A1 (fr) * 2014-10-02 2016-04-07 Sigma-Aldrich Co., Llc Procédés et systèmes permettant de séquestrer du dioxyde de carbone
WO2016151078A1 (fr) * 2015-03-26 2016-09-29 Rohöl-Aufsuchungs Aktiengesellschaft Procédé de méthanogénèse hydrogénotrophe de h2 et de co2 en ch4
DE102016000070A1 (de) 2016-01-07 2017-07-13 Günter Busch Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Methanisierung von Kohlenstoffdioxid und Wasserstoff mittels einer anaerob-bioreaktiven permeablen Wand
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CN113227389A (zh) * 2018-10-29 2021-08-06 Electrochaea有限公司 使用含co2的工业气体生产富集甲烷的气体组合物的方法
WO2021193453A1 (fr) * 2020-03-24 2021-09-30 横河電機株式会社 Dispositif de génération de méthane
CN113874517A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2021-12-31 Electrochaea有限公司 在连续细胞保留条件下的生物反应器中的甲烷化方法
EP3967761B1 (fr) 2020-09-09 2023-03-15 Hitachi Zosen Inova Schmack GmbH Procédé de génération d'un gaz enrichi en méthane
WO2023107901A2 (fr) 2021-12-06 2023-06-15 Calysta, Inc. Systèmes et procédés intégrés de combinaison de production de biomasse bactérienne méthanotrophe et de processus de méthanation
WO2023212754A1 (fr) * 2022-05-04 2023-11-09 Creonia E.U. Procédé et appareil de production de méthane
EP4296354A1 (fr) 2022-06-24 2023-12-27 Arkeon GmbH Procédé de production d'acides aminés dans un bioréacteur avec des microorganismes méthanogènes
EP4296369A1 (fr) 2022-06-24 2023-12-27 Arkeon GmbH Procédé de production d'acides aminés dans un bioréacteur
EP4296368A1 (fr) 2022-06-24 2023-12-27 Arkeon GmbH Procédé de production d'acides aminés avec des microorganismes méthanogènes dans un bioréacteur
EP4296367A1 (fr) 2022-06-24 2023-12-27 Arkeon GmbH Procédé de production de norvaline par fermentation

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