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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system

Definitions

• antioxidant compounds scavenge damaging particles known as free radicals in the body, helping to prevent or reverse damage to cells.
• Antioxidants have been shown to help prevent a number of long-term illnesses such as heart disease, cancer, and macular degeneration.
• the V. myrtillus fruit also contains tannins, which are known to act as both an anti-inflammatory and an astringent.
• LDL low density lipoprotein
• macrocarpon Ait. and wild lingonberry contain both A- and B-type procyanidins (Gu et.al., Morimoto et.al., Foo et.al.) whereas primary B-type procyanidins were identified in wild (V. angustifolium Ait.) and cultivated blueberries (V. corymbosum L., V. ashei L.) (Foo et.al; Prior et.
• Vaccinium myrtillus is difficult to grow and is therefore rarely cultivated. As a result, the fruit is generally collected from wild plants during its limited growing season (May through September), which must be both wet and warm. Thus, the supply of the berries is unreliable and the berries are available in limited quantities. Moreover, the fruit are softer and juicier than the related blueberry, such that they must be harvested by hand, and are difficult to transport, which contribute to the high cost of the fresh fruit harvested from the V. myrtillus plant. Also due to the high demand of the ripe fruit, unripe fruits and leaves are not economically viable products to collect. These are the parts of the plant that have highest amounts of the procyanidin. In view of the clinical benefits of V. myrtillus and the difficulty in cultivating these plants, there is a need to develop a sustainable in vitro culture system for the cells of these plants.
• the present disclosure relates to cell culture of Vaccinium myrtillus that are configured to grow in suspension culture in a liquid medium.
• the cells are derived from one or more V. myrtillus plant parts, such as an edible plant part (e.g., a leaf part or a berry part) or a stem part.
• the cells are adapted to grow to a high density in a relatively short period of time (e.g., about 7 days).
• the cells are adapted to produce high concentrations of polyphenols and/or procyanidins and essentially no anthocyanin. Methods for production of polyphenols and procyanidins from Vaccinium myrtillus cells grown in suspension culture are also disclosed.
• a cell culture includes a plurality of friable Vaccinium myrtillus cells in a suspension cell culture.
• the cells in suspension culture are derived from one or more of: a hypocotyl, a cotyledon, a leaf section, a stem section, or a root section of a seedling; or a berry, a stem section including a node or an internode, or a leaf section of a mature plant.
• the cells can be derived from an edible plant part, such as a leaf part or a berry part.
• the cells are selected to be capable of obtaining a packed cell volume of at least 55% in 7 days of growth, wherein at least 10%> of a dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells is comprised of polyphenols and at least 5% of a dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells is comprised of procyanidins.
• the dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells is comprised of polyphenols.
• at least 7.5%, 10%, 15%), 20%), or more of the dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells is comprised of procyanidins.
• the mass of cells is essentially free of anthocyanins.
• the dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells includes less than 0.5%>, 0.1 %, 0.01%, 0.001%, or less anthocyanin.
• a method of producing a cell culture of Vaccinium myrtillus cells includes (1) producing a cell callus of Vaccinium myrtillus cells derived from one or more of: a hypocotyl, a cotyledon, a leaf section, a stem section, or a root section of a seedling; or a berry, a stem section including a node or an internode, or a leaf section of a mature plant, (2) introducing one or more cells derived from the callus into a liquid medium, (3) agitating the one or more cells in the liquid medium, (4) replacing the liquid medium with a fresh liquid medium or transferring the cells to fresh a fresh liquid medium to establish a suspension cell culture of Vaccinium myrtillus, (5) growing the suspension cell culture of Vaccinium myrtillus to a packed cell volume of at least 55%, and (6) selecting suspension cell cultures having at least 10%) of a dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myr
• a method of increasing growth of Vaccinium myrtillus cells in suspension cell culture includes (1) providing a suspension cell culture of Vaccinium myrtillus cells, (2) culturing the cells in a liquid medium in suspension culture, and (3) selecting suspension cell cultures having greater than 45% packed cell volume (PCV).
• PCV packed cell volume
• the method of increasing growth of Vaccinium myrtillus cells in suspension cell culture further includes selecting suspension cell cultures having increased polyphenol and procyanidin accumulation in response to increased sugar concentration in the liquid medium.
• the sugar concentration in the liquid medium includes approximately 30-60 g/L sucrose.
• procyanidin accumulation in the cells in suspension culture is increased from about 1-2 g/L of PCV at 20 g/L sucrose to about 3-7 g/L of PCV at 30 g/L sucrose.
• polyphenol accumulation in the cells in suspension culture is increased from about 2-4 g/L of PCV at 20g/L sucrose to about 5-10 g/L of PCV at 60 g/L sucrose.
• a method of increasing polyphenol production from Vaccinium myrtillus cells in culture includes (1) selecting a plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells adapted to grow in suspension culture, (2) and culturing the cells in suspension culture in the presence of a sufficient amount of sugar to increase polyphenol production.
• the sufficient amount of sugar is the liquid medium having greater than 20 g/L sugar, 20 g/L to 30 g/L sugar, or greater than 30 g/L sugar.
• the sugar is sucrose.
• the sugar is glucose.
• the sugar is present in an amount sufficient for polyphenol production to increase above 3 g/L packed cell volume (PCV).
• the sugar is present in an amount sufficient for polyphenol production to increase to at least 7 g/L packed cell volume (PCV).
• a method of extracting polyphenols from Vaccinium myrtillus cells in culture includes (1) selecting a plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells adapted to grow in suspension culture, and (2) extracting polyphenols from the cells using a solvent, wherein at least 10% of a dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells is comprised of polyphenols and at least 5% of a dry mass of the plurality of Vaccinium myrtillus cells is comprised of procyanidins.
• the solvent includes acetone, acetic acid, and water.
• the solvent includes 70% acetone (v/v) and 0.5%> acetic acid (v/v).
• Figure 1 shows the consumption of sugar with increasing biomass from 25% initial biomass to 50% in one week.
• Figure 2 shows the growth (a) RI (b) and production (c) at different shaker speeds.
• the 500ml flasks were all inoculated at 20% PCV and PCV, RI and production yield was measured after 6 days of growth.
• Figure 3 shows the HPLC chromatogram of extracts from suspension cells derived from stem, hypocotyl, leaf and cotyledon explants in fluorescence detector mode.
• the labels 1 through 12 indicate the degree of polymerization of procyanidins, respectively: 1, monomers; 2, dimers; 3, trimers; 4, tetramers; 5, pentamers; 6, hexamers; 7, heptamers; 8, octamers; 9, nonamers.
• Figure 4 shows the HPLC chromatogram of extracts from suspension cells of Bilberry and cocoa in fluorescence detector mode.
• the labels 1 through 12 indicate the degree of polymerization of procyanidins, respectively: 1, monomers; 2, dimers; 3, trimers; 4, tetramers; 5, pentamers; 6, hexamers; 7, heptamers; 8, octamers; 9, nonamers.
• This figure confirms that the peaks in Bilberry are procyanidin oligomers by the fact that the 2 cell lines were extracted in the same way and are run under same conditions and they have same retention time for each oligomer.
• Figure 5 shows a UV absorption pattern at 280 nm of cocoa (a) and bilberry (b) extracts confirming the presence and detection of procyanidins in Bilberry.
• the present disclosure relates to cell culture of Vaccinium myrtillus that are configured to grow in suspension culture in a liquid medium.
• the cells are derived from one or more V. myrtillus plant parts, such as an edible plant part (e.g., a leaf part or a berry part) or a stem part.
• the cells are adapted to grow to a high density is a relatively short period of time (e.g., about 7 days).
• the cells are adapted to produce high concentrations of polyphenols and/or procyanidins and essentially no anthocyanin.
• Vaccinium myrtillus seeds were obtained from Horizon Herbs, Oregon. Leaves, stem sections and immature berries of V. myrtillus (Erin's Bilberry) used in this Example and the Examples below were collected from National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) in Corvallis, Oregon.
• NCGR National Clonal Germplasm Repository
• Seeds (Horizon Herbs, Oregon) were surface sterilized by rinsing first, in 75% ethanol for 1 minute. Then they were washed in 25% sodium hypochlorite (v/v) for 15 minutes followed by 5 rinses in sterile distilled water. Seeds were then suspended in 0.1% agarose and plated onto 100 x 25 mm Petri plates (approximately 100 seeds per plate). They were germinated on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium (4.43 g/L) with 7g/L agar under a 16 hour light and 8 hour dark photoperiod at 23 °C for 4 weeks.
• Example 2 Callus Induction from Vaccinium myrtillus Seedlings Grown In Vitro
• callus produced on media VM1196 and VM1204 both of which had 24 mM ammonium sulfate and 8 mM potassium nitrate but different base salts, (MS basal salts no nitrogen and B5 major salts modified, respectively; Table l) was softer than callus produced on medium with ImM ammonium sulfate and 24 mM potassium nitrate (VM1445).
• Callus produced on medium VM1233 (Madhavi et al., Plant Science, 131 :95-103, 1998) was very compact and non proliferative. Madhavi et al.
• VM1516 gave the most proliferative calli and also helped change the morphology from compact to granular and eventually friable callus. Medium VM1516 also proved the best for sustainably maintaining callus derived from V. myrtillus seedlings. VM1516 was also confirmed to be the best medium for initiating new callus from various V. myrtillus seedling explants, with a success rate of 83%.
• Example 3 Callus induction from Vaccinium myrtillus tissue collected from NCGR
• This example describes methods and media formulations for initiating and maintaining callus from various explants (derived from berries, nodes, internodes, or leaves) derived from field-grown V. myrtillus plants.
• V. myrtillus tissue was subcultured every 3 weeks on VM1516. This callus was very proliferative and friable cell lines were selected for further maintenance. Calli derived from these tissues were maintained on medium VM1516 for over eight months and have demonstrated consistent proliferation without change in quality of the callus.
• Friable cell lines created as in example 2 were chosen for initiation of suspensions.
• Cell suspensions were created by introducing lg (approx) of fresh 2 week old V. myrtillus seedling callus (prepared as in Example 2) into 15 ml of liquid medium (VM1799, VM1831 or DO 151; Table 2) in a sterile 125 ml Erlenmeyer flask. The flasks were covered with sterile silicon (foam) caps and agitated at 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) in a gyrotatory shaker. The suspensions were kept in darkness at 23°C. To establish the cell culture, the spent medium was removed and fresh medium was added every week for 2 subcultures.
• the growth of cells was measured by the rate of carbohydrate consumed by measuring the delta of refractive index (RI) (as measured by degrees of BRIX (i.e., % BRIX)) of the medium. If the RI was less than or equal to half of the initial RI of the medium, fresh medium was added to the cells. If the RI was greater than half, fresh medium was only added after 2 weeks. The subcultures were transferred weekly or biweekly as deemed necessary.
• RI refractive index
• Example 5 Suspension Creation from Callus Derived from Vaccinium myrtillus tissue collected from NCGR
• Friable cell lines were chosen for initiation of suspensions.
• Cell suspensions were created by introducing V. myrtillus callus (prepared as in Example 3 from nodes, internodes, leaves, and berries) into liquid medium (VM1933; Table 2) in sterile Erlenmeyer flasks. The flasks were covered with sterile silicon (foam) caps and agitated at 120 revolutions per minute (rpm) in a gyrotatory shaker. The suspensions were kept in darkness at 25°C. To establish the cell culture, the spent medium was removed and fresh VM1933 medium was added. The growth of cells was measured by the rate of carbohydrate consumed by measuring the delta of refractive index (RI) of the medium. If the RI was less than or equal to half of the initial RI of the medium, fresh medium was added to the cells. If the RI was greater than half, fresh medium was only added after 2 weeks.
• RI refractive index
• This example describes methods used to increase cell growth of suspensions.
• Cell culture productivity increases as a function of the rate of cell growth and the density at which cell growth stops.
• suspension cultures of Vaccinium myrtillus cells were initiated with an inoculum size yielding a starting cell density of 15% packed cell volume ("PCV") and 25% PCV and allowed to grow for 7 days.
• PCV packed cell volume
• Cultures initiated at a cell density of 15% PCV did not reach maximal density within 7 days.
• Cultures initiated at a cell density of 25% PCV in Medium VM1831 (Table 1.) doubled in density (i.e., total cell volume) within 7 days and reached a maximal average cell density of 45-50% PCV within 7 days with some cell line cultures showed over 55-60%> PCV at day 7.
• Cell selection helped to capture cultures that reached a 45%) PCV or more PCV within 7 days or less (a rapidly growing cell culture). Cultures that took more than 7 days to reach 45% PCV were discarded.
• the carbohydrate consumption was rapid in the cultures with the cultures reaching RI of 0 to 0.6 by day 7.
• Polyphenol and/or procyanidin production in VM1831 was low possibly due to sugar starvation.
• the medium VM1831 had 20g/L of sucrose.
• Liquid media was optimized by adjusting carbohydrate level to maintain cultures without nutrient starvation.
• a new medium VM1933 (Tablel .) was formulated with 30g/L of sucrose to avoid sugar starvation of the cells. In this medium the RI went down to between 0.8 and 1.0.
• the production values of polyphenols went up from about 2-4 g/L of PCV at 20g/L sucrose to about 5-10 g/L of PCV at 60 g/L sucrose within 4 subcultures and could be maintained at a high production level.
• the production values of procyanidins went up from about 1-2 g/L of PCV at 20 g/L sucrose to about 3-7 g/L of PCV at 30 g/L sucrose within 4 subcultures and could be maintained at a high production level.
• Example 8 Detection and confirmation of polyphenol and procyanidin production in suspensions from various parts of bilberry seedlings
• This example describes methods developed for extracting polyphenols from callus and suspension cells of Vaccinium cultures developed in examples 1-5.
• Polyphenols were extracted from approximately 0.4 ml of fresh cells from suspensions with 0.4 ml 70% (v/v) acetone with 0.5%> acetic acid.
• a robust high throughput method was used as follows: From each flask of cell culture to be analyzed, the packed cell volume (PCV) of the sample was recorded prior to transferring 0.4 ml into a 96- deep well plate. The supernatant from each well was removed and discarded with a plastic transfer pipette.
• the polyphenols are hydro lyzed to the monomers of (-)-epicatechin and cyanidin by combining 0.1 ml of aqueous acetone extract and 1.0 ml of butanol-HCl reagent (95:5 v/v) and heating the solution at 75 °C for 60 minutes in a Qiagen deep well block (Valencia, CA, USA). Presence of cyanidin in the hydro lyzed sample was observed by the formation of a pink color. The absorbance at 520 nm was determined, and procyanidin content was calculated based on the amount of cyanidin formed using a calibration curve created using different concentrations of procyanidin B2 purchased from Chromadex, Inc. (Irvine, CA). Brighter pink color indicated higher concentration of procyanidins in suspension cultures. Based on this method the procyanidin content of several suspension cultures ranged from lg/L to lOg/L.
• Total polyphenol content of bilberry cell extracts was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteau assay (Slinkard, K.; Singleton,V.L. Total Phenol Analysis: Automation and Comparison with Manual Methods. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 1977, 28: 49-55).
• Cell culture extracts, in 70% acetone with 0.5%> acetic acid were analyzed for total polyphenol content by taking 25 ⁇ extract and adding it to 0.975 ml of water to dilute the sample prior to beginning the assay.
• 20 ⁇ 1 of the diluted extract is added to 0.790 ml water plus 50 ⁇ of Folin- Ciocalteau reagent.
• the reaction is then stopped by the addition of 150 ⁇ sodium carbonate solution.
• the resulting solution is measured at 765 nm and compared to a calibration curve of various dilutions of gallic acid solution measured by the same assay to determine the concentration of total polyphenols in the cell extracts.
• Example 11 Small scale extraction of polyphenols from fresh bilberry cells or ground freeze dried cells
• Bilberry cells (0.5 mL) without media or 50 mg of ground bilberry cells were sampled in 2.0 ml of micro-tubes or 1.2 ml tubes in a 96 well block from Qiagen, Inc. Appropriate volumes of acidic (0-2% of citric, acetic or ascorbic) aqueous extraction solvent (30-80% of acetone, ethanol, methanol) was added to each of the bilberry cell samples and then placed into ultrasonicator or BeadMill to extract polyphenols and/or procyanidins. The samples were centrifuged for 4 minutes at 6000rpm (RCF 5996). The supernatant may be filtered with 0.45 um membrane filter and diluted to lOx (if necessary) by using the same aqueous extraction solvents prior to analysis. The leftover extracts were stored in -20 degree of freezer for further analyses.
• LC analyses were performed on the Bilberry cell extracts using a Waters (Milford, Massachusetts, USA) Alliance HPLC system equipped with a CTC Analytics PAL autosampler (Leap Technologies, Carrboro, NC, USA), Waters 626 pump with 600S Controller and a Waters 2996 photodiode-array detector (PDA) scanning from 190 to 780nm. Gradient elution was carried out with water-0.1% formic acid (solvent A) and acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid (solvent B) at a constant flow-rate of 0.3 ml/ minute.
• solvent A water-0.1% formic acid
• solvent B acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid
• a linear gradient with the following proportions (v/v) of solvent B was applied (t(min), %B): (0, 7), (5, 15), (20, 75), (25, 100), (35, 100), (35.1, 7) (45, 7).
• the column was Ultra Aqueous C18 column (100 x 2.1 mm i.d., 3.5 ⁇ ) (Restek, Bellefonte, PA. USA).
• the procyanidin monomers of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, and oligomeric procyanidins (dimer to hexamer) were monitored at 280 nm.
• a Waters Quattro Micro triplequadrupole mass detector (Milford, Massachusetts, USA) was used to obtain the MS data and analyzed by MassLynxTM software. Full-scan data acquisition was performed, scanning from m/z 150 to 1800. Authentic standards for catechin, epicatechin, were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc. (St. Louis, MO) and dilutions made to create calibration curves in order to detect and quantify the metabolites.
• the binary mobile phase consists of solvent (A), acetonitrile: acetic acid (98:2, v/v) and solvent (B), methanol: water: acetic acid (95:3:2, v/v/v).
• a linear gradient elution was performed at 30 °C with 0.8 mL/min flow rate as follows: 0-35 min, 100-60% A; 35-40 min, 60% A; 40-45 min, 60 - 100%A.
• Separations of oligomer procyanidins were monitored by fluorescence detection (excitation wavelength at 276 nm, emission wavelength at 316 nm), UV detection at 280 nm ( Figure 10A). (Lazarus et al. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47 (1999), 3693) and PDA ( Figure 10B).
• the purpose of the analytical method is to detect the presence of the ten different individual procyanidins in fresh bilberry cells or freeze-dried cells. Detectable procyanidins are monomer, dimmers, trimers, tetramers, pentamers, hexamers, heptamers, octamers, nonamers and decamers.
• a common problem in the use of plant cell cultures is obtaining consistent production of target products (Kim et al., Biotechnol Prog. 20(6) 1666, 2004). Therefore, a key for successful large-scale plant cell culture is to maintain stable productivity.
• a process to scale-up suspensions of bilberry cell cultures from 125 ml flasks to 250mls and then 500ml flasks was successfully conducted.
• the speed of the shakers was optimized for 500 ml flasks to give the same kind of growth and production numbers as in the 125 ml flasks. Three different shaker speeds were tested - 100, 110 and 120 RPM.
• the average PCV was 50 ⁇ 55%> at seven days, which was about 2.5 times greater than the initial PCV level of 20% for all the treatments.
• the production yield (PY) was significantly high at 110 RPM when compared to 100 RPM with a P value of 0.005.
• the difference in PY was not significant between 110 RPM and 120 RPM, the color in the 120 RPM flasks was slightly darker, leading to choose 110 RPM as preferred shaker speed for 500 ml flasks. Every seven days of culture, biomass, sugar concentration in medium, and polyphenol and/or procyanidin productivity, were measured.
• proanthocyanidins which inhibit adherence of uropathogenic P-fimbriated Escherichia coli in vitro. Phytochemistry 2000. 54: 173-81.

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