WO2012102377A1 - 肝細胞癌のリスク評価方法 - Google Patents
肝細胞癌のリスク評価方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012102377A1 WO2012102377A1 PCT/JP2012/051803 JP2012051803W WO2012102377A1 WO 2012102377 A1 WO2012102377 A1 WO 2012102377A1 JP 2012051803 W JP2012051803 W JP 2012051803W WO 2012102377 A1 WO2012102377 A1 WO 2012102377A1
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- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
- C12Q2600/154—Methylation markers
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, comprising detecting the DNA methylation level. Moreover, this invention relates to the primer used for the said evaluation method.
- HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma
- HBV hepatitis B virus
- HBV hepatitis C virus
- HCC usually develops in patients suffering from chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis associated with hepatitis virus infection. Moreover, in most of the patients, since the liver function has already decreased at the stage where HCC has developed, good therapeutic results cannot be expected unless cancer is diagnosed early. Therefore, surveillance of precancerous conditions such as chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis should be prioritized. In clinical practice, even if there is no subjective symptom, patients with a high risk of developing HCC In particular, it is said that HCC should be discovered at an early stage by performing close surveillance and surgical treatments should be performed. However, since close surveillance is an excessive burden for patients who do not have the risk of developing HCC, risk assessment of the occurrence of HCC is indispensable for the management of patients with chronic liver disorders such as chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis. Development is desired.
- Non-Patent Documents 3 to 4 DNA methylation changes are among the most consistent epigenetic changes observed in human multi-stage carcinogenesis. Accumulated past research results suggest that changes in DNA methylation are also involved in the early and precancerous stages (Non-Patent Documents 5 to 6). With regard to HCC development, DNA methylation changes associated with abnormal DNA methyltransferase splicing and / or expression are already present in liver tissue obtained from HCC patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Has been clarified (Non-Patent Documents 7 to 11).
- Non-Patent Documents 12 to 13 a BAC array-based methylated CpG island amplification method (BAMCA method, non-patent document 13) that can provide an overview of individual DNA methylation trends in a wide range of chromosomes.
- Non-patent Document 18 were used to identify 25 BAC clones that exhibit DNA methylation status that can discriminate between normal liver tissue obtained from patients other than HCC and non-cancerous liver tissue obtained from HCC patients in the learning cohort.
- the present inventors have proposed that the presence or absence of DNA methylation on these BAC clones is used as an index for evaluating the risk of occurrence of HCC (Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Documents 14 to 19). .
- the index used for evaluating cancer risk has higher sensitivity and specificity (preferably 100%) than the index using the BAC clone. It is considered preferable.
- the method of predicting the risk of HCC with extremely high sensitivity and specificity, and further using a very small amount of patient-derived genomic DNA can reduce the cost of HCC with extremely high sensitivity and specificity.
- a method that can be predicted has been sought after, it has not been put into practical use.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems of the prior art, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method capable of evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma with high sensitivity and specificity.
- the present inventors have already identified by the BAMCA method, 25 BAC clone regions showing changes in DNA methylation reflecting the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
- the DNA methylation status at the 203 XmaI / SmaI restriction enzyme recognition sites above was re-evaluated by the pyrosequencing method. Thirty regions were extracted, including 45 CpG sites with significantly different DNA methylation levels between normal liver tissue samples and non-cancer liver tissue samples from HCC patients.
- non-cancer liver tissue samples derived from HCC cancer patients It was highly specific and could be evaluated as being at high risk for carcinogenesis.
- tissues collected for biopsy are usually subjected to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, and the DNA in the tissues is sheared, so that the reaction in the PCR method or pyrosequencing method is not performed. May be hindered. Therefore, the present inventors evaluated the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma with high sensitivity and specificity even in tissues subjected to the reaction inhibition among the 30 regions and subjected to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. We found 15 areas that could be done.
- the present invention has been completed.
- a method for evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma comprising the following steps (a) to (c): (a) a step of preparing genomic DNA derived from the liver tissue of a subject; (B) detecting the DNA methylation level of at least one site selected from the following CpG site group for the genomic DNA prepared in step (a); (C) determining whether the subject is classified into a high-risk group of cancer from the DNA methylation level detected in step (b), CpG site group: The position on the NCBI Build 36.1 assembly, which is the reference human genome sequence, is chromosome 1,052,829, chromosome 1,31,93,130, chromosome 1,093,140, chromosome 1.
- step (b) is a step of detecting DNA methylation levels of all sites of the CpG site group with respect to the genomic DNA prepared in the step (a).
- step (b) is a step of detecting DNA methylation levels of all sites of the CpG site group with respect to the genomic DNA prepared in the step (a).
- the DNA methylation level is detected by a pyrosequencing method.
- an oligonucleotide according to any one of (a) to (b) below having a chain length of at least 15 bases for use in the method according to any one of (1) to (3): )
- the present invention it is possible to provide a method capable of evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma with high sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, in the present invention, the amount of genomic DNA derived from liver tissue necessary for the evaluation is usually 1/500 to 1/17 compared with the case of evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma occurrence by the BAMCA method. Since the cost is usually 1/200 to 1/7, according to the present invention, HCC is highly sensitive and highly specific while using a relatively small amount of genomic DNA derived from a patient while suppressing costs. It is also possible to provide a method capable of predicting the risk.
- C6 is DNA for FOXD2 gene exon 1 (chromosome 3 47, 677, 654, ⁇ 60, ⁇ 63, region 5 shown in Table 4) of normal liver tissue samples derived from patients other than HCC.
- N9 shows the result of DNA methylation analysis for FOXD2 gene exon 1 of a non-cancer liver tissue sample derived from an HCC patient.
- subjected the gray column shows that it has become a polymorphism after bisulfite modification.
- the horizontal axis indicates the distribution order (order in which dNTP is added).
- the numerical value (%) in the figure indicates the DNA methylation level (rate) at each site.
- i to X are the positions of each of the 10 XmaI / SmaI sites on the RP11-17M17 BAC clone that yield PCR products of 2000 bp or less that are effectively evaluated by the BAMCA method. Show.
- the scatter diagram shows the results of evaluating the DNA methylation level at 10 sites of the XmaI / SmaI site by the pyrosequencing method. That is, “C” indicates the result in normal liver tissue samples (C11 to C35), “N” indicates the result in 22 samples (N13 to N34) of non-cancerous liver tissue, and “T” indicates N1 to N34. Results are shown in primary HCC samples (T1-T34) obtained from specimens surgically removed from patients provided with samples. 3 is a pie chart showing DNA methylation levels at each CpG site in C sample (C1 to C10) and N sample (N1 to N12).
- i ′, iii ′, iv ′, vii ′, and ix ′ are XmaI / SmaI sites (i, iii, iv, vii, and ix ′) quantitatively sequenced using the same sequencing primer, respectively.
- ix) Indicates a nearby CpG site.
- black represents the percentage of methylated cytosine
- white represents the percentage of unmethylated cytosine.
- FIG. 6 is a scatter plot showing representative results for DNA methylation levels analyzed by the pyrosequencing method.
- C shows the results in normal liver tissue samples (C1 to C10)
- N shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows the results in normal liver tissue samples (C1 to C10)
- Area 14 shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows the results in 22 samples (N1 to N12) of non-cancerous liver tissues.
- Area 3 shows
- 10 is a histogram showing the relationship between C samples (C11 to C35) and N samples (N13 to N34) and the number of regions satisfying the cancer risk evaluation index (index shown in Table 4) of each sample.
- the white column indicates the C sample
- the black column indicates the N sample.
- the relationship between the C sample (C11 to C35, C44 to C63) and the N sample (N13 to N34, N47 to N69) and the number of regions satisfying the carcinogenic risk evaluation index (index described in Table 4) of each sample is shown. It is a histogram.
- the white column indicates the C sample
- the black column indicates the N sample.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the correlation between the DNA methylation status in the precancerous state and the prognosis (relapse-free survival rate) of HCC patients by calculating the survival curve of the HCC patient group (N1-N34) by the Kaplan-Meier method.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of days after surgery after hepatic resection for HCC patients.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the correlation between the DNA methylation status in the precancerous state and the prognosis (overall survival rate) of HCC patients by calculating the survival curve of the HCC patient group (N1-N34) by the Kaplan-Meier method.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of days after surgery after hepatic resection for HCC patients.
- FIG. Pseudo needle biopsy specimens derived from normal liver tissue (C36 to C43 and C64 to C74) and pseudo needle biopsy specimens derived from non-cancer liver tissue (N35 to N46, N70 and N71), and 15 regions (regions) shown in Table 4 1 to 5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25 to 28) showing the relationship with the number of regions satisfying the cancer risk assessment index (index described in Table 4) of each pseudo needle biopsy specimen It is a histogram.
- DNA methylation level (rate) of region 2 described in Table 4 in non-cancer liver tissue (pseudo needle biopsy specimen or bulk tissue) prepared by collecting from HCC patients (N35 to N38), and non-cancer liver collected It is a graph which shows the relationship with the distance from the tumor of a tissue (lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma).
- DNA methylation level (rate) of region 4 described in Table 4 in non-cancer liver tissue prepared by collecting from HCC patients (N35 to N38), and non-cancer liver collected It is a graph which shows the relationship with the distance from the tumor of a tissue (lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma). Regions listed in Table 4 in non-cancerous liver tissue (pseudo needle biopsy specimen or bulk tissue) prepared from HCC patients (N39 and N40): 1-5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23 , 25-28 DNA methylation levels (rates).
- Bulk tissue derived from normal liver tissue (C1-C35 and C44-C63) and non-cancerous liver tissue (N1-N34, N44-N66), and 15 regions (regions 1-5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25 to 28) is a histogram showing the relationship with the number of regions satisfying the carcinogenic risk assessment index (index described in Table 4) of each bulk tissue.
- the white column indicates the C sample
- the black column indicates the N sample.
- the present invention provides a method for evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, comprising the following steps (a) to (c).
- steps (a) to (c) (A) preparing a genomic DNA derived from the liver tissue of the subject; (B) detecting the DNA methylation level of at least one site selected from the following CpG site group for the genomic DNA prepared in step (a); (C) A step of determining whether or not the subject is classified into a high-risk cancer group from the DNA methylation level detected in step (b).
- hepatocellular carcinoma means primary hepatocellular carcinoma that develops from hepatocytes, which are the parenchyma of the liver, and is also referred to as hepatocyte cellular carcinoma (HCC).
- HCC hepatocyte cellular carcinoma
- the “subject” is not particularly limited, and examples include healthy persons, hepatitis B infected persons, hepatitis C infected persons, chronic hepatitis patients, cirrhosis patients, and hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
- “risk of hepatocellular carcinoma” means the risk of occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and the risk of poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
- CpG site means a site where cytosine (C) and guanine (G) are phosphodiester-bonded (p), and “DNA methylation” means the CpG It means that the 5th carbon of cytosine is methylated at the site.
- the method for “preparing genomic DNA derived from liver tissue” is not particularly limited, and a known method can be appropriately selected and used.
- Known methods for preparing genomic DNA include, for example, phenol chloroform method (liver tissue, proteinase (proteinase K), surfactant (SDS), and protein denatured with phenol, chloroform, ethanol Etc.), clean columns (registered trademark, manufactured by NexTec), AquaPure (registered trademark, manufactured by Bio-Rad), ZR Plant / Seed DNA Kit (manufactured by Zymo Research),
- Examples of the DNA extraction method include AquaGeneticSolution (registered trademark, manufactured by Mo Bi Tec), prepGEM (registered trademark, manufactured by ZyGEM), and BuccalQuick (registered trademark, manufactured by TrimGen).
- liver tissue from which genomic DNA is prepared by such a method as shown in the examples described later, according to the present invention, the state of liver tissue (such as hepatitis virus infection, inflammation or fibrosis at the stage of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis) ) Or the distance from the lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma, and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma can be evaluated, so there is no particular limitation.
- liver tissue include intact liver tissue collected at biopsy and the like, liver tissue frozen after biopsy and the like, liver tissue collected at biopsy and the like, and then subjected to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. Can be mentioned.
- liver tissues until it is subjected to the evaluation method of the present invention, the degradation of genomic DNA in the liver tissues is suppressed, and in the step of detecting the DNA methylation level described later, bisulfite treatment, PCR more efficiently From the viewpoint of being able to perform the treatment, it is desirable to use a liver tissue frozen after being collected at the time of biopsy or the like.
- the present inventors have already identified by the BAMCA method the XmaI on 25 BAC clone regions that show changes in DNA methylation that reflect the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). / SmaI restriction enzyme recognition sites 203 DNA methylation status was re-evaluated by the pyrosequencing method, and DNA methylation levels significantly increased between normal liver tissue samples and non-cancerous liver tissue samples from HCC patients. 30 regions including 45 different CpG sites were extracted. Furthermore, it was shown that the risk of HCC can be evaluated by detecting the DNA methylation level at the CpG site.
- the “CpG site” is a group consisting of the 45 CpG sites: the position on the NCBI Build 36.1 assembly, which is the reference human genome sequence, is chromosome 1, 052, 829, 1 Chromosome 31,093,130, Chromosome 31,093,140, Chromosome 31,093,145, Chromosome 31,153,486, Chromosome 31, 153,497, Chromosome 31,175, 443, 1 chromosome 47,677,654, 1 chromosome 47,677,660, 1 chromosome 47,677,663, 1 chromosome 120,071,093, 2 chromosome 235,289,886, 5 chromosome 151,709,946, chromosome 7 44,315,806, chromosome 7 44,315 810, chromosome 11, 3,617,363, chromosome 11, 3,724,633, chromosome 11, 3,724,650, chromosome 11, 118,716,22
- the numbers such as “Chromosome 1, 31, 052, 829” indicate the position on the NCBI Build 36.1 assembly which is the reference human genome sequence. As shown in Tables 1 to 3, these 45 CpG sites can be classified into 30 regions. As a typical base sequence of such 30 regions, the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 91 can be cited as region 1 containing CpG site: chromosome 1, 31, 052, 829. CpG site: chromosome 1 The region 2 containing 31,093,130, chromosome 1 31,093,140, and chromosome 1,31,93,145 includes the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92.
- CpG site chromosome 1 31, As the region 3 containing 153,486, chromosome 1, 31,153,497, the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 93 can be mentioned, and as the region 4 containing CpG site: chromosome 1, 31,175,443, The base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 94 can be mentioned.
- CpG site chromosome 1 47, 677, 654, chromosome 1 47, 677, 660, 1
- the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 95 can be mentioned, and as the region 6 containing the CpG site: chromosome 1 120,071,093, the sequence number: 96
- the region 7 including CpG site: chromosome 2 235, 289, 886 include the nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 97, and CpG site: chromosome 5, 151, 709, 946.
- the region 8 including the nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 98 the region 9 including the CpG site: chromosome 7 44, 315, 806, chromosome 7 44, 315, 810 is included in SEQ ID NO: 99, the CpG site: the region 10 containing chromosome 11, 3,617, 363 is described in SEQ ID NO: 100.
- the region 11 include CpG site: Chromosome 11: 3,724,633, Chromosome 11: Chromosome 3,724,650.
- CpG site 11 Examples of the region 12 containing the chromosomes 118,716,221 include the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 102, and the region 13 containing the CpG site: chromosome 11 118,798,005 includes the sequence number: 103.
- CpG site chromosome 11
- the region 15 containing 32,143,897 includes the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 105, and the region 16 containing the CpG site: No.
- chromosome 132,186,602 is described in SEQ ID NO: 106.
- Examples of the region 17 including the CpG site: Chromosome 12, Chromosome 5, 190, 237 include the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 107, and CpG site: Chromosome 12, Chromosome 5, 239, 770, 12
- Examples of the region 18 containing the chromosomes 5,239,778 include the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 108, and the region 19 containing the CpG site: chromosome 12, 50,601,217 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 109.
- CpG sites chromosome 12 50,687,010, chromosome 12 50,687,013
- region 20 to be included include the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 110
- region 21 including the CpG site: chromosome 12 55, 681, 393 includes the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111.
- CpG site Chromosome 12 chromosome 55,732,381, region 22 containing chromosome 12 55,732,391 includes the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, CpG site: chromosome 16 chromosome 4,538, The region 23 containing 435 includes the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 113, and the region 24 including the CpG site: chromosome 16, 4,564, 846 includes the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 114.
- the region 26 containing the CpG site: chromosome 16, 4,655,181 include the nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 116
- the region 27 containing the CpG site: chromosome 16, 4,672, 961 Includes the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 117
- the CpG site: Chromosome 19, chromosome 4,999,458, Chromosome 19, chromosome 4,999,468, region 28 includes the base sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 118
- the region 29 including CpG site: Chromosome 19, chromosome 4,998,744 include the nucleotide sequence described in SEQ ID NO: 119
- Examples of the region 30 including the chromosome 5,099,171 include the base sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
- CpG sites with 100% specificity DNA methyl on chromosome 16, 4,642,726, chromosome 16, 4,672,961, chromosome 19,999,458, and chromosome 19,999,468
- the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma can be evaluated with high sensitivity and specificity, as in the detection of DNA methylation levels at all the 45 (the 30 regions) CpG sites.
- the regions 1-5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, and 25- It is preferable to detect the DNA methylation level at at least one of the CpG sites contained in 28. From the viewpoint that sensitivity or specificity can be further improved in the evaluation of carcinogenic risk, the regions 1-5 , 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, and 25 to 28, it is more preferable to detect the DNA methylation level at all CpG sites.
- the “method for detecting the DNA methylation level” may be any method capable of quantifying the DNA methylation level at a specific CpG site, and can be performed by appropriately selecting a known method.
- the first method is based on the following principle.
- the genomic DNA is subjected to bisulfite treatment.
- This bisulfite treatment converts an unmethylated cytosine residue into uracil, but does not convert a methylated cytosine residue (see Clark SJ et al., Nucleic Acids Res, 1994, Vol. 22, pages 2990-7). ).
- extension reaction sequence reaction
- uracil is shown as thymine.
- DNA containing at least one CpG site is amplified.
- the amplified DNA is dissociated into single strands.
- only one strand is separated from the dissociated single-stranded DNA.
- DNA methylation level (%) luminescence intensity of cytosine ⁇ 100 / (luminescence intensity of cytosine + luminescence intensity of thymine).
- Examples of the first method include a pyrosequencing method (registered trademark, Pyrosequencing) (see Anal. Biochem. (2000) 10: 103-110).
- primers used for amplification are the bases of the CpG site.
- PCR polymerase chain reaction
- primers used for extension reaction are the bases of the CpG site.
- a known method for example, pyro sequencing assay design software ver. 1.0 (product of QIAGEN) is designed.
- amplification from the viewpoint of eliminating PCR bias in DNA methylation analysis, Shen L et al., Bio Technologies, 2007, 42, 48-58, and Gao W et al., Carcinogenesis, 2008, 29 As described in the volume, pages 1901 to 10, it is desirable that the annealing temperature and the like are optimized.
- the second method is based on the following principle.
- the genomic DNA is subjected to bisulfite treatment.
- DNA containing at least one CpG site is amplified with a primer to which a T7 promoter is added.
- it is transcribed into RNA and a base-specific cleavage reaction is performed with RNAase.
- the cleavage reaction product is applied to a mass spectrometer, and mass measurement is performed.
- the mass derived from methylated cytosine residues obtained by mass measurement (the mass of cytosine) and the mass derived from unmethylated cytosine residues (the mass of thymine) were compared, and the DNA methylation level at the CpG site was compared. Is calculated.
- the second method includes, for example, a DNA methylation analysis method using a mass spectrometer (see, for example, MassARRAY (registered trademark), Jurinke C et al., Mutat Res, 2005, 573, pages 83 to 95). It is done.
- a DNA methylation analysis method using a mass spectrometer see, for example, MassARRAY (registered trademark), Jurinke C et al., Mutat Res, 2005, 573, pages 83 to 95. It is done.
- the third method is based on the following principle.
- the genomic DNA is subjected to bisulfite treatment.
- a base sequence containing at least one CpG site is amplified using the bisulfite-treated genomic DNA as a template.
- the temperature of the reaction system is changed, and a change in the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by the intercalator is detected.
- a melting curve of a base sequence containing at least one CpG site is compared with a melting curve of an amplification product using a methylated / unmethylated control sample as a template to calculate a DNA methylation level at the CpG site.
- the fourth method is based on the following principle.
- the genomic DNA is subjected to bisulfite treatment.
- a primer set that can be amplified when the CpG site is methylated and a primer set that can be amplified when the CpG site is not methylated are prepared.
- the bisulfite-treated genomic DNA is used as a template, and a base sequence containing at least one CpG site is amplified using these primer sets.
- the DNA methylation level at the CpG site Is calculated.
- an oligonucleotide probe having a base sequence capable of hybridizing when the CpG site is methylated and labeled with a reporter fluorescent dye and a quencher fluorescent dye is prepared.
- an oligonucleotide probe having a base sequence capable of hybridizing when the CpG site is not methylated, a reporter fluorescent color different from the reporter fluorescent dye, and a quencher fluorescent dye is labeled.
- the oligonucleotide probe is hybridized to the genomic DNA subjected to bisulfite treatment, and the base sequence containing the CpG site is amplified using the genomic DNA hybridized with the oligonucleotide probe as a template. Then, the fluorescence emitted from the reporter fluorescent dye is detected by the degradation of the oligonucleotide probe accompanying the amplification. By comparing the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by the methylated cytosine CpG site-specific reporter fluorescent dye thus detected with the intensity of the fluorescence emitted by the non-methylated cytosine CpG site-specific reporter fluorescent dye, The DNA methylation level at the CpG site is calculated.
- Examples of the fourth method include methylation-specific quantitative PCR reaction (MS-PCR) using real-time quantitative PCR such as the MethyLight method using TaqMan probe (registered trademark). It is done.
- MS-PCR methylation-specific quantitative PCR reaction
- TaqMan probe registered trademark
- the fifth method is based on the following principle. First, the genomic DNA is subjected to bisulfite treatment. Next, a direct sequencing reaction is performed using the base sequence containing the bisulfite converted CpG site as a template. Then, the fluorescence intensity based on the determined base sequence, that is, the fluorescence intensity derived from methylated cytosine residues (cytosine fluorescence intensity) and the fluorescence intensity derived from unmethylated cytosine residues (thymine fluorescence intensity) are compared. Thus, the DNA methylation level at the CpG site is calculated.
- this fifth method as another aspect, first, bisulfite treatment is performed on the genomic DNA. Next, the base sequence containing the bisulfite converted CpG site is cloned by PCR reaction or the like. Then, the base sequences of the obtained plurality of cloning products are respectively determined, the number of cloning products having a base sequence specific to a methylated cytosine CpG site, and a cloning having a base sequence specific to an unmethylated cytosine CpG site The DNA methylation level at the CpG site is calculated by comparing the number of products.
- Examples of the fifth method include bisulfite direct sequencing (bisulfite direct sequencing) and bisulfite cloning sequencing (Kristensen LS et al., Clin Chem, 2009, Vol. 55, 1471). Page).
- the method which can be used suitably as "the method of detecting a DNA methylation level" of this invention was illustrated, this invention is not limited to this. Moreover, in these methods, it is preferable to use a pyrosequencing method from the viewpoint that it is most excellent in quantification.
- the index for determining whether or not the subject is classified into a high-risk group from the DNA methylation level detected in step (b) is as shown in Table 4 for each CpG. It is the cut-off value at the site or the region. That is, in the step (C) according to the present invention, for example, when the DNA methylation level in the region 1 is detected, the subject when the detected DNA methylation level is lower than 25.5%. Is classified as a high-risk group of cancer. For example, when the DNA methylation level in the region 11 is detected, the subject is classified as a cancer high risk group when the detected DNA methylation level is higher than 95.7%.
- the indices shown in Table 4 are used in the 30 regions. It is preferable to classify the subject as a carcinogenic risk group when the area to be satisfied is 10 or more, and to classify the subject as a carcinogenic risk group when the area that satisfies the index shown in Table 4 is 15 or more. Is more preferable.
- the sensitivity or specificity in the evaluation of carcinogenic risk can be further improved, as shown in the examples described later.
- the region satisfying the index shown in Table 4 is 8 or more, the subject is classified into the cancer risk group. It is preferable.
- the present invention also provides an oligonucleotide according to any one of the following (a) to (b) having a chain length of at least 15 bases for use in the method for evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
- an oligonucleotide which is a pair of primers designed to sandwich at least one site selected from the CpG site group (b) hybridizes to a base sequence containing at least one site selected from the CpG site group Oligonucleotides that are primers or probes that soy.
- the (a) pair of primers designed to sandwich at least one site selected from the CpG site group includes, for example, at least one site selected from the bisulfite-converted CpG site group
- Examples include primers that can amplify DNA (polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers (forward primers and reverse primers)).
- the primer is a primer that hybridizes to each bisulfite-converted base sequence on both sides of at least one site selected from the CpG site group.
- an extension reaction is performed one by one from the vicinity of the base of the CpG site that has been bisulfite converted.
- the primer which can be mentioned is mentioned.
- An oligonucleotide that hybridizes to a specific base sequence has a base sequence complementary to the specific base sequence, but may not be completely complementary as long as it hybridizes.
- sequence of these oligonucleotides is based on the base sequence containing the CpG site that has been bisulfite converted or not, and a person skilled in the art can use a known method, for example, as shown in the examples described later.
- Sing assay design software ver. 1.0 manufactured by QIAGEN or the like can be used for appropriate design.
- a primer selected from the group consisting of the base sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 90 is preferable as shown in the examples described later (see Tables 1 and 2).
- the present invention can also provide a kit for use in the method for evaluating the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, comprising the oligonucleotide.
- the oligonucleotide may be labeled as necessary.
- a biotin-labeled primer can be used
- a probe labeled with a reporter fluorescent dye and a quencher fluorescent dye can be used.
- the kit of the present invention may contain a preparation other than the oligonucleotide preparation.
- preparations include reagents necessary for bisulfite conversion (for example, sodium bisulfite solution), reagents necessary for PCR reaction (for example, deoxyribonucleotide and heat-resistant DNA polymerase), and necessary for pyrosequencing.
- Reagents for example, ATP sulfurylase, adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate, luciferase, and luciferin for detecting pyrophosphate, and streptavidin for separating single-stranded DNA
- reagents necessary for the MS-HRM method for example, an intercalator that emits fluorescence when inserted between DNA double strands.
- reagents necessary for detection of the label for example, a buffer used for dilution or washing of a substrate, an enzyme, a positive control, a negative control, or a sample (genomic DNA derived from a liver tissue of a subject)
- the kit can also include instructions for use.
- ⁇ Patient and tissue samples> As a learning cohort, normal liver tissue samples (C1-C10) with no significant histological findings were negative for both HBV surface antigen (HBs-Ag) and anti-HCV antibody (anti-HCV), Obtained from specimens surgically removed from 10 patients suffering from diseases other than HCC. These patients consist of 7 men and 3 women, and the average age ( ⁇ SD) is 58.4 ⁇ 9.7 years. These patients also included 9 patients who had undergone partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of primary colon cancer and the liver of gastrointestinal stromal tumor in the stomach at the National Cancer Center Hospital. It consists of one patient who has undergone partial hepatectomy for metastasis.
- HBV surface antigen HBV surface antigen
- anti-HCV anti-HCV antibody
- N1-N12 12 samples (N1-N12) of non-cancerous liver tissue were obtained from 12 patients who had undergone partial hepatectomy for HCC. These patients consist of 9 men and 3 women, with an average age of 65.3 ⁇ 6.4 years.
- findings corresponding to chronic hepatitis were confirmed in 4 samples, and findings corresponding to cirrhosis were confirmed in 8 samples.
- non-cancerous liver tissue (N13-N34) were obtained from 22 patients who had undergone partial hepatectomy for HCC. These patients consist of 20 men and 2 women, with an average age of 61.9 ⁇ 8.5 years. Of these samples, 4 samples were positive for HBs-Ag, 16 samples were positive for anti-HCV, and 2 samples were both negative. Furthermore, as a result of histological examination on these non-cancer liver tissue samples, findings corresponding to chronic hepatitis were confirmed in 13 samples, and findings corresponding to cirrhosis were confirmed in 9 samples.
- liver tissue samples were obtained from 14 patients who were positive for HBs-Ag or anti-HCV and had not progressed to HCC. These patients consist of 5 men and 8 women, with an average age of 65.1 ⁇ 8.2 years. These patients also included 12 patients who had undergone partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of primary colorectal cancer and two patients who had undergone partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of gastric cancer. Consisting of a patient.
- DNA methylation level (rate) was measured by an advanced quantitative technique using Pyrosequencing® technology. That is, first, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer (forward primer and reverse primer) and a sequencing primer were prepared using the pyro sequencing assay design software ver. 1.0 (manufactured by QIAGEN) was designed based on the bisulfite converted sequence. In order to eliminate PCR bias in DNA methylation analysis, Shen L et al., BioTechniques, 2007, 42, 48-58, and Gao W et al., Carcinogenesis, 2008, 29, 1901-10. , The annealing temperature was optimized. The primer sequences and PCR conditions are shown in Tables 1 and 2. In addition, Table 3 shows the base sequences containing CpG sites examined by each PCR.
- Table 3 shows the base sequences containing CpG sites examined by each PCR.
- PCR was carried out with 7.5 ng of bisulfite-treated DNA and 0.6 units of AmpliTaq Gold (Applied Biosystems). Since the obtained PCR product was amplified using a biotin-labeled reverse primer as shown in Table 1 and Table 2, streptavidin-coated beads (Streptavidin Sepharose (registered trademark) High Performance, Purified with GE Healthcare.
- Quantitative sequencing was then performed with PyroMark Q24 (QIAGEN) according to the manufacturer's protocol using Pyro Gold reagent (QIAGEN).
- QIAGEN PyroMark Q24
- QIAGEN Pyro Gold reagent
- DNA methylation level (%) luminescence intensity of cytosine ⁇ 100 / (luminescence intensity of cytosine + luminescence intensity of thymine).
- Example 1 ⁇ Verification of BAMCA data by pyrosequencing>
- the BAMCA method is said to be able to provide an overview of a wide range of individual DNA methylation trends in all chromosomes (see Non-Patent Documents 13 and 19).
- the present inventors can use the BAMCA method to distinguish between normal liver tissue obtained from patients other than HCC and non-cancerous liver tissue obtained from HCC patients in the learning cohort.
- the 25 BAC clone which shows is identified (refer nonpatent literature 18). For example, as shown in FIG. 2, on the RP11-17M17, 10 XmaI / SmaI sites are effectively evaluated by the BAMCA method.
- the average signal ratio of this BAC clone by the BAMCA method is significantly lower in non-cancer liver tissue samples obtained from HCC patients than in normal liver tissue samples, It has also been shown that HCC is significantly lower than non-cancerous liver tissue samples obtained from HCC patients.
- FIG. 2 and FIG. 2 show the results obtained, that is, the average DNA methylation levels identified by the pyrosequencing method for 10 XmaI / SmaI sites in the RP11-17M17 BAC clone of 34 samples of non-cancerous liver tissue obtained from HCC patients. 3 shows.
- the average DNA methylation level of the 34 samples of non-cancerous liver tissue identified by the pyrosequencing method is compared to that of the normal 35 samples of liver tissue.
- XmaI / SmaI sites i, ii, vii, viii, and ix were similar.
- the average DNA methylation level of the non-cancerous liver tissue 34 sample was significantly lower than that of the normal liver tissue 35 sample.
- the DNA methylation level of 34 samples of HCC was significantly lower than that of non-cancerous liver tissue samples obtained from HCC patients at the XmaI / SmaI sites i to x (see FIG. 2).
- the DNA methylation level at the CpG site in the vicinity of the XmaI / SmaI site is determined for each sample.
- the XmaI / SmaI site itself tends to be close to the DNA methylation level (see FIG. 3). Therefore, it was confirmed that the BAMCA method can detect changes in DNA methylation that occur cooperatively in RP11-17M17.
- the average signal ratio obtained by the BAMCA method is higher in HCC patients than in normal liver tissue samples. It has been clarified that the obtained non-cancer liver tissue sample is significantly higher (see Non-Patent Document 18). Therefore, as with RP11-17M17, the average DNA methylation level at 10 sites of the XmaI / SmaI site, which yielded PCR products of 2000 bp or less that are effectively evaluated by the BAMCA method, was analyzed by pyrosequencing.
- the average DNA methylation level at 7 sites of the XmaI / SmaI site was similar between the non-cancer liver tissue sample obtained from the HCC patient and the normal liver tissue sample. Furthermore, the average DNA methylation levels at the three XmaI / SmaI sites were significantly higher in non-cancer liver tissue samples obtained from HCC patients than in normal liver tissue samples.
- Example 2 ⁇ Establishing an index for cancer risk assessment using liver tissue samples based on pyrosequencing>
- the index identified from the analysis results of the previous BAMCA method of the present inventors see Non-Patent Document 18
- pyrosequencing was performed using a primer set covering XmaI / SmaI sites evaluated to be effective by the BAMCA method in 25 BAC clones, and DNA methylation levels at 203 CpG sites on the BAC clones were measured. did.
- the mean DNA methylation level at 59 CpG sites was determined to be Mann-Whitney U test (p ⁇ 0. 0) between normal liver tissue in the learning cohort and non-cancerous liver tissue obtained from HCC patients. 001) revealed a significant difference.
- FIG. 5 shows a histogram showing the number of regions that satisfy the indices listed in Table 4 for the C1 to C10 and N1 to N12 samples of the learning cohort.
- the non-cancer liver tissue obtained from HCC patients in the validation cohort can be diagnosed as having a high carcinogenic risk with a 100% probability together with sensitivity and specificity by these indicators.
- Example 3 Carcinogenic risk assessment using liver tissue samples based on pyrosequencing in an expanded validation cohort>
- the cancer risk was evaluated using the index in a larger number of cases (expanded verification cohort) than in Example 2. It was.
- normal liver tissue samples C11 to C35, C44 to C63 showing no significant histological findings were obtained from 45 patients other than HCC who were negative for both HBs-Ag and anti-HCV. Obtained from surgically removed specimens. These patients consist of 34 men and 11 women, with an average age of 62.2 ⁇ 7.0 years. These patients also included 39 patients with partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of primary colon cancer, and 3 patients with partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of gastric cancer. , Each consisting of the remaining 3 patients with partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal carcinoid tumor in the stomach.
- non-cancerous liver tissue (N13-N34, N47-N69) were obtained from 45 patients who had undergone partial hepatectomy for HCC. These patients consist of 37 men and 8 women, with an average age of 62.3 ⁇ 9.7 years. Of these samples, 13 samples were positive for HBs-Ag, 29 samples were positive for anti-HCV, and 13 samples were both negative. Furthermore, as a result of histological examination on these non-cancer liver tissue samples, findings corresponding to chronic hepatitis were confirmed in 22 samples, and findings corresponding to cirrhosis were confirmed in 23 samples. In addition, the research using these human-derived samples was approved by the National Cancer Center Ethics Committee, and was conducted with explanation and consent in advance for all the above patients.
- the non-cancer liver tissue obtained from HCC patients and normal liver tissue have different DNA methylation status, and the non-cancer liver obtained from HCC patients based on the DNA methylation status. It became clear that the tissue could be diagnosed with a high risk of carcinogenesis.
- Example 4 ⁇ Clinicopathological significance of DNA methylation status in 30 regions listed in Table 4>
- 34 non-cancerous liver tissue samples (N1-N34) from HCC patients in the learning and validation cohorts satisfy the above indicators Divided into two groups according to the number of regions. That is, HCC patients are classified into a group in which the number of regions satisfying the index is 23 or more and a group in which the number of regions is less than 23, based on the median of the number of regions satisfying the indexes described in Table 4.
- 34 samples of non-cancerous liver tissue from origin were separated. The prognosis of these patients was examined for 11 to 3936 days (average of 1417 days). The obtained results are shown in FIGS.
- liver tissue samples N1 to N34
- the index does not merely reflect hepatitis virus infection, inflammation, or fibrosis at the stage of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis, but truly reflects the cancer risk itself. became.
- Example 5 ⁇ Verification 1 regarding the application of the index according to the present invention to clinical diagnosis>
- liver biopsy specimen pathological tissue
- Diagnosis is performed. If the risk of carcinogenesis can be evaluated using the above-mentioned indicators using liver biopsy specimens collected during the surveillance period, liver biopsy specimens can be used effectively and the burden on patients can be expected to be reduced. .
- tissues collected for biopsy are usually subjected to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. Since the DNA in the tissue is sheared, the reaction in the PCR method / pyro sequencing method may be inhibited. That is, in the case where a tissue subjected to formalin fixation or the like is analyzed by a pyrosequencing method or the like, there are a region that is susceptible to such reaction inhibition and a region that is unlikely to be affected in a specific base sequence. .
- the method of the present invention when the method of the present invention is performed on a liver biopsy sample collected during the surveillance period, it is more preferable to use only the region that is not susceptible to reaction inhibition as an index. It can be expected that reproducible results can be obtained rather than using the entire region, and the cancer risk can be evaluated well.
- PCR and pyrosequencing were performed on tissues after formalin fixation and paraffin embedding using the tissue samples and methods shown below (see FIG. 10). Therefore, an attempt was made to identify a region that is less susceptible to the reaction inhibition and is suitable for carrying out the present invention in a liver biopsy specimen.
- ⁇ Tissue samples and methods> As a simulated specimen of liver biopsy collected during the surveillance period (simulated liver biopsy specimen (pseudo needle biopsy specimen) collected from a partial hepatectomy specimen), an 18G needle is inserted into the bulk tissue, and the tissue is approximately 1 cm long A piece was collected and prepared by subjecting the obtained tissue piece to formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. That is, it was fixed at room temperature all day and night with 10% formalin, dehydrated with 100% ethanol, and further substituted with chloroform. Then, after fully infiltrating paraffin, the paraffin block was produced.
- formalin fixation and paraffin embedding That is, it was fixed at room temperature all day and night with 10% formalin, dehydrated with 100% ethanol, and further substituted with chloroform.
- pseudo-necropsy biopsy specimens of normal liver tissue samples that do not show significant histological findings are negative for both HBs-Ag and anti-HCV and suffer from diseases other than HCC. Obtained from specimens surgically removed from 11 patients. These patients are composed of 8 men and 3 women, and the average age is 57.5 ⁇ 10.7 years. These patients also had 10 patients undergoing partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of primary colorectal cancer and partial hepatectomy for liver metastasis of germ cell tumors in the testis. Consisting of only one patient.
- a pseudo-needle biopsy specimen of a non-cancerous liver tissue has a sensitivity of 93%. It was revealed that it can be distinguished from normal liver tissue at a specificity of 95%.
- liver biopsy specimens are usually collected from sites that are easily accessible from the body surface or the like and can be safely performed, and are not necessarily collected from the vicinity of the lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma. If the present invention can be carried out without depending on the distance from the lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma, the feasibility of carcinogenic risk diagnosis in a liver biopsy specimen with a limited collection site is increased.
- tissues were collected from a plurality of sites of the partial hepatectomy specimen, and a pseudo needle biopsy specimen in which formalin fixation and paraffin embedding were performed was prepared. Further, tissues were collected from a plurality of sites of the partial hepatectomy specimen, and fresh frozen bulk tissues were prepared by the method described in ⁇ DNA extraction and DNA bisulfite (bisulfite) modification>. Then, from these pseudo needle biopsy specimens and fresh frozen bulk tissue, DNA extraction, bisulfite modification, pyrosequencing DNA methylation analysis were performed by the above-described method, and the distance from the lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma and the DNA methylation state were determined. I investigated the relationship. A part of the results obtained (results in regions 2 and 4 described in Table 4) are shown in FIGS.
- the DNA methylation abnormality in the 30 regions described in Table 4 reflects the risk of carcinogenesis that accumulates extensively or uniformly in the liver. Therefore, together with the results shown in Example 5, the 30 regions described in Table 4 It became clear that the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma can be evaluated even when using a liver biopsy specimen with limited collection sites in clinical settings by using methylation (particularly the 15 regions) as an index.
- Example 7 ⁇ Verification 3 regarding application of index according to the present invention to clinical diagnosis>
- the 15 regions regions described in Table 4: 1 to 5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25 to 28
- the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma can be evaluated to the same extent as when all 30 regions listed in Table 4 are used, it is preferable in order to shorten the time required for diagnosis and reduce costs. It is expected to be easily spread in the inspection department. Therefore, the methylation state in the 15 regions was analyzed for pseudo needle biopsy specimens and fresh frozen bulk tissue by the same method as described in Example 6. A part of the results obtained (results in cases N39 and N40) are shown in FIG.
- the bulk tissue of the non-cancer liver tissue is treated with sensitivity. It became clear that it can be distinguished from normal liver tissue at 98% and specificity 98%. That is, it becomes clear that the cancer risk can be effectively evaluated by using the 15 regions even in tissues not accompanied by formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, and collected for the purpose of pathological diagnosis and fixed in formalin and paraffin embedding.
- liver tissue that is not formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for example, bulk tissue obtained by surgery
- the 15 regions described above in place of all 30 regions described in Table 4. It was demonstrated that the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma can be evaluated with high sensitivity and specificity.
- the DNA methylation levels of the 45 CpG sites according to the present invention or the 30 regions shown in Table 4 including the sites are detected, and based on the methylation levels. It becomes possible to determine whether or not to be classified into a high-risk group of hepatocellular carcinoma.
- the method of the present invention is extremely sensitive and specific, and can evaluate the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the method of the present invention is useful for surveillance of patients with chronic liver disorders such as chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis.
- the present invention it is possible to evaluate the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma regardless of the state of the liver tissue to be evaluated, for example, whether formalin fixation and paraffin embedding or the distance from the lesion of hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the present invention is extremely useful in the clinical field.
- the 15 regions may be used instead of all 30 regions described in Table 4, the 15 regions (regions described in Table 4: 1 to 5, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25 to 28) may be used. Since the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma can be evaluated with high sensitivity and specificity, the time and cost required for the evaluation can be further reduced, and as a result, it can be widely used in hospital examination departments and the like.
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Abstract
Description
(1) 下記(a)~(c)の工程を含む、肝細胞癌のリスクを評価する方法
(a)被験体の肝臓組織由来のゲノムDNAを調製する工程、
(b)工程(a)で調製したゲノムDNAについて、下記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトのDNAメチル化レベルを検出する工程、
(c)工程(b)で検出したDNAメチル化レベルから、前記被験体が癌高リスク群に分類されるか否かを決定する工程、
CpGサイト群:基準ヒトゲノム配列であるNCBI Build 36.1アセンブリ上の位置が、1番染色体 31,052,829、1番染色体 31,093,130、1番染色体 31,093,140、1番染色体 31,093,145、1番染色体 31,153,486、1番染色体 31,153,497、1番染色体 31,175,443、1番染色体 47,677,654、1番染色体 47,677,660、1番染色体 47,677,663、1番染色体 120,071,093、2番染色体 235,289,886、5番染色体 151,709,946、7番染色体 44,315,806、7番染色体 44,315,810、11番染色体 3,617,363、11番染色体 3,724,633、11番染色体 3,724,650、11番染色体 118,716,221、11番染色体 118,798,005、11番染色体 132,094,250、11番染色体 132,094,254、11番染色体 132,094,256、11番染色体 132,094,259、11番染色体 132,143,897、11番染色体 132,186,602、12番染色体 5,190,237、12番染色体 5,239,770、12番染色体 5,239,778、12番染色体 50,601,217、12番染色体 50,687,010、12番染色体 50,687,013、12番染色体 55,681,393、12番染色体 55,732,381、12番染色体 55,732,391、16番染色体 4,538,435、16番染色体 4,564,846、16番染色体 4,642,726、16番染色体 4,655,181、16番染色体 4,672,961、19番染色体 4,999,458、19番染色体 4,999,468、19番染色体 4,998,744、19番染色体 5,099,166、又は19番染色体 5,099,171であるCpGサイト。
(2) 工程(b)が、工程(a)で調製したゲノムDNAについて、前記CpGサイト群全てのサイトのDNAメチル化レベルを検出する工程である、(1)に記載の方法。
(3) 前記DNAメチル化レベルをパイロシークエンシング法によって検出する、(1)又は(2)に記載の方法。
(4) (1)~(3)のいずれかに記載の方法に用いるための、少なくとも15塩基の鎖長を有する、下記(a)~(b)に記載のいずれかであるオリゴヌクレオチド
(a)前記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトを挟み込むように設計された一対のプライマーであるオリゴヌクレオチド
(b)前記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトを含む塩基配列にハイブリダイズするプライマー又はプローブであるオリゴヌクレオチド。
(a)被験体の肝臓組織由来のゲノムDNAを調製する工程、
(b)工程(a)で調製したゲノムDNAについて、下記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトのDNAメチル化レベルを検出する工程、
(c)工程(b)で検出したDNAメチル化レベルから、前記被験体が癌高リスク群に分類されるか否かを決定する工程。
DNAメチル化レベル(%)=シトシンの発光強度×100/(シトシンの発光強度+チミンの発光強度)。
(a)前記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトを挟み込むように設計された一対のプライマーであるオリゴヌクレオチド
(b)前記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトを含む塩基配列にハイブリダイズするプライマー又はプローブであるオリゴヌクレオチド。
学習コホートとして、顕著な組織学的所見が示されていない正常な肝臓組織サンプル(C1~C10)を、HBV表面抗原(HBs-Ag)及び抗HCV抗体(anti-HCV)が共に陰性であり、HCC以外の疾患を患っている患者10人から手術で摘出した標本から得た。なお、これらの患者は7人の男性と3人の女性からなり、平均年齢(±SD)は58.4±9.7才である。また、これらの患者は、国立がん研究センター中央病院にて、原発性結腸癌の肝転移のために肝部分切除術が施された9人の患者と、胃における消化管間質腫瘍の肝転移のために肝部分切除術が施された1人の患者からなる。
採取後直ちに細切して液体窒素中にて急速凍結し液体窒素中に保存した新鮮凍結組織サンプルから、高分子量DNAをフェノール-クロロホルムにて抽出し、次いで透析処理を施した。また、バイサルファイト変換は、1μgゲノムDNA及びEpiTect バイサルファイトキット(QIAGEN GmbH社製)の試薬を用いて、製造業者のプロコールに従って行った。なお、この変換プロセスによって、非メチル化シトシン残基はウラシルに変換されるが、メチル化シトシン残基は変換されないことが明らかになっている(Clark SJら、Nucleic Acids Res、1994年、22巻、2990~7ページ 参照)。
DNAメチル化レベル(率)は、パイロシークエンシング(登録商標)技術を用いた高度な定量的手法によって計測した。すなわち先ず、ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)プライマー(フォワードプライマー及びリバースプライマー)、並びにシークエンシングプライマーを、パイロシークエンシングアッセイデザインソフトウェアver.1.0(QIAGEN社製)を用いて、バイサルファイト変換した配列に基づき設計した。また、DNAメチル化分析におけるPCRのバイアスを解消するため、Shen Lら、Bio Techniques、2007年、42巻、48~58ページ、及びGao Wら、Carcinogenesis、2008年、29巻、1901~10ページに記載の通り、アニーリング温度を最適化した。なお、各々のプライマー配列及びPCRの条件は表1及び表2に示す。また、各PCRによって調べたCpGサイトを含む塩基配列を表3に示す。
DNAメチル化レベル(%)=シトシンの発光強度×100/(シトシンの発光強度+チミンの発光強度)。
サンプル群間における各々のCpGサイトのDNAメチル化レベルの有意差は、Mann-Whitney Uテストにて分析した。また、HCC患者群の生存曲線をKaplan-Meier法によって算出し、その差をlog-rankテストにて比較し、p<0.05である際に有意とみなした。
<パイロシークエンシングによるBAMCAデータの検証>
BAMCA法は、全染色体における広範な領域の個々のDNAメチル化傾向の概要を提供することができるとされている(非特許文献13及び19 参照)。また、本発明者らにより、BAMCA法を用いて、HCC以外の患者から得た正常な肝臓組織と、学習コホートのHCC患者から得た非癌肝臓組織とを判別することができるDNAメチル化状態を示す25BACクローンが同定されている(非特許文献18 参照)。例えば図2に示すように、RP11-17M17上においては、XmaI/SmaIサイト10箇所がBAMCA法で有効に評価されている。すなわち、本発明者らの先の研究成果にて、BAMCA法によるこのBACクローンの平均シグナル比は、正常な肝臓組織サンプルよりもHCC患者から得た非癌肝臓組織サンプルの方が有意に低く、またHCC患者から得た非癌肝臓組織サンプルよりもHCCの方が有意に低いことが明らかになっている。
<パイロシークエンシングに基づく、肝臓組織サンプルを用いた発癌リスク評価のための指標の確立>
診断に最も効果があるCpGサイトを同定し、発癌リスクの評価における感度及び特異性を向上させるため、本発明者らの先のBAMCA法による分析結果から同定された指標 (非特許文献18 参照)に基づき、25のBACクローンにおいてBAMCA法で有効と評価されたXmaI/SmaIサイトを網羅するプライマーセットを用いたパイロシークエンシングを行い、該BACクローン上のCpGサイト203箇所におけるDNAメチル化レベルを測定した。
<拡大した検証コホートにおける、パイロシークエンシングに基づく、肝臓組織サンプルを用いた発癌リスク評価>
実施例2において確立した発癌リスク予測のための指標の信頼性について確認すべく、実施例2よりも多い症例数(拡大した検証コホート)にて、当該指標を用いて、発癌リスクの評価を行った。
<表4に記載した30領域におけるDNAメチル化状態の臨床病理学的意義>
表4に記載した30領域におけるDNAメチル化状態の臨床病理学的意義を評価するため、学習コホート及び検証コホートのHCC患者由来の非癌肝臓組織34サンプル(N1~N34)を、前記指標を満たす領域数に従って2つのグループに分けた。すなわち、表4に記載の指標を満たす領域数の中央値である23を基準とし、前記指標を満たす領域数が23以上であるグループと、該領域数が23未満であるグループとに、HCC患者由来の非癌肝臓組織34サンプルを分けた。そして、それら患者の予後を11~3936日間(平均 1417日間)調べた。得られた結果を図8及び図9に示す。
<本発明にかかる指標の臨床診断への適用についての検証1>
HBV又はHCV感染患者に対しては、サーベイランス(経過観察)期間の間、基準肝組織像(baseline liver historogy)を明らかにするため、インターフェロン治療に先立って、肝生検標本の顕微鏡検査(病理組織診断)が行われる。サーベイランス期間中に採取される肝生検標本を用いて、前記指標による発癌リスクの評価が行うことができれば、肝生検標本を有効に活用することができ、患者の負担も抑えることが期待できる。
サーベイランス期間中に採取される肝生検の模擬標本(肝部分切除術標本から採取した模擬肝生検標本(疑似針生検標本))として、バルク組織に18Gのニードルを刺し、約1cm長の組織片を採取し、得られた組織片にホルマリン固定及びパラフィン包埋を施して調製した。すなわち、10%ホルマリンで一昼夜室温で固定し、100%エタノールで脱水を行い、さらにクロロホルムに置換した。その後、パラフィンを十分に浸透させた後、パラフィンブロックを作製した。
<本発明にかかる指標の臨床診断への適用についての検証2>
臨床現場において肝生検標本は、通常は体表等から到達し易く安全に施行できる部位から採取され、必ずしも肝細胞癌の病巣の近傍から採取される訳ではない。肝細胞癌の病巣からの距離に依存せずに本発明が実施できれば、採取部位に制限のある肝生検標本における発癌リスク診断の実現可能性が高まる。
<本発明にかかる指標の臨床診断への適用についての検証3>
ホルマリン固定及びパラフィン包埋を伴わない標本、例えばバルク組織等でも、前記15領域(表4に記載の領域:1~5、14、16、18、19、21、23、25~28)を用いて、表4に記載の全30領域を用いた場合と同等程度に肝細胞癌のリスクを評価することができるのであれば、診断に要する時間を短縮し、コストを節減するために好ましく、病院検査部等における普及が容易となることが期待される。そこで、実施例6に記載の方法と同様の方法にて、前記15領域におけるメチル化状態を、疑似針生検標本及び新鮮凍結バルク組織について分析した。得られた結果の一部(症例N39及びN40における結果)を図14に示す。
<223> 人工的に合成されたプライマーの配列
Claims (4)
- 下記(a)~(c)の工程を含む、肝細胞癌のリスクを評価する方法
(a)被験体の肝臓組織由来のゲノムDNAを調製する工程、
(b)工程(a)で調製したゲノムDNAについて、下記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトのDNAメチル化レベルを検出する工程、
(c)工程(b)で検出したDNAメチル化レベルから、前記被験体が癌高リスク群に分類されるか否かを決定する工程、
CpGサイト群:基準ヒトゲノム配列であるNCBI Build 36.1アセンブリ上の位置が、1番染色体 31,052,829、1番染色体 31,093,130、1番染色体 31,093,140、1番染色体 31,093,145、1番染色体 31,153,486、1番染色体 31,153,497、1番染色体 31,175,443、1番染色体 47,677,654、1番染色体 47,677,660、1番染色体 47,677,663、1番染色体 120,071,093、2番染色体 235,289,886、5番染色体 151,709,946、7番染色体 44,315,806、7番染色体 44,315,810、11番染色体 3,617,363、11番染色体 3,724,633、11番染色体 3,724,650、11番染色体 118,716,221、11番染色体 118,798,005、11番染色体 132,094,250、11番染色体 132,094,254、11番染色体 132,094,256、11番染色体 132,094,259、11番染色体 132,143,897、11番染色体 132,186,602、12番染色体 5,190,237、12番染色体 5,239,770、12番染色体 5,239,778、12番染色体 50,601,217、12番染色体 50,687,010、12番染色体 50,687,013、12番染色体 55,681,393、12番染色体 55,732,381、12番染色体 55,732,391、16番染色体 4,538,435、16番染色体 4,564,846、16番染色体 4,642,726、16番染色体 4,655,181、16番染色体 4,672,961、19番染色体 4,999,458、19番染色体 4,999,468、19番染色体 4,998,744、19番染色体 5,099,166、又は19番染色体 5,099,171であるCpGサイト。 - 工程(b)が、工程(a)で調製したゲノムDNAについて、前記CpGサイト群全てのサイトのDNAメチル化レベルを検出する工程である、請求項1に記載の方法
- 前記DNAメチル化レベルをパイロシークエンシング法によって検出する、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の方法に用いるための、少なくとも15塩基の鎖長を有する、下記(a)~(b)に記載のいずれかであるオリゴヌクレオチド
(a)前記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトを挟み込むように設計された一対のプライマーであるオリゴヌクレオチド
(b)前記CpGサイト群から選択される少なくとも1つのサイトを含む塩基配列にハイブリダイズするプライマー又はプローブであるオリゴヌクレオチド。
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JP2021503956A (ja) * | 2017-11-22 | 2021-02-15 | レピディン・カンパニー・リミテッド | 遺伝子のcpgメチル化変化を用いた肝癌の予後または危険度を評価する方法 |
JP2022522354A (ja) * | 2019-02-28 | 2022-04-18 | レピディン・カンパニー・リミテッド | 肝がん再発予測用dnaメチル化マーカー及びその用途 |
JP2022551635A (ja) * | 2019-10-08 | 2022-12-12 | レピジン カンパニー,リミテッド | 生物学的試料が肝癌組織起源であるか否かを判別する方法 |
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JPWO2019039532A1 (ja) * | 2017-08-23 | 2019-11-07 | 国立研究開発法人国立がん研究センター | 肝細胞癌のリスク評価方法 |
CN110997915A (zh) * | 2017-08-23 | 2020-04-10 | 国立研究开发法人国立癌研究中心 | 肝细胞癌的风险评价方法 |
JP2021503956A (ja) * | 2017-11-22 | 2021-02-15 | レピディン・カンパニー・リミテッド | 遺伝子のcpgメチル化変化を用いた肝癌の予後または危険度を評価する方法 |
JP7306723B2 (ja) | 2017-11-22 | 2023-07-11 | レピディン・カンパニー・リミテッド | 遺伝子のcpgメチル化変化を用いた肝癌の予後または危険度を評価する方法 |
JP2022522354A (ja) * | 2019-02-28 | 2022-04-18 | レピディン・カンパニー・リミテッド | 肝がん再発予測用dnaメチル化マーカー及びその用途 |
JP7340879B2 (ja) | 2019-02-28 | 2023-09-08 | レピディン・カンパニー・リミテッド | 肝がん再発予測用dnaメチル化マーカー及びその用途 |
JP2022551635A (ja) * | 2019-10-08 | 2022-12-12 | レピジン カンパニー,リミテッド | 生物学的試料が肝癌組織起源であるか否かを判別する方法 |
JP7384492B2 (ja) | 2019-10-08 | 2023-11-21 | レピジン カンパニー,リミテッド | 生物学的試料が肝癌組織起源であるか否かを判別する方法 |
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