WO2012089297A1 - Kontinuierliches verfahren zur umsetzung säuregruppen tragender polymere mit aminen - Google Patents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/28—Treatment by wave energy or particle radiation
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/126—Microwaves
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F20/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride, ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F20/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms, Derivatives thereof
- C08F20/04—Acids, Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
- C08F20/06—Acrylic acid; Methacrylic acid; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F22/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof
- C08F22/02—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof, e.g. maleic acid or itaconic acid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
- C08F8/32—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups by reaction with amines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/44—Preparation of metal salts or ammonium salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
- C08G81/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers at least one of the polymers being obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G81/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers
- C08G81/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by interreacting polymers in the absence of monomers, e.g. block polymers at least one of the polymers being obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C08G81/024—Block or graft polymers containing sequences of polymers of C08C or C08F and of polymers of C08G
- C08G81/025—Block or graft polymers containing sequences of polymers of C08C or C08F and of polymers of C08G containing polyether sequences
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
- H05B6/64—Heating using microwaves
- H05B6/80—Apparatus for specific applications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/12—Processes employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/1203—Incoherent waves
- B01J2219/1206—Microwaves
- B01J2219/1209—Features relating to the reactor or vessel
- B01J2219/1212—Arrangements of the reactor or the reactors
- B01J2219/1215—Single reactor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/12—Processes employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/1203—Incoherent waves
- B01J2219/1206—Microwaves
- B01J2219/1209—Features relating to the reactor or vessel
- B01J2219/1221—Features relating to the reactor or vessel the reactor per se
- B01J2219/1224—Form of the reactor
- B01J2219/1227—Reactors comprising tubes with open ends
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J2219/12—Processes employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J2219/1203—Incoherent waves
- B01J2219/1206—Microwaves
- B01J2219/1287—Features relating to the microwave source
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a continuous process for reacting acid group-bearing polymers by polymer-analogous amidation of
- Hydrophobically modified water-soluble synthetic polymers have gained increasing industrial importance in recent years. These are usually polymers which are composed mainly of monomers carrying hydrophilic groups and a smaller proportion of monomers carrying hydrophobic groups. These water-soluble polymers aggregate in aqueous solutions due to intra- and / or intermolecular interactions of the hydrophobic groups with micelle-like structures. As a result, the hydrophobically modified polymers cause an increase in viscosity compared with conventional water-soluble polymers by the formation of three-dimensional networks at low concentrations, without requiring extremely high molecular weights. Such "associative thickeners" efficiently control the rheological properties of aqueous based fluids in many industrial applications or formulations, such as in paints and coatings, paper, drilling fluids, and oil recovery
- these polymers are used, for example, as stabilizers for colloidal dispersions, emulsions, liposomes or (nano) particles. Further, they are used as dispersing agents for pigments and dyes wherein the modified polymer acts as a hydrophobic particle dispersant by anchoring the hydrophobic polymer segments to the solid surface and by extending the charged, hydrophilic groups into the bulk phase.
- LCST polymers Liwer Critical Solution Temperature
- Lose side chains with increasing temperature of water solubility and thus lead to an aggregation or precipitation of the polymer with temperature increase.
- Such polymers are, for example, in the petroleum production as
- Drilling mud additives of great interest Drilling mud additives of great interest.
- hydrophobically modified, water-soluble, synthetic polymers can be adjusted within wide limits, for example, by selecting the hydrophobic group and / or the degree of modification and thus adapting it to a wide variety of applications.
- hydrophobically associating, water-soluble macromolecules are hydrophobically modified synthetic poly (carboxylic acids) and
- Poly (carboxamides) These can be, for example, by
- Carboxylic acid amides proven because they have the hydrophilic monomers comparable Copolymerisationsparameter but have a relation to corresponding esters increased hydrolysis stability. However, its technical
- polymers are also accessible by polymer-analogous reactions of synthetic higher molecular weight poly (carboxylic acids), which are technically available in large quantities.
- polymer-analogous reactions between poly (carboxylic acids) and amines with Coupling reagents such as A /./ V-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) can be performed.
- DCC V-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
- the problem is again process-related by-products and the different solubilities of the reactants, which often leads to inhomogeneous products. If the poly (carboxylic acids) are sufficiently oil-soluble, condensation in organic solvents with azeotropic removal of the water of reaction is also possible.
- Microwave assisted direct conversion of carboxylic acids and amines to amides In contrast to classical processes, no activation of the carboxylic acid over, for example, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides, esters or coupling reagents is required, which makes these processes very interesting both economically and ecologically.
- Tetrahedron Letters 2005, 46, 3751-3754 discloses a variety of amides synthesized with the aid of microwave radiation.
- J. Polym. Sei., Part A: Polym. Chem. (2007), 45, 3659-3667 discloses the polymer-analogous amidation of poly (ethylene-co-acrylic acid) with excess 2- (2-aminoethoxy) ethanol in toluene under microwave irradiation to yield amidated, hydroxy-functionalized polymers.
- WO 2009/121488 discloses the condensation of carboxylic acids with amines to amides in the microwave field in the presence of superheated water.
- the invention accordingly provides a continuous process for the reaction of synthetic poly (carboxylic acids) (A) containing at least 10 repeatable structural units of the formula (I)
- R 9 is hydrogen, a C 4 to C 4 alkyl group or a group of
- R 10 is hydrogen or a C 1 to C 4 alkyl group
- R 11 is hydrogen, a C 1 to C 4 alkyl group or -COOH
- R 1 is a hydrocarbon radical having 3 to 50 carbon atoms, which may be substituted or may contain heteroatoms
- R 2 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical having 1 to
- Solvent mixture which water and, based on the weight of
- Solvent mixture containing 0.1 to 75 wt .-% of at least one water-miscible organic solvent, and wherein the organic solvent has a measured at 25 ° C dielectric constant of at least 10, is placed in a reaction zone, and exposed to microwave radiation as it flows through the reaction section is, and wherein the reaction mixture in the reaction section by the microwave irradiation to temperatures above 100 ° C is heated.
- Another object of the invention are prepared by the process according to the invention, polymer-analogue modified synthetic
- R 9 is hydrogen or a methyl group.
- R 0 is preferably hydrogen.
- R 1 is hydrogen or -COOH.
- R 9 , R 10 and R 11 stand for
- R 9 is a methyl group and R 10 and R 1 are hydrogen.
- R 9 is a methyl group and R 10 and R 1 are hydrogen.
- Embodiment R 9 and R 10 are hydrogen and R 1 is -COOH.
- Synthetic poly (carboxylic acids) (A) are polymers which can be prepared by addition polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids.
- Preferred synthetic poly (carboxylic acids) contain structural units derived from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or mixtures thereof. The concept of derived
- Structural units means that the polymer contains structural units which are formed in the addition polymerization of said acids.
- Particularly preferred are homopolymers of said ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as poly (acrylic acid), and poly (methacrylic acid).
- the inventive method is also for the modification of
- the proportion of structural units derived from further ethylenically unsaturated monomers is preferably between 0.1 and 40 mol%, particularly preferably between 0.5 and 25 mol% and in particular between 1 and 10 mol%, for example between 2 and 5 mol%. %.
- Preferred further ethylenically unsaturated monomers are
- Sulfonic acid groups such as vinylsulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid, 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate,
- unsaturated compounds having phosphate or phosphonic acid groups such as vinylphosphoric acid, vinylphosphonic acid, allylphosphonic acid, methacrylamidomethanephosphonic acid,
- C 2 -C 6 -alcohols such as methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, propyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate and hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate and acrylamide and methacrylamide and their nitrogen
- Ci-C 2 o-alkyl radicals substituted derivatives, vinyl ethers such as
- Methyl vinyl ethers such as N-vinyl caprolactam and N-vinyl pyrrolidone and olefins such as ethylene, styrene and butadiene are useful as other comonomers.
- Preferred copolymers are in
- Solvent mixture of water and the water-miscible organic solvent at temperatures above 40 ° C such as at 50 ° C, 60 ° C, 70 ° C, 80 ° C or 90 ° C homogeneously soluble or at least swellable. Furthermore, they are preferably present at a concentration of at least 1% by weight and in particular from 5 to 90% by weight, for example from 20 to 80% by weight
- the synthetic poly (carboxylic acids) (A) contain at least 10 repeating structural units of the formula (I), which is to be understood per polymer chain.
- Poly (carboxylic acids) (A) which are preferred according to the invention have number-average molecular weights above 700 g / mol, more preferably between 1,000 and 500,000 g / mol and in particular between 2,000 and 300,000 g / mol, for example between 2,500 and 100,000 g / mol, in each case determined by gel permeation chromatography against poly (styrenesulfonic acid) standards.
- the poly (carboxylic acids) contain (A) on average at least 10 and in particular at least 20 such as 50 bis
- the process according to the invention is preferably suitable for the preparation of secondary amides, ie for the reaction of poly (carboxylic acids) (A) with amines of the formula (II) in which R 1 is a hydrocarbon radical having 3 to 50 carbon atoms and R 2 is hydrogen.
- the inventive method is further preferably for the production of tertiary amides, that is, for the reaction of poly (carboxylic acids) (A) with amines of the formula (II), wherein R 1 is a hydrocarbon radical having 3 to
- R 1 and R 2 for a hydrocarbon radical with 1 to 100 carbon atoms.
- the radicals R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different. In a particularly preferred embodiment, R 1 and R 2 are the same. In a specific embodiment, R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring.
- R 1 is an aliphatic radical. This has preferably 4 to 24, particularly preferably 5 to 18 and especially 6 to 12 C-atoms.
- the aliphatic radical may be linear, branched or cyclic. It can still be saturated or unsaturated. Preferably, the aliphatic radical is saturated.
- the aliphatic radical may carry substituents such as, for example, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 5 -alkoxy, cyano, nitrile, nitro and / or C 5 -C 2 0-aryl groups, for example phenyl radicals.
- the Cs-C20-aryl radicals may in turn optionally be substituted by halogen atoms, halogenated alkyl radicals, C 1 -C 20 -alkyl, C 2 -C 20 -alkenyl, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkoxy, for example methoxy, amide, cyano, , Nitrile, and / or nitro groups.
- R 1 is a C 3 -C 6 -alkyl or -cycloalkyl radical. These radicals can carry up to three substituents.
- Particularly preferred aliphatic radicals R 1 are n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl, n-pentyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n- Dodecyl, tridecyl, isotridecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and methylphenyl.
- R 2 is preferably hydrogen.
- Embodiment R 2 is an aliphatic radical. This has preferably 1 to 24, more preferably 2 to 18 and especially 3 to 6 C-atoms.
- the aliphatic radical may be linear, branched or cyclic. It can still be saturated or unsaturated. Preferably, the aliphatic radical is saturated.
- the aliphatic group may have substituents such as hydroxyl, Ci-C wear 5 alkoxy, cyano, nitrile, nitro and / or C5-C2o-aryl groups such as phenyl.
- the C 5 -C 20 -aryl radicals may in turn optionally substituted with halogen atoms, halogenated alkyl groups, Ci-C2o-alkyl, C 2 -C 2 o-alkenyl, hydroxyl, CC 5 alkoxy such as methoxy, amide -, cyano, nitrile, and / or nitro groups substituted.
- R 2 is hydrogen, a C 1 -C 6 -alkyl or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl radical and especially one Alkyl radical having 1, 2, or 3 C atoms. These radicals can carry up to three substituents.
- Particularly preferred aliphatic radicals R 2 are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl, n-hexyl, cyclohexyl, n-octyl, n-decyl, n-dodecyl, Tridecyl, isotridecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl and
- R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring.
- This ring preferably has 4 or more, such as 4, 5, 6 or more ring members.
- Preferred further ring members are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and / or sulfur atoms.
- the rings in turn may carry substituents such as alkyl radicals.
- Suitable ring structures are
- R 1 and / or R 2 independently of one another are preferably radicals of the formula (III)
- R 3 is an alkylene group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms and preferably 2 to
- Hydrocarbon radical having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, or a group of the formula -R 3 -NR 5 R 6 ,
- particularly suitable polyetheramines (B) in which at least one of the radicals R 1 and / or R 2 corresponds to the formula (III) are, for example, by alkoxylating alcohols of the formula R 4 -OH with 2 to 100 mol
- Preferred polyetheramines have molecular weights between 500 and
- R 1 and / or R 2 independently of one another are preferably radicals of the formula (IV)
- each R .8 is independently hydrogen, an alkyl or
- Hydroxyalkyl radical having up to 24 carbon atoms such as 2 to 20 carbon atoms, a polyoxyalkylene radical - (R 3 -0) p -R 4 , or a polyiminoalkylene radical - [R 7 -N (R 8 )] q - (R 8 ), wherein R 3 , R 4 , R 7 and
- R have the meanings given above and q and p independently of one another are from 1 to 50 and
- n is a number from 1 to 20, and preferably from 2 to 10, such as three, four, five or six.
- the radicals of the formula (I) preferably contain 1 to 50, in particular 2 to 20, nitrogen atoms.
- Polyamine of formula (IV) are one or more amino groups, each carrying at least one hydrogen atom, converted into the carboxylic acid amide.
- poly (carboxylic acids) (A) with polyamines of the formula III, primary amino groups can also be converted into imides.
- Suitable amines are n-propylamine, iso-propylamine, propanolamine, butylamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, octylamine, decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, dimethylamine, diethylamine, diethanolamine, ethylmethylamine, di-n-propylamine, di-iso propylamine, methyl-n-propylamine, methyl-iso-propylamine, dicyclohexylamine, didecylamine,
- poly (carboxylic acid) (A) and amine (B) can generally be reacted with one another in any desired ratios.
- the reaction with molar ratios between carboxyl groups of the poly (carboxylic acid) (A) and amino groups of the amine (B) preferably takes place from 100: 1 to 1: 5, preferably from 10: 1 to 1: 1, especially from 5: 1 to 2 : 1, in each case based on the equivalents of carboxyl and amino groups. If the amine is in
- reaction conditions are preferably adjusted so that at least 10 mol%, in particular 20 to 100 mol% and especially 25 to 80 mol%, for example 30 to 70 mol% of the amine (B) used are reacted.
- very homogeneous products are formed, which shows in a good solubility and a sharp cloud point of aqueous solutions.
- R 1 and / or R 2 is one with one or more
- Reaction mixture containing poly (carboxylic acid) (A), amine (B), water, a water-miscible solvent and optionally other auxiliaries such as emulsifier, catalyst and / or electrolyte can be carried out in various ways.
- the resulting ammonium salt is preferably generated in situ and not isolated.
- the mixing of poly (carboxylic acid) (A) and amine (B) can be carried out continuously, batchwise or else in semi-batch processes. In particular for processes on an industrial scale, it has proven useful to supply the starting materials to the process according to the invention in liquid form.
- the poly (carboxylic acid) (A) is preferably fed to the inventive method as a solution in water or as a solution in water and a water-miscible solvent.
- the poly (carboxylic acid) (A) can also be used in swollen form, provided that it is pumpable.
- the amine (B) insofar as it is liquid or meltable at low temperatures of preferably below 150 ° C. and in particular below 100 ° C., can be used as such. In many cases, it has proven useful to use the amine (B) optionally in a molten state, mixed with water and / or the water-miscible solvent, for example as a solution, dispersion or emulsion.
- the mixing of poly (carboxylic acid) (A) with amine (B) can be carried out in a (semi) -batch process by sequential charging of the ingredients, for example in a separate stirred tank.
- amine for example in a separate stirred tank.
- the amine (B) is dissolved in the water-miscible organic solvent and then added to the already dissolved or swollen polymer.
- the addition is carried out in small portions over a long time and with stirring, on the one hand to ensure a homogeneous distribution of the amine and on the other hand to avoid local precipitation of the polymer at the metering.
- Reaction mixture optionally after intermediate cooling, in the
- a catalyst and further auxiliaries can be added to one of the educts or else to the educt mixture before it enters the reaction zone. Also heterogeneous systems can after the
- the reaction mixture contains 10 to 99 wt .-%, particularly preferably 20 to 95 wt .-%, in particular 25 to 90 wt .-% such as 50 to 80 wt .-% of a solvent mixture of water and one or more miscible with water , organic solvents.
- water is added to reactants A and B prior to microwave irradiation so that the reaction product contains an amount of water in excess of the amount of water of reaction liberated during the amidation.
- Preferred water-miscible organic solvents are polar protic and polar aprotic liquids. These preferably have a dielectric constant of at least 12, and in particular at least 15, measured at 25 ° C. Preferred solvents are soluble in water to at least 100 g / l, more preferably to at least 200 g / l, in particular to at least 500 g / l, and especially they are completely miscible with water. Particularly preferred solvents are heteroaliphatic compounds and in particular alcohols, ketones, end-capped polyethers, carboxylic acid amides such as tertiary carboxylic acid amides, nitriles, sulfoxides and sulfones.
- Preferred aprotic solvents are, for example, formamide,
- protic organic solvents are lower alcohols having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and in particular with 2 to 5 C atoms. Examples of suitable alcohols are
- Secondary and tertiary alcohols are particularly preferably used as lower alcohols. Particularly preferred are secondary and tertiary alcohols having 3 to 5 carbon atoms such as
- low-boiling liquids are preferred as the water-miscible, organic solvents and in particular those which have a boiling point at atmospheric pressure of below 150 ° C and especially below 120 ° C such as below 100 ° C and thus with little effort again from the
- modified polymers may remain in the product.
- the proportion of the water-miscible organic solvent in the solvent mixture is preferably between 1 and 60% by weight, more preferably between 2 and 50% by weight, in particular between 5 and 40% by weight, for example between 10 and 30% by weight. %, in each case based on the weight of the solvent mixture. Water is contained in the solvent mixture ad 100 wt .-%.
- Reaction mixture to add electrolytes Preferred are strong electrolytes which are completely dissociated, regardless of the concentration.
- Preferred strong electrolytes are salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals such as, for example, their chlorides, phosphates, sulfates, carbonates and bicarbonates. Examples of preferred strong electrolytes are NaCl, KCl, Na 2 C0 3 , Na 2 S0 4 and MgS0 4 .
- the addition of electrolytes increases the dielectric loss of the reaction medium, so that more energy is consumed per unit of time or volume the reaction mixture can be coupled. For the continuous process according to the invention, this means an increase in the amount that can be converted per unit time, since more of the reaction mixture in the reaction zone can be heated to the desired temperature while increasing the flow rate (and simultaneously the irradiated microwave energy).
- one or more emulsifiers may be added to the reaction mixture in a preferred embodiment. Preference is given to using emulators which are chemically inert to the educts and to the product.
- the emulsifier is a reaction product from a separate preparation.
- the reactants are fed in the desired ratio of separate templates of the reaction route. In a special embodiment they will be before entering the
- Reaction zone and / or further homogenized in the reaction section itself by means of suitable mixing elements such as static mixer and / or Archimedean screw and / or by flowing through a porous foam.
- the reaction of poly (carboxylic acid) (A) with amine (B) takes place according to the invention under the influence of microwave radiation in a reaction zone.
- the reaction zone comprises at least one vessel in which the reaction mixture is exposed to microwave radiation (irradiation zone) and optionally an isothermal reaction zone adjoining it in the flow direction, in which the reaction can be completed.
- the reaction zone consists of the irradiation zone.
- the reaction mixture by microwave radiation is preferably at temperatures above 110 ° C, more preferably at temperatures between 120 and 320 ° C, in particular between 130 and 260 ° C and in particular between 140 and 240 ° C such as between 150 and 220 ° C. heated.
- Temperatures refer to the maximum temperatures reached during microwave irradiation.
- the temperature can be measured, for example, on the surface of the irradiation vessel. It is preferably determined on the reaction mixture directly after leaving the irradiation zone.
- the pressure in the reaction zone is preferably set so high that the reaction mixture remains in the liquid state and does not boil. Is preferred at pressures above 1 bar, preferably at pressures between 3 and 300 bar, more preferably between 5 and 200 and in particular between 10 and 100 bar as
- Dehydrating catalysts are understood as meaning auxiliaries which accelerate the condensation of amine and carboxylic acid.
- auxiliaries which accelerate the condensation of amine and carboxylic acid.
- Preferred catalysts are liquid and / or soluble in the reaction medium.
- the reaction mixture can in many cases be fed directly to another use.
- water and / or organic solvent can be separated from the crude product by conventional separation techniques such as distillation, freeze-drying or absorption.
- amine used in excess and optionally unreacted residual amounts of amine can also be separated off.
- the crude products can be further purified by conventional purification methods such as, for example, washing, reprecipitation, filtration, dialysis or chromatographic methods. Often, it has also proved to be successful here to neutralize excess or unreacted amine and remove by washing.
- the microwave irradiation is usually carried out in apparatuses which have an irradiation vessel made of a material which is as far as possible transparent to microwaves, in the microwave generated in a microwave generator
- Microwave radiation is coupled.
- Microwave generators like
- the magnetron, the klystron and the gyrotron are the magnetron, the klystron and the gyrotron.
- Irradiation vessels are preferably made of largely microwave-transparent, high-melting material or contain at least parts such as windows made of these materials. Non-metallic irradiation vessels are particularly preferably used. Under largely
- Microwave transparent here materials understood that absorb as little microwave energy and convert it into heat.
- the dielectric loss factor tan ⁇ is defined as the ratio of dielectric loss ⁇ "and ⁇ dielectric constant '. Examples of tan ⁇ values of different materials are, for example, in D. Bogdal,
- Microwave-transparent and temperature-stable materials are primarily materials based on minerals such as quartz, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, silicon nitride and the like into consideration. Also, temperature-stable plastics such as in particular fluoropolymers such as Teflon, and engineering plastics such as polypropylene, or polyaryletherketones such
- PEEK glass fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone
- Vascular materials suitable In order to withstand the temperature conditions during the reaction, minerals coated with these plastics in particular, such as quartz or aluminum oxide, have proven to be useful as vessel materials.
- microwaves are electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength between about 1 cm and 1m and frequencies between about 300 MHz and
- microwave radiation with frequencies released for industrial, scientific and medical applications is preferably used, such as
- the microwave irradiation of the reaction mixture can be carried out both in
- Microwave applicators that operate in mono or quasi-single mode as well as in those working in multimode done. Corresponding devices are known to the person skilled in the art.
- Irradiation vessel to be irradiated microwave power is particularly dependent on the desired reaction temperature, the geometry of the
- It is usually between 100 W and several 100 kW and in particular between 200 W and 100 kW such as between 500 W and 70 kW. It can be applied at one or more points of the irradiation vessel.
- It can be generated by one or more microwave generators.
- the duration of the microwave irradiation depends on various factors such as the reaction volume, the geometry of the irradiation vessel, the
- the intensity (power) of the microwave radiation is adjusted so that the reaction mixture in the shortest possible time the desired Reaction temperature reached.
- the reaction product may be further irradiated with reduced and / or pulsed power or otherwise maintained at temperature.
- the reaction product is cooled as soon as possible after completion of the microwave irradiation to temperatures below 100 ° C, preferably below 80 ° C and especially below 50 ° C.
- the microwave irradiation is preferably carried out in a flow tube serving as an irradiation vessel, which is also referred to below as the reaction tube. It can also be carried out in semi-batch processes such as continuously operated stirred reactors or cascade reactors.
- the reaction is carried out in a closed, pressure-resistant and chemically inert vessel, wherein the water and optionally the amine and the water-miscible solvent lead to a pressure build-up. After completion of the reaction, the pressure can be reduced by venting to volatilize and separate water, organic
- the water and the organic solvent can be separated by conventional separation methods such as freeze-drying, distillation or absorption. Often, it has also proved to be successful in this, to neutralize excess amine and remove by washing.
- the reaction mixture is continuously passed through a pressure-resistant, inert to the reactants, for the most part transparent to microwaves and fed into a microwave applicator serving as the irradiation zone reaction tube.
- This reaction tube preferably has a diameter of one millimeter to about 50 cm, especially between 2 mm and 35 cm, for example between 5 mm and 15 cm. Particularly preferred is the
- Diameter of the reaction tube smaller than the penetration depth of the microwaves in the reaction mixture to be irradiated. In particular, it is 1 to 70% and especially 5 to 60% such as 10 to 50% of the penetration depth. Under penetration depth is understood here the route on which the irradiated
- Microwave energy is attenuated to 1 / e.
- Irradiation zone (this is understood as the proportion of the flow tube in which the reaction mixture is exposed to microwave radiation) greater than 5, preferably between 10 and 100,000, more preferably between 20 and
- reaction tube is in the form of a
- Double jacket tube designed by the inner and outer space, the reaction mixture can be performed sequentially in countercurrent, for example, to increase the temperature control and energy efficiency of the process.
- the length of the reaction tube is to be understood as meaning the total distance traveled by the reaction mixture in the microwave field.
- Reaction tube is surrounded on its length by at least one, but preferably by several such as, for example, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or more microwave radiators.
- the microwave radiation preferably takes place via the tube jacket.
- the microwave irradiation takes place by means of at least one antenna via the tube ends.
- the reaction section is usually provided at the inlet with a metering pump and a pressure gauge and at the outlet with a pressure-holding device and a heat exchanger.
- a solution of the polymer (A) and amine (B) only shortly before entering the reaction zone optionally with the aid of suitable mixing elements such as static mixer and / or Archimedean screw and / or by flowing through a porous foam mixed.
- suitable mixing elements such as static mixers and / or Archimedean screw and / or by flowing through a porous foam mixed.
- they are further homogenized in the reaction zone by means of suitable mixing elements such as static mixers and / or Archimedean screw and / or by flowing through a porous foam.
- Reaction conditions adjusted so that the maximum reaction temperature is reached as quickly as possible.
- the residence time at maximum temperature is chosen so short that as few side or subsequent reactions occur as possible.
- the continuous microwave reactor is preferably operated in monomode or quasi-monomode.
- the residence time of the reaction mixture in the irradiation zone is generally less than 20 minutes, preferably between 0.01 second and 10 minutes, preferably between 0.1 second and 5 minutes
- reaction mixture can flow through the irradiation zone several times to complete the reaction, optionally after intermediate cooling.
- the irradiation of the reaction material with microwaves is carried out in a reaction tube whose longitudinal axis is in the direction of propagation of the microwaves in a monomode microwave applicator.
- the length of the reaction material with microwaves is carried out in a reaction tube whose longitudinal axis is in the direction of propagation of the microwaves in a monomode microwave applicator.
- Irradiation zone at least half the wavelength, more preferably at least one and up to 20 times, especially 2 to 15 times, such as 3 to 0 times the wavelength of the used Microwave radiation.
- energy from several, such as two, three, four, five, six or more consecutive maxima of the propagating parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tube microwave can be transferred to the reaction mixture, which significantly improves the energy efficiency of the process.
- the irradiation of the reaction product with microwaves preferably takes place in a substantially microwave-transparent straight reaction tube, which is located within a hollow conductor connected to a microwave generator and functioning as a microwave applicator.
- the reaction tube is aligned axially with a central axis of symmetry of this waveguide.
- the waveguide is preferably formed as a cavity resonator.
- Cavity resonator dimensioned so that it forms a standing wave. Further preferred are those not absorbed in the waveguide
- the cavity resonator is preferably operated in the Eoi n mode, where n stands for an integer and indicates the number of field maxima of the microwave along the central axis of symmetry of the resonator. In this operation, the electric field is in the direction of the central axis of symmetry of the
- Cavity resonator directed. It has a maximum in the area of the central axis of symmetry and decreases to the lateral surface to the value zero.
- Field configuration is rotationally symmetrical about the central axis of symmetry.
- n is an integer
- Reaction tube the required temperature and the required residence time in the resonator, the length of the resonator is selected relative to the wavelength of the microwave radiation used.
- N is preferably an integer from 1 to 200, particularly preferably from 2 to 100, in particular from 3 to 50 specifically from 4 to 20 such as three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine or ten.
- the eoin mode of the cavity resonator is also referred to in English as TMoi n mode (transverse magnetic), see, for example, K. Lange, KH Löcherer, Taschenbuch der Hochfrequenztechnik ", Volume 2, page K21 ff.
- the irradiation of the microwave energy into the waveguide acting as a microwave applicator can take place via suitably dimensioned holes or slots.
- the irradiation of the reaction material with microwaves in a reaction tube which is located in a waveguide with coaxial transition of the microwaves.
- particularly preferred microwave devices are from a cavity resonator, a coupling device for coupling a
- Microwave field in the cavity resonator and constructed with one opening at two opposite end walls for passing the reaction tube through the resonator.
- Cavity resonator is preferably via a coupling pin, in the
- the coupling pin is as a
- Forming coupling antenna preferably formed metallic inner conductor tube. In a particularly preferred embodiment, this protrudes
- Coupling pin through one of the frontal openings in the cavity resonator inside.
- the reaction tube connects to the
- the reaction tube is aligned axially with a central axis of symmetry of the cavity resonator, for which purpose the cavity resonator preferably each has a central opening on two opposite end walls for passing the reaction tube.
- Coupling antenna acting inner conductor tube can be done for example by means of a coaxial connecting cable.
- the microwave field is supplied to the resonator via a waveguide, wherein the from the cavity resonator outstanding end of the coupling pin in a
- Opening which is located in the wall of the waveguide, in the waveguide
- Reaction tube which is axially symmetrical in a Eoi n -Rundhohlleiter with coaxial transition of the microwaves.
- the reaction tube is guided through the cavity of an inner conductor tube acting as a coupling antenna into the cavity resonator.
- the irradiation of the reaction mixture with microwaves in a microwave-transparent reaction tube which is passed through a Eoi n- cavity resonator with axial feeding of the microwaves, wherein the length of the
- the irradiation of the reaction mixture with microwaves takes place in one
- Microwave transparent reaction tube which is passed through an Eoi n- cavity resonator with axial feeding of the microwaves, wherein the length of the
- the irradiation of the reaction mixture with microwaves in a microwave-transparent reaction tube which is axially symmetrical in a circular cylindrical E 0 i n cavity resonator with coaxial transition of the microwaves is carried out, the length of the microwave-transparent reaction tube, which is axially symmetrical in a circular cylindrical E 0 i n cavity resonator with coaxial transition of the microwaves is carried out, the length of the microwave-transparent reaction tube, which is axially symmetrical in a circular cylindrical E 0 i n cavity resonator with coaxial transition of the microwaves is carried out, the length of the microwave-transparent reaction tube, which is axially symmetrical in a circular cylindrical E 0 i n cavity resonator with coaxial transition of the microwaves is carried out, the length of the microwave-transparent reaction tube, which is axially symmetrical in a circular cylindrical E 0 i n cavity resonator with coaxial transition of the microwaves is carried out, the length of
- Eoi cavity resonators preferably have a diameter which corresponds to at least half the wavelength of the microwave radiation used.
- the diameter of the cavity resonator is the 1, 0- to
- the Eor cavity resonator has a round cross section, which is also referred to as Eoi round waveguide. Particularly preferably it has a cylindrical shape and especially a circular cylindrical shape.
- the reaction of the reaction mixture is on leaving the
- reaction mixture is therefore transferred directly after passage of the irradiation zone, that is without intermediate cooling in an isothermal reaction zone, in which it continues for a certain time
- the reaction mixture is optionally relaxed and cooled.
- the direct transfer from the irradiation zone into the isothermal reaction zone is to be understood as meaning that no active measures are taken between the irradiation zone and the isothermal reaction zone for supplying and in particular for dissipating heat.
- the temperature difference between leaving the irradiation zone and entering the isothermal reaction zone is preferably less than ⁇ 30 ° C., preferably less than ⁇ 20 ° C., more preferably less than ⁇ 10 ° C. and in particular less than ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the temperature of the reaction product when entering the isothermal reaction path corresponds to the temperature when leaving the irradiation zone. This embodiment allows rapid and targeted heating of the reaction mixture to the desired reaction temperature without partial overheating and then a stay in this
- reaction temperature for a defined period of time before it is cooled.
- the reaction mixture is preferably cooled as quickly as possible directly after leaving the isothermal reaction zone to temperatures below 120 ° C, preferably below 100 ° C and especially below 60 ° C.
- temperatures below 120 ° C preferably below 100 ° C and especially below 60 ° C.
- Isothermal reaction zone is understood to mean that the temperature of the reaction mixture in the isothermal reaction zone is kept constant with respect to the inlet temperature at ⁇ 30 ° C., preferably ⁇ 20 ° C., more preferably ⁇ 10 ° C. and in particular ⁇ 5 ° C.
- the reaction mixture when leaving the isothermal reaction zone, has a maximum temperature of ⁇ 30 ° C, preferably ⁇ 20 ° C, more preferably ⁇ 10 ° C and especially ⁇ 5 ° C of the
- Reaction paths may consist of various materials such as metals, ceramics, glass, quartz or plastics, provided that they are mechanically stable and chemically inert under the selected temperature and pressure conditions. Thermally insulated vessels have proven to be particularly useful. The residence time of the reaction mixture in the isothermal
- Reaction distance can, for example, the volume of the isothermal
- Reaction distance are set.
- the isothermal reaction zone is with active or passive mixing elements
- a tube is used as the isothermal reaction section. This may be an extension of the
- Microwave-transparent reaction tube after the irradiation zone or even a separate, related to the reaction tube tube of the same or different material act Over the length of the tube and / or its cross-section can be determined at a given flow rate, the residence time of the reaction mixture. That as an isothermal reaction path functioning tube is thermally insulated in the simplest case, so that the temperature prevailing upon entry of the reaction mixture into the isothermal reaction zone is kept within the limits given above.
- the reaction mixture can in the isothermal reaction zone but also for example by means of a
- the isothermal reaction path can be configured, for example, as a tube coil or as a tube bundle, which is located in a heating or cooling bath or acted upon in the form of a jacketed tube with a heating or cooling medium.
- the isothermal reaction zone can also be located in a further microwave applicator in which the reaction mixture is again treated with microwaves. Both single-mode and multi-mode applicators can be used.
- the residence time of the reaction mixture in the isothermal reaction zone is preferably selected such that the thermal equilibrium state defined by the prevailing conditions is achieved. Usually that is
- Dwell time between 1 second and 10 hours, preferably between
- the ratio between residence time of the reaction mixture in the isothermal reaction zone to the residence time in the irradiation zone between 1: 2 and 100: 1, more preferably 1: 1 to 50: 1 and in particular between 1: 1, 5 and 10: 1.
- the inventive method allows the polymer-analogous modification of synthetic poly (carboxylic acids) with amines in a continuous process in industrially interesting amounts. In addition to water, none of them arise Disposal and environmental polluting by-products.
- Another advantage of the method lies in the fact that the
- polymer-analogous condensation reactions can be carried out in aqueous solution, since water is one of the few solvents suitable for poly (carboxylic acids).
- the addition of certain polar organic solvents may counteract any increase in viscosity occurring during the course of the process and facilitate the reaction with less water-soluble amines.
- poly (carboxylic acids) can be modified, for example, hydrophobic as well as thermoassociating.
- the process according to the invention permits reproducible production along its chain length of statistically modified products.
- the variety of available for the process according to the invention in technical quantities of amines opens a large
- Aluminum oxide reaction tube (60 x 1 cm) axially symmetric in a cylindrical cavity resonator (60 x 10 cm). At one of the end faces of the cavity resonator, the reaction tube passed through the cavity of an inner conductor tube functioning as a coupling antenna.
- the microwave field generated by a magnetron with a frequency of 2.45 GHz was coupled by means of the coupling antenna in the cavity resonator
- Reaction mixtures relaxed to atmospheric pressure, immediately by means of a Intensive heat exchanger cooled to the specified temperature.
- the microwave power was adjusted over the duration of the experiment in each case in such a way that the desired temperature of the reaction mixture was kept constant at the end of the irradiation zone.
- the microwave powers mentioned in the test descriptions therefore represent the time average of the irradiated microwave power.
- Reaction mixture was made directly after leaving the irradiation zone by means of Pt100 temperature sensor. Microwave energy not directly absorbed by the reaction mixture was reflected at the end face of the cavity resonator opposite the coupling antenna; the ones from
- Prism system (circulator) passed into a water-containing vessel. From the difference between incident energy and heating of this water load, the microwave energy introduced into the reaction mixture was calculated
- reaction mixture was placed in the reaction tube under such a working pressure, which was sufficient to keep all starting materials and products or condensation products always in the liquid state.
- the reaction mixtures were pumped through the device at a constant flow rate and the residence time in the
- Example 1 Amidation of poly (methacrylic acid) with octylamine
- the resulting reaction mixture was pumped continuously at 5.0 l / h through the reaction tube at a working pressure of 25 bar and a
- Irradiation zone was about 48 seconds.
- the reaction mixture had a temperature of 207 ° C and was transferred directly at this temperature in the isothermal reaction zone.
- the reaction mixture had a temperature of 198.degree. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature immediately after leaving the reaction section.
- the reaction product was a homogeneous, colorless solution with a slightly increased viscosity compared to the unreacted polymer solution. After evaporation of the solvent resulted in a hygroscopic, sticky mass whose
- Example 2 Amidation of poly (acrylic acid) with methylisopropylamine
- the reaction mixture thus obtained was continuously pumped at a working pressure of 33 bar at 4.8 l / h through the reaction tube and a
- Irradiation zone was about 50 seconds.
- the reaction mixture had a temperature of 215 ° C and was transferred directly at this temperature in the isothermal reaction zone.
- the reaction mixture had a temperature of 199.degree. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature immediately after leaving the reaction section.
- the reaction product was a slightly yellowish solution of low viscosity. Evaporation of the solvent resulted in a viscous mass whose IR spectrum shows a characteristic of tertiary amides band at 1655 cm "1.
- the conversion determined according to the 1 H-NMR method described under Experiment 1 was 89% of the amine used the content of methylisopropylamide groups was able to LCST behavior
- Example 3 Amidation of poly (acrylic acid) with poly (ether) amine
- Poly (acrylic acid) (molecular weight 2,000 g / mol as a 50% solution in water) in 3 kg of water and 1 kg of isopropanol and heated to 35 ° C. At this temperature, 2.77 kg of Jeffamine ® isopropanol (based on 10 mol% of the acid functions of the polymer) M-1000 over a period of one hour under stirring dissolved in 1 kg of added.
- Jeffamine M-1000 is a monofunctional poly (ether) amine prepared by reaction of methanol with 19 mol of ethylene oxide and 3 mol of propylene oxide and subsequent conversion of the terminal OH groups into amino groups.
- the resulting reaction mixture was pumped continuously at 3.5 l / h through the reaction tube at a working pressure of 27 bar and a
- Irradiation zone was about 68 seconds.
- the reaction mixture had a temperature of 225 ° C and was cooled directly to room temperature.
- the reaction product was yellowish in color and exhibited a significantly increased viscosity (3000 mPas) compared with the unreacted polymer solution.
- Viscosity increase causing the pump to stop and stop the experiment.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (7)
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BR112013016915A BR112013016915A2 (pt) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-08 | processo contínuo para reagir polímeros portando grupos ácidos, com aminas |
US13/976,709 US20130296458A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-08 | Continuous Method For Reacting Polymers Carrying Acid Groups, With Amines |
EA201300774A EA201300774A1 (ru) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-08 | Непрерывный способ проведения реакции полимеров, несущих кислотные группы с аминами |
KR1020137017101A KR20140000295A (ko) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-08 | 산 그룹을 갖는 중합체를 아민과 반응시키기 위한 연속 방법 |
EP11805406.3A EP2658882A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-08 | Kontinuierliches verfahren zur umsetzung säuregruppen tragender polymere mit aminen |
CN201180060048.6A CN103492429B (zh) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-08 | 带有酸基团的聚合物与胺的连续反应方法 |
JP2013546598A JP2014504653A (ja) | 2010-12-30 | 2011-12-08 | 酸基含有ポリマーとアミンとの反応のための連続方法 |
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DE102010056579A DE102010056579A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2010-12-30 | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Umsetzung Säuregruppen tragender Polymere mit Aminen |
DE102010056579.2 | 2010-12-30 |
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EP (1) | EP2658882A1 (de) |
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CN (1) | CN103492429B (de) |
BR (1) | BR112013016915A2 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102010056579A1 (de) |
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WO2021052618A1 (de) | 2019-09-20 | 2021-03-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Kontinuierliches verfahren zum erhitzen von medien mittels mikrowellenstrahlung und dafür geeignete mikrowellenanlage |
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DE102006047617B4 (de) * | 2006-10-09 | 2008-11-27 | Clariant International Limited | Verfahren zur Herstellung basischer (Meth)acrylamide |
DE102008017216B4 (de) * | 2008-04-04 | 2013-08-14 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Fettsäureamiden |
DE102009031059A1 (de) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Durchführung chemischer Reaktionen bei hohen Temperaturen |
DE102009042522A1 (de) | 2009-09-22 | 2011-04-07 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Umesterungsverfahren |
DE102009042523B4 (de) | 2009-09-22 | 2012-02-16 | Clariant International Ltd. | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Durchführung heterogen katalysierter chemischer Reaktionen bei hohen Temperaturen |
DE102010056564A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Limited | Hydroxylgruppen und Estergruppen tragende Polymere und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
DE102010056565A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Verfahren zur Modifizierung Hydroxylgruppen tragender Polymere |
DE102013016660A1 (de) * | 2013-10-09 | 2015-04-09 | Ralf Spitzl | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur plasmakatalytischen Umsetzung von Stoffen |
US11633710B2 (en) | 2018-08-23 | 2023-04-25 | Transform Materials Llc | Systems and methods for processing gases |
JP2022508353A (ja) | 2018-08-23 | 2022-01-19 | トランスフォーム マテリアルズ エルエルシー | 気体を処理するための系および方法 |
US10738139B2 (en) | 2018-12-18 | 2020-08-11 | Itaconix Corporation | Decarboxylation and amidation of polyitaconic acid polymers |
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WO2021052618A1 (de) | 2019-09-20 | 2021-03-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Kontinuierliches verfahren zum erhitzen von medien mittels mikrowellenstrahlung und dafür geeignete mikrowellenanlage |
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JP2014504653A (ja) | 2014-02-24 |
EA201300774A1 (ru) | 2013-12-30 |
BR112013016915A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
CN103492429A (zh) | 2014-01-01 |
EP2658882A1 (de) | 2013-11-06 |
US20130296458A1 (en) | 2013-11-07 |
CN103492429B (zh) | 2015-05-13 |
KR20140000295A (ko) | 2014-01-02 |
DE102010056579A1 (de) | 2012-07-05 |
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