WO2012055354A1 - 独立封装的电表传感器 - Google Patents

独立封装的电表传感器 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012055354A1
WO2012055354A1 PCT/CN2011/081341 CN2011081341W WO2012055354A1 WO 2012055354 A1 WO2012055354 A1 WO 2012055354A1 CN 2011081341 W CN2011081341 W CN 2011081341W WO 2012055354 A1 WO2012055354 A1 WO 2012055354A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
sensor
magnetic
voltage
meter
magnetic sensor
Prior art date
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PCT/CN2011/081341
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
迪克詹姆斯·G
金英西
沈卫锋
王建国
薛松生
Original Assignee
江苏多维科技有限公司
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Application filed by 江苏多维科技有限公司 filed Critical 江苏多维科技有限公司
Priority to EP11835627.8A priority Critical patent/EP2642303A4/en
Priority to US13/882,133 priority patent/US9341686B2/en
Publication of WO2012055354A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012055354A1/zh

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R33/00—Arrangements or instruments for measuring magnetic variables
    • G01R33/02—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux
    • G01R33/06—Measuring direction or magnitude of magnetic fields or magnetic flux using galvano-magnetic devices
    • G01R33/09—Magnetoresistive devices
    • G01R33/098—Magnetoresistive devices comprising tunnel junctions, e.g. tunnel magnetoresistance sensors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
    • G01R21/06—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor by measuring current and voltage
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R21/00—Arrangements for measuring electric power or power factor
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R22/00—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters
    • G01R22/06—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods
    • G01R22/10—Arrangements for measuring time integral of electric power or current, e.g. electricity meters by electronic methods using digital techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R15/00—Details of measuring arrangements of the types provided for in groups G01R17/00 - G01R29/00, G01R33/00 - G01R33/26 or G01R35/00
    • G01R15/14—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks
    • G01R15/20—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using galvano-magnetic devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices, i.e. measuring a magnetic field via the interaction between a current and a magnetic field, e.g. magneto resistive or Hall effect devices
    • G01R15/205—Adaptations providing voltage or current isolation, e.g. for high-voltage or high-current networks using galvano-magnetic devices, e.g. Hall-effect devices, i.e. measuring a magnetic field via the interaction between a current and a magnetic field, e.g. magneto resistive or Hall effect devices using magneto-resistance devices, e.g. field plates

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electric meter apparatus for measuring electric energy consumption, and more particularly to the field of measuring a current passing through an electric conductor and a voltage across a load connected to an electric conductor by using a tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) device.
  • TMR tunneling magnetoresistive
  • Hall sensors and magnetoresistive sensors including anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) and giant magnetoresistance (GM), instead of commonly used current transformers or Rogoff Rogowski Coil for current measurement.
  • Hall sensors are relatively expensive and have low resolution.
  • anisotropic magnetoresistance and giant magnetoresistance devices have higher resolution, their output signal amplitude is usually small, which increases the difficulty of front-end amplifier circuit design, which makes the overall system complexity and integrated circuit size. This has increased, which in turn has increased its cost.
  • a tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) device also known as a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) device, provides a high resolution and a larger value of the signal, so the front-end amplifier circuit is relatively simple, so that the TMR sensor is used. The power consumption measurement is performed, and the cost can be effectively reduced as a whole.
  • TMR tunnel magnetoresistance
  • MTJ Magnetic Tunnel Junction
  • the present invention provides a meter sensor that is electrically isolated from the power supply network under test and has a digital output, higher accuracy, and higher resolution.
  • the meter sensor measures the power consumed by the load by using a TMR magnetic sensor or a combination of a TM magnetic sensor and a capacitor to electrically isolate the sensor from the power supply network.
  • a TMR magnetic sensor By measuring the voltage across the load and the current in the conductor, real-time measurements of the instantaneous power of the load and other required parameters are obtained.
  • the current is measured by a magnetic sensor detecting a magnetic field associated with the current flowing through the wire.
  • the voltage measurement includes two different methods, one is to measure the magnetic field generated by a shunt coil connected in parallel with the load, and the other is to measure the voltage of the coupling capacitor divider in parallel with the load.
  • the current and voltage signals of the load are converted into digital signals by ADC analogy, and after being processed by the microprocessor, the interface logic circuit is used to convert the measured data into a possible form of subsequent applications.
  • a separately packaged meter sensor that can be used to measure the energy consumption of a load connected to a wire, including the following:
  • a voltage shunt coil connected in series between the inner conductor and the external ground or neutral line and an internal resistor, and the voltage shunt coil is connected in parallel with the load;
  • a first magnetic sensor in close proximity to the inner conductor and magnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by a current flowing through the conductor; the first magnetic sensor measuring a magnetic flux surrounding the inner conductor and generating a first output responsive to the magnetic flux ( Current signal), the first output indicating the magnitude of the current in the wire;
  • a second magnetic sensor disposed adjacent to the voltage shunt coil in parallel with the load and magnetically coupled to a magnetic field flowing through the voltage shunt coil, the second magnetic sensor detecting current through the voltage shunt coil and providing a response in response to the current a second output (voltage signal), the second output indicating a voltage across the load;
  • a sampling module for sampling voltage signals and current signals and converting them into digital form
  • a data processing module configured to process the sampled data
  • a multiplexer for time-multiplexing the current signal output by the first magnetic sensor and the voltage signal output time of the second magnetic sensor
  • An interface logic module for converting processed data into a form compatible with subsequent off-chip system data.
  • the first magnetic field sensor and the second magnetic field sensor employ an MTJ magnetic tunnel junction device.
  • the first magnetic sensor device, the second magnetic sensor device, the sampling module, the data processing module, and the data conversion interface logic module of the communication are electrically and physically isolated from the shunt resistor coil, the network to be tested, and the isolation is through the use of magnetic coupling and insulation.
  • the dielectric layer is implemented.
  • the first magnetic sensor and the second magnetic transmitter each comprise at least one MTJ sensor.
  • at least one of the magnetic sensor devices has a bias voltage response characteristic that is used to control the magnitude of the response of the sensor and to automatically adjust the range of the meter sensor.
  • At least one of the magnetic sensor members has an upper electromagnet for linearizing the sensor response.
  • a separately packaged meter sensor that can be used to measure the energy consumption of a load connected to a wire, including:
  • An external capacitor for isolating the voltage detecting circuit from the power input lead can be replaced by an RC network to adjust its bandwidth;
  • a magnetic sensor magnetically coupled in close proximity to the inner conductor and associated with a current flowing through the conductor; the magnetic sensor detecting magnetic flux around the inner conductor and generating a first output (current signal) responsive to the magnetic flux, The first output indicates the amount of current in the wire;
  • An internal resistor connected to the two inputs of the amplifier or buffer, the resistor being used in conjunction with an external capacitor to form a voltage divider network for measuring the voltage across the load;
  • a pair of voltage signals and current signals are sampled and converted into a digital form of the sampling module; a pair of sampled data processing data processing module;
  • a current signal for outputting the first magnetic sensor and a voltage signal output by the second magnetic sensor a multiplexer that performs time division multiplexing with a sampling time
  • the converted data is converted into an interface logic module compatible with subsequent off-chip system data formats.
  • the magnetic sensor uses an MTJ magnetic tunnel junction device.
  • the magnetic sensor comprises at least one MTJ sensor.
  • the magnetic sensor device, the sampling module, the data processing module, and the communication data conversion interface logic module are electrically and physically isolated from the shunt resistor coil and the network to be tested, and the isolation is achieved by using a magnetic coupling and an insulating dielectric layer.
  • the at least one magnetic sensor member has a bias voltage response characteristic curve for controlling the magnitude of the response of the sensor and for automatically adjusting the range of the meter sensor.
  • the magnetic sensor device has an upper electromagnet for linearizing the sensor response.
  • the separately packaged meter sensor described in the third scheme can be used to measure the energy consumption of the load connected to the wire, and is mainly composed of the following parts:
  • a voltage shunt coil connected in series between the external conductor and the external ground or the neutral end of the power supply system, the voltage shunt coil being connected in parallel with the load;
  • a first magnetic sensor mounted inside the meter sensor package, magnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by a current flowing through the external lead, the first magnetic sensor detecting a magnetic flux associated with the external lead, and generating a first in response to the magnetic flux
  • An output current signal
  • the first output indicating a magnitude of current in the wire
  • a second magnetic sensor disposed in close proximity to a voltage shunt coil in parallel with the load and magnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by a current flowing through the voltage shunt coil, the second magnetic sensor detecting a current through the voltage shunt coil and responsive to the current And outputting a voltage signal, the voltage signal represents the voltage across the load;
  • an internal high magnetic permeability shielding structure for shielding the second magnetic sensor device from the magnetic field generated by the external wire, and the magnetic shielding layer is away from the first magnetic The sensor component is far enough and does not significantly affect the magnetic field of the first sensor component that senses the external power conductor;
  • a pair of voltage signals and current signals are sampled and converted into a digital form of the sampling module; a pair of sampled data processing data processing module;
  • a multiplexer for time-multiplexing the current signal output by the first magnetic sensor and the voltage signal sampling time output by the second magnetic sensor
  • the processed data is converted into an interface logic module that is compatible with subsequent off-chip system data formats.
  • the first magnetic field sensor and the second magnetic field sensor comprise MTJ magnetic tunnel junction devices.
  • the first magnetic sensor and the second magnetic transmitter respectively comprise at least one MTJ sensor.
  • the first magnetic sensor device, the second magnetic sensor device, the sampling module, the data processing module, and the data conversion interface logic module of the communication are electrically and physically isolated from the shunt resistor coil, the network to be tested, and the isolation is through the use of magnetic coupling and insulation.
  • the dielectric layer is implemented.
  • the at least one magnetic sensor member has a bias voltage response characteristic curve for controlling the magnitude of the response of the sensor and for automatically adjusting the range of the meter sensor.
  • At least one of the magnetic sensor members has an upper electromagnet for linearizing the sensor response.
  • the inner shield is used to concentrate the magnetic flux generated by the outer wires in the area occupied by the first magnetic sensor.
  • the first magnetic sensor is magnetically coupled to the power supply lead through a slotted ferromagnetic ring external to the device package.
  • the first magnetic sensor is magnetically coupled to the power supply lead by placing the package adjacent to the power supply lead.
  • the separately packaged meter sensor of claim 4 is for measuring the energy consumption of the load connected to the wire, and is mainly composed of the following parts:
  • a first magnetic sensor disposed inside the meter sensor package such that it is magnetically coupled to a magnetic field generated by a current flowing through the external lead; the first magnetic sensor detects a magnetic flux of the external lead, and generates a first in response to the magnetic flux An output (current signal), the first output indicating a magnitude of current in the outer conductor;
  • An external capacitor for isolating the voltage detecting circuit from the power input lead can be replaced by an RC network to adjust its bandwidth;
  • a resistor connected to the input terminals of the amplifier or the buffer, the resistor being used in combination with an external capacitor to form a voltage dividing network for measuring the voltage across the load;
  • a pair of voltage signals and current signals are sampled and converted into a digital form of the sampling module; a pair of sampled data processing data processing module;
  • a multiplexer for time-multiplexing the current signal output by the first magnetic sensor and the voltage signal sampling time output by the second magnetic sensor
  • the processed data is converted into an interface logic module that is compatible with subsequent off-chip system data formats.
  • the magnetic sensor comprises an MTJ magnetic tunnel junction device.
  • the magnetic sensor is constructed from at least one MTJ sensor.
  • the magnetic sensor device, the sampling module, the data processing module, and the data conversion interface logic module of the communication are electrically and physically isolated from the shunt resistor coil and the network to be tested, and the isolation is achieved by using a magnetic coupling and an insulating dielectric layer.
  • the at least one magnetic sensor member has a bias voltage response characteristic curve for controlling the magnitude of the response of the sensor and for automatically adjusting the range of the meter sensor.
  • At least one of the magnetic sensor members has an upper electromagnet for linearizing the sensor response.
  • the inner shield is used to concentrate the magnetic flux generated by the outer conductors in the area occupied by the first magnetic sensor.
  • the first magnetic sensor is magnetically coupled to the power conductor by a slotted ferromagnetic ring external to the meter sensor package.
  • the meter sensor is mounted as close as possible to the power conductor to magnetically couple the magnetic sensor to the magnetic field generated by the power conductor.
  • the present invention also provides an isolated packaged meter sensor having a digital output that can be combined with other similar sensors to form an electricity meter for measuring the energy consumption of a shared three-wire single-phase and commercial multi-phase power supply system.
  • the present invention primarily senses the load current and the voltage across the load by a magnetic field or a combination of a magnetic field and an electric field. Since the detection of both the magnetic field and the electric field is electrically isolated from the circuit in which the load operates, there is no direct connection between the integrated circuit and the power supply line. Therefore, the key electronic components are isolated from the power supply line, This greatly enhances the tolerance of the measurement system to transients that occur when the supply voltage is unstable, and thus the operation is more stable and reliable.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention uses a TMR sensor consisting of an MTJ sensor to measure the load current and the voltage across the load.
  • the MTJ sensor is used to sense the current, and the capacitor bridge or additional MTJ sensor is combined with a shunt resistor coil in parallel with the load to measure the voltage across the load.
  • the MTJ sensor has much greater sensitivity and signal amplitude than giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) sensors with similar resolution. This simplifies system design by reducing the cost of front-end electronics that require a microcontroller in an interface application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), which is used to calculate and report power consumption. .
  • GMR giant magnetoresistance
  • AMR anisotropic magnetoresistance
  • the present invention has the ability to calculate output power and other circuit parameters useful for subsequent applications.
  • the meter sensor of the present invention has the ability to communicate the calculated parameters with the digital communication system in the event of electrical isolation from the power line. Because it eliminates the need for electrical isolation and analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) of analog outputs like traditional meters, it makes the design of the meter and the entire energy meter system simpler.
  • ADC analog-to-digital conversion
  • the meter sensor solution and the meter sensor network provided by the invention have lower overall cost, high working stability, measurement system and power supply to be tested.
  • the system has high sensitivity, high resolution, simple front-end circuit design, and can provide a data format that matches the power measurement system of the back end, facilitating interface with subsequent application systems or circuits.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a fully integrated meter sensor that uses a pair of MTJ magnetic sensor devices to measure the current across the load and the voltage across the load.
  • Figure 2 is a graph of the sensor bias voltage response that can be used to control the amplitude of the output signal.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of an MTJ device that uses an on-chip electromagnet to control the amplitude of the output signal.
  • Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a fully integrated meter sensor that uses a MTJ sensor to measure the load current and a coupled capacitor divider to measure the load voltage.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic illustration of a method of measuring current flowing through an external conductor without the use of a slotted ferromagnetic ring.
  • Figure 6 is a theoretical plot of the measurement of the current flowing through an external square conductor and the magnetic field as a function of distance from the outer square conductor using an MTJ sensor.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of an electric meter sensor that uses a MTJ sensor to measure the current flowing through the load and a coupling capacitor amplifier to measure the load voltage.
  • Figure 8 reflects a method of combining multiple meter sensors to measure the electrical energy consumption of a residential single-phase three-wire or commercial multi-phase electrical network. detailed description
  • Embodiment 1 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 1:
  • meter sensor 18 See the separately packaged meter sensor 18 shown in Figure 1, where DC or AC power input 1, meter sensor 18, and load 2 are connected in series.
  • the meter sensor 18 is placed between the power source 1 and the load 2 and is used to measure the energy consumption of the load.
  • An MTJ sensor 12 is placed in close proximity to the internal conductor 3 in series with the load 2 to measure the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the conductor 3 and the load 2.
  • the MTJ sensor 12 is magnetically coupled to the magnetic field generated by the wire 3. Thus, by measuring the current flowing through the wire 3, the energy consumption of the load 2 can be calculated.
  • the MTJ sensor 12 generates a current flowing through the wire 3
  • the magnetic field is sensitive. Once the current flowing through the wire 3 is sensed, the MTJ sensor 12 outputs a voltage proportional to the magnitude of the current, i.e., the current signal of the load.
  • the output voltage of the MTJ sensor 12 is input to the ADC analog-to-digital converter 14 via the multiplexer 13, and converted into digital data for input to the microprocessor 15 for calculating circuit parameters such as load instantaneous power and energy consumption.
  • the other input to the microprocessor 15 is the voltage signal V across the load 2 provided by the MTJ sensor 11.
  • the voltage signal across the load 2 is obtained by measuring the magnetic field generated by the current flowing through the voltage shunt coil 4 connected in parallel.
  • the voltage across the load 2 is divided by the impedance of the shunt coil 4, and the current through the shunt coil 4 is obtained. Therefore, the magnetic flux of the magnetic field generated by the voltage shunt coil 4 is proportional to the voltage across the load 2. Therefore, the MTJ sensor 11 is magnetically coupled to the magnetic field of the shunt coil 4 and outputs a voltage signal V proportional to the voltage across the load 2.
  • the signals generated by the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12, representing the current I and the voltage V, respectively, consumed by the load 2, can be input to the microprocessor 15 in a variety of ways.
  • the voltage V of the load 2 and the current signal I given by the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 are first sampled and converted by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 14.
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • the output signals of the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 are time division multiplexed by a multiplexer 13 and then by the same mode.
  • the number converter 14 performs conversion.
  • the analog-to-digital converter 14 samples the current and voltage signals of the load 2 outputted by the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 at least twice as high as the frequency of the power supply 1.
  • the sampling frequency of the analog-to-digital converter 14 for the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 should be higher than the fundamental frequency of the power input 1 of four times.
  • the analog-to-digital converter 14 pairs the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 without the timing control of sampling the voltage and current signals of the load 2 output by the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 without the synchronous sampling clock. It is not enough that the sampling frequency is only four times the frequency of the power supply 1.
  • the analog-to-digital converter 14 of the multiplexer 13 as shown in Fig. 18 must have a sampling frequency of 32 times the frequency of the power supply 1.
  • the minimum operating frequency of the analog-to-digital converter 14 used is 1920 Hz in order to meet the corresponding national metrology standards.
  • meter sensor 18 should have the ability to calculate a variety of circuit parameters including, but not limited to, RMS (Root Mean Square) voltage, rms current, real-time power, reactive power, apparent power, Power factor, harmonic distortion, load impedance and tolerance, as well as DC and DC currents in DC circuits. These quantities can be easily calculated from the voltage and current signals provided by the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12.
  • RMS Root Mean Square
  • the precise calculation and measurement of the required parameters by the microprocessor 15 depends on whether the signal waveforms of the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 can be properly scaled.
  • the scaling factor is determined by the signal waveform and the operating characteristics of the sensor.
  • the outputs of the MTJ sensor 11 and the MTJ sensor 12 can be adjusted to match the output to the optimum input range of the analog to digital converter 14.
  • There are two ways to control the response of the MTJ sensor one is to control the bias voltage of the MTJ sensor as shown in Figure 2; the other is as shown in Figure 3, using the closed loop MTJ pair of wires 3 and The magnetic field of the shunt coil 4 is compensated.
  • Figure 2 illustrates an exemplary sensitivity response curve as a function of the bias applied to the MTJ sensor.
  • the MTJ sensor is in the low bias voltage region, and the output voltage is linearly proportional to the bias voltage at a fixed magnetic field value. As the bias voltage increases, the response curve begins to become non-linear.
  • Both the linear region and the nonlinear region are effective in the case where it is possible to calculate that the nonlinear calibration coefficient is known.
  • the bias voltage of the MTJ sensor can be varied.
  • Microprocessor 15 can be used to calculate the optimum bias voltage for the MTJ sensor, which can then be fed back to MTJ sensor 12 and MTJ sensor 11 via wire 50 and wire 51.
  • the microprocessor 15 can then scale the signal waveform of the MTJ sensor as follows:
  • V MT j is the output voltage of the MTJ sensor
  • ⁇ is the magnetic field-voltage output constant
  • ⁇ is the bias voltage constant
  • a is the magnetic field-current constant
  • b is the bias current constant
  • FIG 3 illustrates an exemplary method for linearizing the output of a magnetic field sensor in which a magnetic field opposite the direction of the measured magnetic field is provided to the MTJ sensor, which is commonly referred to as closed loop operation.
  • the on-chip electromagnet 81 on the integrated circuit chip provides a feedback magnetic field (H feedbadc ) 85 opposite the direction of the magnetic field to be measured (H measU xed) 84 to be measured.
  • H feedbadc feedback magnetic field
  • the output 80 of the MTJ sensor is held constant by changing the current of the electromagnet 81.
  • the current and output voltage of the load 2 can be calculated by:
  • V and I are the voltage and current of load 2
  • I feedback is the feedback current
  • ⁇ ⁇ is the measured magnetic field (H measured ) - feedback current (iFeedbadc) coefficient
  • ⁇ is the output voltage ( V ) - measuring magnetic field ( H measure d
  • YCH is the current (1) - measuring magnetic field (H measured ) coefficient.
  • the microprocessor 15 can be easily designed to provide suitable calibration parameters while controlling the bias voltage or feedback current to optimize the output of the MTJ sensor at the analog to digital converter 14. Instead of using a gain-variable preamplifier, the response range is not included.
  • the meter sensor 18 is intended to provide a digital signal to communicate the measured parameters to an external system, which may include a data logger, a microprocessor, or other system for metering electrical energy.
  • an external system which may include a data logger, a microprocessor, or other system for metering electrical energy.
  • the parameters of the processed output of the microprocessor 15 must be converted into a format compatible with the off-chip electronic components.
  • the meter sensor therefore includes an interface logic 16 that converts the data to be output into one of a number of possible forms including, but not limited to, the following standard forms: USB, S-232 I 2 C or SPI.
  • Embodiment 2 is intended to provide a digital signal to communicate the measured parameters to an external system, which may include a data logger, a microprocessor, or other system for metering electrical energy.
  • the parameters of the processed output of the microprocessor 15 must be converted into a format compatible with the off-chip electronic components.
  • the meter sensor therefore includes an interface logic 16 that
  • the second embodiment is basically the same as the electric meter sensor described in the first embodiment, except that the first embodiment uses a voltage shunt coil to measure the load voltage, and the second embodiment uses a resistor and a coupling capacitor divider to measure the load voltage.
  • the separately packaged meter sensor of the second embodiment can be referred to by reference numeral 18 in FIG.
  • a resistor-coupled capacitor divider 40 and a buffer amplifier 41 uses a resistor-coupled capacitor divider 40 and a buffer amplifier 41 to measure the load 2 voltage.
  • This design can reduce the manufacturing cost of the meter sensor 18 while allowing the user to select a suitable external capacitor 40 to filter the voltage waveform during use, thereby eliminating interference signals and noise in the power supply line.
  • This arrangement in Figure 4 is best suited for AC energy measurement because in the case of AC, voltage signals outside the bandwidth can be filtered out.
  • the coupling capacitor divider 40 is external to the meter sensor 18. This allows the cutoff frequency of the voltage waveform to be set by selecting a different capacitor.
  • a capacitor-impedance (RC) network can be used to limit the upper limit of the voltage waveform connected to microprocessor 15. The frequency and the lower limit frequency can replace the external capacitor 40.
  • Embodiment 3 is a diagrammatic representation of Embodiment 3
  • the meter sensor 18 is usually placed at a position closest to the outer lead 5.
  • the first magnetic sensor 17 of the meter sensor 18 is magnetically coupled to the magnetic field generated by the outer conductor 5. Magnetic coupling can be achieved by passing an external lead through an open ferromagnetic ring 20 and placing the meter sensor in the open slot of the open ferromagnetic ring 20.
  • the meter sensor can be placed against one side of the current carrying busbar. This arrangement is schematically illustrated in Figure 6.
  • the meter sensor 18 is placed directly above the insulating layer 105.
  • the insulating layer 105 isolates the meter sensor 18 from the power supply lead 5. Current 102 flowing through external lead 5 then produces a magnetic field
  • the magnetic field 103 is detected by the MTJ sensor 12 in the meter sensor 18, and the meter sensor is placed in a
  • the second magnetic sensor MTJ sensor 11 for measuring the voltage of the load 2 must be shielded from the magnetic field generated by the lead 5 by the magnetic shield structure 30, such as Figure 5 shows.
  • the fourth embodiment is basically the same as the electric meter sensor of the third embodiment, except that the third embodiment uses a voltage shunt coil to measure the load voltage, and the fourth embodiment uses a voltage dividing network composed of a resistor and a coupling capacitor to measure the load voltage.
  • Figure 7 illustrates an alternative configuration of the meter sensor 18 that uses the coupling capacitor divider 40 and the buffer amplifier 41 to perform electrically isolated load voltage measurements in addition to the external conductor 5.
  • This configuration reduces the manufacturing cost of the meter sensor 18 and allows the user to filter the voltage waveform as needed to eliminate interfering signals and noise in the power line.
  • This configuration in Figure 7 is best suited for AC energy measurement, because voltage signals outside the bandwidth can be filtered out in the case of AC.
  • the outer lead 5 is too large to be placed in the meter sensor 18 package.
  • the coupling capacitor 40 is external to the meter sensor 18 package. This allows the cutoff frequency of the voltage waveform to be set by selecting a different capacitor 40.
  • a capacitance-resistance (RC) network that limits the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of the voltage waveform connected to the microprocessor 15 can replace the external capacitor 40.
  • Figure 8 shows an exemplary kW-hour energy meter configuration that uses a cascading meter sensor to measure The current and voltage consumed by a typical residential load 61 from each branch of the resident three-phase power source 60 is measured.
  • the meter sensor is magnetically coupled to the conductors in the transmission line by using an open ferromagnetic ring or adjacent to one side of the busbar.
  • the outputs 75 of the meter sensors 73 and 74 each provide a pair Measurement of the energy consumption of each phase of the power supply system.
  • the digital output 75 of the meter sensor 18 must be connected to other electronic components in the meter to calculate the total energy consumption of the load 2.
  • the output of the meter sensor 18 can be converted to any form that may be required, and the digital output 75 is electrically isolated from the power supply 60, there is no need to digitize the output and isolate the analog output signal from the power supply network. This makes the design of the entire energy consumption measurement system simpler and the cost is reduced. In addition, the calculation of the circuit parameters is done in the meter sensor 18, thus making the algorithm and design of the subsequent energy measurement system simpler.

Description

说明书
独立封装的电表传感器 技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于测量电能消耗的电表装置， 更具体的，涉及采用隧道磁 电阻 （TMR， Tunneling Magnetoresistive) 器件测量穿过导电体的电流和连接于 导电体的负载两端的电压的领域。
背景技术
在电力行业中，从相对高成本的机械式瓦特 -小时电表向易于集成的低成本、 多功能、能进行数据存储的固态式远传电表系统转变正成为一种趋势。虽然已经 开发了用于计算与电能计量相关的电路参数的集成电路，但是，仍然需要一种能 耐受供电网络不稳定所造成的电流瞬变冲击的电表传感器。它需要能在一个很宽 的量程范围内测量不同环境下工作的不同负载的电能消耗， 同时具有低成本、高 精度和高集成度的优点。 因此， 开发一种与供电网络电气隔离的固态电表传感器 是一种重要的实际需求。
另外，通常的电表采用具有模拟输出的离散的传感器将电压和电流信息提供 给后续计算电能消耗的微处理器电路。 由于电能测量本身的特点， 以及供电导线 最小尺寸的限制，通常将传感器集成到与用于电能计算的微处理器相同的集成电 路封装中非常困难。另外， 一种能提供被测负载电压和电流等电能参数数字化的 值， 并与现有的供电网络电气隔离的传感器很容易和后续电路集成到一起， 从而 提高固态电表工作的稳定性， 并降低成本。
此外， 获得高测量分辨率也是电表传感器的一个非常重要的参数。有一种重 要的趋势是： 采用霍尔传感器和磁阻传感器一一包括各向异性磁电阻 （AMR， Anisotropic Magnetoresistance)禾口巨石兹电阻 (GM , Giant Magnetoresistance) 替 代常用的电流互感器或罗果夫斯基线圈（Rogowski Coil)来进行电流测量。霍尔 传感器相对成本较高而且分辨率较低。各向异性磁电阻和巨磁电阻器件虽然具有 较高的分辨率，但由于其输出信号幅值通常较小， 从而增加了前端放大电路设计 的困难，这使得整个系统的复杂度和集成电路尺寸有所增加， 从而相应地提高了 其成本。 隧道磁电阻 （TMR) 器件， 也称磁性隧道结 （MTJ， Magnetic Tunnel Junction) 器件， 能提供一个很高的分辨率和更大幅值的信号， 因此其前端放大 电路比较简单， 这样， 采用 TMR传感器件进行电能消耗测量， 在整体上成本能 得到有效降低。
发明内容
为了克服现有技术中的缺点，本发明提供一种测量系统与被测供电网络电气 隔离、 具有数字化输出、 精度和分辨率更高的电表传感器。
按照本发明所提供的技术方案， 电表传感器通过使用 TMR磁性传感器或 TM 磁性传感器与电容的组合， 在传感器与供电网络电气隔离情况下测量负载 所消耗的电能。通过测量负载两端的电压和导线中的电流， 以获得负载的瞬时功 率和其它所需要参数的实时测量。电流通过磁性传感器检测与流过导线的电流相 关联的磁场来测量。 电压的测量包括两种不同的方式， 一是通过测量一个与负载 并联的分流线圈所产生的磁场，二是通过测量与负载并联的耦合电容分压器的电 压。 之后将负载的电流和电压信号经 ADC模数转换为数字信号， 经微处理器计 算处理后， 再采用接口逻辑电路将所测得的数据转换成后续应用的可能形式。具 体的有以下技术方案：
方案一：
一种独立封装的电表传感器， 能够用于测量连接在导线上的负载的能量消 耗， 主要包括以下部分：
一串联在电源输入与负载之间的内部导线；
串联在内部导线和外部地线或中性线间的一电压分流线圈与一内部电阻，电 压分流线圈与负载并联；
一第一磁性传感器，其紧邻内部导线并与流过该导线的电流所产生的磁场磁 耦合； 第一磁性传感器测量环绕着该内部导线的磁通量， 并且产生响应于该磁通 量的一第一输出 （电流信号）， 该第一输出指示导线中的电流大小；
一第二磁性传感器， 其紧靠与负载并联的电压分流线圈安置， 并与流经该电 压分流线圈电流的磁场磁耦合， 第二磁性传感器检测通过电压分流线圈的电流， 并提供响应于该电流的一第二输出 （电压信号）， 该第二输出指示负载两端的电 压；
一采样模块， 用于对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并将它们转换成数字形 式；
一数据处理模块， 用于对所采样数据进行处理；
一多路复用器，用来对第一磁性传感器输出的电流信号和第二磁性传感器输 出的电压信号采样时间进行分时复用；
一接口逻辑模块，用于将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式 相兼容。
优选地， 第一磁场传感器和第二磁场传感器采用 MTJ磁性隧道结器件。 优选地， 第一磁性传感器件、 第二磁性传感器件、 采样模块、 数据处理模块 以及通信的数据转换接口逻辑模块与分流电阻线圈、 待测网络电气和物理隔离， 隔离是通过使用磁耦合和绝缘电介层来实现的。
优选地， 第一磁性传感器和第二磁性传器各自包含至少一个 MTJ传感器。 优选地， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有一偏置电压响应特征曲线， 该曲线被用 来控制传感器的响应的幅值， 并用来自动调整电表传感器的量程。
优选地， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有一片上电磁铁， 该电磁铁用以线性化传 感器响应。
方案二：
一种独立封装的电表传感器， 可以用来测量连接在导线上的负载的能量消 耗， 主要包括：
一串联在电源输入与负载之间的内部导线；
一用以将电压检测电路与电源输入导线隔离的外接电容，该外接电容可以用 一 RC网络来替代， 以调整它的带宽；
一磁性传感器，紧邻内部导线安置并与流过该导线的电流相关联的磁场磁耦 合； 该磁性传感器检测环绕着内部导线的磁通量， 并且产生响应于该磁通量的一 第一输出 （电流信号）， 该第一输出指示导线中的电流大小；
一连接到放大器或缓冲器的两个输入端的内部电阻，该电阻与外接的电容结 合使用以形成一分压网络， 该网络用以测量负载两端的电压；
一对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并转换成数字形式的采样模块； 一对采样数据进行处理的数据处理模块；
一用来对第一磁性传感器输出的电流信号和第二磁性传感器输出的电压信 号采样时间进行分时复用的多路复用器；
一将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式兼容的接口逻辑模 块°
优选地， 磁性传感器使用的是 MTJ磁性隧道结器件。
优选地， 磁性传感器包含至少一个 MTJ传感器。
优选地， 磁性传感器件、采样模块、数据处理模块以及通信的数据转换接口 逻辑模块与分流电阻线圈、待测网络电气和物理隔离， 隔离是通过使用的磁耦合 和绝缘电介层来实现的。
优选地， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有偏置电压响应特征曲线， 该曲线用以控 制传感器的响应的幅值， 并用来自动调整电表传感器的量程。
优选地，磁性传感器件具有一片上电磁铁，该电磁铁用以线性化传感器响应。 方案三：
方案三所述的独立封装的电表传感器，可以用来测量连接在导线上的负载的 能量消耗， 主要由以下部分组成：
一串联在电源输入与负载之间的外部导线；
一串联在外部导线与外部地线或供电系统中性端的电压分流线圈，该电压分 流线圈与负载并联；
安装在电表传感器封装内部的第一磁性传感器，它与流过外部导线的电流所 产生的磁场磁耦合，第一磁性传感器检测与外部导线相关联的磁通量， 并且响应 于该磁通量而产生一第一输出 （电流信号）， 该第一输出指示所述导线中的电流 大小；
第二磁性传感器， 其紧靠与负载并联的电压分流线圈安置， 并与流经该电压 分流线圈的电流所产生的磁场磁耦合，第二磁性传感器检测通过电压分流线圈的 电流， 并响应该电流而输出一电压信号， 该电压信号代表负载两端的电压； 内部的一高磁导率的屏蔽结构，用以将第二磁性传感器件屏蔽于外部导线所 产生的磁场，磁性屏蔽层离第一磁性传感器件足够远， 而且并不会对第一传感器 件感应外部电源导线的磁场产生明显影响；
一对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并将它们转换成数字形式的采样模块； 一对所采样数据进行处理的数据处理模块；
一用来对第一磁性传感器输出的电流信号和第二磁性传感器输出的电压信 号采样时间进行分时复用的多路复用器；
一将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式相兼容的接口逻辑 模块。
优选地， 第一磁场传感器和第二磁场传感器包含 MTJ磁性隧道结器件。 优选地， 第一磁性传感器和第二磁性传器分别包含至少一个 MTJ传感器。 优选地， 第一磁性传感器件、 第二磁性传感器件、 采样模块、 数据处理模块 以及通信的数据转换接口逻辑模块与分流电阻线圈、 待测网络电气和物理隔离， 隔离是通过使用磁耦合和绝缘电介层来实现的。
优选地， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有偏置电压响应特征曲线， 该曲线用以控 制传感器的响应的幅值， 并用来自动调整电表传感器的量程。
优选地， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有一片上电磁铁， 该电磁铁用以线性化传 感器响应。
优选地，内部屏蔽用以将外部导线产生的磁通量聚集在第一磁性传感器占据 的区域。 优选地，第一磁性传感器通过设备封装外部的一开槽铁磁环与电源导线磁耦 合。
优选地，通过将该封装靠近电源导线放置，使得第一磁性传感器与电源导线 磁耦合。
方案四：
方案四所述的独立封装的电表传感器，其用以测量连接在导线上的负载的能 量消耗， 主要由以下部分组成：
一串联在电源输入与负载之间的外部导线；
安置在电表传感器封装内部的第一磁性传感器，以使得它能够与流过外部导 线的电流所产生的磁场磁耦合； 第一磁性传感器检测该外部导线的磁通量， 并且 响应于所述磁通量产生一第一输出 （电流信号）， 该第一输出指示所述外部导线 中的电流大小；
一用来对电压检测电路和电源输入导线隔离的外接电容，该外接电容可以用 一 RC网络替代， 以调整它的带宽；
一连接到放大器或缓冲器两个输入端的电阻，该电阻与外接的电容结合使用 形成一分压网络， 该分压网络用以测量负载两端的电压；
一对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并将它们转换成数字形式的采样模块； 一对所采样数据进行处理的数据处理模块；
一用来对第一磁性传感器输出的电流信号和第二磁性传感器输出的电压信 号采样时间进行分时复用的多路复用器；
一将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式相兼容的接口逻辑 模块。
优选地， 磁性传感器包含 MTJ磁性隧道结器件。
优选地， 磁性传感器由至少一 MTJ传感器构成。
优选地， 磁性传感器件、采样模块、数据处理模块以及通信的数据转换接口 逻辑模块与分流电阻线圈、待测网络电气和物理隔离， 隔离是通过使用磁耦合和 绝缘电介层来实现的。
优选地， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有一偏置电压响应特征曲线， 该曲线用以 控制传感器的响应的幅值， 并用来自动调整电表传感器的量程。
优选地， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有一片上电磁铁， 该电磁铁用以线性化传 感器响应。
优选地，内部屏蔽用以将外部导线产生的磁通量聚集在第一磁性传感器占据 的区域。
优选地，第一磁性传感器通过电表传感器封装外部的一开槽铁磁环与电源导 线磁耦合。
优选地， 在对电表传感器安装时， 要尽可能的靠近电源导线， 以使磁性传感 器与电源导线所产生磁场的磁耦合。
本发明还提供一种具有一数字输出的独立封装的隔离式电表传感器，其可与 其他类似传感器相组合以形成一电表，用于测量共用三线单相和商用多相供电系 统的能量消耗。
有益效果：
本发明主要通过磁场或磁场与电场的组合来感应负载电流和负载两端的电 压。 由于磁场和电场的检测都是与负载工作的电路电气隔离， 因而在集成电路与 供电线路之间不存在直接的连接。因此，关键的电子元件与供电线路之间相隔离， 这极大的增强了测量系统对供电电压不稳定时出现的瞬变的耐受能力，因而工作 更加稳定可靠。
本发明的优选实施方案是采用由 MTJ传感器组成的 TMR传感器来测量负载 电流和负载两端的电压。 其中采用 MTJ传感器来检测电流， 而电容电桥或额外 MTJ传感器与和负载并联的分流电阻线圈组合用于测量负载两端的电压。 MTJ 传感器具有比巨磁电阻 （GMR) 和各向异性磁电阻 （AMR) 传感器大得多的灵 敏度和信号幅值， 并具有相似的分辨力。 这通过降低需要接口专用集成电路 (ASIC) 中的微控制器的前端电子元件的成本而简化了系统设计， 微控制器用 以计算和报告电能消耗。。
本发明除了能提供电能消耗的电表参数以外，还具有计算输出功率和其它对 后续应用有用的电路参数的能力。此外，本发明所述的电表传感器在与电力线电 气隔离的情况下， 具有将所计算的参数与数字通信系统进行通信的能力。 由于它 不再需要像传统的电表一样对模拟输出进行电气隔离和模数转换 （ADC)， 这使 得电表和整个能量计系统的设计变得更为简单。
从以上发明内容， 结合隧道磁电阻器件 （TMR) 本身的特点， 可以看出本 发明所提供的电表传感器方案和电表传感器网络具有整体成本更低、工作稳定性 高、 测量系统与待测的供电网络电气隔离的特点。 并且， 采用 TMR器件后， 系 统的灵敏度高， 分辨率高， 前端电路设计简单， 并可以提供与后端的电能测量系 统匹配的数据形式， 便于与后续应用系统或电路接口。 附图说明
图 1 是采用一对 MTJ磁性传感器件分别测量负载的电流和负载两端电压的 完全集成式电表传感器的示意图。
图 2 是可用于控制输出信号幅值的传感器偏置电压响应曲线图。
图 3 是采用片上电磁铁控制输出信号幅值的 MTJ设备示意图。
图 4是采用 MTJ传感器件测量负载电流、 采用耦合电容分压器测量负载电 压的完全集成式电表传感器的示意图。
图 5 是未采用开槽铁磁环的测量流过外部导线电流的方法的示意图。
图 6 是采用 MTJ传感器件测量流过外部方形导线电流及磁场随离开外部方 形导线距离而变化的理论曲线图。
图 7是采用 MTJ传感器测量流过负载的电流、 采用耦合电容放大器测量负 载电压的电表传感器的示意图。
图 8 反映一种组合多个电表传感器测量居民单相三线电或商用多相电网络 电能消耗的方法。 具体实施方式
以下结合附图对本发明所述电表传感器进行更进一步的阐述：
实施例一：
见图 1所示的独立封装的电表传感器 18， 其中， 直流或交流电源输入 1， 电 表传感器 18， 以及负载 2串联。 电表传感器 18安置在电源 1 与负载 2之间， 用 于测量负载的能量消耗。一 MTJ传感器 12紧邻与负载 2串联的内部导线 3放置， 用来测量流过导线 3和负载 2的电流所产生的磁场。
MTJ传感器 12与导线 3产生的磁场磁耦合。 这样， 通过测量流经导线 3的 电流， 可以计算负载 2的能量消耗。 MTJ传感器 12对流经导线 3的电流所产生 的磁场敏感。 一旦感应到流过导线 3的电流， MTJ传感器 12就输出一个与电流 大小成正比的电压， 即负载的电流信号。 MTJ传感器 12的输出电压经多路复用 器 13输入到 ADC模数转换器 14，经转换后以数字化的数据输入到微处理器 15， 用于计算负载瞬时功率和能量消耗等电路参数。
另一个输入到微处理器 15的是由 MTJ传感器 11所提供的负载 2两端的电 压信号 V。负载 2两端的电压信号是通过测量流过与之并联的电压分流线圈 4的 电流所产生的磁场得到。负载 2两端的电压除以分流线圈 4的阻抗，所得到的就 是通过分流线圈 4的电流。因此电压分流线圈 4所产生的磁场的磁通量正比于负 载 2两端的电压。 因此 MTJ传感器 11与分流线圈 4的磁场磁耦合， 并输出一个 正比于负载 2两端电压的电压信号 V。
MTJ传感器 11和 MTJ传感器 12产生的分别代表负载 2消耗的电流 I和电 压 V的信号， 可以有很多种方式输入到微处理器 15。 通常， 在输入到微处理器 15之前， 首先要对 MTJ传感器 11和 MTJ传感器 12给出的负载 2的电压 V与 电流信号 I进行取样和通过模数转换器 （ADC) 14进行转换。 在成本最低的电 表传感器 18的实施方案中， 只采用一个模数转换器 14， 而 MTJ传感器 11和 MTJ传感器 12的输出信号通过一个多路复用器 13进行分时复用后由同一个模 数转换器 14进行转换。
根据采样定律， 模数转换器 14对 MTJ传感器 11 和 MTJ传感器 12 所输 出的负载 2的电流和电压信号的采样频率至少要高于电源 1的频率的两倍。一般 来讲， 如图 1中所示， 模数转换器 14对 MTJ传感器 11和 MTJ传感器 12的采 样频率应该高于 4倍的电源输入 1的基本频率。在实际工作中，在没有同步采样 时钟对 MTJ传感器 11 和 MTJ传感器 12所输出的负载 2的电压和电流信号进行 采样的时序控制的情况下， 模数转换器 14对 MTJ传感器 11和 MTJ传感器 12 的采样频率仅仅是电源 1 的频率的 4倍是不够的。 在没有同步时钟的情况下， 一个比较可靠的近似最低频率应是电源 1频率的 16倍。 因此， 在采用绝对最小 频率的情况下， 如图 18中配置多路复用器 13的模数转换器 14， 它的采样频率 必须要达到电源 1的频率的 32倍。 对于一个高精度的电表传感器， 为了达到相 应的国家计量标准， 所采用的模数转换器 14的最低工作频率是 1920Hz。
为了适应对千瓦-时电表应用， 电表传感器 18应该具有计算多种电路参数的 能力， 包括但不限于方均根 （RMS， Root Mean Square) 电压、 方均根电流、 实 时功率、 无功功率、 视在功率、 功率系数、 谐波失真、 负载阻抗和容差， 以及直 流电路中的直流电压和直流电流等。这些量都可以很容易的从 MTJ传感器 11和 MTJ传感器 12所提供的电压和电流信号中计算出来。
对于通过微处理器 15进行所需参数的精确计算和测量， 取决于是否能够对 MTJ传感器 11和 MTJ传感器 12的信号波形进行合适的缩放。 缩放因子根据信 号波形和传感器的工作特性确定。
为了使电表传感器 18的设计简化， 同时提高其精度，可以对 MTJ传感器 11 和 MTJ传感器 12的输出进行调整， 使输出与模数转换器 14的最佳输入范围相 符。 有两种控制 MTJ传感器响应的方法可被应用， 一种是如图 2所示的， 控制 MTJ传感器的偏置电压； 另一种是如图 3所示， 利用闭环工作的 MTJ对导线 3 和分流线圈 4的磁场进行补偿。
图 2展示了一种作为施加至 MTJ传感器的偏压的函数的示例性灵敏度响应 曲线。 MTJ传感器在低偏置电压区， 在固定的磁场值下输出电压线性正比于偏 置电压。 随着偏置电压的升高， 响应曲线开始变得非线性。 本发明中， 在该设备 能够计算出非线性校准系数已知的情况下， 线性区和非线性区都是有效的。在响 应曲线已知的情况下， 为了最大化 MTJ传感器的模数转换器 14的信噪比， 可改 变 MTJ传感器的的偏压。 可以使用微处理器 15来计算 MTJ传感器的最佳偏置 电压， 然后这个电压可通过导线 50和导线 51反馈到 MTJ传感器 12和 MTJ传 感器 11。 微处理器 15随后可以按以下方式来缩放 MTJ传感器的信号波形：
Figure imgf000009_0001
其中 VMTj是 MTJ传感器的输出电压， α是磁场-电压输出常数、 β是偏置电 压常数， a是磁场 -电流常数， b是偏置电流常数。
图 3展示了一种用于线性化磁场传感器的输出的示例性方法， 其中向 MTJ 传感器提供一个与所测量磁场方向相反的磁场，通常将其称为闭环工作。在这种 闭环方法中， 集成电路芯片上的片上电磁铁 81提供一个与所要测量的待测磁场 (HmeasUxed) 84方向相反的反馈磁场（Hfeedbadc ) 85。 在闭环模式下， 通过改变电 磁铁 81的电流而使 MTJ传感器的输出 80保持不变。由于穿过电磁铁 81的电流 86正比于补偿磁场， 而补偿磁场等于待测磁场 84， 因此， 通过电磁铁 81的电流 86直接正比于待测磁场 84。 因此， 在这种方法中， 负载 2的电流和输出电压可 以经下式算出：
V = lFeedbackXClHIXPvH
I = lFeedbackX ClHI XycH
其中 V和 I分别是负载 2的电压和电流， Ifeedback是反馈电流， αΗΙ是测量磁 场（Hmeasured ) -反馈电流（iFeedbadc)系数， βνΗ是输出电压（ V ) -测量磁场（ Hmeasured ) 系数， YCH是电流 （1)-测量磁场 （Hmeasured ) 系数。
当 MTJ传感器用于电压和电流传感器时，微处理器 15可以很容易的设计成 提供合适的校准参数， 同时控制偏置电压或反馈电流以使 MTJ传感器的输出在 模数转换器 14的最佳响应区间范围内， 而不用采用增益可变的前置放大器。
电表传感器 18旨在提供一个数字信号以将所测参数与外部系统通讯， 这个 外部系统可以包含一数据记录器、 一微处理器， 或是其它用于电能计量的系统。 为了实现以上功能， 微处理器 15的处理后的输出的参数必须转换成一种可与离 片电子元件兼容的格式。 因此该电表传感器包括一接口逻辑 16， 其将所要输出 的数据转换成多种可能形式中的一种， 包括但不限于以下标准形式 ： USB、 S-232 I2C或 SPI。 实施例二：
实施例二与实施例一所述的电表传感器基本相同， 区别在于： 实施例一采用 电压分流线圈测量负载电压，而实施例二采用电阻和耦合电容分压器来测量负载 电压。
实施例二中的独立封装的电表传感器可参照图 4中的标号 18所示。
它采用电阻-耦合电容分压器 40和缓冲放大器 41来实现负载 2电压的测量。 这种设计可以降低电表传感器 18的制造成本， 同时允许在使用时由用户选择合 适的外部电容 40对电压波形进行滤波，从而消除供电线路中的干扰信号和噪声。 图 4中的这种布置最适合于交流能耗测量， 因为在交流情况下，可以对带宽以外 的电压信号进行滤除。 在这种布置当中， 耦合电容分压器 40 在电表传感器 18 的外部。这样就可以通过选择不同的电容来设置电压波形的截止频率。 另外， 一 个电容 -阻抗 （RC) 网络可以用来限制连接到微处理器 15 的电压波形中的上限 频率和下限频率， 从而可以代替需要外接的电容 40。
实施例三：
如图 5、 图 6所示， 由于负载电流对导线最小几何尺寸的限伟 ， 将供电导线 3置于电表传感器 18封装内部通常是不现实的。 在这种情况下， 通常将电表传 感器 18安置在距离外部导线 5最近的位置上。电表传感器 18的第一磁性传感器 17可与外部导线 5产生的磁场磁耦合。 磁耦合可以通过将外部导线穿过一个开 口铁磁环 20，并将电表传感器置于开口铁磁环 20的开口槽中来达成。选择性地， 可以将电表传感器紧靠于载流汇流排的一侧面放置。此布置示意性地图示于图 6 中。 此处， 电表传感器 18放置在绝缘层 105的正上方。 绝缘层 105可以将电表 传感器 18和电源导线 5隔离开来。 流过外部导线 5的电流 102随后产生一磁场
103 , 磁场 103由电表传感器 18中的 MTJ传感器 12来检 $ 得电表传感器置于 一
Figure imgf000010_0001
其中， "W"是导线的宽度， "t"是导线的厚度， " X 是沿平行于导线上表 面方向离导线中心的距离， "y" 是在导线上方的高度。 5中的 200给出了电 流与汇流排上方的一位置处的磁场的示例性曲线。
由于整个电表传感器 18都置身于外部导线 5的电流产生的磁场中， 因此， 必须将用于测量负载 2电压的第二磁性传感器 MTJ传感器 11通过磁性屏蔽结构 30屏蔽于导线 5产生的磁场， 如图 5所示。
实施例四
实施例四与实施例三的电表传感器基本相同， 区别在于： 实施例三采用电压 分流线圈测量负载电压，而实施例四采用电阻和耦合电容构成的分压网络来测量 负载电压。
图 7展示了电表传感器 18的一种替代性配置， 其除了使用外部导线 5以外 还使用耦合电容分压器 40和缓冲放大器 41来执行电气隔离式负载电压测量。这 种配置可以降低电表传感器 18的制造成本， 并允许用户在使用时根据需要对电 压波形进行滤波来消除供电线路中的干扰信号和噪声。图 7中的这种配置最适合 于交流能耗测量，因为交流情况下，可以对带宽以外的电压信号进行滤除。而且， 外部导线 5的尺寸太大， 通常不能安置在电表传感器 18封装内。在这种配置中， 耦合电容 40在电表传感器 18封装的外部。 这样就可以通过选择不同的电容 40 来设置电压波形的截止频率。 另外， 一个限制连接到微处理器 15的电压波形的 上、 下限截止频率的电容 -阻抗 （RC) 网络可以取代外部电容 40。
图 8展示了一种示例性的千瓦-时能耗计配置， 其利用级联电表传感器来测 量来自居民三相电源 60的各支路的典型居民负载 61消耗的电流和电压。电表传 感器通过使用开口铁磁环或靠近汇流排的一边放置来与输电线路中的导线磁耦 合， 在这种千瓦 -时电表传感器的应用中， 电表传感器 73和 74的输出 75各自提 供了对一个供电系统的每一相电的能量消耗的测量。 电表传感器 18的数字输出 75必须连接到电表里的其他电子元件以便计算负载 2总的能量消耗。 由于电表 传感器 18的输出可以转换成任意一种可能需要的形式，且数字输出 75与供电电 源 60电气隔离， 因而不需要对输出进行数字化处理和将模拟输出信号与供电网 络隔离。 这使得整个能量消耗测量系统设计更为简单， 成本也得以降低。 另外， 电路参数的计算是在电表传感器 18中完成的， 因此使得后续的能量测量系统的 算法和设计更为简单。
以上对本发明的特定实施例结合图示进行了说明，但本发明的保护内容不仅仅限 定于以上实施例， 在本发明的所属技术领域中， 只要掌握通常知识， 就可以在其 技术要旨范围内， 进行多种多样的变更。

Claims

权利要求：
1. 一种独立封装的电表传感器，用以测量连接在导线上的负载的能量消耗，其特征在于包括: 一内部导线， 其串联在电源与负载之间；
一内部电阻性电压分流线圈， 其串联在内部导线和外部地线或中性接头之间；
一第一磁性传感器， 其紧邻内部导线设置并与流过该导线的电流所产生的磁场磁耦合， 第一 磁性传感器测量环绕着该导线的磁通量， 并且产生响应于该磁通量的一第一输出， 该第一输 出指示导线中的电流量；
一第二磁性传感器， 其紧靠与负载并联的电压分流线圈设置， 并与流经该电压分流线圈电流 的磁场磁耦合， 第二磁性传感器检测通过电压分流线圈的电流， 并提供响应于该电流的一第 二输出， 该第二输出指示负载两端的电压；
一采样模块， 用于对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并将它们转换成数字形式；
一数据处理模块， 其对采样数据进行处理；
一多路复用器， 用来对第一磁性传感器输出的电流信号和第二磁性传感器输出的电压信号采 样时间进行分时复用；
一接口逻辑模块， 用于将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式相兼容。
2. 如权利要求 1所述的电表传感器，其中，第一磁场传感器和第二磁场传感器包含磁性隧道 结传感器。
3. 如 Ϊ又利要求 1所述的电表传感器， 其中， 第一磁性传感器、 第二磁性传感器、 采样模块、 数据处理模块以及通信的数据转换接口逻辑模块与分流电阻线圈、待测网络电气和物理隔离， 隔离是通过使用磁耦合和绝缘电介层来实现的。
4. 如权利要求 1所述的电表传感器， 其中， 第一磁性传感器和第二磁性传器分别包含至少一 个 MTJ传感器。
5. 如权利要求 4所述的电表传感器， 其中， 至少有一个磁性传感器具有一偏置电压响应特征 曲线， 该曲线被用来控制传感器响应的幅值， 并用来自动调整电表传感器的量程。
6. 如权利要求 4所述的电表传感器， 其中， 至少有一个磁性传感器具有一片上电磁铁， 用来 线性化传感器响应。
7. 一种独立封装的电表传感器，用来测量连接在导线上的负载的能量消耗，其特征在于包括: 一内部导线， 其串联在电源输入与负载之间；
一用来对电压检测电路和电源输入导线相隔离的外接电容， 该外接电容能够用一 RC网络替 代， 以调整线路带宽；
一磁性传感器， 其紧邻内部导线设置并与流过该导线的电流关联的磁场磁耦合， 该磁性传感 器检测环绕着内部导线的磁通量， 并产生响应于该磁通量的一第一输出， 该第一输出指示内 部导线中的电流大小；
一连接到放大器或是缓冲器两个输入端的内部电阻， 该电阻与外接的电容结合使用而构成一 分压网络， 该分压网络用来测量负载两端的电压；
一采样模块， 用于对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并转换成数字形式；
一数据处理模块， 用于对采样数据进行处理；
一多路复用器， 用于对磁性传感器输出的电流信号和由内部电阻和外接电容构成的分压网络 输出的电压信号采样时间进行分时复用的；
一接口逻辑模块， 用于将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式相兼容。
8. 如权利要求 7所述的电表传感器， 其中， 磁性传感器包括至少一个磁性隧道结 （MTJ) 器 件。
9. 如权利要求 7所述的电表传感器， 其中， 磁性传感器、 采样模块、 数据处理模块以及通信 的数据转换接口逻辑模块与电源导线电气和物理隔离， 电气隔离通过使用磁耦合、 绝缘层和 外部的电容实现。
10. 如权利要求 9所述的电表传感器， 其中， 磁性传感器具有一偏置电压响应特征曲线， 用 来控制传感器的响应的幅值， 并用来自动调整电表传感器的量程。
11. 如权利要求 9所述的电表传感器， 其中， 磁性传感器具有一片上电磁铁， 用来线性化传 感器响应。
12. 一种独立封装的电表传感器， 用来测量连接在外部导线上的负载的能量消耗， 其特征在 于包括：
一外部导线， 其串联在内部电源导线与负载之间；：
一内部阻性电压分流线圈， 其串联在内部电源导线和外部地线或供电系统的中性端之间， 该 电压分流线圈与负载并联；
一第一磁性传感器， 其安装在电表传感器封装内部， 使得它能与流过外部导线的电流所产生 的磁场磁耦合； 第一磁性传感器检测与该外部导线关联的磁通量， 并且响应于该磁通量产生 一第一输出 （1， 电流信号）， 该第一输出指示所述外部导线中的电流大小；
一第二磁性传感器， 其紧靠与负载并联的电压分流线圈设置， 并与流经该电压分流线圈的电 流产生的磁场磁耦合， 第二磁性传感器检测通过电压分流线圈的电流， 并响应该电流而输出 一个电压信号， 该电压信号指示负载两端的电压；
一内部的高磁导率屏蔽结构， 其用来将第二磁性传感器件屏蔽于外部导线所产生的磁场， 该 屏蔽结构离第一磁性传感器足够远， 而且并不会对第一磁性传感器感应外部导线的磁场产生 明显影响；
一采样模块， 其对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并将它们转换成数字形式；
一对采样数据进行处理的数据处理模块；
一多路复用器， 用来对第一磁性传感器输出的电流信号和第二磁性传感器输出的电压信号采 样时间进行分时复用的；
一接口逻辑模块， 用于将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式相兼容。
13. 如权利要求 12所述的电表传感器， 其中， 第一磁性传感器和第二磁性传感器包含 MTJ 磁性隧道结器件。
14. 如权利要求 12所述的电表传感器， 其中， 第一磁性传感器、第二磁性传感器、采样模块、 数据处理模块和通信的数据转换接口逻辑模块与电压分流线圈、 电源线电气和物理隔离， 隔 离是通过使用绝缘电介层实现的。
15. 如权利要求 12所述的电表传感器， 其中， 第一磁性传感器和第二磁性传感器各包含至少 一个 MTJ传感器。
16. 如权利要求 15所述的电表传感器， 其中， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有一偏置电压响应特 征曲线， 该曲线被用来控制传感器的响应的幅值。
17. 如权利要求 15所述的电表传感器， 其中， 至少一个磁性传感器件具有一片上电磁铁， 该 电磁铁用来线性化传感器响应， 并用来自动调整电表传感器的量程。
18. 如权利要求 15所述的电表传感器， 其中， 内部的屏蔽结构用来对流过电源导线的电流所 产生的磁场进行聚磁， 使磁场的大小达到与第二磁性传感器的最佳磁场范围耦合。
19. 如权利要求 12所述的电表传感器， 其中， 第一磁性传感器通过设备封装外部的一开槽铁 磁环与外部导线磁耦合。
20. 如权利要求 12所述的电表传感器， 其中， 通过将所述电表传感器安装时尽可能的靠近一 电源导线， 使第一磁性传感器与电源导线所产生的磁场磁耦合。
21. 一种独立封装的电表传感器， 其用于测量连接在一外部导线上的负载的能量消耗， 其特 征在于包含：
一串联在电源输入与负载之间的外部导线；
一第一磁性传感器， 其设置在电表传感器封装内部， 以使得它能够与流过外部导线的电流所 产生的磁场磁耦合， 所述第一磁性传感器检测该外部导线的磁通量， 并且响应于该磁通量产 生一第一输出 （ι， 电流信号）， 该第一输出指示所述外部导线中的电流大小； 一用来对电压检测电路和电源输入导线相隔离的外接电容， 该外接电容可以用一 RC网络替 代， 以调整线路带宽；
一内部电阻， 其连接到放大器或缓冲器两个输入端， 该内部电阻与外接电容结合使用构成一 分压网络， 用来测量负载两端的电压；
一采样模块， 用于对电压信号和电流信号进行采样并将它们转换成数字形式；
一数据处理模块， 用于对采样数据进行处理；
一多路复用器， 用来对第一磁性传感器输出的电流信号和内部电阻与外接电容结合使用构成 的一分压网络输出的电压信号采样时间进行分时复用；
一接口逻辑模块， 用于将处理后的数据转换成可与后续的离片系统数据形式相兼容。
22. 如权利要求 21所述的电表传感器， 其中， 磁性传感器包含至少一个 MTJ传感器。
23. 如权利要求 21所述的电表传感器， 其中， 磁性传感器、 采样模块、 数据处理模块以及通 信的数据转换接口逻辑模块与分压网络、 待测网络电气和物理隔离， 隔离通过使用一外部电 容和绝缘电来实现。
24. 如权利要求 23所述的电表传感器， 其中 ， 磁性传感器件具有一偏置电压响应特征曲线， 该曲线被用来控制传感器的响应的幅值。
25. 如权利要求 23所述的电表传感器， 其中， 磁性传感器具有一片上电磁铁， 该电磁铁用以 线性化传感器响应。
26. 如权利要求 21所述的电表传感器， 其中：， 磁性传感器通过设备封装外部的一开槽铁磁环 与外部导线的磁场磁耦合。
27. 如权利要求 21所述的电表传感器， 其中， 将电表传感器安装时尽可能的靠近外部导线， 使磁性传感器与外部导线所产生磁场磁耦合。
28. 一种具有一数字输出的独立封装的隔离式电表传感器， 其中， 所述传感器可与其他类似 传感器相组合以形成一电表， 用于测量共用三线单相和商用多相供电系统的电量消耗。
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