WO2012023563A1 - 電子状態計算方法、電子状態計算装置及びコンピュータプログラム - Google Patents
電子状態計算方法、電子状態計算装置及びコンピュータプログラム Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electronic state calculation method, an electronic state calculation apparatus, and a computer program for obtaining an electronic state of a substance by calculation.
- first-principles calculation theory that predicts the physical or chemical properties (hereinafter referred to as physical properties) of a substance according to the fundamental laws of quantum mechanics.
- This calculation theory is based on density functional theory that approximates the physical properties including elasticity, conduction properties including superconductivity, dielectric properties, magnetism, etc.
- computational theory There are many examples in which this calculation theory has already been applied to material design, and its prediction accuracy and accuracy limit have been verified by experiments (see, for example, Non-Patent Document 1).
- Calculation theory based on density functional theory includes self-consistent calculation theory by local density approximation (LDA: Local Density Approximation), but it is known that the calculation result does not necessarily have the same physical properties as the experiment. .
- LDA Local Density Approximation
- GGA Generalized Gradient Approximation
- GW approximation GW + ⁇ approximation
- LDA + U approximation a plurality of approximate calculation methods such as generalized gradient approximation (GGA (: Generalized Gradient Approximation), GW approximation, GW + ⁇ approximation, and LDA + U approximation are known as methods for overcoming problems in LDA.
- GGA Generalized Gradient Approximation
- GW approximation GW + ⁇ approximation
- LDA + U approximation LDA + U approximation
- a fluctuation reference determination method as an effective multi-electron calculation based on the multi-configuration reference density functional method (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- This method gives an extended cone-sham equation that reproduces fluctuation variables (correlation functions) with positive definiteness such as local density fluctuations in addition to single-electron density, and increases the reproduction accuracy of physical quantities with arbitrary accuracy. It is possible.
- the total energy of the material, the one electron density, and the specified fluctuation variables were reproduced simultaneously through the determination of the lowest energy state of the Hamiltonian.
- one of the inventors of the present application is an approximation that reaches an exact solution in a model space that is a Banach space including a quantum mechanical variational calculation theory using a density functional (density functional variational method) and an exact solution.
- a model space that is a Banach space including a quantum mechanical variational calculation theory using a density functional (density functional variational method) and an exact solution.
- an electronic state calculation method, an electronic state calculation device, a computer program, and a recording medium capable of evaluating a strict solution by giving a method of giving a sequence of models and obtaining a stable numerical solution within the range allowed by computer resources (See Patent Document 2).
- the method of reaching the exact solution by the sequence of approximate models that reach the exact solution in the model space is limited to a smaller finite number of times if the purpose is limited to reproducing only the physical or chemical properties of the substance. It was not used to arrive at the physical properties of the exact solution in the calculation.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and existing approximations such as a local density approximation method, a generalized gradient approximation method, a Hartley Fock method, an arrangement interaction method, or a perturbation MP (Moeller-Plesset) method.
- a local density approximation method a generalized gradient approximation method
- a Hartley Fock method an arrangement interaction method
- a perturbation MP Microeller-Plesset
- the electronic state calculation method is a method of calculating an electronic state of a substance using a calculation device, and the calculation device includes, as constituent elements, each of a plurality of calculation models that give an approximate solution to the electronic state of the substance.
- An effective Hamiltonian including an effective interaction acting on an electron system including at least two or more electrons existing on a plurality of electron orbits is set to specify each operation model, and the self-requirement of the effective Hamiltonian is determined.
- an optimal calculation model is determined based on a quantum mechanical variational method, and the effective Hamiltonian self-existence is determined when the optimal calculation model is sequentially updated.
- the variational energy of the electronic system due to the solution is evaluated, and the calculation model is updated so that the evaluated variational energy is close to the energy of the exact solution to be calculated and the variational energy forms a monotonously decreasing convex function.
- an exact solution of the electronic state is calculated from one or a plurality of variation energy sequences.
- the effective Hamiltonian is determined through a procedure for determining a nonlocal operator indicating fluctuation as an effective interaction based on a local density approximation method, a generalized gradient approximation method, or a Hartley Fock method. It is characterized by doing.
- the electronic state calculation method is characterized in that the fluctuation includes a density fluctuation which is a shift between a Coulomb interaction and a Hartley mean field term.
- the electronic state calculation method is the same as the exact solution without transition of the phase indicating the electronic state among the sequence of one or a plurality of calculation models that give the variation energy sequence approaching the exact solution. It is characterized in that a phase to be viewed is given and that includes an operation model that leads to a self-consistent solution of the effective Hamiltonian in a minimum calculation step.
- a self-consistent solution based on each operation model is obtained by parallel calculation using a LAPW method (Linearized Augmented Plane Wave method), PAW method (Projector Augmented Wave method), or a numerical base expansion method. It is characterized by that.
- An electronic state calculation apparatus is an apparatus for calculating an electronic state of a substance.
- Means for determining effective Hamiltonians including effective interactions acting on an electron system including at least two or more electrons existing in orbit to identify each operation model, and self-consistent solutions of the effective Hamiltonians within the set In the process of calculating using each of the calculation models of, while identifying the direction in which the calculated self-consistent solutions are continuously changing, it is optimal among a plurality of calculation models that are close in the space formed by the set
- the calculation model is updated so that the variation energy of the electronic system is close to the energy of the exact solution to be calculated and the variation energy forms a monotonously decreasing convex function.
- the electronic state calculation apparatus determines the effective Hamiltonian through a procedure for determining a nonlocal operator indicating fluctuation as an effective interaction based on a local density approximation method, a generalized gradient approximation method, or a Hartley Fock method. It is made to do so.
- the electronic state calculation apparatus is characterized in that the fluctuation includes a density fluctuation that is a deviation between a Coulomb interaction and a Hartley mean field term.
- the electronic state calculation apparatus is the same as the exact solution without transition of the phase indicating the electronic state among the sequence of one or a plurality of calculation models that give the variation energy sequence approaching the exact solution. It is characterized in that a phase to be viewed is given and that includes an operation model that leads to a self-consistent solution of the effective Hamiltonian in a minimum calculation step.
- the electronic state calculation apparatus obtains a self-consistent solution based on each operation model by parallel calculation using a LAPW method (Linearized Augmented Plane Wave method), PAW method (Projector Augmented Wave method), or a numerical base expansion method. It is characterized by the above.
- a computer program according to the present invention is a computer program that causes a computer to calculate an electronic state of a substance, and sets a set including a plurality of operation models that give approximate solutions to the electronic state of the substance as constituent elements,
- An effective Hamiltonian including an effective interaction acting on an electron system including at least two or more electrons existing on the electron orbit of each of the plurality of electrons is determined for specifying each operation model; and a self-consistent solution of the effective Hamiltonian.
- a plurality of calculation models whose distances are close in the space formed by the set while specifying the direction in which the calculated self-consistent solutions continuously change in the process of calculating using each calculation model in the set A step of determining an optimal calculation model based on a quantum mechanical variational method, and When sequentially updating the calculation model, the step of evaluating the variation energy of the electronic system by the self-consistent solution of the effective Hamiltonian, and the evaluated variation energy approaches the energy of the exact solution to be calculated, In addition, the calculation model is updated so that the variational energy forms a monotonously decreasing convex function, and the computer is caused to calculate an exact solution of the electronic state from one or a plurality of variational energy sequences. .
- a finite number of calculation procedures for reproducing the physical properties indicated by the electronic state of the substance are applied to a multi-configuration reference density functional theory. Give based on.
- the calculation device automatically determines the physical properties of the electronic state indicated by the exact solution of the substance. To decide.
- the density functional that the fluctuation variable (correlation function) or the multiple order variable having a positive definite property such as local density fluctuation required for reproducing the physical property indicated by the exact solution is finite. Guaranteed by principles in theory.
- the distance between the models approaches.
- the calculation model to be used in the calculation process is determined.
- a new operator space optimization procedure is provided, and by forming a series of higher-level models that was impossible with the downfolding method based on the renormalization concept, the physical property evaluation method given by the exact solution is finite. Given by the calculation procedure.
- a plurality of paths that can reach an exact solution can be given in a model space including a wide variety of calculation models, so that a path for taking in an electronic correlation can be set as appropriate.
- a path for taking in an electronic correlation can be set as appropriate.
- the calculation speed is improved by realizing parallel calculation. Further, the calculation speed is improved by using a parallel calculation technique realized by the existing first-principles calculation method including the density functional method at each step of the calculation.
- a finite number of times the physical properties shown by the exact solution are finite times starting from existing arithmetic models including the local density approximation method, generalized density gradient approximation method, Hartley Fock method, configuration interaction method, and perturbation MP method.
- a method can be given to arrive at the following calculation steps.
- the effective Hamiltonian expression includes an effective interaction asymptotically close to the Coulomb interaction between electrons in the vicinity of the Fermi level.
- the self-consistent solution by each calculation model was subjected to base expansion using the LAPW method (Linearized Augmented Plane Wave method), PAW method (Projector Augmented Wave method), or the method of numerical base expansion.
- LAPW method Linearized Augmented Plane Wave method
- PAW method Projector Augmented Wave method
- a technique for obtaining a highly accurate one-electron wave function is provided.
- the present invention it is possible to determine a calculation procedure that can efficiently reach the physical property indicated by the exact solution within a range in which a given computer resource is used.
- a new quantum design method that implements material design using a quantum simulator based on computer simulation, it provides a design method for quantum element forming elements such as spin electronics, molecules, electronics, etc. Provision of materials solutions that avoid environmental problems and resource energy problems by providing, low environmental load or strategic element selection, new sensor design, biocompatible material design, drug design, and other material design are possible.
- Embodiment 1 The calculation principle in the electronic state calculation method according to the present embodiment is as follows.
- the order parameter that is the electron density generated by the Coulomb many-body system in the ground state is obtained numerically.
- the goal is to reproduce physical properties.
- the electron density is a physical quantity that can be observed experimentally and is known to exist. Since the ground state energy E 0 in the Coulomb many-body system satisfies the following expression, it can be evaluated numerically.
- the energy functional G bar Xi, ⁇ i, gi is defined by the following equation.
- ⁇ E bar Xi, ⁇ i, gi is defined by the following equation.
- G bar Xi, ⁇ i, gi represents an energy functional related to the wave function ⁇ of the electron represented by the calculation model
- ⁇ E bar Xi, ⁇ i, gi represents energy generated when evaluating the variational energy of the Coulomb system. This represents an energy functional that corrects the deviation.
- Equation 4 ⁇ is a multi-particle wave function
- T is an operator related to kinetic energy
- V red Xi is an operator represented by the following Equation 4.
- the operator T and the operator V red Xi are represented by letters with a hat, but in the specification, each is represented without a hat.
- Equation 2 e is the charge of the electron
- n ⁇ (r) is the electron density given by ⁇ in the position vector r
- v ext (r) is the external scalar potential.
- X i represents a set of a set of parameters and operators that define the model.
- P (i) is a projection operator.
- :: specifies the operator order called normal order, and specifies that the creation operator is used after exchanging the order according to the exchange rules of the fermion operator before the annihilation operator.
- Y n (i) and Z n (i) are operators given from the electron annihilation operator c l ⁇ (i) on the orbit l given by the complete system of integral wave functions.
- f n, +, l, ⁇ and f n,-, l, ⁇ are complex constants.
- ⁇ n (i) is a parameter that controls self-interaction correction.
- ⁇ n (i) is a function related to operators Y n (i) and Z n (i) , and it is desirable that the expected value has a finite lower bound. Good.
- E ⁇ i local [ ⁇ ] and E gi non-local [ ⁇ ] in Equation 2 are a model energy functional having locality and a model energy functional having nonlocality. What is defined may be used.
- ⁇ i (n) is a bounded monotone decreasing continuous function
- g i (l 1 , l 2 , ⁇ ) is a real value coefficient, which is given at the time of input.
- Equation 2 It is one of the features of the present invention that a model based on the effective interaction of Equations 2, 3, 4, and 5 is introduced.
- ⁇ n (i) By optimizing the operator function ⁇ n (i) and bounded monotonically decreasing continuous functions ⁇ i (n) and g i (l 1 , l 2 , ⁇ ), it is highly efficient within the range of computational resources. It becomes possible to search for an optimized model sequence that enables high-speed and high-precision calculation.
- Formula 4 can use the following formula as a specific expression by introducing an effective multiparticle interaction in which channel decomposition is performed based on Coulomb density fluctuation.
- Equation 1 gives a variational principle that holds in the model space.
- the proof of this principle is published only when E gi non-local [ ⁇ ] is special (see, for example, K. Kusakabe, J. Phys. Soc. Jpn 78, 114716 (2009)). Therefore, an evaluation formula similar to Formula 1 is given as an inequality.
- a condition for establishing an equal sign is shown, a strict equal sign is not achieved by calculation using a finite computer resource.
- Patent Document 2 This application uses that this variational principle holds for a wide range of energy functionals.
- Equation 1 The principle of giving Equation 1 is strictly shown as follows.
- the residual exchange correlation energy functional ⁇ E Xi, ⁇ i, gi [ ⁇ ] is introduced by the following equation using a table that gives Coulomb fluctuations without separating the self-interaction correction term.
- the integral with respect to ⁇ is the Lebesgue integral with respect to the ⁇ derivative of the energy functional (see Equation 8) obtained by changing the Coulomb interaction by ⁇ times, and the ⁇ Dini of F ⁇ [ ⁇ ]. It is an amount defined based on correction at the point where the differentiation produces a finite number of jumps, and its existence is indicated. A phase transition due to the remaining correlation occurs at a point where the ⁇ Dini derivative causes a jump in a range where the density is not changed.
- Equation 9 is obtained through the fact that ⁇ Xi, ⁇ i, gi satisfies the variational principle, and further guarantees that the following inequality is satisfied.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the calculation principle.
- the energy functional G bar Xi, ⁇ i, gi is minimized, and then the minimized energy functional Gbar Xi, ⁇ i, gi
- An evaluation value of variational energy which is the sum of ⁇ E bar Xi, ⁇ i, gi determined by the wave function ⁇ Xi, ⁇ i, gi giving the minimum value is obtained.
- a plurality of variation energy evaluation values are obtained.
- FIG. 1 shows that there are a plurality of such methods.
- the calculation model is composed of G bars Xi, ⁇ i, gi and wave functions ⁇ Xi, ⁇ i, gi that give this minimum value.
- the wave function ⁇ Xi, ⁇ i, gi can be determined so as to have self-consistency with respect to a decision equation that defines a minimization problem of G bars Xi, ⁇ i, gi forming a self-consistent equation.
- a certain model for example, a model related to X i in FIG. 1
- another model for example, a model related to X j in FIG. 1
- the physical quantity is calculated using an effective model given as a common convergence point by a model sequence including two types of calculation models.
- LDA local density approximation
- GGA generalized gradient approximation
- spin-dependent GGA meta GGA
- Hartley Fock Method configuration interaction method
- perturbation MP Moment-Plesset
- the approximate solution given by the calculation is sufficiently close to the true solution (exact solution) by incorporating the necessary and sufficient fluctuation contribution into the G-bar Xi, ⁇ i, gi using the nonlocal operator expressed by Equation 4.
- the wave function ⁇ Xi, ⁇ i, gi gives the same physical property as the exact solution within the specified numerical accuracy limit.
- a plurality of paths that can reach an exact solution can be given in a model space including a wide variety of calculation models, so that a path for taking in an electronic correlation can be set as appropriate.
- the direction asymptotic to the exact solution is obtained by examining the numerical convergence of the variation energy point sequence that appears when the parameters are changed, such as X i , X i + 1 , X i + 2 ,. Can be found.
- the reproduction of the physical properties in the ground state as an exact solution is determined by the fact that the electron density does not change in all directions that change X i . At this time, the electron density when the variational energy minimization is completed is obtained.
- a degree of freedom that gives a C-numbered variable given by a physical quantity expectation value that is invariant in time.
- An example of this is a nuclear configuration that is treated as a classical mass system in the expression adopted as the Schrödinger equation of an electronic system, and at the same time, an electrostatic field that is treated as a classical field that is the solution of the Maxwell equation.
- the density functional variational method in the present application can give a methodology that generally holds for many-body quantum systems.
- the generation of the density functional is due to the determination of multi-electron motion in an external scalar potential.
- the function forms are generalized regardless of the material system, although they are highly versatile, including conventional local density approximation, local spin density approximation, generalized gradient approximation, and spin-dependent generalized gradient approximation. If the conventional method given as a function is used, the method disclosed in the present application can be immediately applied.
- the inventor of the present application provided a fluctuation reference determination method as an effective many-body electron calculation based on the multi-configuration reference density functional method in International Publication No. 2007/141942.
- a fluctuation reference determination method as an effective many-body electron calculation based on the multi-configuration reference density functional method in International Publication No. 2007/141942.
- an energy functional that reproduces a variable (correlation function) having positive definiteness such as local density fluctuation in addition to one electron density is defined (see Equation 12), and physical quantities are reproduced. Can do.
- approximate electronic states such as the Hartley Fock method, the configuration interaction method, and the perturbation MP method are obtained by using a model that approximates the local density to the residual exchange / correlation energy functional of Equation 12.
- An arithmetic model based on density functional theory that reproduces local fluctuations given by calculation can be constructed immediately.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing an internal configuration of the electronic state calculation apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the electronic state calculation device 10 includes a CPU 11, a ROM 13, a RAM 14, an input IF 15, an output IF 16, an auxiliary storage device 17, and a storage device 18, and these pieces of hardware are connected to each other via a bus 12.
- the ROM 13 stores a control program for controlling each part of the hardware.
- the CPU 11 controls each part of the hardware described above by loading a control program stored in the ROM 13 onto the RAM 14 and executing it.
- An input device 21 such as a mouse or a keyboard is connected to the input IF 15.
- an output device 22 such as a CRT or a liquid crystal display is connected to the output IF 16.
- the auxiliary storage device 17 includes an FD that records a computer program for realizing the electronic state calculation method described in the present embodiment on a computer, an FD drive for reading the computer program from a recording medium M such as a CD-ROM, A reading device such as a CD-ROM drive is provided.
- the computer program read by the auxiliary storage device 17 is stored in the storage device 18.
- the CPU 11 as the calculation means loads the computer program stored in the storage device 18 onto the RAM 14 as the storage means and executes it, thereby causing the entire apparatus to function as the electronic state calculation apparatus according to the present invention.
- the RAM 14 stores various information input through the input device 21, intermediate results of computation by the CPU 11, final results, and the like.
- the recording medium M for recording the computer program in addition to the FD and CD-ROM described above, optical recording media such as MO, MD, DVD-ROM, magnetic recording media such as hard disks, IC cards, memory cards, optical It is also possible to use a semiconductor memory such as a card-type recording medium such as a card, mask ROM, EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), flash ROM, or the like. Further, the above-described computer program may be downloaded from the communication network by configuring a system capable of connecting to a communication network including the Internet. Furthermore, the above-described computer program may be stored in the ROM 13 in advance.
- the storage device 18 is, for example, a hard disk drive, and stores a computer program read by the auxiliary storage device 17, initial data necessary for calculating the electronic state, intermediate results obtained by calculating the electronic state, final results, and the like. .
- a part of the storage area of the storage device 18 is used as a model storage area for storing an existing model that gives an approximate solution to the electronic state of a substance.
- this existing model includes LDA, LDA + U, GGA, spin-dependent GGA, meta GGA, Hartley Fock method, configuration interaction method, perturbation MP method and the like.
- the computer program, initial data, operation model, and the like stored in the storage device 18 are read out when the electronic state is calculated and temporarily stored in the RAM 13.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation apparatus 10 calculates the electronic state by executing a computer program stored in the RAM 13.
- the computer program according to the present invention recorded on the recording medium M is stored in the storage device 18 and used, but may be incorporated in the ROM 13 in advance.
- the electronic state calculation apparatus 10 may include a communication unit to acquire the computer program by communication.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a procedure of processing executed by the electronic state calculation apparatus 10.
- the electronic state calculation apparatus 10 first sets an initial value (step S11).
- the initial value is set by setting the atomic coordinates R I of the substance to be calculated and determining ⁇ i and g i to be combined with the effective interaction form X i .
- One model is determined by setting the initial value.
- the atomic coordinates R I are set by receiving the data of the atomic coordinates R I through the input device 21 and storing them in the RAM 14. Or stores the data of atomic coordinate R I in advance in the storage device 18, reads the data from the storage device 18 when setting is carried out by storing in the RAM 14.
- ⁇ i and g i are given as subroutines.
- X i represents a set of fluctuation terms.
- the fluctuation term is given by, for example, Equation 6 so as to include the interaction parameters X n (i) and ⁇ n (i) .
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation device 10 calculates the external scalar potential v ext (r) using the set initial value (step S13).
- the calculation method of the external scalar potential v ext (r) is known and is determined from the atomic coordinates RI.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation apparatus 10 determines an effective self-consistent solution and calculates a localized orbit (step S14).
- a unitary expansion base is given as an initial value at this stage.
- Unitary transformation is determined according to the atomic coordinates R I, localized orbitals is calculated.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation device 10 sets the loop counter i to 1 (step S15), and calculates the operator V red Xi (step S16).
- the projection operator P (i) and the unitary transformation form and operation are given as a series. That is, the projection operator and the unitary transformation format and operation may be updated by the loop. Renewal leads to higher model.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation apparatus 10 optimizes the energy functional in X i (step S17). Convergence in a model sequence, which is a sequence of models with self-consistent solutions, is confirmed when the models give the same density numerically within the error range and the variation energy of the Coulomb system is minimized. It is determined that the model X i obtained is obtained. The integral expansion base is redetermined at this stage. Also, unitary transformation is determined according to the atomic coordinates R I, localized orbitals is calculated.
- Electron density n PusaiXi is calculated from the wave function [psi Xi relative convergence model.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation device 10 optimizes the energy functional in X i + 1 (step S19).
- the projection operator is changed to P (i + 1) , and the unitary transformation is also changed at the same time, so that the up-conversion is performed to create the upper model X i + 1 .
- a converged model X i + 1 is obtained.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation device 10 calculates the electron density n ⁇ Xi + 1 (step S20).
- the electron density n ⁇ Xi + 1 is calculated from the wave function ⁇ Xi + 1 for the convergence model.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation device 10 determines whether or not the model has converged (step S21).
- the model series ⁇ X i ⁇ from the lower model X i to the higher model X i + 1 has already been given.
- the model sequence X i converges with respect to the electron density and the variational energy in the model sequence ⁇ X i ⁇
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation apparatus 10 increments the loop counter i by 1 (step S22), and returns the process to step S16.
- the CPU 11 of the electronic state calculation apparatus 10 determines whether or not an uncalculated model exists (step S23). If there is an uncalculated model (for example, a model related to X j shown in FIG. 1) (S23: YES), the process returns to step S11, and an initial value is set for the uncalculated model. Then, the convergence of the model relating to X j shown in FIG. 1, for example, is determined by executing the processing of steps S12 to S21 for the newly set model.
- an uncalculated model for example, a model related to X j shown in FIG. 1
- step S24 determines whether or not the model sequence including these model series has converged. It is determined that the model sequence has converged when the different model series has obtained a converged value of the electron density given to the upper model of the convergence destination. If the model sequence has not converged (S24: NO), since the fluctuation has not yet been sufficiently captured, the projection operator and the unitary transformation for determining the upper model in the model sequence are updated, and the model sequence is again obtained. To up-convert, the process returns to step S16.
- the physical quantity is calculated using an effective model given as a common convergence point by the model sequence including the two types of operation models obtained (step S25).
- a plurality of model sequences starting from a plurality of integrated effective models (LDA, GGA, etc.) and asymptotic to the Coulomb solution can be configured.
- LDA, GGA, etc. integrated effective models
- the model sequence converges a finite number of times when the upper model is formed. Therefore, the model series reaches the physical properties indicated by the Coulomb solution after a finite number of calculations.
- the present embodiment utilizes the point that the comparison between model sequences can be performed using the distance related to the electron density, and the method with the highest calculation efficiency among a plurality of model sequences is limited to a finite number of calculations. Can be determined.
- the convergence of the model sequence is determined using two types of calculation models, but the convergence of the model sequence may be determined using three or more types of calculation models.
- the calculation is executed while sequentially updating the calculation model using a specific calculation model (for example, local density approximation) as a starting point.
- a specific calculation model for example, local density approximation
- the self-consistent solution by each calculation model is represented by the LAPW method. It is good also as a structure calculated
- Embodiment 2 It is also possible to introduce an up-conversion process into the electronic state calculation method described in the first embodiment.
- Embodiment 2 an embodiment in which an up-conversion process is introduced in the electronic state calculation method of Embodiment 1 will be described.
- Equation 13 introduces a projection operator for a one-electron band or one-electron orbit where the fluctuation effect is important, and is a shielding interaction type parameter that adjusts the strength of the effective interaction given by the fluctuation term. It is a definition formula of a model used in Embodiment 2 of the up-conversion method based on a model in which interaction strength is introduced.
- the up-conversion process can be summarized as a two-stage process when the initial model is LDA or the like. First, important one-electron bands and one-electron orbits that introduce fluctuations are introduced sequentially from the vicinity of the Fermi level. Here, if the parameter ⁇ that defines the shielding interaction is introduced into a positive finite value, the medium-range correlation effect is first captured.
- ⁇ is a parameter indicating a second process of up-conversion with a single continuous parameter from the model incorporating the fluctuation to the final Coulomb system, and takes a numerical value from 0 to 1.
- an electronic state calculation of Sr 2 CuO 3 is taken as an example.
- the solution of the Corn-Sham equation by GGA is confirmed, it can be immediately confirmed that one one-dimensional band per Cu atom is generated in the vicinity of the Fermi level.
- a projection operator is introduced for the Wannier orbit on this band.
- Incorporating the shielding interaction is equivalent to starting the first process of up-conversion from only diagonal correlation terms on the Wannier orbit. Therefore, as the correlation parameter, U given by the integral of the shielding interaction is adopted as a single parameter.
- Multi-configuration reference density functional theory calculation with correlation parameters can provide a self-consistent solution.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of variation energy evaluation results.
- the horizontal axis represents the correlation parameter U (unit: electron volts), and the vertical axis represents variational energy (unit: Rydberg).
- the variation energy given by the model is a continuous function of the correlation parameter U. Therefore, as is clear from this figure, the optimum correlation parameter that minimizes the variation energy can be determined by the principle of the density functional variational method.
- the second process of up-conversion can also be executed using the determined correlation parameter model as an initial condition. In that case, change the ⁇ and incorporate the residual correlation to cause changes in the model sequence, and numerically track the changes to verify the existence of phase transitions in the model space. This can be done.
- the energy given by the model sequence when ⁇ is changed can be evaluated by the perturbation expansion Green function method, the Monte Carlo method, or the like.
- the perturbation expansion Green function method the Green function G 0 including the local correlation effect determined when the correlation parameter U is finite is obtained, and based on this, the long-range interaction effect is performed through the analysis of the Dyson equation. Can do.
- the convergence of the up-conversion process is confirmed through the fact that the one-shot calculation by incorporating the shielding effect using G 0 as the input Green function in the GW approximation does not change the density. Is done. If the density variation is visible, performs adding more the correlation terms through redefinition of projection operator P A hat, by performing the multi-arranged reference density functional method calculation again, again a first process of up-conversion Do.
- a state vector including a local correlation effect determined when the correlation parameter U is finite is obtained, and a multi-body wave function based on the state vector is adopted as a trial function for fixing the clause of the diffusion Monte Carlo method.
- a diffusion Monte Carlo method, a variational Monte Carlo method, or the like with a fixed node approximation can be employed.
- Embodiment 3 By using the electronic state calculation method described in Embodiments 1 and 2, it is possible to determine an optimized calculation model that minimizes the number of calculations while reproducing the physical properties indicated by the exact solution. In the third embodiment, a method for selecting an optimized calculation model will be described.
- Mathematical formula 14 shown below shows a model functional that gives a continuous model sequence connected with a Coulomb system with a single continuous parameter with a convexity.
- the V hat tilde ( ⁇ ) is given as a correlation term that generates a positive definite operator from the ⁇ derivative.
- Equation 14 the finite difference theorem of the number of phase transitions is obtained through the fact that the ⁇ derivative of the model functional given by the operator with tilde of n hat tilde (r) is positive definite.
- a condition for satisfying is given. This condition is density invariance in the upconversion process.
- the density invariance check in the second process where calculation can be performed confirms that no further up-conversion process is required, and the convergence judgment of all processes is an error defined within a finite numerical calculation process. In range.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the principle that gives the process of determining the optimum model. It is assumed that a plurality of convergence model sequences have already been given through the first embodiment. At this time, the ⁇ -deformed model can be configured according to Equation 14. In this ⁇ deformation process, a sufficient density convergence has already been obtained. The generation of the phase transition point due to the correlation remaining within the range in which the density is not changed is at most a finite number of times. Although not explicitly shown in FIG. 5, the phase transition point occurs as an inflection point of the graph that appears with respect to the variation of the parameter ⁇ , and the ⁇ Dini derivative shows a jump at this point. At this time, the model that reproduces the physical property indicated by the exact solution uses the fact that no phase transition occurs in the model space due to the change of the internal order variable.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart which shows the procedure of the process to perform. It is assumed that a plurality of convergence model sequences are obtained in steps S11 to S24 in the flowchart shown in FIG. 3 of the first embodiment.
- step S31 YES
- those model sequences are rejected and the converged model series is the same.
- step S31: NO the process returns to step S16 to search for a model series further incorporating fluctuations.
- step S31: NO a model sequence including a plurality of model sequences giving the same phase is obtained.
- the occurrence of phase transition for ⁇ deformation is confirmed by the fact that the second process of up-conversion by the perturbation expansion Green function method does not cause density fluctuations and does not change various responses. become.
- the optimum model determination is performed by selecting a model having no phase transition point up to the lower model of the ⁇ deformation process (step S32).
- the physical quantity is calculated using the optimal model (step S33), and the physical property evaluation by the model system most appropriately selected for the calculation scale becomes possible.
- the dynamics of the system can also be calculated using a molecular dynamics method.
- MD Molecular Dynamics
- atomic force and stress are obtained using the electron density, external scalar potential, and localized orbital obtained by the extended cone-sham equation, and the material structure is obtained from the obtained atomic force and stress.
- a method of calculating the rate of change and sequentially determining the structure of the substance after a minute time is adopted.
- the ground state determined with high accuracy obtained by the present embodiment or the molecular dynamics method can be used as an initial condition for the time-dependent problem.
- the time-dependent current density functional method using the electron density and the current density as basic order variables can be realized.
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Abstract
Description
その結果、物質設計を計算機シミュレーションによる量子シミュレータを用いて実施する新しい量子デザイン手法において、スピン・エレクロニクス、分子・エレクトロニクスなどの量子素子形成要素の設計法の提供、エレクトロニクス応用によるエネルギ問題回避法の提供、低環境負荷又は戦略的元素選択による環境問題・資源エネルギ問題回避型物質解の提供、新型センサー設計、生体親和材料設計、薬剤設計などの計算装置による物質設計が可能となる。
実施の形態1.
本実施の形態に係る電子状態計算方法における計算原理は以下の通りである。本実施の形態では、電子状態の厳密解が示す物性を再現する最適化された演算モデルを決定する方法として、クーロン多体系が基底状態で発生する電子密度なる秩序変数を数値的に求めることを通して、物性の再現を行うことを目標とする。電子密度は実験で観測できる物理量であり、存在することが知られている。クーロン多体系における基底状態のエネルギE0 は以下の表式を満たすため、数値的に評価を行うことができる。
後述するように、あるモデル(例えば、図1のXi に関するモデル)、及び他のモデル(例えば、図1のXj に関するモデル)の収束性について判定する。このとき、モデル系列{Xi }内でモデル列Xi が電子密度及び変分エネルギに関して収束しているか否かを判定する。また、モデル系列{Xj }内のモデル列Xj についても、電子密度及び変分エネルギに関して収束しているか否かを判定する。本実施の形態では、2種類の演算モデルを含むモデル列が共通の収束点として与える有効モデルを用いて物理量の算出を行う。
そこで、Xi ,Xi+1 ,Xi+2 ,…のようにパラメータを変化させたときに表れる変分エネルギの点列に対して数値的収束を調べることにより、厳密解に漸近する方向を見出すことが可能となる。
厳密解としての基底状態における物性が再現されていることは、電子密度がXi を変化させる全ての方向について変動しなくなることで定められる。このとき、変分エネルギの最小化が完了した時点の電子密度が得られている。
記憶装置18に記憶されているコンピュータプログラム、初期データ、演算モデル等は、電子状態を計算する際に読み出され、RAM13に一時的に格納される。電子状態計算装置10のCPU11は、RAM13に格納されたコンピュータプログラムを実行することにより、電子状態の計算を行う。
また、εi ,gi の関数形などはサブルーチンとして与えられているものとする。Xi は揺らぎ項の組を示す。揺らぎ項は、相互作用パラメータXn (i)とαn (i)とを含むように、例えば、数式6によって与えられる。
モデル系列が収束していないと判定した場合(S21:NO)、電子状態計算装置10のCPU11は、ループカウンタiを1だけインクリメントした上で(ステップS22)、処理をステップS16へ戻す。
モデル列が収束していない場合(S24:NO)、まだ充分に揺らぎの取り込みに至っていないことから、モデル系列内の上位モデルを定める射影演算子とユニタリ変換とについて更新を行って、再びモデル系列をアップコンバージョンすべく、処理をステップS16へ戻す。
密度汎関数法が与えるエネルギ汎関数法が示す状態のレベル交差点が有限数である。また、一体有効ハミルトニアンが必ず量子化を示すことから、上位モデルを形成したときに有限回数でモデル系列が収束する。したがって、上記モデル系列は、有限回数の計算でクーロン解の示す物性に至る。
実施の形態1で説明した電子状態計算方法に、アップコンバージョンのプロセスを導入することも可能である。
実施の形態2では、実施の形態1の電子状態計算方法においてアップコンバージョンのプロセスを導入した形態について説明を行う。
ここで、遮蔽相互作用を定めるパラメータκを正の有限値に導入すると、中距離相関効果がまず取り込まれる。
GGAによるコーン・シャム方程式の解を確認すると、フェルミ準位近傍にCu一原子当たり1つの1次元性バンドが生じていることが直ちに確認できる。このバンド上のワニエ軌道に対して射影演算子を導入する。遮蔽相互作用を取り込むことは、ワニエ軌道上の対角型相関項のみからアップコンバージョンの第一プロセスを始めることに相当する。そこで、相関パラメータとしては、遮蔽相互作用の積分が与えるUを単一パラメータとして採用することになる。相関パラメータを導入した多配置参照密度汎関数法計算は、自己無撞着に解を与えることが出来る。このパラメータUを変化させていくと、多配置参照密度汎関数法による多電子状態が、量子相関発生した状態ベクトルを自己無撞着解として、密度を伴って与えられる。密度汎関数変分法の変分原理に従って、ΔEバーを評価すると、変分エネルギがUの関数として得られる。
実施の形態1及び2で説明した電子状態計算方法を用いることにより、厳密解の示す物性を再現しながら、計算回数の最も少ない、最適化された演算モデルを定めることができる。
実施の形態3では、最適化された演算モデルの選定手法について説明する。
11 CPU
12 バス
13 ROM
14 RAM
15 入力IF
16 出力IF
17 補助記憶装置
18 記憶装置
21 入力デバイス
22 出力デバイス
Claims (11)
- 計算装置を用いて物質の電子状態を計算する方法において、
前記計算装置は、
物質の電子状態に対する近似解を与える複数の演算モデルの夫々を構成要素として含む集合を設定し、
複数の電子軌道上に存在する少なくとも2つ以上の電子を含む電子系に働く有効相互作用を含む有効ハミルトニアンを、各演算モデルを特定するために定め、
前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解を前記集合内の各演算モデルを用いて計算する過程で、計算した自己無撞着解同士が連続的に変化する方向を特定しながら、前記集合がなす空間内で距離が近接する複数の演算モデルのうちで最適な演算モデルを量子力学的変分法に基づいて定め、
前記最適な演算モデルを逐次更新する際に、前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解による電子系の変分エネルギを評価し、
評価した変分エネルギが計算すべき厳密解のエネルギに近接してゆき、しかも変分エネルギが単調減少凸関数をなすように演算モデルを更新して、一又は複数の変分エネルギの系列から前記電子状態の厳密解を計算する
ことを特徴とする電子状態計算方法。 - 局所密度近似法、一般化勾配近似法、又はハートレーフォック法を基に、有効相互作用として揺らぎを示す非局所型演算子を定める手続きを通じて前記有効ハミルトニアンを決定することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子状態計算方法。
- 前記揺らぎは、クーロン相互作用とハートレー平均場項のずれである密度揺らぎを含むことを特徴とする請求項2に記載の電子状態計算方法。
- 前記厳密解に近接してゆく変分エネルギの系列を与える一又は複数の演算モデルの系列のうち、電子状態を示す相が転移せずに厳密解と同一視される相を与え、かつ最小の計算ステップで前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解に至る演算モデルを含むものを定めることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子状態計算方法。
- 各演算モデルによる自己無撞着解をLAPW法(Linearized Augmented Plane Wave 法)、PAW法(Projector Augmented Wave 法)、又は数値基底展開法を用いた並列計算により求めることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項4の何れか1つに記載の電子状態計算方法。
- 物質の電子状態を計算する装置において、
物質の電子状態に対する近似解を与える複数の演算モデルの夫々を構成要素として含む集合を設定する手段と、
複数の電子軌道上に存在する少なくとも2つ以上の電子を含む電子系に働く有効相互作用を含む有効ハミルトニアンを、各演算モデルを特定するために定める手段と、
前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解を前記集合内の各演算モデルを用いて計算する過程で、計算した自己無撞着解同士が連続的に変化する方向を特定しながら、前記集合がなす空間内で距離が近接する複数の演算モデルのうちで最適な演算モデルを量子力学的変分法に基づいて定める手段と、
前記最適な演算モデルを逐次更新する際に、前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解による電子系の変分エネルギを評価する手段と、
評価した変分エネルギが計算すべき厳密解のエネルギに近接してゆき、しかも変分エネルギが単調減少凸関数をなすように演算モデルを更新する手段と、
一又は複数の変分エネルギの系列から前記電子状態の厳密解を計算する手段と
を備えることを特徴とする電子状態計算装置。 - 局所密度近似法、一般化勾配近似法、又はハートレーフォック法を基に、有効相互作用として揺らぎを示す非局所型演算子を定める手続きを通じて前記有効ハミルトニアンを決定するようにしてあることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の電子状態計算装置。
- 前記揺らぎは、クーロン相互作用とハートレー平均場項のずれである密度揺らぎを含むことを特徴とする請求項7に記載の電子状態計算装置。
- 前記厳密解に近接してゆく変分エネルギの系列を与える一又は複数の演算モデルの系列のうち、電子状態を示す相が転移せずに厳密解と同一視される相を与え、かつ最小の計算ステップで前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解に至る演算モデルを含むものを定めることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の電子状態計算装置。
- 各演算モデルによる自己無撞着解をLAPW法(Linearized Augmented Plane Wave 法)、PAW法(Projector Augmented Wave 法)、又は数値基底展開法を用いた並列計算により求めるようにしてあることを特徴とする請求項6から請求項9の何れか1つに記載の電子状態計算装置。
- コンピュータに、物質の電子状態を計算させるコンピュータプログラムにおいて、
物質の電子状態に対する近似解を与える複数の演算モデルの夫々を構成要素として含む集合を設定させるステップと、
複数の電子軌道上に存在する少なくとも2つ以上の電子を含む電子系に働く有効相互作用を含む有効ハミルトニアンを、各演算モデルを特定するために定めさせるステップと、
前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解を前記集合内の各演算モデルを用いて計算させる過程で、計算させた自己無撞着解同士が連続的に変化する方向を特定しながら、前記集合がなす空間内で距離が近接する複数の演算モデルのうちで最適な演算モデルを量子力学的変分法に基づいて定めさせるステップと、
前記最適な演算モデルを逐次更新させる際に、前記有効ハミルトニアンの自己無撞着解による電子系の変分エネルギを評価させるステップと、
評価させた変分エネルギが計算すべき厳密解のエネルギに近接してゆき、しかも変分エネルギが単調減少凸関数をなすように演算モデルを更新させ、一又は複数の変分エネルギの系列から前記電子状態の厳密解を計算させるステップと
をコンピュータに実行させることを特徴とするコンピュータプログラム。
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CN115859597A (zh) * | 2022-11-24 | 2023-03-28 | 中国科学技术大学 | 基于杂化泛函和第一性原理的分子动力学模拟方法和系统 |
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JPWO2010023943A1 (ja) * | 2008-09-01 | 2012-01-26 | 国立大学法人大阪大学 | 電子状態計算方法、電子状態計算装置、コンピュータプログラム、記録媒体 |
WO2020092870A1 (en) * | 2018-11-02 | 2020-05-07 | Volkswagen Group Of America, Inc. | System and method for finite elements-based design optimization with quantum annealing |
US11434065B2 (en) | 2020-06-08 | 2022-09-06 | Robert C. Danville | Automatic spray dispenser |
CN115469238B (zh) * | 2021-06-10 | 2024-08-20 | 中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所 | 一种基于联合荷电状态估算的电池组均衡方法 |
WO2024103617A1 (en) * | 2022-11-20 | 2024-05-23 | Tian, Duoxian | Method for modeling phase transition of superconductivity based on anti-hermitian operator |
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CN115859597A (zh) * | 2022-11-24 | 2023-03-28 | 中国科学技术大学 | 基于杂化泛函和第一性原理的分子动力学模拟方法和系统 |
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