WO2011160192A1 - Production de biocarburant - Google Patents

Production de biocarburant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011160192A1
WO2011160192A1 PCT/AU2011/000784 AU2011000784W WO2011160192A1 WO 2011160192 A1 WO2011160192 A1 WO 2011160192A1 AU 2011000784 W AU2011000784 W AU 2011000784W WO 2011160192 A1 WO2011160192 A1 WO 2011160192A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
substrate
particle size
biofuel
drying
biomass
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU2011/000784
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Dudi Djuhdia Sastraatmadja
Original Assignee
Pt. Endugo Enzimes International, Ji.
Hutapea, Jaegopal
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Application filed by Pt. Endugo Enzimes International, Ji., Hutapea, Jaegopal filed Critical Pt. Endugo Enzimes International, Ji.
Publication of WO2011160192A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011160192A1/fr

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
    • C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
    • C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
    • C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
    • C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
    • C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to the production of biofuel from biomass, including plant matter, waste material, weeds and pests.
  • Biofuels such as ethanol
  • ethanol are fuels produced from renewable biological resources, such as commercial crops, feedstocks and agricultural waste. Production of these fuels is increasing worldwide, reducing the reliance on conventional fossil fuels.
  • Biofuels are often produced by me action of enzymes on a biomass.
  • the biomass is generally pretreated before this biological action to improve the efficiency of biofuel production.
  • Such pretreatment processes may include, for example, the addition of various chemicals (such as acids, bases and organic solvents) and heat (such as steam injection).
  • the crude product is further refined by processes such as distillation and dehydration.
  • processes such as distillation and dehydration.
  • Relatively complex processing regimes and the relatively high cost of processing chemicals, enzyme materials and energy requirements has affected the commercial attractiveness of such biofuel production processes.
  • pretreatment processes One of me most costly and important steps in producing biofuel are the pretreatment processes. Aside from the costs associated with performing the pretreatment processes, pretreatment also affects how effectively enzymes are able to produce biofuel, affecting the overall yield.
  • the present invention provides a method of producing biofuel, the method comprising: (a) providing a first substrate comprising biomass;
  • the biofuel is a bioalcohol; especially methanol, ethanol, propanol or butanol; more especially ethanol;
  • the first substrate is plant matter; especially commercial crops, feedstocks, wood, grasses, weeds, algae, and by-products from processes arising from processing commercial crops; more especially sugarcane bagasse, tapioca waste, artichoke thistle, water hyacinth, cumbungi, buffel grass, triticale, sweet sorghum, rice or a part thereof (e.g., rice husk), palm tree or part thereof, elephant grass or a Casuarina species; most especially water hyacinth; the particle size of the first substrate is reduced by mechanical processes, chemical processes, drying processes or combinations thereof; especially mechanical dehydration; more especially a combination of mechanical processes and oven drying;
  • the particle size of the first substrate is reduced by a process comprising drying the first substrate
  • the particle size of the second substrate is ⁇ 85 um; especially ⁇ 80 um; especially ⁇ 75 ⁇ ; especially ⁇ 70 um; especially ⁇ 65 um; especially ⁇ 60 ⁇ ; especially ⁇ 55 ⁇ ;
  • the particle size of the second substrate is > 0.5 ⁇ ; especially > 1 ⁇ , especially > 5 ⁇ ; especially > 10 ⁇ ; especially > 15 ⁇ ; especially > 20 ⁇ ; especially > 25 um;
  • the first substrate is water hyacinth and the particle size of the second substrate is ⁇ 40 um;
  • the first substrate is tapioca waste and the particle size of the second substrate is ⁇ 15 ⁇ ; the first substrate is sugarcane bagasse and the particle size of the second substrate is
  • the first substrate is algae or a micro-organism and the particle size of the second substrate is ⁇ 1 ⁇ ;
  • the water content (e.g. , the free or unbound water content) of the second substrate is
  • > 0.1 metric ton of second substrate is produced; especially > 0.25 metric ton of second substrate is produced; especially > 0.5 metric ton of second substrate is produced; more especially > 0.75 metric ton of second substrate is produced;
  • the producing enzyme is selected from the group consisting of endo-cellulases, exo- cellulases, thermoacidophillic cellulases and thermo-active cellulases; cellobiases;
  • lignocellulases xylanases; xylosidases; chininases; amylases; glucoamylases; peroxidases; laccases; lipases; endoglucanases; pectinases; proteases; ligninases; alcohol dehydrogenases; feruloyl esterases; indole-3-acetaldehyde reductases (NADH); 3-rhethylbutanal reductases; formaldehyde dismutases; endo-xylanases; ⁇ -glucosidases; hemi-cellulases;
  • phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferases phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferases; lignin modifying enzymes, and enzymes that act on hexoses, pentoses and disaccharides.
  • the method further comprises refining the biofuel; especially by distillation; more especially by distillation and dehydration.
  • Figure 1 shows a design plan for a plant that can be used to reduce the particle size of a first substrate in order to produce or obtain a second substrate with a particle size of ⁇ 90 um for use in a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • BiofueF refers to a fuel produced from a biomass.
  • Biofuels may include solid, liquid or gaseous fuels.
  • examples of biofuels include biodiesel and bioalcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol, especially ethanol.
  • the biofuel produced by the method of the present invention may comprise at least 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, or 5% fuel.
  • the biofuel produced by the method of the present invention may comprise 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20% or 10% of fluids other than fuel, especially water.
  • the first substrate comprises biomass.
  • biomass relates to any material derived from one or more living organisms. This includes any plant matter, such as commercial crops and feedstocks, wood and wood chips, grasses, palm trees and parts thereof (such as palm trunks or palm fronds), forest residue (such as dead trees, tree stumps and branches), weeds, fungi, algae, food processing waste stream material, including spoiled foods and peelings derived from food manufacturing processes (for example, banana skins, nut shells, tea leaves and pomace from vineyards).
  • Biomass also includes by-products arising from processing such commercial crops, such as sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, tapioca waste, corn stalks, wheat straw and rice straw, as well as crops grown specifically for the purpose of field reconditioning and or bio-processing feedstock materials.
  • the biomass may also include animal matter, such as animal excreta, especially sewage.
  • the first substrate is a pest plant species or is derived from a pest plant species, including a fast-growing pest plant species (e.g. , a weed).
  • a fast-growing pest plant species e.g. , a weed
  • weeds when such weeds are used to produce biofuel, land that would be used to produce other crops may be unaffected, or may be improved for example by removal of the weeds.
  • weeds include aquatic and semi-aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth ⁇ Eichhornia crassipes) and cumbungi (Typha domingensis), and terrestrial weeds such as artichoke thistle (Cynara cardunculus), buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Saccharum ravennae or Miscanthus sinensis) and Casuarina species, especially Casuarina glauca, Casuarina cunninghamiana and Casuarina
  • the first substrate is an aquatic weed, especially water hyacinth.
  • the first substrate comprises biomass that comprises at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75% or 70% intact plant cells.
  • the biomass may be harvested plant material that has not been subjected to any chemical treatment steps or processes such as crushing or grinding.
  • the first substrate comprises biomass comprising plant material but not comprising by-products from processes arising from processing commercial crops; including but not limited to sugarcane bagasse and tapioca waste.
  • the particle size of the first substrate is reduced to ⁇ 85 um, ⁇ 80 um, ⁇ 75 um, ⁇ 70 ⁇ , ⁇ 65 um, ⁇ 60 um, ⁇ 55 um, ⁇ 50 ⁇ , ⁇ 45 ⁇ . or ⁇ 40 u .
  • the particle size of the second substrate is > 0.5 um, > 1 um, > 5 um, > 10 um, > 15 ⁇ , > 20 ⁇ , > 25 um, > 30 um, or > 35 um.
  • the particle size of the second substrate is between 1 ⁇ and 90 ⁇ , between 5 ⁇ and 85 ⁇ , between 10 ⁇ and 80 m, between 15 ⁇ and 75 ⁇ , between 20 ⁇ and 70 um, between 25 ⁇ m and 65 um, between 30 um and 60 um, between 35 um and 55 ⁇ m.
  • the reduced particle size makes the second substrate easier to handle, by improving blending, mixing, aerating and distribution properties.
  • the second substrate may behave as a pseudo-liquid.
  • Reducing the particle size also increases the surface area of the second substrate, and thus may enhance the bioavailability of the second substrate during enzymatic digestion, and reduce biofuel production time (for example through fermentation).
  • the increased surface area of the second substrate may also permit a greater amount of biomass to be treated in a given reaction volume than if the particle size was not reduced.
  • the bioavailable surface area to the enzymes is increased a factor of at least 3, leading to a corresponding increase in yield.
  • the optimum particle size of the second substrate is where at least 30%, 40%, 50 %, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of the cell walls of the biomass are physically broken. In one embodiment, substantially all the cell walls of the biomass are physically broken.
  • the optimum particle size differs between types of biomass, but in one embodiment the particle size is selected by choosing a size that is equal to or marginally less than the average dry cellular size of the biomass.
  • the particle size is especially ⁇ 40 um
  • the particle size is especially ⁇ 15 ⁇ ⁇
  • the particle size is especially ⁇ 20 um
  • the particle size may be ⁇ 1 um.
  • the reduction in particle size significantly disrupts the lignin barrier surrounding the cells, and the interstitial spaces (which also contain lignin) are opened. This makes the inter- and intracellular materials more bio-accessible for enzymatic processing and may result in more rapid processing and higher yields.
  • the first substrate may have previously been subjected to processing steps.
  • the particle size of the first substrate may be reduced by various methods or combinations of methods known to a person skilled in the art.
  • mechanical processes including abrasion, centrifugation, chipping, chopping, crushing, cutting, extruding, grinding, macerating, milling, screening, shearing, shredding and/or sieving in sequential continuous flow or batched operations.
  • Ultrasonic and other energised physical means may also be used.
  • the force applied in such mechanical processes may be compression, impact, or shear, and both the magnitude of the force and the time of application affect the resultant particle size.
  • the energy applied to the first substrate may exceed, by only a small margin, the minimum energy needed to rupture the cell walls as excess energy is lost as heat.
  • the energy required to rupture the cell walls depends upon the hardness of the material and also its friability. The required energy will therefore vary from batch to batch, especially for substrates in various stages of growth or where multiple types of biomass are used.
  • a ball mill may be used to reduce the particle size of the first substrate.
  • the first substrate is enclosed in a horizontal cylinder or a cone and tumbled with a large number of steel balls, natural pebbles or artificial stones.
  • an edge runner mill may be used, especially in an initial grinding process.
  • the edge runner mill has a heavy, broad wheel running round a circular trough to grind the substrate.
  • a hammer mill may be used to reduce the particle size of the first substrate.
  • material is crushed and pulverized between the hammers and the casing. This material is retained in the mill until it is sufficiently fine to pass through a size exclusion screen or mesh at the bottom of the mill housing.
  • a fixed head or plate mill may be employed.
  • Fixed head mills typically utilise a shearing action between a fixed casing and a rotating head, with only fine clearances between the faces.
  • plate mills the substrate is fed in through two circular plates, one of which is fixed and the other rotating to achieve the necessary shear force.
  • the substrate enters close to the central axis of rotation and is sheared and crushed as it transitions to the exit at the edge of the plates.
  • the plates can be mounted horizontally (as in the traditional Buhr stone that is used for grinding corn) or mounted vertically.
  • a colloidal mill may also be used, in which very fine clearances and very high speeds are used to produce particles of colloidal dimensions.
  • a near colloidal mill may be used to reduce the particle size of the first substrate.
  • the relative proportion of a certain particle size may increase in the mixture and become the predominant size fraction.
  • the predominant fraction may pass through a 250 mm sieve, while being retained on a 125 mm sieve. This predominant fraction may build up however long the grinding continues, so a secondary in-line milling operation may be employed.
  • a combination of mechanical processes may be used to reduce the particle size of the first substrate.
  • a mesh or mesh sieve of a particular size may be used.
  • the particle size of the second substrate is such that >95%, >90%, >85%, >80%, >75%, or >70% of the particles pass through a mesh or mesh sieve that permits particles ⁇ 90 ⁇ , ⁇ 85 um, ⁇ 80 ⁇ , ⁇ 75 um, ⁇ 70 urn, ⁇ 65 ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ 60 ⁇ , ⁇ 55 um, ⁇ 50 urn, ⁇ 45 um or ⁇ 40 um to pass through the mesh or mesh sieve.
  • the present invention employs the use of more than one mechanical process and more than one mesh or mesh sieve, wherein the first substrate is passed along a passage (e.g. , a conduit, cylinder, tunnel) where the first substrate encounters a first means for mechanically reducing the particle size and subsequently a first mesh or a first mesh sieve that permits a specific particle size to pass therethrough (e.g., ⁇ 200 ⁇ , ⁇ 150 M , ⁇ 25 um, ⁇ 100 um, ⁇ 95 um, ⁇ 90 um, ⁇ 85 um).
  • This first mesh or first mesh sieve prevents particles of a designated size from passing further along the passage.
  • the substrate that passes through the first mesh or first mesh sieve then encounters a second means for mechanically reducing the particle size and subsequently a second mesh or mesh sieve that permits a specific particle size to pass therethrough, wherein the size of the particles permitted through the second mesh or second mesh sieve is smaller than the first mesh or first mesh sieve (e.g., ⁇ 125 um, ⁇ 100 um, ⁇ 95 um, ⁇ 90 um, ⁇ 85 um, ⁇ 75 um, ⁇ 70 um,).
  • the passage may comprise further means for mechanically reducing the particle size and further meshes or mesh sieves such where the size of the particles permitted through the further mesh(es) or mesh sieve(s) is smaller for each progressive sieve.
  • the first substrate is passed along the passage through use of force (e.g. , gravity, air blower, vacuum) so that substrate reduced to a particle size that passes through a mesh or mesh sieve is passes through the passage to the next mechanical processing means (or the end of the passage).
  • force e.g. , gravity, air blower, vacuum
  • substrate not reduced to a particle size that can pass through a mesh or mesh sieve is further processed by the mechanical processing means preceding the mesh or mesh sieve and processed to a particle size that passes through a mesh or mesh sieve.
  • Chemical processes may also be employed to facilitate the reduction in particle size. This may include acid (such as acetic, formic, nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid) or basic (such as sodium hydroxide) treatment, which may be at elevated temperatures. Such chemical processes may promote hydrolytic reactions to cleave internal bonds in lignin and to cleave glycosidic linkages in both hemicellulose and cellulose.
  • acid such as acetic, formic, nitric, sulfuric or perchloric acid
  • basic such as sodium hydroxide
  • Drying processes may also be used to facilitate the reduction in particle size. This may include sun drying, air drying, oven drying, evaporative drying and freeze drying under reduced atmospheric pressure (such as between 0 and -20 °C). In one embodiment, when the biomass is plant matter it is heated to no greater than 80 °C. Suitably, the drying process reduces the water content (e.g. , the free or unbound water content) of the first substrate to less than 20%, 19%, 18%, 17%, 16%, 15%, 14%, 13%, 12%, 11%, 10%, or 9%.
  • water content e.g. , the free or unbound water content
  • the first substrate may also be placed in a liquid medium (such as in water or in an organic solvent), and/or heated to facilitate the particle size reduction.
  • a liquid medium such as in water or in an organic solvent
  • Water has been reported to lower the softening point of lignin, which allows easier separation of plant fibers. Processes such as steam injection and autoclaving may also be employed.
  • Combinations of processes may also be used. For example, in sugarcane processing the sugarcane is crushed, shredded and mixed with water. Other suitable processes are outlined, for example, in Lynd, Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 1996, 21, 403-465.
  • the present invention specifically contemplates combinations of processes including both at least one drying process and at least one mechanical process wherein the at least two processes are performed simultaneously or sequentially.
  • the first substrate is subjected to a drying process followed by a mechanical process.
  • the first substrate is subjected to a mechanical process followed by a drying process.
  • the drying process when used in combination with the mechanical process may assist in reducing the energy required to reduce the particle size by way of the mechanical process.
  • the second substrate will generally have a lower water content (e.g. , the free or unbound water content) then the first substrate.
  • Lowering the water content e.g. , the free or unbound water content
  • Water may also allow suboptimal biofuel production processes by biofuel producing enzymes which may then generate a wider range of undesired cellular and bacterial materials.
  • the presence of water may also may increase the mechanical strength required to physically produce the second substrate at the desired particle size. Drying may also facilitate storage and handling of the second substrate, as wet mass tends to clump and aggregate whereas dry mass flows more readily.
  • the water content (e.g. , the free or unbound water content) of the second substrate is ⁇ 18 %, ⁇ 17 %, ⁇ 16 %, 15 %, ⁇ 14 %, ⁇ 13 %, ⁇ 12 %, ⁇ 11 %, ⁇ 10 %, especially ⁇ 8 %, more especially ⁇ 5 %, more especially ⁇ 3%, most especially ⁇ 2 %.
  • These processes allow biofuel to be produced on an industrial scale, for example producing > 0.1 metric ton of second substrate; especially > 0.25 metric ton of second substrate; especially > 0.5 metric ton of second substrate; more especially > 0.75 metric ton of substrate.
  • the particle size of the first substrate is reduced by mechanical dehydration. This means that the water content (e g., the free or unbound water content) of the biomass is reduced, and a mechanical process (for example, as outlined above) is used to reduce the particle size of the first substrate to ⁇ 90 um.
  • a mechanical process for example, as outlined above
  • a chemical process is not used. Not using chemical processes is advantageous as the use of chemicals may be environmentally undesirable and they may alter the native structure of the plant material which makes it less susceptible to microbiological and enzymatic degradation. Chemicals may also add to the cost of production due to the cost of the chemicals and the time required to perform the chemical steps, Furthermore, if chemical processes are used the complexity of the pretreatment process may be increased. For example, if an acid treatment step is employed, then the acid may need to be neutralised before further processes are performed.
  • the particle size of the first substrate may be reduced to a size where it can be effectively dried, after which a drying step may be performed, and then the particle size may be further reduced, to thereby produce the second substrate. If the first substrate has been previously processed, such as for sugarcane bagasse, then the particle size may not need to be reduced prior to drying.
  • Examples of mechanically dehydrating the first substrate include repeatedly crushing and straining the first substrate until the desired particle size is obtained and also chopping the biomass into small pieces, drying these pieces in an oven, and then using a crusher to further reduce the particle size.
  • a further example is squeezing the fluids out of the first substrate, reducing the water content (e.g., the free or unbound water content). Following this the squeezed material is dried in an oven, and then a mill is used to further reduce the particle size to the desired size.
  • the water content e.g., the free or unbound water content
  • the time required for each ste could be determined by a person skilled in the art, and depends upon the biomass being treated and the equipment used. 5.
  • biofuel producing enzyme refers to an enzyme that can assist in converting the second substrate into biofuel.
  • the biofuel producing enzyme may comprise an isolated enzyme or an organism that contains an enzyme, such as a microorganism. It may be necessary to employ a variety of biofuel producing enzymes or microorganisms to convert components of the second substrate such as cellulose and lignin to biofuel such as ethanol. Accordingly, the second substrate may be contacted with one or more isolated enzymes, and/or one or more organisms containing an enzyme.
  • the biofuel producing enzyme may include one or more of the following: endo-cellulases, exo-cellulases, thermoacidophillic cellulases and thermo-active cellulases; cellobiases; lignocellulases; xylanases; xylosidases; chininases; amylases; glucoamylases; peroxidases; laccases; lipases; endoglucanases; pectinases;
  • proteases ligninases; alcohol dehydrogenases; feruloyl esterases; indole-3-acetaldehyde reductases (NADH); 3-methylbutanal reductases; formaldehyde dismutases; endo-xylanases; ⁇ -glucosidases; hemi-cellulases; phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferases; lignin modifying enzymes, and fermentation enzymes to convert hexoses, pentoses and
  • Microorganisms that may be used to break down such complex compounds may include naturally occurring or modified microorganisms, such as one or more of the following: Acetivibrio celluloyticus; Acetobacter xylinum; Acidothermus cellulolyticus;
  • Aspergillus awamori Aspergillus brevipes, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus carbneus, Aspergillus flaws, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus phoenicis, Aspergillus terreus; Bacillus sp., especially Bacillus agaradhaer ns, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus cellulyticus K-12, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lichenformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus subtillis; Butyrivibibro flbrisolvens; Candida rugosa; Candida shehatae; Cellulomonas sp.; Chaetomium thermophile; Clostridium ljungdahl
  • Trichoderma sp. especially Trichoderma citrinoviride, Trichoderma fasciculatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma mobilis, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride; Torula thermophila and Zymomonas mobilis.
  • Trichoderma citrinoviride Trichoderma fasciculatum, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma koningii, Trichoderma lignorum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Trichoderma mobilis, Trichoderma reesei, Trichoderma virens, Trichoderma viride; Torula thermophila and Zymomonas mobilis.
  • Other suitable microorganisms are known to a person skilled in the art. Various microorganisms and ethanol production processes are outlined, for example, in Lynd, Annu
  • the time required for the enzyme treatment, and the conditions under which the treatment occurs may be determined by a person skilled in the art. When determining the ideal conditions, the temperature and pH should be considered. Generally, at a lower temperature the stability of the enzyme is higher, but the enzyme is less effective. Similarly, generally the pH of the solution in which the treatment occurs may affect the effectiveness of the enzyme.
  • different biofuel producing enzymes may be contacted with the second substrate at the same or different times. Separate use of different biofuel producing enzymes may be advantageous, as this allows different processes to be conducted at, for example, different temperatures or at a different pH. For example, it may be advantageous to perform an initial treatment with a first biofuel producing enzyme at a higher temperature (for example when hydrolysing cellulose), and performing a subsequent treatment at a lower temperature with a second biofuel producing enzyme (for example during fermentation).
  • the second substrate may be contacted with the biofuel producing enzyme at a temperature of between about 20 °C and 60 °C.
  • the temperature at which the . second substrate is contacted with a biofuel producing enzyme may depend upon, for example, the organism that contains the enzyme. For example, if a mesophilic organism is used, then the temperature may be between about 15 and 40 °C. If a thermophilic organism is used, then the temperature may be between about 40 and 90 °C.
  • the biofuel producing enzyme may also be contacted with the second substrate in a buffered solution. If different biofuel producing enzymes are used at different times, the pH of the solution at these times may be the same.
  • the buffered solution is mildly acidic, for example at about pH 5.
  • an acetate buffer may be used.
  • the buffered solution has a pH of between about 6.0 and 8.0.
  • a phosphate buffer may be used.
  • an enzymatic co-factor may be used, such as a divalent cation.
  • a buffer with a low metal binding characteristics may be used, such as PIPES, HEPES and HPPS.
  • reducing the particle size of the first substrate may allow a reduction in the time required for enzymatic processing, for example, from 24 to 72 hours, to around 8 to 30 hours. Furthermore, by reducing the particle size of the first substrate production of the biofuel may occur in a more efficient manner, including reduced time and/or energy expenditure.
  • the biofuel produced by the method of the present invention may be refined.
  • Such refining processes are known to a person skilled in the art.
  • an initial refining step may comprise filtering the crude product and then distilling the filtrate.
  • Various distillation processes may be used, such as fractional distillation, and azeotropes may also be used to assist in this process. Dehydration processes may also be employed.
  • Molecular sieves may also be used to remove impurities, such as water.
  • Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was collected from infested environmental sources. It was washed to remove adhering soil and debris before draining to remove excess water.
  • the plant material was then chopped into smaller pieces ( ⁇ 10cm) by hand.
  • the chopped material was then dried using a commercial oven with a maximum drying temperature of 80 °C.
  • the water content of the oven dried substrate was in the range of 5-8%, as determined by Karl Fischer titration over a number of successive batches.
  • the cut and dried water hyacinth was fed into a hopper using a screw conveyer powered by a 3 kW motor.
  • the material was passed through a mechanical 1 kW cutter, with the resultant fragments collected in a hopper.
  • To produce a powder the contents of the hopper were then conveyed into two, sequential ball mills which were powered by a 3 kW motor.
  • the powder was collected via suction into a receptacle container.
  • the powder was then passed through the ball mills twice more to provide a particle size of ⁇ 40 um, which was determined microscopically.
  • Micro-organisms were selected for their ability to secrete extracellular enzymes useful for demethoxylation, decarboxylation, hydroxylation and aromatic ring opening. This included: ligninolytic enzymes, dioxygenases, amylases, lactases, ligninolytic peroxidases, manganese peroxidases, lignin peroxidases, pectinases, cellulases,
  • endoglucanases glucoamylases, xylanases, pectinases, chitinases, other lignin-degrading enzymes and cellulase-free xylanases.
  • Enzyme production was then stimulated for each of the selected micro-organisms. This was achieved by collecting liquid aliquots of each of the actively growing cultures and transferring them to organism specific enzyme promoting growth media, in which starch and similar simple carbohydrates were the predominant nutrient source. This growth media was used as a promoter-substrate for enzyme production over 2-4 days. During this phase the culture organisms preferentially produce proteolytic enzymes at lower temperatures (about 25 to 30 °C), and preferentially produce cellulose and amylase enzymes at slightly elevated temperatures (about 30 to 35 °C). Over the 2-4 day period the temperature was maintained at >30 °C, after which the enzymes were harvested.
  • the liquid fraction containing the enzymes was strained and the liquid fraction collected.
  • the retained viable culture material was added to fresh enzyme growth promoting media and returned to temperature controlled incubation conditions. This process of straining and returning the culture material to fresh enzyme growth promoting media was repeated for a total of three successive harvests.
  • a glucose fermenting yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • the stock cultures were maintained on Malt extract- Yeast extract-Glucose-Peptone (MYGP) agar (3 g/L malt extract, 3 g L yeast extract, 15 g/L glucose, 10 g/L peptone, and 20 g/L agar, pH 6.0) slants and stored at 4°C.
  • MYGP Malt extract- Yeast extract-Glucose-Peptone
  • Yeasts from these agar slants were suspended aseptically in 100 mL liquid MYGP medium (pH 5.0) and incubated at 30 °C for 24 h, with agitation at 150 rpm. These suspension cultures of yeast were then used as inocula for fermentation.
  • J Ethanol was produced from 132 kg dried, milled 40 ⁇ Eichhornia crassipes powder in a single 1000 L bio-reactor. The powder was incubated in acetate buffer (pH 5) and the mixture heated to 60 °C. Once this temperature had been achieved, the enzymatic extract from a facultative thermopile was added, and aerobic and thermophilic conditions (60 °C) were maintained for 6 hours. After this, the temperature was reduced to 32 °C.
  • SSF Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation
  • reaction fluid broth After 48 hours analysis of the reaction fluid broth showed that up to 25.5% of the available carbohydrates were converted to ethanol. This compares to only 15.0% being converted in the absence of drying and particle size reduction to ⁇ 40 um.
  • Figure 1 shows a design plan for a plant that can be used to reduce the particle size of a first substrate in order to produce or obtain ' a second substrate with a particle size of ⁇ 90 ⁇ in accordance with the present invention.
  • the first substrate enters this plant on the left hand side of the drawing, and moves to the right through the processors or processing steps indicated in the drawing.
  • the second substrate has been produced.
  • the first substrate e.g., sugarcane bagasse
  • A sawdust crusher mainframe
  • C collecting chamber
  • B crusher blower
  • the smaller size pieces of substrate are transferred by way of a first bucket elevator (D) into a first storage bin (E) and then discharged along a first screw conveyer (F) which transfers the material from the first storage bin (E) and into a drying machine (G).
  • the drying machine (G) applies heat to the smaller size pieces of substrate so as to remove moisture from therein.
  • the drying machine reduces the water content (e.g. , the free or unbound water content) of the smaller size pieces by 1 %, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, or 85%.
  • the smaller size pieces of substrate leave the drying machine (G) by way of a second screw conveyer (H) which transports the material to the second bucket elevator (I) while at the same time cooling the material before it is further processed.
  • the second bucket elevator (I) transports the substrate into a second storage bin (J) which is used to hold the substrate until the next processing step occurs.
  • discharging screw conveyer (K) is then used to transport the substrate from the second storage bin (J) to a processors) (L) that reduces the particle size of the substrate.
  • the processors) (L) may be any suitable processor, including a hammer mill, grinder, or powder machine.
  • the processors) (L) may be more than one processor that reduces the particle size of the substrate, for example, two processors acting in concert to reduce the particle size of the substrate.
  • the grinding processors) (L) reduces the particle size of the substrate to a particle size of ⁇ 90 um, . e. , the second substrate.
  • the second substrate is then transported by way of a third bucket elevator (M) to a third storage bin (N).
  • M third bucket elevator
  • N third storage bin
  • the second substrate may be unloaded from the third storage bin ( ) by way of the storage bin unloader (O) and then contacted with a biofuel producing enzyme at any suitable time to thereby convert the second substrate to a biofuel.
  • a biofuel producing enzyme at any suitable time to thereby convert the second substrate to a biofuel.
  • a first substrate comprising rice husk was obtained.
  • the first substrate was waste material derived from rice manufacture.
  • the rice hull or husk is a hard, indigestible protective outer layer removed when the grain is milled for preparation of food stuffs, and often utilised for construction and industrial purposes.
  • the first substrate was air dried and then the particle size of the first substrate was reduced via colloidal milling to produce a second substrate with an particle size capable of passing through a mesh sieve that permits passage of particles ⁇ 46 um. This resulted in a uniform power with an appearance of coarse flour.
  • Bioconversion of the second substrate was achieved at 30 °C to 55 °C through the qualitative combination of 2 parts warm water and 1 part second substrate into a. vessel. To this suspension was added a combination of enzymes, containing cellulase, xylanase and Iigninase activities. The reaction within the vessel was mixed, intermittently over 24 hours.
  • a first substrate comprising sugarcane bagasse was obtained.
  • Sugarcane bagasse is a highly fibrous waste material, that remains following juicing of cane in order to produce cane sugar.
  • the sugarcane bagasse was air dried and then shredded to approximately 1cm long fibres before employing a hammer mill to obtain a second substrate with an approximately uniform particle size, wherein all of the second substrate passed through a mesh sieve that permits particles with ⁇ 37 um to pass through, and 90% of the second substrate passed through a mesh sieve that permits particles with ⁇ 46 um to pass through mesh.
  • Palm tree trunk was supplied in sections of approximately 4 x 40cm lengths each, comprising both the hard outer surface and the inner fibrous material.
  • the palm trunk sections had been oven dried to a constant mass.
  • the sections were then reduced in size using crushing and milling, to very small fibres resembling fine saw dust, 100% of fibres passing through a mesh sieve that permits particles of ⁇ 105 m to pass through and >99% of the fibres passing through a mesh sieve that permits particles of ⁇ 88 ⁇ to pass through.
  • a bioconversion reactor was set up using processes described above for Example 7, and similar results were obtained following 14 and 24 hours. In this case the fermentation was allowed to continue with warming and mixing for a further 24 hours, with ethanol content measured as being 24% after a total of 48 hours fermentation.
  • red sorghum flour prepared using sequential drying, crushing and colloidal milling in 1 part was mixed with 4 parts warm water, and a suitable volume of mixed action enzymes were added.
  • the particle size of the flour was such that 100% of fibres passed through a mesh sieve that permits particles of ⁇ 90 um to pass through.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
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Abstract

La présente invention concerne de façon générale un procédé de production de biocarburant dans lequel la granulométrie du produit de départ est réduite à 90 microns ou moins et où, dans une étape ultérieure, le produit de départ est mis en contact avec une enzyme produisant un biocarburant.
PCT/AU2011/000784 2010-06-25 2011-06-24 Production de biocarburant WO2011160192A1 (fr)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108531516A (zh) * 2018-03-07 2018-09-14 南阳师范学院 一种水浮莲的综合利用方法
CN112920939A (zh) * 2021-03-19 2021-06-08 大连理工大学 一种强化二氧化碳利用发酵分离耦合集成提高生物天然气发酵产甲烷的方法

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010128892A2 (fr) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-11 "Innovative Consortium Ltd" Procédé de saccharification de matière première lignocellulosique

Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010128892A2 (fr) * 2009-05-05 2010-11-11 "Innovative Consortium Ltd" Procédé de saccharification de matière première lignocellulosique

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MADS PEDERSEN ET AL.: "Influence of Substrate Particle Size and Wet Oxidation on Physical Surface Structures and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Wheat Straw", 26 February 2009 (2009-02-26), Retrieved from the Internet <URL:www.interscience.wiley.com> *

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108531516A (zh) * 2018-03-07 2018-09-14 南阳师范学院 一种水浮莲的综合利用方法
CN108531516B (zh) * 2018-03-07 2021-07-23 南阳师范学院 一种水浮莲的综合利用方法
CN112920939A (zh) * 2021-03-19 2021-06-08 大连理工大学 一种强化二氧化碳利用发酵分离耦合集成提高生物天然气发酵产甲烷的方法

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